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Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq
Proceedings
May 7-9, 2013
Baghdad, Iraq
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 2
CONTENTS
I. AGENDA ..................................................................................................................................... 5
II. INTERNATIONAL SPEAKERS ................................................................................................. 10
NISREEN D. AL-HMOUD, PH.D.
RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH IN LIFE SCIENCES: BIOETHICS .......................................................... 10
NISREEN D. AL-HMOUD, PH.D.
A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO STRENGTHENING BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS:
A SUCCESS STORY FROM THE ROYAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY OF JORDAN ................................... 11
ALI ATOUI, PH.D.
MYCOTOXINS: BIOSECURITY AND IMPROVING FOOD SAFETY ................................................... 11
DAVID R. FRANZ, DVM, PH.D.
GLOBAL NETWORKS OF ENLIGHTENED LEADERS IN OUR
BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES: POWERFUL CATALYSTS FOR PRODUCTIVITY
SUSTAINABILITY, SAFETY AND SECURITY ..................................................................................... 12
GAVIN MACGREGOR-SKINNER BVSC, MSC, MPH, MRCVS
ONE HEALTH AND SYSTEMS-BASED APPROACHES TO BIOSECURITY ...................................... 13
GAVIN MACGREGOR-SKINNER BVSC, MSC, MPH, MRCVS
U.S. NATIONAL CENTER FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY INFORMATION
(NCBI): DATABASES AND RESOURCES ....................................................................................... 13
STEPHEN S. MORSE, PH.D., FAAM, FELLOW AAAS
BIOTECHNOLOGY: COMMUNICATE, COLLABORATE, CONNECT ................................................. 14
CRAIG VANDERWAGEN, MD
A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO DEVELOPING NEW BIOTECHNOLOGY
CAPACITY AND CAPABILITIES ....................................................................................................... 14
III. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE ............................................................................................... 15
HARB ADEL ABED, PH.D.
APPLICATIONS OF DNA AND MOLECULAR MARKERS: TECHNIQUES IN AGRICULTURE .......... 15
SAHAR AHMED AL-BAYATTI, PH.D.
APPLICATIONS OF GENE AND GENOME-BASED TECHNOLOGIES FOR
IMPROVING ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH ........................................................................ 15
SALAM ABBAS HUSSEIN, PH.D.
APPLICATIONS OF BIOFERTILIZERS AND BIOPESTICIDES ........................................................... 16
SUHAILA AIED BRAHEEM, PH.D.
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURES ................................. 17
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 3
TAMARA ADNAN, PH.D. CANDIDATE
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
APPLICATIONS IN MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE .......................................................................... 17
IV. MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY AND MINERALS ............................................................. 19
ABBAS FADHIL ABBAS
RAPID LABORATORY TESTS: A LEADING TECHNOLOGY IN IRAQ ............................................... 19
ABBAS FADHIL ABBAS
AL-RAZI CENTER FOR RESEARCH AND MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC KIT PRODUCTION .................. 19
V. MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ............................................................ 20
HUSSEIN. OD. KREADY, PH.D.
INFANT DIARRHEA: USING RT-PCR TO IDENTIFY THREE
HEMORRHAGIC BACTERIAL STRAINS ........................................................................................... 20
INAAM N. ALI
WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING BIOFILM SLIME LAYER TECHNOLOGY .............................. 20
MAHDI FALIH AL-JEWARI
BIOLOGICAL WEAPON CONVENTION PERSPECTIVE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, IRAQ NATIONAL
MONITORING AUTHORITY ............................................................................................................. 21
MOHAMMED W. KHUDHAIR, MSC AND HUSSAIN F. AL RUBEAI, PH.D.
ESTABLISHING A MOLECULAR LABORATORY: IDENTIFYING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS
AND THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ....................................................................................... 21
MOHAMMED W. KHUDHAIR, MSC AND HUSSAIN F. AL RUBEAI, PH.D.
INTEGRATED PEST CONTROL RESEARCH CENTER: FOOD SECURITY AND BIOLOGICAL
CONTROL PROGRAMS ..................................................................................................................... 22
RIYADH UTHAFA, PH.D., RAFAH RASHEED ISMAIL, EMMAN MOHAMMED KATHEM, MSC, SANA ISMAIL
AHMMAD, SUHA ABED ALHAMMED, MSC, FAEEZA AHMMAD
EVALUATION OF BREAST CANCER ANTIGEN 15.3, COPPER,
ZINC, CALCIUM AND IRON IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS.......................................................... 22
SAMIA KHALIL MAHMOOD, PH.D.
THE EFFECT OF CYCLAMEN PERSICUM EXTRACTS ON FOOD
POISONING BACTERIA AND THE SHELF LIFE OF FRESH MINCED MEAT .................................. 23
ZAHRA N. AL HATTAB, PH.D. AND WAJIDA KH. AL-QAUDHY , MSC
APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE CROP PRODUCTION UNDER
ABIOTIC STRESS AND INCREASE SECONDARY PRODUCTS IN MEDICINAL PLANTS .................. 23
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 4
ZAINAB MOHAMMED TAHER JAAFAR, PH.D.
THE ROLE OF BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF POLYSACCHARIDES (B-D GLUCAN)
EXTRACTED FROM FOOD SOURCES AS INHIBITORY CELL
PROLIFERATION ON CANCER CELLS .............................................................................................. 23
VI. UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD ................................................................................................... 25
SILVA A.YAKOUB ZOKIAN, PH.D., ABED AL-JASIM M. AL-JIBOURI, PH.D., AND ALI H.AL-MUSAWI, PH.D.
RAPD-PCR ANALYSIS OF GENOMIC DNA OF SOME SPECIES OF
EUPHORBIA GROWN ON THE UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD CAMPUS IN JADIRIYAH ..................... 25
VII. UNIVERSITY OF MUSTANSIRIYAH ........................................................................................ 26
AHMED AL-SHAMMARI, PH.D.
IMMUNO-PHOTOSENSITIZING ONCOLYTIC MEASLES VIRUS FOR IMMUNO-
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDY ....................................................... 26
AMER TAWFEEQ, PH.D.
