Iron Warrior: Volume 6, Issue 3

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WARRIOFORUM OR ENGINEERING CONCEPTS arch 1985

Radiators for Racecars

A f Cesaroni flies down theMosport straights in hisFormula 2000 equippedwith roll-bond aluminumsurface cooled radiatorsdeveloped by A lean. Storypage 5


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For more information abt)ut {he Foundationor an} of its programmes. plea e contact:The Sandford Fleming FoundationRoom 4332,Carl Pollock Hall

8 8 5 ~ 9 1 or 8 5-1211 ext. 3440Registered Charitable Organization (no.046225-21-15)

TE CHING SSIST NTSHIP W RDS

The following Teaching Assistants were presented with an Award for Excellence at the Annual Engineering Dinner held inNovember 1984. These TA s were selected from nominees for the 1983/84 academic year (Fall/83, Winter/84, Summer/84):

Navroz Ali Mohammadi - Chemical EngineeringDinar Camotim - Civil EngineeringSteve Sadler - Electrical EngineeringBeth Weckman - Mechanical EngineeringDave Bonser - Systems Design EngineeringBill Ott - First Year Engineering

Nomination forms for the best TA's this term will be distributed through the Engineering Society to the class reps at thesame time as the course critiques. Don t forget to make your nomination this term

EMERGENCY LO N FUNDS

The Sandford Educational Press maintains an Emergency Loan Fund at the University of Waterloo. The fund i. administered by the Student Awards Office in Needles Hall and is intended to assist engineering students who are experiencingshort-term financial problems on academic and work terms.In addition, the Sandford Fleming Foundation has established an Emergency Loan Fund in memory of Professors Alpay andNicoll, formerly in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, from funds contributed by faculty, staff, and others.Loans are available to Engineering students in amounts of up to $200 for ninety days, interest free.


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2 IRON WARRIOR March 1985

EDITORIAL PAGEOn Engineering Students and Conservative Attitudes

A few weeks ago, I sat in onone of the Sir Sandfo-rd Fleming (SSF)debates in the Department of ElectricalEngineering. The topic of the debate wasas follows: Be it resolved that engineering students are too conservative .Several very interesting points werebrought up, a few of which merit somediscussion.Engineering is generally considered to be one of the more secure professions in our sociery. As such, it tends toattract students who can foresee their lifebeyond universiry. They can see themselves with a steady-income job, a spouseand kids, a nice house, and a familycar. The engineering education is merelya route to get them there. No surprises,no curves; all according to plan.This conservative attitude is byno means an objectionable one: t is apurely subjective choice. The implication,however, is that in general, engineering

students are quite conservative (I amsure I help contribute to that statistic).Dress is another indicator.Engineering students dress conservativelyby most standards. A visit to Carl Pollock Hall and subsequently to the Cam-pus Centre should make the differencemore than obvious. Although we, theengineering students, are sometimes critici:ced as sex-starved, beer-drinkingmaniacs, our non-radical attitudes showthrough in a lot of ways.Another interesting point concerns Engineering Sodery publications(i.e. Enginews and IRON WARRIOR).Enginews has for the most parr, neverbeen termed conservative. Its contenthas been critici:ced as being sexist, racist,etc. Yet if we examine this a little closer,we see that this has always been thecase. Nobody had ever proposed makinga radical change to the newspaper forfear of it not being accepted. The sexual

content was deemed to be a necessiry,which in essence is a conservativeapproach. This term's editors have, forthe first time, challenged this attitude.The IRON WARRIOR, on theother hand, has always been considereda conservative publication. It tries to beinformative and interesting, occasionallyusing satire or humour to keep it fromgetting too serious. There is nothingwrong with this; the students have cometo expect it. Radical newspapers (Imprintattempts to be one) are generally "eriticited among engineering students.Everything can use some degreeof change now and then, however, an d 'so we have tried some new ideas thisissue . Not radical by any definition, butdifferent nonetheless. Radicalism fer thesake of radicalism has no real purpose.Change for the sake of interest andimprovement, is something we aU need.

University of Waterloo's Image Distorted ~

PHOTOGRAPHERS:

You're lucky to be going to theUniversiry of Waterloo I was recentlytold by one of my friends who attendsuniversiry in another ciry. How so?", Iasked her back, seeing no overwhelmingtruth in the statement. It seems she hadjust finished watching a documentary trythe eBC s Fifth Estate atoUin the universiry and its president Doug Wright.In the fifteen minute television profile, theuniversiry was portrayed as an aggressivebusiness-like institution with strongindustry ties; the place where DougWright does it rightJ/I Strange, theynever interviewed any students.Such cases of propaganda arenot isolated. The Universiry of Waterloohas always had a high profile, andthrough it, has made many gains overother universities, especially in the lasttwo years. Last week I went to UW snews bureau to ask if they had any articles recently published about the Universiry. 1 was immediately handed a dossierfull of pro-Waterloo literature from suchsources as Macleans, the Globe andMail, the Financial Post and CanadianBusiness. Without exception the articlesglorified and praised the universiry, calling UW the MIT of the North or thecorporate campus . Oft en the articlesoverflowed with buttwords and techno-

babble intended to impress the layreader. A good example of such articleswas a feature which appeared in theKW Record Last June. It it wasdescribed Jon Dellandrea, vice-presidentof Universiry ~ v e l o p m e n t a man withmooie-star good looks" who rdises mil:lions for uw. The story goes on to showhow the thirry-four year old rycoonsecures industry support by /Loatingaround in corporate circles. The accompanying picture shows a wide angle shotof Dellandrea, hand outstretched towardthe camera, ready to close yet anothermulti-million dollar deal. How crassThe universiry undoubtedly hasan enviable record. It would seem,however, that all the success has gone tothe heads of the universiry administration, as indicated by these many recentarticles. Surely the story is portrayedlopsidedly.

As a teaching institute the Universiry of Waterloo holds no advantageover any other. Little benefit is seen bythe undergraduate student from themany industry funded research projectswhich make UW so famous. If anythingtM students suffer in taking a secondseat to the research efforts. It should notbe forgotten that the Universiry's primary

goal is teaching, not doing industryresearch.One can say that undergraduates have benefited from the abundance

of computer equipment granted by man-ufactures. However, computer literacyshould not be confused with education, tis at best anl,. ane facet thereof. Besidesthis, the motives of the suppliers are notcompletely altruistic. Surely a penontrained on a particular computer systemis likely to demand the same systemwhen he joins the industry.Waterloo's one sided emphasisof research and corporate interaction hasleft other aspects of the universiry sorelylacking. Take for example our undersited physical activities complex, or thelack of universiry funded entertainmentfacilities. Waterloo has a good reputation as an academic faciliry but conversely a poo-r reputation for providingsocial amenities.

