Upload
nguyenkhue
View
216
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Lecture 14
Mughal and the Safavid Empires
Our LAST lecture of MMW 13
Spring 2016 EVER!
Coming up!
Islam in America (DEI) 149 Summer 2016
Cinema and Religion 150 Fall 2016
What film could teach us about
life (Freshmen Seminar)
BANNED FILMS
Study Guides are up
Moving away from
Mercantilism
(late 17th century)
Definition: State control of foreign trade
(against free-trade)
1) Protectionist: importation of gold, silver; no importation of goods already at home.
2) Limited foreign merchants activities and workers’ rights.
3) Expansion of military and naval ships for trade and protection of merchants.
---Caused war: in order to promote prosperity.
---And colonial expansion.
Adam Smith (1723-1790) on
the Capitalist Market
“What is the species of domestic industry which his capital can employ, and of which the produce is likely to be of the greatest value, every individual, it is evident, can, in his local situation, judge much better than any statesmen or lawgiver can do for him…To give the monopoly of the home market to the produce of domestic industry, in any particular art or manufacture, is in some measure to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals, and must, in almost all cases, be either a useless or a hurtful regulation.”
Putting Out System
The new entrepreneur paid workers from rural regions for their services.
Circumvent the Guilds.
Rural Labor: spent little
On wages and made
huge profits.
Protoindustralization
Exploitation of Labor
Exploitation of Commerce
Imperialism & Capitalism
Ming China(1368-1644)
Inland agricultural wealth
Taxes from agriculture
Manufacturing sector: porcelain and silk
1581 changed currency to silver (money was way too unstable in a competitive global economy)
But China needed sliver from Europeans
Imbalance of commerce: Europeans buy Chinese goods very cheap
Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
Kangxi Emperor (1661-1722)
Military power on land (defeated the
Russians)
but
Maritime naval weakness
Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1867)
Tokugawa Leyasu 1st Tokugawa shogun
(1543-1616)
Feudal military order
Tokugawa distant Japan from European
powers (1609)
Trading rights to the Dutch East India
Company
Feared Iberian powers
“Christian Expulsion Edict”: expulsion
of missionaries
European foreign policy &
Global Economy The rising merchant class had major
influence in foreign policy
Favored blocking imports and textile and
other goods from Asia
European domination over the seas also led
to the declining role of China in global
economy, a process that took a sharp turn in
the 17th century
“Islamic Empires”Ottoman(1299-1922); Safavid (1501-1722); Mughal
(1526-1707)
1. Mediterranean-Mesopotamia Zone.
2. Asian (sub) continent zone.
1. Mediterranean Sea
2. Indian Oceanic base.
Turkic People
EURASIA
The Mughal Empire
claim descent from the Mongols
Another Gunpowder State (though much
weaker than the Ottomans).
1523: Zahir al-Din Muhammad, known as
Babur (“The Tiger”), conquers northern India.
Conquest of Delhi
(1526)
● Akbar, grandson of
Babur.
(reigned 1556-1605).
Akbar, grandson of Babur.
(reigned 1556-1605).
Charismatic and shrewd
emperor.
● Created a centralized state
with ministries regulating
The various provinces of the
empire.
● Advanced syncretic religion:
Divine faith” with the emperor
as the common symbol to all
subjects of diverse ethnic,
religious and
social groups.
Taj Mahal (1653)
Muhammad Shah Jahan I
(reigned 1628-1658).
● Mughal architecture
a) Mix of Muslim and
Hindu features
b) delicate elegance
and refinement of
detail.
Mughal CourtMumtaz Mahal (1593 – 1631)
Nur Jahan
Military technology
Aurangzeb (1659-1707) 6th Mughal Emperor
Lacked religious toleration
Imposed taxes on Hindus and demolished
Hindu temples.
--------------------------------------------------------------
Waged an aggressive campaign against
southern Indian states.
18th century: almost ruled the entire
subcontinent.
Origin
Sheikh Safi (spiritual leader)
Sunni-Sufi movement.
Junayd (d. 1460s).
Haydar (d. 1488) married to the daughter of
the leader of Aqquyunlu (White Sheep), Uzun
Hassan.
Ismail in 1487.
Shah Ismail (1487-1524)
Established the Safavid Empire in 1501.
1501 conquered
Eastern Anatolia (Tabriz) to
Eastern Iran
(Heart)
A Prolific poet.
Battle of Chaldiran
August 23, 1514
Defeated by
Selim I
(1465-1520)
●End of Ismail’s
Claim to be a Mahdi
Qizilbash
“Red hats”
A Turkish-tribal confederacy.
Anatolia.
Supporters of Safavid
order.
Shia Islam
Ali: Son-in-law and the cousin of the Prophet.
Shia: Party of Ali.
Cult of martyrdom: 680 C.E. Hussain, the grandson of the Prophet and the son of Ali dies a martyr’s death on the battlefield of Karbala, Iraq.
Messianic: Hidden Imam: Will return at the end of time to bring justice to earth.
Karbala
Muharram Rituals
Religion of Qizilbash
Heterodoxy: Mixture of Christianity, mystical Islam and (central Asiatic) shamanic practices.
1. Doctrines:
a) Pantheism
b) Messianic
c) Music and drink
2. Organization:
a) Pir or Spirital-political leader
b) Tariq-e: order
c) Sufi-brotherhoods.
Establishment of Safavid Dynasty
1501 Shah Ismail captures Tabriz.
The third and most enduring Shia power in
Islamic history.
1501: Shia religion made official.
Conversion of Persia
Sunni to Shia Islam.
1) Popular Rituals.
2) And clerical migration from (southern)
Lebanon.
Muharram Rituals as state rituals
Ottoman Circumcision Rituals
Shah Tahmasp (1514-1576)
Consolidated Safavid Empire.
Promoted “Orthodox” Shia Islam:
Firman and Public Repentance (tawba)
Supported arts and literature.
Made peace with the Ottmans:
Amasya treaty with the Ottomans cedes Arab
Iraq to Ottomans.
Clerical Establishment
Ali Karaki (d. 1534)
Deputy of the Imam.
Orthodox Twelver Shi’ism.
Rise of clerical establishment.
Structure of the state
King
Qizilbash
Ministers
Governors/Emirs
Sadr Sheikh Vakil
Judiciary
Royal Hunt
Shah Abbas I (1587-1629)
Centralized State.
Replaced Qizilbash with
standing army
(Ghulams or slaves)
● European visitors.
● Promoted economic
activities (Armenians)
● Urbanization
New Isfahan:
Naqsh-e Jahan
Square
“Image of the World Square”
Economy
1. land-based:
a) Silk road (India and China)
b) Maritime (Persian Gulf: Bandar Abbas)
2. Main product of export: Silk.
3. Luxury goods: CARPET