CHRONIC IMPACT OF BACTERICIDAL DOSE OF PULSE LASER ABLATION IN
LIQUID SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON HEMATOLOGICAL,
LIVER, AND KIDNEY FUNCTION OF WHITE RATS ......................................................................... 28
VIII. UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY .......................................................................................... 29
RANA MUNTHER BADRI, MSC
ESCHERICHIA COLI USED FOR GENE CLONING .............................................................................. 29
ZINA NOOR, MSC
EFFECT OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS ON THE CORROSION
BEHAVIOR OF IMPLANT BIOMATERIALS IN HUMAN BODY FLUID ............................................. 30
SALIH A. AL-BAKRI, PH.D. AND INAS S. MOHAMMED, MSC
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR STUDY OF BRUCELLA
SPECIES CAUSING MALTA FEVER .................................................................................................. 30
IX. INTERNATIONAL SPEAKER BIOGRAPHIES ........................................................................... 31
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 5
I. Agenda
Iraq Biotechnology Conference
Al-Nahrain Center for Strategic Studies
Baghdad, Iraq
May 7 – 9, 2013
Advancing Safe and Secure Biotechnology Research and Applications in Iraq
DAY 1, TUESDAY, MAY 7, 2013 Objective: Brief participants on current advancements in biotechnology
08:00 – 09:00 Registration of Participants and Coffee
Opening of the Conference
09:00 – 09:10 Mr. Hamza Hasan, Director General, Nahrain Center for Strategic Studies
09:10 – 09:20 Mr. Steve Zate, U.S. Minister Counselor of Economic Affairs, U.S. Embassy
Baghdad
Welcome Remarks
09:20 – 9:25 Ms. Shawn Garcia, U.S. Embassy Baghdad
09:25 – 9:30 Dr. Ahmed Al-Shammari, Facilitator, Experimental Therapy Department, Iraqi
Center for Cancer and Medical Genetic Research, Mustansiriyah University
09:30 – 9:40 Dr. Hamid Ali Hadwan, Director General, National Center for Organic Farming,
Ministry of Agriculture (MOA)
09:40 – 9:50 Dr. Hassan H. Baker Al-Kazzaz, Director General, Public Health Directorate,
Ministry of Health (MOH)
09:50 – 10:00 Ms. Anwar Abdulkareem Abdulwahhab, Director, Occupational Health and
Safety Center, Ministry of Industry and Minerals (MIM)
10:00 – 10:10 Dr. Hussain F.M. Ali Al-Rubeai
Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)
10:10 – 10:40 COFFEE BREAK
10:40 – 10:55 Introduction of International Presenters and Vendors
Dr. Ahmed Al-Shammari, Facilitator, Experimental Therapy Department, Iraqi
Center for Cancer and Medical Genetic Research, Mustansiriyah University
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 6
Overview of Conference Objectives
Dr. Ahmed Al-Shammari, Facilitator, Experimental Therapy Department, Iraqi
Center for Cancer and Medical Genetic Research, Mustansiriyah University
10:55 – 11:05 Ministry of Agriculture Biotechnology Update
Dr. Tamara Adnan Al-Khateeb, National Center for Organic Farming, Department
of Biotechnology
11:05 – 11:15 Ministry of Health Biotechnology Update
Dr. Hassan H. Baker Al-Kazzaz, Director General, Public Health Directorate
11:15 – 11:25 Ministry of Industry and Minerals Biotechnology Update
Dr. Amir Moosa Yassin, General Director, Al Kindi Company
11:25 – 11:35 Ministry of Science and Technology Biotechnology Update
Dr. Hussain F.M. Ali Al-Rubeai
11:35 – 12:00 COFFEE BREAK
12:00 – 12:45 Global Networks of Enlightened Leaders in our Life-Sciences Laboratories
Dr. David R. Franz, DVM, PhD., SBD Consulting
12:45 – 13:00 Q&A: Global Networks of Enlightened Leaders in our Life-Sciences
Laboratories
13:00 – 13:45 One Health and Systems-Based Approaches to Biosecurity
Dr. Gavin Macgregor-Skinner, BVSc, MSc, MPH, MRCVS
Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine
The Pennsylvania State University
13:45 – 14:00 Q&A: One Health and Systems-Based Approaches to Biosecurity
14:00 – 14:30 Biotechnology Company Presentations
Dr. Atheer Alsheikly, Executive Manager, Advanced Scientific Bureau (ASCO)
Sana Kamal, Iraq Biotechnology Company
Abdulrahman Hasan Jabur, General Manager, Olom Alibtikar Co Ltd.
14:30 – 15:30 LUNCH/ ROUND TABLE
15:30 ADJOURN
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 7
DAY 2, WEDNESDAY, MAY 8, 2013 Objective: Review implementation and use of biotechnology
08:00 – 09:00 Registration of Participants and Coffee
09:00 – 09:15 Welcome and Review of Previous Day
Dr. Ahmed Al-Shammari, Facilitator, Experimental Therapy Department, Iraqi
Center for Cancer and Medical Genetic Research, Mustansiriyah University
09:15 – 10:00 A Holistic Approach to Strengthening Biotechnology Programs: A Success Story
from the Royal Scientific Society of Jordan
Dr. Nisreen DaifAllah Al-Hmoud, Director, Center for Excellence in Biosafety,
Biosecurity and Biotechnology, Royal Scientific Society (RSS), Jordan
10:00 – 10:15 Q&A: A Holistic Approach to Strengthening Biotechnology Programs: A
Success Story from the Royal Scientific Society of Jordan
10:15 – 10:45 COFFEE BREAK
10:45 -11:30 A Systematic Approach to Developing New Biotechnology Capacity and
Capabilities
Dr. Craig Vanderwagen, Martin, Blanck, and Associates
11:30 – 11:45 Q&A: A Systematic Approach to Developing New Biotechnology Capacity and
Capabilities
11:45 – 12:30 Biotechnology: Communicate, Collaborate, Connect
Professor Stephen Morse, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University
Mailman School of Public Health
12:30 – 12:45 Q&A: Biotechnology: Communicate, Collaborate, Connect
12:45 – 13:15 COFFEE BREAK
13:15 – 13:45 Mycotoxins: Biosecurity and Improving Food Safety
Dr. Ali Atoui, Research and Development Department, Lebanese Atomic Energy
Commission- National Council for Scientific Research
13:45 – 14:00 Q&A: Mycotoxins: Biosecurity and Improving Food Safety
14:00 – 14:15 Biological Weapon Convention Perspective of Biotechnology
Mr. Mahdi Falih Al-Jewari, Iraq National Monitoring Directorate, Ministry of
Science and Technology
14:15 – 14:30 Epidemiological and Molecular Study of Brucella species causing Malta Fever
Dr. Salih A. Al-Bakari & Ms. Inas S. Mohammed, Environmental Research Center,
University of Technology
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 8
14:30 – 14:45 Immuno-Photosensitizing Oncolytic Measles Virus for Immuno-Photodynamic
Therapy, In Vitro and In Vivo Study
Dr. Ahmed Al-Shammari, Experimental Therapy Department, Iraqi Center for
Cancer and Medical Genetic Research, Mustansiriyah University
14:45 – 15:45 LUNCH/ROUND TABLES
15:45 ADJOURN
DAY 3, THURSDAY, MAY 9, 2013 Objective: Identify challenges and barriers using biotechnology
08:00 – 09:00 Registration of Participants and Coffee
09:00 – 09:15 Welcome and Review of Previous Day
Dr. Ahmed Al-Shammari, Facilitator, Experimental Therapy Department, Iraqi
Center for Cancer and Medical Genetic Research, Mustansiriyah University
09:15 – 09:45 CRDF Global: Science Engagement in Iraq
Mr. Phill Starling, Science Engagement Program Director, CRDF Global
09:45 – 10:00 Q&A: CRDF Global: Science Engagement in Iraq
10:00 - 10:30 Responsible Research in Life Sciences: Bioethics
Dr. Nisreen DaifAllah Al-Hmoud, Director, Center for Excellence in Biosafety,
Biosecurity and Biotechnology, Royal Scientific Society (RSS), Jordan
10:30 – 10:45 Q&A: Responsible Research in Life Sciences: Bioethics
10:45 – 11:15 COFFEE BREAK
11:15 – 11:45 U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Databases and
Resources
Dr. Gavin Macgregor-Skinner, BVSc, MSc, MPH, MRCVS
Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine
The Pennsylvania State University
11:45 – 12:00 Escherichia Coli Used for Gene Cloning
Ms. Rana Munther Badri, Environmental Research Center, University of
Technology
12:00 – 12:15 Infant Diarrhea: Using RT-PCR to Identify Three Hemorrhagic Bacterial Strains
Dr. Hussein Od. Kready, Agricultural Research Directorate, Ministry of Science
and Technology
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 9
12:15 – 12:30 Applications of Gene and Genome-Based Technologies for Improving Animal
Production and Health
Dr. Sahar Ahmed Al-Bayati, State Company for Animal Resources Services,
Ministry of Agriculture
12:30 – 13:00 COFFEE BREAK
13:00 – 13:15 Rapid Laboratory Tests: A Leading Technology in Iraq
Mr. Abbas Fadhil Abbas, Al Razi Center, Ministry of Industry and Minerals
13:15 – 13:30 RAPD-PCR Analysis of Genomic DNA of Some Species of Euphorbia Grown in
University of Baghdad Campus in Jadiriyah
Dr. Silva A.Yakoub Zokian, Mr. Abed Al-Jasim M. Al-Jibour, and Mr. Ali H. Al-
Musawi, Department of Biology, Baghdad University
13:30 – 13:45 Chronic Impact of Bactericidal Dose of Pulse Laser Ablation in Liquid
Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Hematological, Liver and Kidney Function
of White Rats
Dr. Amer T. Tawfeeq, Molecular Therapy Department, Iraqi Center for Cancer
and Medical Genetic Research, Mustansiriyah University
13:45 – 14:00 The Role of Bioactive Components of Polysaccharides (B-D Glucan) Extracted
From Food Sources as Inhibitory Cell Proliferation on Cancer Cells
Dr. Zainab Mohammed Taher Jaafar, Agricultural Research Directorate, Ministry
of Science and Technology
14:00 – 14:15 Application of Biofertilizer and Biopesticides
Dr. Salam Abbas Hussein, National Center for Organic Farming,
Ministry of Agriculture
14:15 – 14:30 CLOSING CEREMONY
14:30 – 15:30 LUNCH/ ROUND TABLE
Rapporteurs: Dheyaa Abdul Salam Al Sallami, University of Baghdad
Ahmed Ayad Hamza Al-Salman, University of Baghdad
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 10
II. International Speakers
Responsible Research in Life Sciences: Bioethics
Nisreen D. Al-Hmoud, Ph.D.