Before the Universiry of Waterloa compares itself with institutions suchas MIT, (where student/professor ratiosare less than 10:1) it should stop ignoringthose things which I1re not so ideal orwell publici:ced. Perhaps then it couldjustify its claims of being a top notchuniversiry.

mON WARRIOR STAFFLars WilkeFrank van BiesenCraig HebertTom FultonJeff EndenburgBruce JamesPhil BreartonGary Tripp

manda LovattGinger MooreyLee WanstallAntoinette Camillerim StefanU.k

Dr. Gordon AndrewsCatherine MurphySteve Pallenlau DunlopWes Heald ADVERTISING:

P a w M a ~Phil BreartonMike UrloCbrGiniet MooteyAmanda LovattCatherine MurphyVernon LoboJobn Occhipinti

JeffRotbmanNUlMcXOneRObTasketTomFuJtonRob GrabamJames Williams884-2436 or8851211 ext. 2323

The IRON W RRIOR is a publication of the Engineering Society of theUniversity of Waterloo. Its purpose is to promote professional awareness on campus. Typesetting services provided by Graphic Services at the University ofWaterloo. Printing by Fairway Press in Kitcbene r. Ontario. Submissions welcomefrom all faculties and organizations.


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March 985

110. W A B B I I . ~

Inventor CreditedTo the editors:

Adding to the excellent reviev.of my work and interest in your February 1985 issue, I would like to say thatthe concept of bondgraphs wasinvented by Henry Paynter at MIT inthe mid-1960's, At that time, MIT had alot of research on combined hydraulic/mechanical/electrical control systems,

Tho following ~ and 4f8&JdzatioGShave been i n d i s p e l S ~ b I e this term inproducing the IRON WARRIOR.Their time. effort, and willingness tohelp out greatly simplified the work oft b o ~ s t a f f

- George Elliot andstaff, for last minute t y ~ t t i n . . photographs, and other miscellaneous services.- Chris Redmond, the Gazette staff,and the News Bureau staff, for photographs, press releases, UW weekbook,and advice.

- Bob and the staff at GraphicServices, whose dependability andwillingness to help in typesetting wasunsurpassed.

- Ralpb Sbilton ai'ld the Fairway Pressstaff, fQr the printing and photographicwork.

RON WARRIOR 3

LEITERS leave so you can pounce on theirlocker, and apparently. the women areworse off,In a country which is apparently trying very hard to promote sportand fitness, doesn't it seem logical thatas one of Canada's leading learninginstitutions, we should be setting agood example in promoting phYSicalfitness? The old adage of a soundbody and a sound mind is not easilypropagated at UWand needed a common simulation tOOl,which bondgraphs are.It took the genius of HenryPaynter (Since 1984, at the University ofAustin, Texas) to see not only theimmediate needs then, but to includeresults from electric circuit theory, universal energy conservation and computational requirements (causality asbondgraphers call it),Thus bondgraphs havebecome the tool of great power andbeauty, as they are now.Dr. Jean Thoma

Athletic FacilitiesInadequateTo the editors:

I would like to ~ k e this opportunity to comment on the excellenteditorial by co-editor Lars Wilke of theIron Warrior in the February 1985 issue,concerning the state of the athletic

facilities at Uw. I think several keyissues are brought into view which arerather disappointing, to say the least,The fact that the University ofWaterloo has never contributed anymoney to its athletic facilities is a rathersad example of the lack of emphasisplaced on physical fitness, The Canadian University system as a whole isquite unsupportive of athletics to beginwith, especially when compared to ourneighbours south of the border. However, having used the athletic facilitiesat several other Canadian Universitiessuch as University of Ottawa, Carleton,Western, and University of Alberta, Iam further depressed with the set-upat Uw. I've seen a lot of betterequipped weight rooms at highschools. Trying to do a half-ho ur weightprogram in the afternoon requires aminimum of an hour or better. Trying tobook a tennis court from a phonewithout auto-redial is practically animpossibility, Twice as many squashcourts would still get booked solid.'Even a simple thing like having adequate locker space would be a tremendous asset. Many afternoons, youhave to watch and wait for someone to

Rob Graham

Food Contests DisgustingTo the editors:

From time to tirmJ in the socialand sports activities organized byEngSoc (and other organizations in theWaterloo area), there are activities thatinvolve the gross consumption of food,I have not kept a close watch on theseactivities, but I believe that a worldrecord attempt was made in a Waterloo shopping mall recently to create theworld's longest submarine sandwich, asimilar attempt was made a few yearsago, during Octoberfest, to create theworld's largest omelette, and, ofcourse, eating 'contests' have beenheld locally (some by EngSoc) involvingspaghetti, submarines, and beer,Whenever I see such contests, I feelembarrassed for the lack of sensitivitydisplayed by the organizers; the participants are usually doubly embarrassed, since they are participating inan event of dubious value, while simultaneously making complete asses ofthemselves.However, my objection tothese 'world record' attempts anddubious 'contests' is based not on thesilliness of the activity, but the immorality of wasting food for no good reason when there are millions of humanbeings going to bed hungry each night(some of them in Canada) and hundreds of thousands staNing, literally todeath, on the African continent. I trustthat there will never be a_day in ourlives that we will ever be so desperatethat we will regret this unnecessarywaste of food,For certain, we need conteststo make life interesting, but conteststhat reward those who can eat themost or the fastest show an appallinglack of imagination, I would like tosuggest contests that measure skill,strength, speed, efficiency or abilityrather than consumption or greed;there is no need to waste food,Arm-wrestling and frisbee-

storming. A few that corne immediatelyto mind are listed below:(a) Running, jumping, lifting, throwing:These are all Olympic sports; why dowe not have faculty records for theusual track and field sports? They aresports that many students played inhigh-school and would like to continue,but perhaps have had little opportunityto do so .(b) Mental contests: Debating wasintroduced a few years ago, but wehave only a handful of the mostaccomplished students involved; why isthis not more active?(c) Off-Beat sports: The concretetoboggan and the Baja dunebuggy aregood examples of positive, but off-beatsports, I think there is room for more,

(d) Really odCI contests: There areplenty of odd-ball, yet acceptablesports or contests that could beencouraged. My own favourites includetho (Make an ass of your prof) Tnkerace and the (Holp the Big Sisters) BusPUSh , but many more could be suggested, such as the (Hide the Dean'santique) car push, the (Stretch yourchairman) tug ot-war and the (Lift theportable classroom) hernia push,In conclusion, let me repeat myoriginal thought: there IS a need forenjoyable sports and contests, but let'sban the use of food; it's really offensive to some people.Gordon C. Andrew., PhD., PEng,Mechanical Engineering

@ E A T O N ' ~ TRAVEL I ITravelling This Year?Come See Us For All Your Travel Needs

W t : ' r f ~ fully recogn;zed and appOinted by AU. airlines.cruist: companies. ( .ar rental operators. hotel chains ...all tht> peoplf' who provide the services you need

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88&0531 EX 3188._- -EATON S TRAVEL in the Sout b Campus Hallhrowing contests are good strengthand skill-testing contests, but there arean infinite number of alternatives thatcould be generated with a little brain _ T _ R _ A _ Y _ E _ L _ O _ N _ Y _ O __R__A_T_O _S_A_C_C_O_U_N_T____


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4 IRON W RRIOR March 1985

From the Dean's DeskA recent article in The Gazettereferred to the possibility of a computing fee for all students. I havewritten an additional three articles inthe The Iron Warrior during the pastyear regarding a special fee in Engineering. The rationale for the fee is

s t r a i g h t f o r w a ~ dAll Engineering programs inOntario have been experiencing seriousfunding problems. Equipment purchases have been minimal for severalyears. Not only are we experiencingdifficulty maintaining our existing laboratory equipment, but it is virtuallyimpossible to obtain the necessarymodern computing equipment which isnow commonplace in the engineeringprofession. The Bovey Commission' sreport, if acted upon by government,will help, but little action is expectedfor some time. In the meantime, several programs in Ontario are stronglyrecommending that all first year students buy their own microcomputerthis fall. These are sold by the university. This plan follows an approachthat has been adopted in a number of

engineering schools in the U.S.A. Students pay the initial full cost ofapproximately $1500-$2000 or, in somecases, pay the full cost over four years.In all cases, the universities have negotiated substantial discounts. We havechosen not to follow this approach,primarily because of the initial highcosts and the alarming rates of obsolescence. Instead, we developed ourown micro networks-WATSTAR 1 in1982 and, recently the JANET lab andthe W ATSTAR PC network. Both ofthese involved equipment donationsfrom IBM. We are curren tly discussing other such arrangements. amconfident we can continue to add someequipment this way but each gift 'entails substantial costs regardingmaintenance and operation.The WATSTAR systemdeveloped by the Faculty of Engineering represents one of the bestapproaches to providing micros in anengineering education environmentanywhere. In fact, a number of installations have been sold to other schools.Obviously, we need to expand these

facilities in order to provide reasonableaccessibility for all students. The purpose of the fee is two-fold:1 to maintain and service existingequipment.2) to provide capital for expansion.

Obviously, all departments donot utilize computing to the samedegree but part of this fee will be specifically directed at increasing thenumber of terminals and micros for allengineering students. Considerableeffort is being directed at the development of educational software, both hereand elsewhere in all disciplines andfully expect the usage will steadilyincrease in all departments.Waterloo has provided morecomputing access than any other university in Canada but it is clear that itcannot afford to continue unless someof the costs are borne by the usercommunity. Tnere is no doubt thatuniversity students everywhere will beasked to pay more for their education

in the near future, Computing is butone example.w e LennoxDean of Engineering

Changes .Affecting -Engineering PracticeBy Prof. G e Andrews, PhD., PEngoAPEO liaison

as a profession for centuries; in fact,the Code of Hammurabai (2,200 BC)contained a clause sentencing .to deathhouse builders who constructed dangerous buildings. Therefore engineering, although not the oldest, is anancient and well-established profession(the oldest profession, by the way, isfarming.) In .the Province of Ontario,engineering is regulated by a provinciallaw administered by the APEO (Association of Professional Engineers of theProvince of Ontario), and the use ofthe title of HProfessional Engineer*(and any modification or abbreviationof the title) is regulated by this law.There are presently about 51,000 professional engineers in Ontario.

In the past few years, therehave been some fundamental changesto the laws and these changes are ofinterest to engineering students whowill be affected by them.1. Introduction of the ProfessionalPractise Exam:

Approximately three years ago,a Professional Practise Exam was madecompulsory for all applicants for membership in the APEO. The exam isthree hours in length, and covers thesubjects of engineering law and professional ethics. The exam is held twiceyearly: In the spring, it is held atmany locations throughout Ontario; inthe fall, there is a second sitting inToronto. Applicants must register forthe. exam about four to six months inadvance. The law and ethics textsupon which the exam is based areavailable in the University B o o k s t o ~ e(and in the library). Moreover, forengineering students at Waterloo, thereare two elective 4th year courses(MElOO and CE491) which areintended to assist in preparing for theexam (CE491 is also available throughthe Correspondence Program).There is no exemption fromthe Professional Practi se Exam. Infact, at about the same time that the

exam was introduced, APEO admissionprocedures were altered to eliminatethe list of recognized foreign universities, thus requiring almost all foreignra a 0 immi ra 0 anadawrite an extensive list of (up to about20) three hour technical exams toqualify for admission. The onlyexemptions permitted now are forgraduates of universities which areaccredited in manner similar to theCAB ( Canadian Accreditation Board).All engineering programs at the University of Waterloo presently have thisaccreditation.2. Bill 123 - The Professional EngineersAct

In September, 1984, aftereight years in preparation, a new Professional Engineers Act was made lawin the Province of Ontario. The newact is the result of years of committees,commissions, appeals, and debates. Itcontinues the spirit and organizationsestablished by the previous act, butthere are some significant changes:Definition 0/ Engineering: The new acthas a much more streamlined definitionof the practice of professional engineering . The old act contained a longNshopping-list of activities; however,the new act defines engineering as..any act of designing, composing,evaluating, advising, reporting, directing or supervising wherein the safe-