Modern biotechnology, with its focus on molecular biology and its concern for increasing
human health and life spans, is all about the future. The revolution in life sciences has at its core
information and techniques that can be used to change humanness itself as well as the concepts
of what it means to be human.
For the last 50 years, it has been essential to reflect on ethical behavior because
throughout the world we do have the same objective: safeguard the human being in all situations
where he/she faces a menace. Bioethics developed most prominently in the fields of life sciences
and health due to the rapid progress in biological research and advanced medical techniques.
Although the research in the field of human genetics is very thorny, it could be very informative
and used to predict, change or select the useful trait. The misuse of human genetic and
reproductive technologies could exacerbate existing disparities, create new forms of
discrimination and inequality, and open the door to high-tech eugenic practices. All that can be
attained scientifically is not necessarily desirable for the human being because it can have the
potential to dehumanize him/her.
The major breakthroughs in molecular biology and genetic engineering raised many
serious legal, ethical and social questions, which should be taken into consideration when
adopting these techniques. Religious perspectives have a significant role in the ethical use of
genetics and biotechnology to connect autonomous choices with larger communal concerns.
Religious views help ensure that scientific advances not only expand choices and produce
benefits but do so without undermining our humanity and dignity in the process. There is no
reason that people of different nations, cultures, religions and philosophies cannot work together
in support of policies needed to protect our common human future.
The exploration and development of bioethical practices and regulations encourage
pluralistic debate since bioethics in its nature interdisciplinary and is of such great concern and
importance to all societies. It should be kept in mind that Islam is the state religion in the
majority of the Arab countries and that Islamic bioethics are rooted in Sharia and Fiqh, which
find their justification in the precepts of the Qur’an and Hadith. It is in the light of these above
two sources that all ethical dilemmas have to be examined.
The socio-economic situation demands that in view of these breathtaking scientific
developments, the situation is examined in our own societies. Appropriate social oversight and
regulation need not impede potentially beneficial medical research and applications.
Consequently, addressing these questions require a continuing dialogue, debate and discussion
between academicians, religious scholars and researchers within Islamic countries.
In conclusion, the future of human genetics and biotechnology is not only scientifically
sophisticated and medically productive but also truly humane. Bioethics could familiarize
people with technical realities by outlining the basic approach and guiding principles that can be
used to address the questions that come up from time to time and to avoid the risks of these
powerful biotechnologies.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 11
A Holistic Approach to Strengthening Biotechnology Programs:
A Success Story from the Royal Scientific Society of Jordan
Nisreen D. Al-Hmoud, Ph.D.
In 2004, upon the request of His Majesty King Abdullah II, an initiative was launched to
draft recommendations for the leadership in Jordan to advance the Kingdom’s biotechnology
sector, attracting global recognition, regional leadership, and capitalizing on the strengths and
competitive advantages of Jordan’s research universities, healthcare institutions and industries.
Biotechnology offers solutions to global challenges from healthcare drug diagnosing and
innovative medicines, to efficient agriculture usage and new energy modalities. When
developing countries explore creating an ecosystem, which supports the advancement of science
and technology, initial questions regarding the status of their academic institutions, regulatory
infrastructure and protection of Intellectual Property (IP) are raised.
To date, in the public sector, there are a number of initiatives underway in the
development of the biotechnology sector within the Kingdom of Jordan. His Majesty King
Abdullah II launched a series of committees and numerous biotechnology programs within the
academic institutions, including an analysis of the regulatory and legal infrastructure, and policy
recommendations. In 2008, the Royal Scientific Society (RSS) of Jordan started its
Environmental Biosafety Unit, which included research work and services on molecular biology,
microbiology and virology. Recently, El Hassan Science City of Jordan recognized the
importance of developing a national and regional experience through the establishment of a
Center for Excellence in Biosafety, Biosecurity and Biotechnology in order to address
potential bio-risks arising from new biotechnologies.
The Center for Excellence in Biosafety, Biosecurity and Biotechnology rests on the
following premise: 1. desired advances in the science and applications of Biotechnology and 2.
Synthetic Biology potentially raises the threat to the safety and security of public as a result of
exposure to bio-risk agents. Thus, the Center’s mission is to strengthen national security by
reducing the risks posed by misuse of life sciences, epidemics, and other destabilizing biological
events, and to improve the nation’s resilience in the face of such events through excellence in
training, education and research of advanced biotechnology and through the engagement of
policy-makers to ensure optimal preparedness and planning at the national level. The work of
the Center will start with focus on the national level. However, the future scope is to develop and
extend the activities on the regional and international levels. This certainly requires national,
regional and international support. Thus, the Center will serve as a unique platform for national
and regional experts to excel in their duties for preserving human health and the environment.
Mycotoxins: Biosecurity and Improving Food Safety Ali Atoui, Ph.D.
Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced mostly as secondary metabolites by fungi that
grow on agricultural products in the field, during storage or processing under specific
environmental factors (particularly temperature, humidity and rainfall). The major mycotoxin
producing fungi include species of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium and the most
important mycotoxins are aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, deoxynivalenol/nivalenol, T2
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 12
mycotoxin, patulin and zearalenone. Mycotoxin contamination has been a serious concern for
human and animal health. They have been reported to be carcinogenic, teratogenic,
tremorogenic, hemorrhagic and dermatitic to a wide range of organisms. According to the Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO), more than 25% of the world’s agricultural production is
contaminated with mycotoxins, leading to severe economic losses. This situation has prompted
many countries to conduct research projects for all mycotoxin aspects. Activities for these
research projects include identification and characterization of agriculturally important toxigenic
fungi using all available techniques in chemistry and molecular biology.
Another research strategy includes the isolation of genes responsible for mycotoxin
biosynthesis and the characterization of their products and modes of action. The identification of
such mycotoxin biosynthetic gene permits the development of new molecular techniques
targeting these genes for early detection of toxigenic fungi in agricultural commodities.
Studies are also carried out to investigate the genetic regulatory mechanisms that control
toxin production. The biosynthesis of mycotoxin is often found to be genetically linked to
morphogenesis, including sexual and asexual development. Consequently these enable to
establish integrated strategies in order to manage and to prevent mycotoxin contamination before
harvest.
Global Networks of Enlightened Leaders in our Biological Laboratories:
Powerful catalysts for productivity, sustainability, safety and security
David R. Franz DVM, Ph.D.