Bill 123

guarding of life, health, property or thepublic welfare is concerned .. The keywords here are life, health, property orthe public welfare . These words nevera r in he definition. enew definition is much narrower andmuch more oriented towards the effectof the activities on the public welfarerather than the scientific or technicalnature of the engineering involved.Limited Licenses: A radical change inthe new act is the provision of limitedIicenses* which will permit certainprescribed classes of skilled persons toperform .tasks of professional engineering within specified limits. This is arecognition of the new status which isbeing awarded to technicians andtechnologists. I t is, perhaps, no coincidence that in June 1984, an act regulating the terms 'Certified Engineer'ing Technician and CertifiedEngineering Technologist (CET)' wasmade law. These titles are administered by OACETI (Ontario Association of Certified Engineering Technicians and Technologists), anorganization with 13,000 certifiedmembers.Certificate of Authorization andLiability Insurance: The new act nowrequires all persons providing engineering services to the general public(clients) to be holders of 'Certificatesof Authorization'. The key requirementfor obtaining a certificate is proof that

Chapter 13 Statutes o/Ontario, 1984)

Professional Engineers ct

a liability insurance policy is held bythe member. This has ~ u s e d someconsternation among engineers whowork as employees, but who may havea private busines of their own, wherethey provide seryices. Attempts arebeing made to organize low-cost liability for these people; however, since thisclause came into effect recently (Jan.I, 1985), there are many members whostill have not complied with therequirement.3. Emergence of the 'Two-Pronged'Structure:

In most professions in Ontario,there is a 'two-pronged' structure, inwhich one organization regulates themembers of the profession, and anindependent organization (usuallyrelated in some administrative ways)works on behalf of the members, bysetting fees and organizing pensionplans, etc. A good example is lawwhere the Law Society regulatesmembers, and the Bar Associationworks on their behalf. Similarly inmedicine, the College of Physicians andSurgeons regulates the profession, andthe Ontario Medical Association workson behalf of the members. In engineering a similar structure has gradually emerged, with the APEO regulating engineers, and the CSPE (CanadianSociety of Professional Engineers)working on their behalf. The CSPE isa fledgling association, but it appearsto be growing under the guidance of itspresident Dr. Greg McNeice of CivilEngineering (here at UW). There havebeen difficulties, however. As anationally incorporated body, the CSPEhas duties which overlap provincialboundaries and engineering is, ofcourse, regulated provincially.Also, engineers are remarkablyresistant to change and in the pastyear, the APEO has twice taken theCSPE to court over alleged improperuse of the 'PEng.' logo. However, astime passes, the resistance may changeand engineering may eventually jointhe other professions with a 'twopronged' structure.


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March 985 RON WARRIOR 5

Revolution in Automotive Cooling

Cesaronj s car showinK side panel radiators The aluminum radiator panelsCanadian automotive engineersat the Algoods Division of Alcan Canada Products Limited in Torontoworking in collaboration with a Canadian racing driver believe they havecome up with a development that couldrevolutionize automobile design. Itinvolves surface cooling-panel heatexchangers for cars made from rollbonded aluminum-a proven and easyto-use technology.HToday's domestic cars needmore and more cooling circuits. Yet,with downsizing, emission controls, andlow frontal-area styling, they have lessand less space for conventional heatexchangers under the hood, says

Algoods Product Development Manager Clancy Fulton.e could produce rott bond .circulating units for car under-panels.We could design integral roof sectionsfor cooling purposes-or shape panelsthat would fit in or under the hoodcover. All the produ ction technologyneeded for these departures is avai lableright now /IThe concept of low frontal areato reduce drag, coupled with highcooling loads, is nowhere more important than in racing cars.The rules that apply to Canada's Formula 2000 racing car are similar to those governing the 3000 ccFormula I. In both cases, engine displacement cannot be changed-and themotor must be liquid-cooled.Since there are no rules thatrestrict the type of liquid cooling system, however, driver Anthony Cesaronienvisioned aluminum cooling panelsattached to the sides of his car. Theywould be edge-on to the air flow created by the car's forward motion andshould, therefore, offer less wind resistance than air scoops housing conventional Formula 2000 radiators.Cesaroni's own idea wasinspired by two racing greats-MalcolmCampell Jr., and Jack Brabham.Campen once designed a racing carwith its radiator edge-on to the wind,and Brabham tried cooling his enginewith small panels mounted all over thesurface of his car.Cesaroni found the perfectpanel for his needs in roll-bonded aluminum sheets with integral tubularpathways for coolant. These have beenutilized by the refrigeration industryfor decades. Algoods adapted thisprocess to meet the size and flowrequirements of a surface-cooled systemfor a Formula 2000 racer.The final panels produced forCesaroni's car are 300 mm by 1500mm long. Normal panel thickness is1.5mm and the integral tubing is4.3mm in cross-section, with tube walls.75 mm thick.Technicians found that two

I II I I I

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only Formula 2000 racing car in thecircuit that can safely remain stationary with its engine running for longerthan three minutes. CODventionallycooled cars must get roIling soon afterstart-up to generate ram air to cool theengine. But mechanics can take up to15 mi nutes to fine-tune the motor ofthis unique surface-cooled racer.On the track, coolant temperature for scoop-and-rad designs is about95 degrees Celsius. In the Cesaronicar, water temperature stabilizes nearthe 100 degree mark. The hotter running temperature has enabled Demracmechanics to draw another one or twohorsepower from the engineMoreover, the chance of cooling system failure while racing is alsoinot sucked into scoops where they candamage or smother . the radiator.Although the aluminum panels arethin walled, they flfC extremely resistant 1 vibration nnd impllct. l)lIringone race, u comp titor slammed awheel into the side of Ccsllroni's 'ormula 2000. Both panel were bent,and thc outer panel bore the imprin t ofthe rim. But once they were knocked

Air Flow Along Side of RaceCar2 back into shape, they performed sbeforc, with no trace of a leak. Inte ts, the aluminum panels regularlywithstand pressures in excess of 1725kPa. Th is is much higher than theburst pressure of conventional Formula2000 radiators.with Surface Panels