Humanity has made enormous strides in biological technologies and knowledge in the
last 20 years. The powerful coming together of biology, chemistry, physics and information
technologies holds enormous promise for improving the lives of all people. We see positive
implications for health, agriculture, energy, food and even financial prosperity. Furthermore, the
tools and knowledge are now global; we might say ‘proliferation is over’. Yet, the tools we have
developed are still just tools to be used by humans, for good or for harm. The vast majority of
scientists will use their powerful tools and knowledge for good. Each of us can contribute to the
‘good’ and reduce the likelihood of ‘harm,’ whether accidental or intentional, from our
laboratories by working toward a culture of trust and responsibility. Laboratory communities of
trust will demonstrate greater loyalty, stronger collaboration, more innovation and more
productivity and prosperity. Enlightened leaders hire the best people and delegate a balance of
responsibility and authority. Great leaders have a vision and share it with their colleagues. They
give their subordinates opportunities to succeed at every turn. Effective leaders make thoughtful
and principled decisions and accept responsibility for their decisions. They give credit to their
colleagues for good work and accept responsibility when they miss the mark. While they may
possess great authority, they temper it with humility and even a sense of humor. For these
reasons they are worthy of their employees’ trust and they constantly seek to expand the
networks of trust within their spheres of influence. Organizations with exceptional leadership
are more productive, safer and more secure; the potential for contribution to their society is
unlimited. Each of us, no matter what level we find ourselves in an organization or network of
organizations, can be ‘enlightened leaders,’ We can make this kind of difference for our
organization and for the people of all nations.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 13
One Health and Systems-Based Approaches to Biosecurity
Gavin Macgregor-Skinner BVSc, MSc, MPH, MRCVS
Biosecurity is a strategic and holistic integrated approach to analyzing and managing
relevant risks to human, animal and plant life and health and associated risks for the
environment. It is based on recognition of the critical linkages between sectors and the potential
for hazards to move within and between sectors, with system-wide consequences. Reviewing
national capacity provision for biosecurity as a whole helps identify any gaps in regulations and
monitoring. Also, technologies for the detection of pests and disease have developed, that
illustrate synergies between sectors in areas such as virology or detection of low levels of
chemical contaminants. Ultimately, the aim is to enhance national ability to protect human
health, agricultural production systems, and the people and industries that depend on them.
U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Databases and
Resources
Gavin Macgregor-Skinner BVSc, MSc, MPH, MRCVS
Understanding the elegant natural language of living cells is the quest of modern molecular
biology. From an alphabet of only four letters representing the chemical subunits of DNA,
emerges a syntax representing the life processes required to build and maintain a human being.
The unraveling and use of this "alphabet" to understand new "words and phrases" is a central
focus of the field of molecular biology. The staggering volume of molecular data and the subtle
patterns that encode biological information have led to an absolute requirement for computerized
databases and analysis tools. The challenge is in finding new approaches to deal with the volume
and complexity of data, and in providing researchers with better access to analysis and
computing tools in order to advance understanding of our genetic legacy and its role in health
and disease.
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) has four major tasks:
• Perform research into advanced methods of computer-based information processing for
analyzing the structure and function of biologically important molecules.
• Create automated systems for storing, retrieving, and analyzing knowledge about
molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics.
• Facilitate the use of databases and software by biotechnology researchers and medical
personnel.
• Coordinate efforts to gather biotechnology information worldwide.
NCBI maintains GenBank®, the NIH genetic sequence database. NCBI staff with advanced
training in molecular biology build the database from sequences submitted by researchers,
individual laboratories and by data exchange among other members of the International
Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration including the European Molecular Biology
Laboratory (EMBL) and the DNA Database of Japan (DDBJ). Arrangements with the U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office enable the incorporation of patent sequence data.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 14
Biotechnology: Communicate, Collaborate, Connect
Stephen S. Morse, Ph.D., FAAM, Fellow AAAS
There is momentum on biotechnology finding solutions in agriculture, food production,
and medicine, with many distinct, successful projects that serve as examples. However, there are
comparatively few opportunities for scientists in the field to meet, share accomplishments,
identify common challenges, and consider new approaches. Biotechnology not only draws on the
pure biological sciences but is also dependent on knowledge and methods from outside the
sphere of biology, commonly thought of as the life sciences industry.
A Systematic Approach to Developing New Biotechnology Capacity and
Capabilities
Craig Vanderwagen, MD
Establishing an Enterprise is Critical to Progress
• Discovery Science;
• Advanced Development;
• Manufacturing; and
• Real World Usage
Primary Skills Needed Exceed Technical Knowledge
• Technical;
• Programmatic;
• Managerial;
• Fiscal; and
• Political
Establish a Strategic Enterprise
• Establish Vision/Mission and Oversight/Governance Body;
• Establish Strategic Goals (Identify Needs/Uses and Prioritize);
• Identify Institutions and Capabilities and Gaps; and
• Identify Funding Streams
Establish Defined Process for Development
• Analyze Discovery science for Promising efforts against needs (“Techwatch”);
• Establish Advanced Development Center to assist in later clinical research and
production efforts;
• Meet quality standards for safety and efficacy of products and process; and
• Strengthen educational institutions and global linkages
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 15
III. Ministry of Agriculture
Applications of DNA and Molecular Markers: Techniques in Agriculture
Harb Adel Abed, Ph.D.
Our current work and research emphasis includes:
1. Detection of DNA fingerprints and molecular polymorphisms for several
organisms and bacteria using RAPD, AFLP & SSR- PCR techniques;
2. Study on markers link to stem rust resistance genes (SrR genes) in wheat
lines; and
3. Identification of DNA fingerprint for some crops by protein electrophoreses.
The future goals of our research include
1. Quantitative and qualitative detection of GMO using traditional PCR and Real
time-PCR techniques and other low-technical methods;
2. Detection of pathogens using PCR techniques;
3. Detection of genetic variations in plants derived from tissue cultured plants by
DNA fingerprinting;
4. Detection of molecular markers for genes and corresponding enzymes
associated with bioherbicide compounds;
5. On seed improvement, somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seeds;
6. Conservation genes and chromosomes in gene banks; and
7. Transfer of disease-resistant genes to plants.
Applications of Gene and Genome-Based Technologies for Improving Animal
Production and Health
Sahar Ahmed Al-Bayatti, Ph.D.
Genomic and gene-based technologies proved to have a strong impact on livestock
productivity and can offer new solutions to problems and revolutionize the entire livestock
production process. The Ministry of Agriculture realized this potential and took steps for its
utilization. It is our hope these technologies will be widely used in the future to enhance
livestock productivity and maintenance utilization.
The current utilization status is the conservation of animal genetic resources via a gene
bank that will preserve animal genetic resources currently under construction.
Its objectives are to:
1. Cryopreserve animal germplasm for long-term security;
2. Breed rescue; and
3. Genetic improvement programs
Our work to date includes:
1. Study of the genotypes of the Iraqi Buffalo Kappa Casein gene;
2. Study of the cytogenetic differences between swamp and river buffaloes in Iraq;
and
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 16
3. Study of the genetic structures and diversity of local animal breeds.
The genetic and health improvements include embryo transfer of highly productive
imported cattle breeds and increase use of molecular tools, such as PCR, in disease diagnosis and
control.
Our future work includes:
1. Animal cloning for endangered breed rescue;
2. Genomic selection (superior animals are selected based on total genome
information, improving fast and effective selection);
3. Gene transfer technology for the production of disease resistance genes;
4. Recombinant DNA vaccine production; and
5. In-vitro fertilization and embryonic division technology for multiplying highly
productive breeds.
Application of Biofertilizer and Biopesticides
Salam Abbas Hussein, Ph.D.
Biofertilizers, as microbial inoculants, are preparations containing strains of
microorganisms that can augment the microbiological process, nitrogen fixation, phosphate
solubilization or mineralization and excretion of plant growth promoting substances. The term
biopecticide means that living organisms, or natural products derived from these organisms or
extracted, are used to suppress pest population. These beneficial microorganisms or biocontrol
agents represent an environmentally friendly alternative control measure to chemicals and offer
different modes of action for combating pathogens.
Our current work includes:
1. Isolation, purification and diagnostic testing of microorganisms used in
biofertilizer production from plant roots nodules and Iraqi soil;
2. Production of bacterial and fungal bioagents as biofertilizers and biopesticides
(Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Izospirellum, and Beaveria bassiana) in a two-form
liquid and solid biofertilizer for research and field experimental trials. This
can be extended for field-scale in the future; and
3. Quality control on imported biofertilizer and biopesticides on both a lab and
field scale.
Our future work includes:
1. an increase in storage capacity for biofertilizer and biopesticide products,
especially in liquid form, and extend the integrated farm pest;
2. Study on the application and adoption of imported biofertilizers and
biopesticides to local environmental conditions;
3. Detection of genetic variation between bioagents; and
4. Introduction to a type culture collection for beneficial microorganisms.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 17
Plant Biotechnology: Applications of Plant Tissue Cultures
Suhaila Aied Braheem, Ph.D.