2 conventional Radiator AirScoop

panels per side were required to provide the necessary cooling. When thesewere hooked up to the car's waterpump in series, the back pressurecaused cavitation in the pump. Thisproblem was solved by rearranging thecooling circuit to provide parallel flowinto the four panels.Although accurate measurements under dynamit: racing loads stillhave to be performed, all results todate strongly support Cesaroni's basicidea. He bas gained 18.5 kmjh on the1.2km straightaway at the Mosporttrack in Ontario--even though thisstretch rises through 33.5 metres.The reduction in drag isequivalent to a gain of four or fivehorsepower. t enables Cesaroni tocatch up with rivals with a 100 metrelead on the Mosport straightaway. Ontracks such as Sebring or Daytonawhere the straights are longer andflatter-the gain in speed could amountto 29 km h or more.Cesaroni's racing cars aremaintained by Demrac Engineering ofAgincourt, Ontario. When Demrac

mechanics learned that the surfacecooled 2000 cc engine wa s turning at7200 rpm at full throttle, they changedthe gearing from a 24:27 to a 25 :27ratio in order to return to 6800 rpm forpeak power.With this alteration. the newcooling system gave Cesaroni a 4increase in gearing. This amounts to achange in gear ratio from 3.488 to3.348-and a change in drive rationfrom l.25 to 1.2.The Cesaroni car actually has50 x 280 mm more frontal area withfour full panels mounted. At its former top speed of 217 kmjh at Mosport, this extra area should haveincreased drag. But it did not.Instead, it allowed a substantialincrease in speed. Because the newcooling panels presented four knifeedges to the slipstream instead ofcatching air in a scoop, drag was significantly reduced. In fact, the movement of the car through the air wasconsiderably streamlined by replacingthe conventional air scoops.Cesaroni probably also has the

The roll-bonding process beginswith two thorough ly clean, brushedaluminum sheets. An outline of thedes ired coo ling circuit is printed on oneof t.he sheets with a colloidal graphiteink. The sheets are then tackedtogether face-to-face , and passedthrough a rolling mill at 500 degreesCelsius. This creates a single, annealedpanel. The two original surfaces arecompletely bonded together, exceptwhere the graphite design (nowbetween the two sheets) has kept themapart. Hjgh pressure air is tben blowninto the design inflating the printedoutline and forming a pathway for thecoolant. The expanded height of theflow-path cross-section is controlled byplacing the panel in a fixed-depth presswhile air is at high pressure.Application specialists foreseea strong future for lightweight rollbonded aluminum heat exchangers inthe automotive industry.Fulton believes that whether avehicle is for racing, passenger duty, orhauling-proven roll-bonding technologyoffers the designer several advantages.It can, of course, help to reduce vehiclewe ight and cost. Perhaps most important of all, it eliminates some longstanding limitations in vehicle cooling,and opens the way for new designs.


7/12

6Fiction

by Tom FultonWaiting patiently on the

steel horizon as the last reachingrays of sun slipped slowly across theouter skin, darkness readied its coldclasp on the space station Rivendell.Even through this cynically emptyexpanse, that undiscernable ball ofearth and water had a spiritualattraction that escaped Reuter Hamb,even while reclining in his favouriteseat in front of a flaring neon firewith brandy and Brazilian coffee.Humph , slipped ou t under hisbreath as he shifted to reconcentratehis gaze from the viewport to the

mess that contained his desk.Quickly climbing spiraling

staircases sent gasps shootingthrough Murry Geer's lungs as hetopped the flight and made for theoffice on the right. Lumping intothe chair he reached for the phoneand watched his thin finger flickthrough the familiar are, followed bya whir and a click."Stores", volunteered thetape. U you require assistance, waitfor the tone , it continued as Geerdropped the handset into the modemand punched in an equipment number, only to find 'Queue position 8'displayed on the screen. Successivetaps on the priority key elicited'Queue position 3' which, after several seconds was wiped into 'Queueposition 12'. "Shit", Geer mused tohimself as he studied the randompattern the tiny slivers of glass madeon hi d k-. HOW would he 'explainanother broken CRT. Retrieving thereceiver, he redialed."Receiving desk", came theresponse.Whipper, Murry Geer here."

Hi Murry, what's up, Ithought you had this weekend oWWhipper ventured."Well, I'm covering for Reuter. Listen, did you get that messageI left?" Grinning, Whipper chided,Sure ..but the Raiders won't getmore than 14 points. You needsleep, sonny.True enough, but listen, Ialso need an impeller for 740-98-103"

Murry said, then hopefully he added,"Tell me my luck's holding:"7.4.0.9.8.1.0.3 ..Sorry boss, youwanna ta.ke back that bet too?"Murry caught himself thinking about scraping the burnt partsoff his toast that morning when

Earth calling Geer" clatteredthrough the earpiece.*Sorry, are you going toMike's after work?" was all thatMurry could muster as he scratchedthe stubble under his chin andreplaced the receiver. After a shortpause he dialed a new number.Uhh .. Reuter Hamb hereN ,was the strained response.WReuter, Murry here .*Murry, how are things ,Hamb said, lacing it thickly withmock interest.

Murray caught himselfthinking about scraping theburnt parts off his toastthat morning ..

Not good, Geer respondedand continued , "You recall thatcondensate screen that was shed-- .

IRON WARRIORFiction

ding, we replaced it with a halfweight mesh until the new onecomes ..?"Number threeW, Hamb confirmed, scratching his earlobe andstraightening.50 try this on", Geer continued. "A millwright dropped a 2inch elbow into an upstream surgetank, the half weight mesh didn'thold it, and it shattered the impellerof a primary pump. Number 3 reactor was put on 90 load 9 hours agoto make up for no. 1, which is downfor core x-rays, the pressure in thecoolant loop is down 30%, andthere's no spare impeller. As anafterthought he added, Control saysthe temperature seems to havereached a plateau 50 odd degreesbelow a second stage alarm."Hamb wearily leaned backand closed his eyes. Take two aspirins and call me in the morning, hewanted to reply. Cmon up andlet's look at it a little closer Murry,and queue the appropriate drawingsto my terminal would ya please?"

Slowly stopping to strain his

ladened legs before launching himself across the next section of dryterrain, Niel paused in the dirr,minglight of the third mining planetCipres to grope through the awkward leg pocket of his heavy NASAsurplus suit for the familiar shape ofthe aerosol can . Straightening up,he peered through the film of staticdust clinging annoyingly to his visorand watched as the relieving mistswept across the visor and teased theparticles away. He wondered tiredlyif the inventor had envisioned thisas he dropped the can back into hispocket with the Static Guard emblemfacing up.

March 1985 March 1985 IRON WARRIORFiction FictionMessage a ottle

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seat console, and swung it into placeacross his lap. Before uploading thesystem, he sequenced through thevarious controls: the thruster flowrate, the thruster orientation, thekeyboard ; all almost familiar now .

Looking over, DeGlut sawhim getting ready. *You're gonnagive me a breather, are ya? The leftfront thruster needs a new nozzle,it's not quite as sharp as the others,other than that she's feeJin' fine.We're still 20 minutes out. Wannasnack?" Ya, how about a BLT ortwo*, NieL said, and was acknowledged by a rising gurgle from hisstomach.

...he sequenced throughthe various controls ...all almost familiar now.

"Listen", DeGlut said, "Youwere doing great yesterday, do youneed me for docking?""Well... keep the intercomopen and I'll let you know: Grinning, Niel watched DeGlut rub hiseyes and roll his neck, then crack. hisknuckles.Crossing to the cabin door,DeGlut slowed momentarily to stopthe dizzy spinning of his thoughts,then caught his breath and muddledout. Niel focused his attentionneedlessly for the first 5 minutes ofhis vigil, startled occasionally by aclank or a bump from somewhere inthe ship, magnified by echoes fromthe hollow confines. One almostinteresting 'Harumph', which coincided with the blinking off of thestereo, told Niel that DeGlut hadtripped on the extension cord again.Refocusing his attention onthe digital readouts, Nlel readied for

A panorama of aromasgreeted Niel along with the hissfrom the closing airlock door. Wearily he d e t e ~ t e d the one that toldhim Ned DeGlut was eating again,

~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - _ . . J . ___ _____ ____ ..;)o :L -- the over-rehearsed docking sequence....he peered through thefilm of static dust clingingannoyingly to his visor ..and followed it to the bridgethrough corridors most likelygleaming underneath an age ofgrime. Breaking stride through thecabin door, Niel glanced to see hissidekick flick the cheese off his lipand flip off the headphones, the dintinning on for no one in particular.Cmon, let's move this lastload", Niel directed shortly."Good manN, returned NedDeGlut, You know if we make goodtime back to Rivendell we'll beaveraging under 9 hours a trip,that'll be a record'", and with fingerscontinuing casually across the console he added, I'm really beginningto enjoy this."Distaste watering Geer'smouth, he shifted his weight and theseat shifted automatically until itsplane of pressure sensors formed aperfectly contoured web under him.

"Well, when I really begin to enjoythe feel of a couple more paychecksin my sweaty palm I'm gonna take along trip back to the green pasturesof earth, complete with snowymountain tops and buttercups', Nielfantasized. Checking his blood gaslevels he cursed the nitrogen thatgot into his system from the foreignatmospheres on these mining planets. Nothing like the t s t ~ of botanicallycycled air after years of this artificiallysweetened stuff he thought, wondering why cyclamates would pop intohis mind.Flipping the ashtray Lid uphe reached mechanically for the' tubehe'd only half finished that morning.Gazing slowly back he inhaledsmoothly as the myriad of tensionsloosened and his thoughts wandered

A panorama of aromasgreeted Niel along with thehiss from the closingairlock door.

off as he lofted a free arm towardsthe disc file. His fingers flippingthrough the selection to a familiarone, he pressed it into place and 'Allin all it's just another brick in thewall' began filtering quietly into histhoughts, only to be fought back byweariness."See ya in an hour or tw(,DeGlut said aloud to no one, thenadjusted the liftoff program for localconditions, and prepared to headback to the processing station, nowjust visible at the edge of the horizon, where it seemingly perched onthe edge of the daybreak.

Crossing to the conferencet.able, Murry focused the drawingand they pattered around eyeing it.Holographs have been a fascinatingevolution Harnb thought; laser

imagery and vivid colour of coursehelped. *So what do you think', wasthe measured injection from Murry.

HI think this is why theybuilt all those failsafes into the system, although I hate being a guineapig", Reuter returned. ." ..guinney pig?WGrinning, Reuter rambled on.A house pet in more liberal times

on earth; I had one when I wasyoung, took it camping and lost it inthis big green pasture, buttercupsand all. Anyhow let's keep an eye

1 lost it in a biggreen pasture,buttercups and all."

on it. Warn the ore processing manager that we may have to stop production and halt barge shipmentsfrom Cipres, to try to ease the pressure on that pump. ..... "Of coursekeeping in mind that worryingdoesn't pay the; bills', was addedwith a guardian gaze.'No, but neither does thesalary of an engineer. Murry

jabbed; reaching to nudge open thefridge, then peeking discriminantlyin to see the dewed shells of Reuter's sacred beer supply."Hey, that's part of my salary, mind your manners, sonny',prodded Reuter.Aw . .gee, I was gonna getyou one too, Murry returned sarcastically.

DeGLut broke his strainedgaze from the gauges to reach overand switch on the slow massage

button on Niel's console. Nothing likewaking up to a relaxed body hethought, although he could think ofpreferable settings. *Hey bud, riseand shine , DeGlut put in a fewminutes later, SWitching to fast massage to see Niel's teeth chattermomentarily.

What the blazes Oh, shit,you ruined a great dream, you slimehole.' Niel paused, then struggledwith the still unworn catch on the

White knuckles gripping the joystick,his eyes darted back and forth overthe instruments as he began maneuvering.Injecting reassuring commentary into the intercom as he felt

the ship adjust and readjust, DeGlutfelt the hair on the back of his neckstand up while they passed at Lessthan a snail's pace through themeteorite shield surrounding Rivendell, pure energy wheeling andspinning in its strain. rate sensitiveweb.

Easing through the last fewmeters to dock, Niel was feeling ingood control, electrons jumping andzipping back and forth between hiscerebellum and his fingertips, whena break in concentration less than ananosecond in length was caused bythe punch line to one of DeGlut'sjokes. .The last thing to flashthrough Niel's mind was his nose ashis thumb twitched and caused thethrusters to fire the barge throughthe station's outer skin, first shearing the tired ship clean in half on abeam, then, with an edge now justsharp enough, puncturing the station's titanium inner skin. Theresulting pressure shock wave spitthe two halves of the barge out likea pea, flinging them back through

7Fiction

the meteorite shield to be instantlyvapourized . Geer had even less time toreact as he and his waterbed shotthrough the ragged hole (he hadn't

been sleeping well anyway). Whipper fell back screaming in pain andhorror as he looked at the shearedand gushing stump where his foothad just been, the same foot in factthat was now waiting patiently forhim on the other side of the sealedairlock. The station's frame screamedand wrenched as the escaping airjet,firing perpendicular Rivendell's axis,worked with the rotational energy toset the entire station precessingabout the tip of the hub where thebarge dock had once been. In lessthan half an hour the orbit distortedenough to fire the station clear outof its host solar system, cutting themicrowave linkage to earth clean off,faster than the receivers could compensate.