Recent advances in biotechnology provide good opportunities for immediate benefit. The
use of cell and tissue culture of plants, key components of plant biotechnology, introduced
considerable power and potential in the genetic modification and improvement of plants that
cannot be accomplished by conventional genetic methods.
In order to have any meaningful impact on agriculture, developing tissue culture has to be
equally and readily applicable to improve plant species.
Our current application of tissue cultures includes:
1. Production of free-virus plants, including potato (plants and micro tubers) and
elite varieties of strawberry for greenhouses;
2. In vitro micro propagation of Aloe Vera;
3. In vitro micro propagation of some ornamental plants (carnations); and
4. Development of doubled haploid plants via (anther and microspore culture)
Our future work includes:
1. Manipulation of other double haploid techniques for agricultural purposes;
2. Studies on somatic cell hybridization (protoplast fusion) to produce somatic
hybrids between sexually incompatible plants;
3. Studies on the genetic transformation of plants to introduce foreign genes and
produce transgenic plants;
4. Cryopreservation for the long-term preservation of useful germplasm and
strengthening of germplasm banks;
5. Studies on Somatic embryogenesis, which include true-to-type mass
multiplication of heterotic F1 hybrids and other elite genotypes through
artificial seeds.
Current Status and Future Prospects in Biotechnological Applications in
Ministry of Agriculture
Tamara Adnan, Ph.D. Candidate
Some agricultural biotechnological techniques were introduced over the last several years.
Researchers in the subject were able to identify cultivars with higher disease and/or insect
resistance, weed resistance, and nutritional levels such as higher amino acids contents in animals or
plants. They can splice, hybridize and multiply DNA and clone entire animals with existing
instrumentation and expertise. With better understanding of DNA-marker techniques, it was
possible to identify many plant cultivars, animals and microorganisms using different DNA-
markers techniques such as RAPD, SSR and AFLP-PCR-based techniques.
A lot of attention is devoted to more advanced techniques, whereas simple biological
systems that could be better exploited by agriculture may be overlooked or neglected. Some of
these include the utilization and enhancement of symbiotic associations between microorganisms
and plants. Considerable work is available on various aspects of using biofertilizer and biopesticide
applications in organic agriculture.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 18
Biological solution minimizes the perceived hazardous impacts from herbicides and
insecticides in agriculture production. Biological weed management is a system that incorporates
the use of diverse biological organisms and biologically based approaches including
allelochemicals and other cultural practices to significantly reduce weed densities in a manner that
is similar to use of chemical herbicides alone. Although many biologically active compounds have
been found and used in agricultural management systems such as bioherbicides and insecticides,
reducing environment/soil pollution and hazardous for health, but continuous study on the isolation
and identification of allelochemicals from plant or microorganisms are still needed to provide new
strategies in maintaining and increasing future agricultural production. Important research areas
must continue to develop biotechnological techniques for incorporating controlling genes into
crops for their own production of allelochemicals as weed and disease management.
Plant tissue culture techniques offer several advantages over conventional propagation
methods. For example, these techniques help in rapid plant multiplications toward large-scale
micro propagation, and, in addition, a large number of virus-free plants can be obtained by
meristem culture such as potato plants and other plant species (strawberry, date palm) depending
upon the objectives. In vitro gametic embryogenesis is an efficient means of producing haploids by
another culture in a growing number of plant species such as wheat.
In recent years, with the tremendous increase in population and pressure on the forest,
livestock and land resources increased, resulting in a decline in the population of economically
important animal and plant species. Thus, attempts have been recently made to protect and
preserve plant and animal species by preserving the genetic material through various approaches
such as germplasm preservation by cryopreservation.
This article briefly discusses the status of agricultural biotechnology and future areas of
study in the related technical summaries.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 19
IV. Ministry of Industry and Minerals
Rapid Laboratory Tests: A Leading Technology in Iraq
Abbas Fadhil Abbas
Rapid laboratory tests are important because they provide highly accurate, sensitive and
quick results at a low cost and low resource use. These tests are characterized by their steadiness
at different temperatures, are easy to transport and store, do not require much experience to use
and do not require much time to conduct. One of the most important advantages is the simplicity
of testing by the patient, without the need for much training, experience or precision. In addition,
rapid laboratory tests do not require complicated techniques, electrical energy, freezing, or any
other sensitive devices. Furthermore, the collection of pathological specimens is easy and does
not require professional or technical training. The samples rapid laboratory tests deal with are
usually urine, saliva or capillary blood specimens, all of which are easy to collect by the patient
or medical staff.
Al-Razi Center for Research and Medical Diagnostic Kit Production
Abbas Fadhil Abbas
The development of the diagnostics industry in the world with the introduction of
modern techniques, such as biotechnology and genetic engineering, creates future plans for the
use of these technologies to develop and invest in the scientific and technical capacities available
in the Al-Razi Center. These techniques include: 1. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies used in
the preparation of diagnostic kits, such as blood grouping rapid test strip for hepatitis HBs and
acquired immune deficiency syndrome, HIV, pregnancy, cancer, syphilis and TB. Many types of
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PRC) techniques such as rapid detection of pathogens, especially
genetic diseases that cannot be detected by conventional methods. In addition to designing
primers in these ways, the introduction of these technologies to the Center requires concerted
efforts from several institutions such as the Ministry of Health and Iraqi universities, as well as a
need for continuous training on these technologies.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 20
V. Ministry of Science and Technology
Infant Diarrhea: Using RT-PCR to Identify Three Hemorrhagic Bacterial
Strains
Hussein. Od. Kready, Ph.D.
My research work is in the field of infant diarrhea. To date, the main aspects of
completed work are infection rate and type of bacteria. The objectives of my research are to
develop certain protection measures against the most threatening diseases for infants in rural
areas of Iraq. Some of the most prominent results obtained were three hemorrhagic bacterial
strains successful isolation for first time in Iraq. These isolates were confirmed by using a PCR
device.
Wastewater Treatment Using Biofilm Slime Layer Technology
Inaam N. Ali
Biofilm slime layer is one of the advanced biological treatment technologies for industrial
and municipal wastewater treatment with the capacity to reuse treated water for agricultural
purposes. Bacterial, fungal and algal biofilm slime layer were grown on the interior surfaces of
polyethylene pellet (carrier) and suspended in municipal wastewater for the removal of organic
pollutants. Bacterial species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus megaterium, Sphingobacterium
thalpophilum), fungal species (Penicillium citrinum,Aspergillus niger,Trichoderma harzianum)
and algal species (Nostoc linkia, Scendesmu sdimorphus) were used separately for biofilm slime
layer growth under controlled laboratory conditions (pH, temperature, and aeration). In addition,
microbial mixtures were grown on other pellets and suspended in the glass cylinders for
wastewater treatment under controlled laboratory conditions. Bacterial biofilm layer thickness
was measured and recorded at 9, 6 and 5mm respectively as compared with 3mm for the control
group throughout a retention time of 16 days. Bacterial (P. aeruginosa) biofilm slime layer
showed an efficiency for COD, TOC, NO3 and PO4 removal after 24 hours of 75%, 65% , 69%
and 56% respectively while the removal rates of the same factors using the fungal biofilm layer
of P. citrinum was 83%, 78%, 53% and 60% after 48 hours respectively. The algal biofilm
reactor with S. dimorphus showed that the highest removal rate of total nitrogen (93%) as
compared to control group (87%) occurred after 72 hours of treatment due to the biofilm slime
thickness of S. dimorphus (7.5mm) as compared to the thickness of the N. linkia slime layer
(5.3mm). A mixture of microbial species biofilm layer was used for wastewater treatment over
18 and 24 hours, using aerobic and anoxia. This microbial biofilm layer showed removal rates
for TOC, COD, and TN of 90%, 83%, and 59% respectively in an aerobic condition and removal
rates of 66%, 52%, and 84% in an anoxic condition. From the above results, one can conclude
that controlling the biofilm slim layer is a promising technology for municipal wastewater
treatment, as long as it is used under suitable conditions.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 21
Biological Weapon Convention Perspective of Biotechnology
Iraq National Monitoring Authority
Mahdi Falih Al-Jewari
The objective of this presentation is to present a brief overview of the Biological Weapon
Convention (BWC) and emphasize obligations of state parties under the BWC to strengthen
international security. The presentation will also highlight the relationship between biological
sciences and the BWC, more specifically biotechnology and adopting effective measures and
procedures for biosafety and biosecurity in connection with hazardous microorganisms or
genetic techniques.