With the perfectly fluidmotion of a precision machinedrobotic component, Hamb's armmoved through a slow motion arc,r e u ~ i n g speed at the peak to rotateat the wrist and bring the back ofthe hand in contact with flesh at thecorner of the eye. Seeming to wantto smudge the three or four inflatedwrinkles that meandered throughthe skin there into a smootherexpanse, tht. hand rubb(>(i back andforth m chanically, thn fell unnoticed into Hamb's lap.Deslilutr is a funny wordthought Hamb, chances are that theperson who coined it hadn't used itto describe his chance of living tothe next day. Maybe they'd invent anew word to describe this particularcase. If they ever found out.Looking blankly across to thebook shelves on the wall, his gazecame to rest on the Santa Mariamodel he'd made on his first deep'pace assignment. Constructed of

Destitute is a funnyword thought Hamb.solid mahogany and with a lustrousfinish, it flaunted innocence andmade an interesting sort of splinterycrunch when hit by the bottle Hambhurled at it.Rising from his chair, heplodded slowly over to the liquorcabinet and stared solemnly at thevarious bottles. Picking a conservative green one, he emptied the contents onto the floor, and then withpen and paper in his other hand,made his way out into the corridorsof the station.Several hours later, he stoodmagnetically on the outer skin of thestation, and after several long minutes of staring into the sextant hepicked up on the bridge, helaunched the bottle with all hismight in the direction he best estimated earth would be. One cornerof the piece of paper had alreadysoaked up the dribbles of wine thathad been left inside.


8/12

8 RON W RRIOR March 1985

Teaching Entrepreneurial SkillsBy Gary Tripp

Convocation 1985. For some500 engineering graduates, reality ishere. Five (or more) years of hard workfor what? To be a professional. Theeconomy is on the upswing some say,and graduate employment opportunitieslook promising. So does self employment it seems, judging by enrollmentinto GE352: 'Technical Entrepreneurship'. The course is fairly new to mostof the faculty, save Chemical Engineering. A night course of similarstructure is also running on Thursdaysthrough the department of continuingstudies, which is open to the community. The course was conceived of andis instructed by Mr. R.H. Grasley, anentrepreneur of many years and manyventures.As Mr . Grasley tells his stu-dents, a well prepared business p l ~was presented to the Dean of EngIneering, in which the fundamentals ofany new venture (GE352 in this case)were outlined. The need, always theneed before the solution, is nicelysummed up in a paper entitled 'Technical Entrepreneurship, Expanding theEducation of Scientists and Engineers'.t reads as follows: "To a large exten t,

EYELINKBy Catherine Murphy

Clinton Yourth, once an engineering student at the University ofWaterloo, is now owner, President andChairman of the Boar.d of Eyeiink Inc .an electronics corporation which manufactures the Eye Cue. Eyelink Inc.,located on Union Street in Waterloo,shares office and lab space withanother company called Cytek, alsoowned by Clinton Yourth.

During an interview conductedby the Iron Warrior in October, 1983,before the formation of Eyelink, Clinton expounded on the commercialpromise of Cytek's main product, aninexpensive attachment to a conventional telephone which allows the useroptions such as hold, call redirect, etc.Although larger systems with similarcapabilities as his were already on themarket, he felt that his product hadgreat commercial possibilities becauseof its affordability. This project hassince been relegated to the back burnerfor a number of reasons such as competition from Mitel and the largenumber of FCC and CSA regulationswhich may require up to one year toapprove his product.

In the meantime, Clinton ispouring all of his energies into Eyelink.Its field of research is electronic monitoring systems for the eye, a fairly newarea which, because of its fairly recentdevelopment, bas relatively few regulations and minimal competition fromlarger corporation.How did it start? Followinghis 2B EE school term, Clinton went towork for Bell Northern Research(BNR). While there, Clinton worked onwhat has since become the basiS ofEyelink: the Eye Cue. Originallydesigned and developed by Jan Heynen, Dave Kahn and Helmut Lukas, tohelp a young handicapped Ottawa girlto communicate, the Eye Cue was notintended for large scale manufacturing;however Clinton became excited aboutthe commercial possiblities of such adevice. During bis eight months atBNR, he made a study of the marketand drew forecasts. His conclusions?The Eye Cue had a substantial marketand might make him a millionaire.

Professor R H. Grasley -giving direction to self startersCanada's economic future rests on itsability to develop and expand itsindigenous industry. particularly in thesecondary manufacturing sector.Entrepreneurship is a significant factorin this development, as a strong entrepreneurial core of well educated young

Canadians is essential for the formationof new enterprises and the expansion ofsmaller Canadian firms."Mr. Grasley is only one ofmany who have come to this conclusion. John Shepard, former vice-chairman of the Science Council of Canadasaid, "It is the task of industrial policyto engineer a future based on technological excellence and specialization.As a nation, w have to become a winner with a risk taking ethic." From theeducators as well; Dr . J.A. Scheywrites, "Exceptional natural resourcesmay, for a short time, boost livingstandards but, judging from experienceto date, only manufacturing can createa permanent basis of economic wellbeing. Manufacturing includes ofcourse, the production of non-durablesand semi-durables."Typically, Canadians are leerywhen confronted with the idea ofstarting a business. Employ ment withthe public sector or multi-national corporations provide good pay, medicalbenefits and in many eyes, security.Why work 70 hours per week for smallwages and virtually no security? Still,interest in starting a small business isgrowing among young Canadians.Undoubtedly, the rewards of starting a

new venture can outweigh the initialhardships. "A high mortality rate is foundamong newly formed businesses.Though figures may seem discouraging,those ventures which do succeed reapthe benefits of any winner. To succeedis to prosper, as an individual and acountry.

Such has been the case withnumerous faculty and graduates fromUW. John Stoik, president and CEO ofGulf Canada Ltd, states in a full pagead which appeared in the March 5thGlobe and Mail:"Small businesses create nearly allnew jobs in Canada. Gulf Canadaurges measures to enhance recognitionand reward risks." Mr. Stoik goes on tosay, Our schools could do more todirect some of their more adventurousstudents - away from the comfortingsafety of large -Companies and towardmore daring entrepreneurial careers."

The scenario has come fullcircle. Big business, government andthe educators can only provide direction. Action lies in the hands of theCanadian people. In the words ofVictor Hugo, "One can resist the invasion of armies but not the invasion ofideas."