The importance of using Article X of the BWC, which calls on and encourages state
parties to transfer advanced science and technologies for peaceful purposes. I will present the
pathogen microorganism lists according to WHO classifications, which were adopted by the
BWC, as well as a definition of the Security General Mechanism to investigate alleged use of
chemical and biological agents.
Establishing a Molecular Laboratory: Identifying Biological Control Agents
and the Effect of Climate Change
Mohammed W. Khudhair, MSc, and Hussain F. Al Rubeai, Ph.D.
I gained biotechnology experience when I did my master’s degree in the University of
Queensland, Australia. I learned how to use molecular techniques in identifying, diagnosing, and
screening pests, and I worked on investigating the effect of climate change, especially CO2 on
plant pathogens. The study was conducted at CSIRO-Brisbane in Australia to investigate the
effects of increasing CO2 levels on one of the most important diseases that causes high yield loss
in wheat, barley in many countries and regions including Australia, crown rot caused by
Fusarium species. The study found increasing CO2 concentrations boosts the selective
enrichment among Fusarium species under elevated CO2, thus increasing pathogenic populations
and reducing saprophytic and changing the genotypic diversity after five cycles of monoculture
of wheat varieties.
We are establishing a molecular lab that can be used for detecting and studying the
genotypic diversity of important pest populations such as plant pathogens and insects, and
identifying some microorganisms that can be used as a biological control agents
(entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria) in order to improve controlling programs. Moreover,
studying the effect of climate change on the genotypic diversity of crucial pests in Iraq is another
important target of our future work.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 22
Integrated Pest Control Research Center: Food Security and Biological
Control Programs
Mohammed W. Khudhair, MSc, and Hussain F. Al Rubeai, Ph.D.
Climate is an important factor that can affect plant pests in terms of growth and
distribution. Food security, crop production, disease management, crop distribution, biological
control programs, and human and animal safety are all postulated to be effected, mostly
adversely, as a consequence of climate change. Atmospheric CO2 concentration increased by
31% since the pre-industrial revolution and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has
projected it will increase between 445ppm and 710ppm by the year 2050. Increasing CO2
concentration in the atmosphere influences the physiology, morphology and biomass of plants
and their interactions with plant pathogens, insects and other microorganisms. Therefore, it is
important to study the effect of climate change, especially CO2 concentration, on important pests
on crucial economic crops in Iraq such as plant pathogens and insects in terms of their genotypic
diversity, pathogenicity, aggressiveness, and distribution using molecular techniques such as
gene screening, gene sequencing, and gene isolation. This can explain many essential changes in
pest distribution, density, and virulence in most of the important crops such as wheat, date palm
and citrus, consequently improving breeding programs, disease management host plant
resistance, IPM programs and food security.
Evaluation of Breast Cancer Antigen 15.3, Copper, Zinc, Calcium and Iron in
Breast Cancer Patients
Riyadh Uthafa, Ph.D., Rafah Rasheed Ismail, Emman Mohammed Kathem, MSc,
Sana Ismail Ahmmad, Suha Abed AlHammed, MSc, Faeeza Ahmmad
In the present study, the levels of cancer antigen (CA15.3) and serum for Calcium (Ca),
Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu) in breast cancer for 200 healthy Iraqi women, age 30-65.
The 200 women were divided into four groups of 50, including breast cancer patients 30-59
years old, breast cancer patients 60-75 years old, milking nodules groups 30-60 years old and a
control group. The result of this study showed significant (P<0.05) increase in the CA15.3 level
and copper concentration in the milking nodules group and both breast cancer patient groups.
Results also showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in Fe concentration in the milking nodules
group and both breast cancer patient groups, significant decrease in the Zn concentration in both
breast cancer patient groups, significant decrease in Ca concentration and increase in Zn
concentration in milking nodules group and an increase in Ca concentration in both breast cancer
patient groups. These results compared with control group.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 23
The Effect of Cyclamen persicum Extracts on Food Poisoning Bacteria and the
Shelf Life of Fresh Minced Meat
Samia Khalil Mahmood, Ph.D.
The activity of Cyclamen persicum alcoholic and aqueous extracts (hot and cold)
determined in the three concentrations, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0 .3%, to inhibit bacterial growth which
caused food poisoning like E.coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staph
aureus by using minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). The effects of concentrations to
reduce the growth number of fresh meat under refrigerated temperatures to increase the shelf life
of minced fresh meat was also evaluated.
The results show that the hot alcoholic extracts increased the shelf life of minced meat for
seven days. However, hot aqueous extracts were the best when compared with the cold.
Therefore, this study indicated the significant activity of Cyclamen persicum extracts decreased
in all types of bacteria in treated fresh meat in comparison to untreated fresh meat.
Applications of Biotechnology to Improve Crop Production Under Abiotic
Stress and Increase Secondary Products in Medicinal Plants
Zahra N. Al Hattab, Ph.D. and Wajida Kh. Alqaudhy, MSc
Biotechnology is the application of scientific knowledge to the management of
microorganisms, or of cells and tissues of higher organisms, so these supply products can be of
use to human beings. Tissue culture is used to improve crop production in saline soils. Several
improved germplasms of wheat, barley, beans and alfalfa with high salt tolerance were produced
In Vitro. These plants were tested in a hydroponic culture and in the field. They showed stable
growth and production for several generations in saline soil.
Tissue culture was also used to improve the production of secondary products and
medicinal compounds in Datura plants. Recently, we used SSR markers to identify wheat
germplasms.
The Role of Bioactive Components of Polysaccharides (B-D Glucan) Extracted
From Food Sources as Inhibitory Cell Proliferation on Cancer Cells
Zainab Mohammed Taher Jaafar, Ph.D.
B-D glucan is considered a potent bioactive compound and present as a principle
component of the cell wall in mushrooms and yeast. These substances are known as biological
response modifiers because they exhibit modulation in the humeral and cellular immunity and
thereby have beneficial effects in fighting infections. In addition, they also exhibit
hypocholesterolemic and anti-coagulant properties as well as antitoxic and anti-tumorigenic
properties, making them promising candidates as pharmacological properties of health.
The goals of the study were to 1. Study the effect of extracted glucan on inhibitory cell
proliferation on cancer cells to benefit the development of new drugs in cancer treatment and 2.
Decrease the side effects of chemotherapy on normal cells.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 24
The study included extracted glucan from two food sources, edible mushrooms and
barley. The glucan extracted from mushrooms was added to the cultured heparinized human
blood cells obtained from leukemia patients of three types (CML, ALL, AML); all previously
treated with chemotherapy. The other study was done on purified glucan from barely added to
breast cancer cell lines (LLL-9, Mcf-7 and Mcf-10A) to examine the cytotoxic effects of glucan
on cancer cells by using the BrdU incorporation test.
The results provided an idea about the cytotoxic effects of the extracted glucan from
mushrooms and barely on the cancer cells. The effect of glucan on leukemic blood cells from
patients of (CML, AML, ALL) by using cytogenetic parameters showed a decrease in the mitotic
index (MI), which was 60% in AML and ALL. The MI was 40% in CML when compared with
the untreated leukemia cells. The blast index (BI) was decreased to 50% in AML and ALL and
33% in CML. The values of sister chromatid exchange give reduced values, it was 18.82 in
untreated ALL, 22.4 in untreated AML and 26.66 in untreated CML. In treated cells it reduced to
10.45 in ALL, 12.47 in AML, and 10.49 in CML. The results of purified glucan from barely also
showed anticancer activity on the breast cancer cell lines (MCF-10A, MCF-7, LCC-9). The
results indicated that B-glucan may be useful in inhibitory endocrine resistant breast cancer cell
proliferation and may enhance cellular sensitivity to endocrine therapies.
The study demonstrates the inhibitory cell proliferation effect of the extracted B-glucan
on cancer cells, which possess biological properties that can lead to more perspectives regarding
mass production through biotechnology methods. For example, supporting treatments of cancer
submitted to chemotherapy to improve the immunologic status and reduce the side effects of
chemotherapy.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 25
VI. University of Baghdad
RAPD-PCR Analysis of Genomic DNA of Some Species of Euphorbia Grown
in University of Baghdad Campus in Jadiriyah
Silva A.Yakoub Zokian, Ph.D., Abed Al-Jasim M. Al-Jibouri, Ph.D.
and Ali H. Al-Musawi, Ph.D.
There was an attempt to identify species of Euphorbia (E.peplus, E.helioscopia, E.
granulata and E.hirta) that grew at the University of Baghdad Campus in Jadiriyah and to find
the genetic polymorphism among them by using DNA markers by using Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR) technique.
The total genomic DNA of species was studied and extracted from dry seeds by using a
commercial kit. Molecular analysis was performed by using nine random markers in the Random
Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) technique. RAPD-PCR analyses based on three
primers A13, C05 and D20 gave results in terms of amplification and polymorphisim for the four
species studied. The value of genetic polymorphisms for each primer was determined, ranging
between 47-84%. Primer A13 produced the highest percent of genetic polymorphism as
compared with primer C05. RAPD-PCR technique confirmed the isolation of the four species of
Euphorbia.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 26
VII. University of Mustansariyah Iraqi Center for Cancer and Medical Genetic Research
Immuno-photosensitizing Oncolytic Measles Virus for Immuno-photodynamic
Therapy, In Vitro and In Vivo Study
Ahmed Al-Shammari, Ph.D.
This project seeks to generate a recombinant measles virus that combines viro-
immunotherapy with photodynamic therapy so the virus will express ALA synthase and one of
the different cytokines for cancer treatment. The main idea behind this study is that cancer cells
infected with this measles virus will express high levels of ALA synthase, the rate-limiting
enzyme for the formation of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a precursor in the synthesis of
endogenous porphyrins, which have previously been shown to sensitize tumor tissues in
photodynamic therapy (PDT). We created two variants of the ALA that overexpressed the ALA
dependently from presence of heme; these variants were created by site directed mutagenesis.
Light was delivered to the sensitized tumor cells in two ways: by the application of a laser beam
or by exploiting the second gene that inserted into the viral genome, which codes for blue
Gaussia luciferase. Infected cancer cells expressing Gaussia luciferase were able to convert
luciferin into blue light, which is the right wavelength for porphyrin activation. It is hoped that
this will bypass the need for application of a laser beam to kill the light sensitive cancer cells.
The virus expressed at the same time is one of the different cytokines genes that were inserted
like IL-18, TNF-alpha and Interferon gamma, along with the presence of the photosensitizer. The
virus will help kill the tumor cells through oncolytic activity and photosensitization while
secreting the cytokines that activate and attract the immune system cells to the tumor site. Here,
the tumor cell antigens are exposed to the immune system due to tumor cell destruction, which
will help for more tumor cell recognition by the immune system and destroy the remaining cells.
Inefficiency and the side effects caused by current classical cancer therapies created a
pressing need for new treatment tools with novel mechanisms of action and without cross-
resistance to currently available treatments (1). The immune system plays a major role in
rejecting transformed cells and it is apparent that the tumor-bearing host’s immune system failed
to control the proliferation of malignant cells, so the augmentation of the host’s natural immune
defenses will provide an effective modality of anticancer therapy (2). Immunotherapies
combined with gene therapy can modulate the host’s immune system to provide either a
therapeutic or a preventive antitumor response via in situ or ex vivo genetic manipulation, and
transfer genes with the aim to elicit an immune response against tumors (3). Cancer gene therapy
is aimed at the destruction of malignant cells, whereas ‘conventional’ gene therapy frequently
establishes or restores a long-term function in target cells. Therefore, the requirements for
viruses used against cancer are fundamentally different from conventional vectors. Host cell
death, immune response, and the spread of replicating viruses can all contribute to oncolytic
efficacy (4, 5). Virotherapy uses the replication of competent oncolytic viruses to kill tumor cells
(6). Oncolytic viruses are able to selectively replicate in tumor cells and kill them. A major
advantage of such replication-competent viruses is this in situ amplification and subsequent
spread within the tumor (7, 8). The measles virus (MV), an enveloped paramyxovirus, has been
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 27
shown to have oncolytic activity in cancer cells (9). There have been reports about the regression
of malignant lymphomas after a natural measles infection (10). The vaccine strain infects by
targeting the CD46 receptors that are overexpressed in human tumors (11). Live attenuated
measles virus is used to treat different implanted tumors in mice human lymphoma, pancreatic
tumors, Myeloma, mesothelioma and oral cancers and demonstrated promising results,
particularly by enhancing tumor cell recognition (12, 13, 14, and 15). This enhanced recognition,
if combined with virus secreting immunostimulant cytokines, may be more effective in
enhancing anti-tumor immunity.
Combination therapies have shown promising results as we can attack tumor cells and the
tumor microenvironment through multiple mechanisms, where we combine oncolytic measles
viruses encoded for cytokines for immunomodulation with photodynamic therapy (PDT).
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approved anticancer therapy that kills cancer cells by the
photochemical generation of reactive oxygen species following the absorption of the appropriate
wavelength of light by a photosensitizer, which selectively accumulates in tumors [16].
Photosensitizers are initially administered, usually systemically (i.v., i.p. or intratumoral), and
given time to localize into the target tissue. Then, using a monochromatic light source or laser, a
specific wavelength of non-thermal, visible light (in the red or infrared region of the
electromagnetic spectrum) is subsequently delivered to excite the sensitizer. The sensitizer in
turn undergoes a sequence of photo oxidation reactions that culminate in the generation of highly
cytotoxic-free radical ions and oxygen-derived species, most notably singlet oxygen [17, 18]. In
a type I reaction, once excited to a triplet state energy, the photosensitizer can either undergo
intermolecular transfer of electrons with nearby cellular membranes or amino acids and/or
nucleic acids. More commonly, the photosensitizer transfers energy to ground-state molecular
oxygen in a type II reaction. Either reaction can result in significant intracellular damage of
membranes and organelles, although the relative contribution of each will depend largely on the
type of sensitizer being used as well as the intracellular environment; i.e. the availability of
molecular oxygen [19, 20].
Protoporphyrin IX generated from 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has been widely used as
an endogenous photosensitizer in PDT. However, the hydrophilic nature of the ALA molecule
limits its penetration through the stratum corneum of the skin and cell membranes (21). To
increase PDT selectivity, we developed a gene therapy approach through the generation of a
recombinant measles virus that express high levels of ALA synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme
for the formation of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a precursor in the synthesis of endogenous
porphyrins which previously has been shown to sensitize tumor tissues in photodynamic therapy
(PDT) (21). It was then combined with a photosensitizing oncolytic virus with
immunomodulation, where we inserted immunostimulation cytokines like IL-18, TNF-alpha and
Interferon gamma (which are known for their antitumor activities 22 and 23), along with the
presence of the photosensitizer. The virus helped to kill the tumor cells through oncolytic activity
and photosensitization while secreting the cytokines that activate and attract the immune system
cells to the tumor site. Here, the tumor cell antigens are exposed to the immune system due to
tumor cell destruction, which will help for increased tumor cell recognition by the immune
system and destroy the remaining cells.
Our aim was to develop a new novel approach for tumor immuno-virotherapy in
combination with photosensitization, to create an immuno-photosensitizing oncolytic virus and
to study this combination with immunostimulation cytokines like IFN-gamma, IL-18 or TNF-
alpha.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 28
Chronic Impact of Bactericidal Dose of Pulse Laser Ablation in Liquid
Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Hematological, Liver and Kidney
Function of White Rats
Amer T. Tawfeeq, Ph.D.
Silver nanoparticles (SNP) have a distinguished antibacterial activity, which makes it a
candidate to replace the chemically synthesized antibiotic that bacteria have developed resistance
against. In order to assess this potential, SNP toxicity has to be tested in vivo. In this research we
have synthesized SNP by pulse laser ablation method in liquid (PLAL) and characterize it shape
and nano size with atomic force microscope (AFM). The surface plasmon resonance for the
synthesized SNP was determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of the
synthesized SNP was assessed against locally isolated Escherichia coli on nutrient agar media in
vitro. Bacterial cell challenged with SNP was further characterized with scanning electron
microscope. In order to explore the toxicity of the antibacterial dose used of the synthesized
SNP, we studded this impact in vivo. Four groups of white rats were used. Liver and kidneys are
major organs of rats that SNP accumulated in. During this study, we assign the impact of
intreperitoneal injected SNP on blood parameters (complete blood picture), liver and kidneys
functions of white rats. Blood ALP, GOT, GPT, serum urea, and serum creatinine were analyzed
in 15, 30, and 60, days post the daily injection of 200 mg/KgBW of PLAL synthesized SNP.
Results indicate that there were no statistically significant differences between the control group
and treated groups in the blood picture and levels of tested enzymes that indicate proper liver
function, as well as compounds that indicate proper kidneys functions during time intervals in
rats’ blood. These results indicated that PLAL synthesized SNP was capable of inhibit E.coli
growth and possess minimal impact on blood parameters, liver and kidneys function in white
rats.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 29
VIII. University of Technology
Escherichia coli Used for Gene Cloning
Rana Munther Badri, MSc
The microorganism Escherichia coli (E. coli) has a long history of use in the
biotechnology industry and is the microorganism of choice for most gene cloning experiments.
Several reasons contribute to why E. coli became widely used and remains a common host for
recombinant DNA, including:
1. Genetic Simplicity
Bacteria are useful tools for genetic research because of its relatively small
genome size compared to eukaryotes. E. coli cells only have about 4,400 genes
whereas the human genome project determined that humans contain
approximately 30,000 genes. In addition, bacteria, including E. coli, live their
entire lifetime in a haploid state, with no second allele to mask the effects of
mutations during protein engineering experiments.
2. Growth Rate
Bacteria typically grow much faster than organisms that are more complex. E. coli
grows rapidly at a rate of one generation per twenty minutes under typical growth
conditions. This allows for preparation of log-phase (mid-way to maximum
density) cultures overnight and genetic experimental results in mere hours instead
of several days, months or years. Faster growth also means better production rates
when cultures are used in scaled up fermentation processes.
3. Safety
E. coli is naturally found in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals where it
helps provide nutrients (vitamins K and B12) to its host. There are many different
strains of E. coli that may produce toxins or cause varying levels of infection if
ingested or allowed to invade other parts of the body.
4. Conjugation and the Genome Sequence
The E. coli genome was the first to be completely sequenced. Genetic mapping of
E. coli was made possible by the discovery of conjugation. E. coli is the most
highly studied microorganism and an advanced knowledge of its protein
expression mechanisms makes it simpler to use for experiments where the
expression of foreign proteins and selection of recombinants is essential.
5. Ability to Host Foreign DNA
Most gene cloning techniques were developed using this bacterium and are still
more successful or effective in E. coli than in other microorganisms. E. coli is
readily transformed with plasmids and other vectors, easily undergoes
transduction, and the preparation of competent cells (cells that will take up
foreign DNA) is not complicated. Transformations with other microorganisms are
often less successful.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 30
Effect of Anti-inflammatory Drugs on the Corrosion Behavior of Implant
Biomaterials in Human Body Fluid
Zina Noor, MSc
Our work involves studying the corrosion behavior of surgical implant biomaterials (SS
316L and Co–Cr–Mo alloy) in vitro during electrochemical method by using a potentiostat in
human body fluid (HBF) in the absence and presence of anti-inflammatory drugs Aspirin
(C9H8O4), Paracetamol (C8H9NO2), and Mefenamic acid (C15H15NO2). The three
concentrations of each drug were 0.00303, 0.00606, and 0.01212; 0.0086, 0.0172, and 0.0344;
and 0.00111, 0.00156, and 0.00201 gm/300ml respectively at 37 degrees Celsius.
The corrosion parameters measured included corrosion potential (E/mV), corrosion
current density i (mA.cm-2), Tafel slopes b (mV.decade-1), polarization resistance Rp (ohm.cm-
2) and rate of corrosion CR (mm.y-1). The results of the corrosion resistance test indicate that,
in general, the anti-inflammatory drugs act as inhibitors for SS 316L and corrosive materials for
Co-Cr-Mo alloy.
Epidemiological and Molecular Study of Brucella Species Causing Malta
Fever
Dr. Salih A. Al-Bakri, Ph.D., and Inas S. Mohammed, MSc
Our completed work includes:
1. Isolation and identification of the Brucella species from human and animal
blood and confirmation by using different bacteriological, biochemical and
molecular methods;
2. Investigation of the potential role of direct detection by PCR technique in the
diagnosis of human and animal brucellosis;
3. Conduction of a molecular study with traditional method of isolation:
serological tests (Rose Bengal test, ELISA test and Milk Ring test) and culture
study in the diagnosis of brucellosis in humans and animals; and
4. Conduction of epidemiological studies in Iraq.
Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 31
IX. International Speaker Biographies
Nisreen Al-Hmoud, Ph.D., is head of the Biosafety Unit and Division Head of Environmental
Laboratories at the Royal Scientific Society of Jordan (RSS). She is involved in the
development and execution of a number of programs and initiatives related to bioethics,
biosecurity, and biosafety. She serves as a member of the Jordan National Committee for
Science and Technology Ethics, where she is currently working on developing a standardized
bioethics curriculum for Jordan with plans to expand throughout the Middle East region.
Ali Atoui, Ph.D., is a professor at Saint Joseph University in Beirut, Lebanon where he teaches
master level courses on food analysis, food microbiology, and food shelf life. In addition to
teaching, he conducts research on food safety, genetics and physiology of mycotoxin
biosynthesis, and cyanotoxins at the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research. He has
authored over a dozen published papers in international peer reviewed journals such as The
International Journal of Food Microbiology and The Journal of Food Science.
David Franz DVM, Ph.D., has a long history of research and management of programs related
to infectious diseases, medical research, and the role of life sciences in global security policy.
Dr. Franz has worked for the United Nations, the U.S. Department of Defense, and is currently
a Professor in the Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology at the College of
Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University.
Gavin Macgregor-Skinner BVSc, MSc, MPH, MRCVS, is senior public health and laboratory
consultant with 18 years of international experience in practical applications and strategies for
public health programs. Dr. Macgregor-Skinner has held U.S. and international public health
leadership positions, and has provided extensive management and technical advice to
governments, non-governmental organizations, multilateral and bilateral organizations, and the
private sector throughout the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. He currently works
as an assistant professor in the Department of Public Health Sciences at Pennsylvania State
University.
Steven Morse, Ph.D., FAAM, Fellow AAAS, is a clinical epidemiology professor at Columbia
University, focusing on epidemiology of infectious diseases and improving early warning
systems. Dr. Morse is also the founder of PROMED (the program to monitor emerging
infectious diseases). He also works internationally in scientific collaboration to help build
surveillance and early warning systems for infectious diseases in developing countries.
Craig Vanderwagen, MD, is a senior partner at Martin, Blanck, and Associates, where he
advises on issues related to medical response systems, public health delivery systems, cross
cultural health systems, and biosecurity issues. Dr. Vanderwagen has served in high level
leadership positions for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, managed the U.S.
National Disaster Medical System, and pioneered ways to counter new and emerging infectious
diseases, including the development and use of preventive countermeasures (e.g., vaccines),
treatment interventions (e.g., monoclonal anti-bodies against various threats, antibiotics, and
devices such as ventilators), and diagnostics.