High Tech for the Handicapped

Clinton Yourth puts if/eas into actionWith permission from BNR,Clinton set up Eyelink. He obtainedfunding from the National ResearchCouncil, the Ontario DevelopmentCorporation , the Student Venture

Capital Program, federal and provincialgrants and loans, personal bank loans,and finally, from his father, a semi-retired businessman. He intends to usethis funding as seed capital in thehopes of attracting larger investors.Although there are only four prototypesin existence at the present time thereare approximately forty units on order.The clients, from around the world, aremainly the handicapped .A number of corporations suchas Gulf Development Corp., USA, haveexpressed interest in the product. Withthis in mind, Clinton plans to add newfeatures and options to the present EyeCue system in order to broaden themarket. He is presently taking genetics and business courses at UW andstudying ophthalmology on his own, inorder to improve the Eye Cue design.

Asked jf he would continue hisengineering studies, Clinton replied: "Idon't want a degree." He feels thatthe school system brainwashes students" by encouraging them to thinkalong established lines, thereby curbing

their innovativeness. He listed historical figures such as Edison and Teslawho were both self-taught. He identifies himself with non-conformists suchas Einstein: I'm a very radical person.I like to show a system that I don'thave to conform to it".His non-conformity extends to

his work place as well, an advocate ofhorizontal management, Clinton is on apar with his four employees: he is notlithe boss" in the traditional sense. Hei open to eri icism from any employee;as he often works an eighteen hourday, this usually takes the form ofsuggesting he not work everybody sohard His tasks include the businessend, as well as electronics design. Eachday is highlighted by a brainstormingsession with all five employees where alarge variety of topics are discussed,ranging from possible modifications to

the Eye Cue design , to the possibilitiesof grayware (biological electronics),etc.

Clinton appears to have anen dIes stream of ideas; he i hoping toform a design team and is looking forsuitable candidates to take over theoffical duties of Eyelink such as President and chairman so that he can startin on other pet projects such as settingup a research lab where co-op studentscan work on their own ideas. Heintends Cytek to be a holding company,with Eyelink and future corporationsacting as subsidiaries.

The Eye Machine Interface


9/12

March 1985 RON W RRIOR 9

UW Concerned About ~ o m p u t e r CrimesBy Jeff Endenburg

In a brief submitted to theJu stice and Legal Affairs CommitteeMarch 5, 1985, the University ofWaterloo has supported a proposedamendment to the Criminal Codedealing with compute r crimes . UWhas also urged the committee to followthis up with an amendment to theCopyright Act to extend copyrightprotec tion to compute r programs. Thebrief, joint ly prepared by UW President Doug Wr ight, Dean of Computingand Communications Wes Graham,professors Peter Sprung and Ron Mullin of Computer Science, and Dr. EricManning, Director of the Institute ofComputer Research, was in response toan invitation from the Committee forUW to comment on the prbposed legislation .

The proposed Criminal Codeamendment is an attempt to strengthenexisting legislation which allows conviction under such cha rges as fra udand publ ic mischief for the misuse ofcompute rs. Compute r 'hacking', a'term genera lly used to desc ribe the use

of computers to obtain access to thefiles of credit agencies, companies, etc .,that are stored on computer, hasrecently gained substantial attention.There have been incidents reported inthe U.S. in which teenagers haveobtained access to credit card numbersand just recently, a 17 year old Vancouver youth was charged with nettingabout $5000 worth of jewelry, computer equipment and airline ticketsusing stolen credit card numbers .Dr. Peter Sprung, who is theAssociate Director of Computing Services and the University SoftwareCoordinator Manager for the Office ofResearch here at UW, said, don ' tthink it's a big problem here at UW ",when asked about hacking. He mentioned that the last major incident thatbe could remember occurring here atUW was when a computer operator,apparently angered at omething,destroyed some files on one of thecompu ter systems. The operator waseventually charged in connection withthe incident. Dr. Sprung added thatUW has "never in a high profile kindo{ way tried to stop people from doingthings on a computer".

The point of amending theCriminal Code, he ay, i 0 that thereis one more offence to charge with. Insome ca es, wher other charge suchas fraud or mischief are not ound, theamendment will still allow the accusedto be charged .While UW wa originallyinvited to comment on the amendmentsto the Criminal Code, it took theopportunity to offer' orne sugge tionsfor amendment to the Copyright Lawin the same brief. Dr. Sprung aidthat UW is more interested in the issuebecause under the current Copyr ightAct, computer software is not explicitlydealt with, While the U.S . and manyEuropean countries have gone aheadand modified their laws, Canad a has"no legislated protection of intellec tualproperty rights of software".

The brief points out that it wasrecently estimated that as much as 4billion dollars were lost in revenues in1984 alone in the U.S . due to softwarepiracy. In Canada, this figure could beas high as 400 million dollars .If Canada hopes to attract asoftware development industry, Dr.Sprung says, then it must provide some '

protection for computer software. Oth-erwise, software companie will taketheir businesses to "safer" places.Although UW's brief was to bepresented in person, due to the rathersevere weather conditions during theearly part of that week, the brief w a ~submitted without a persona l appearanco.

GO \I\OEor APE THE N ;WSWI{ILE: L S (.RAMe,L E. N AT. O. fORA FAL.S E: ROSS\ N F\ ; :ST ST'fI.':E:.

NOED - Advancing Database TechnologyBy SteveFatlet't

A researc h project curren tlyreceiving pub licity at the Universit y ofWaterloo is the computerization of theOxford English Dict ionary, Waterloo isworking in conjuction with OxfordEnglish Press, to develop the softwareneeded to handle the te xt of the dictionary .The University of Waterloo's

primary task in the New Oxford English Dictionary p r o j e ~ t is to design thesoftware needed to handle such a vastamount of data. Generally the size ofa data base is about three to four timesthe size of the raw data. Approximately one giga byte of memory isneeded to manipulate the 300 millioncharacters of the dictionary.Waterloo currently hasapproximately one mega byte of texton file. This consists mostly of supplementary entries of additional meaningsof words not already in the OxfordEnglish Dictionary. 1t also containsdeletions of obsolete words. The database must insert this supplementarytext into the existing entries of thedictionary .

The primary purpose of theelectronic dictionary is simply for theediting and maintenance desired byOxford English Press. Other uses willdepend on the responses to the project.A user survey has been distributed todiscover the possible users of the electronic dictionary. A great deal of workhas gone into the distribution of thesurvey. Approximately 1200 individualshave been approached; half of them inNorth America and the other halfaround the world. A wide variety ofpossible users must be surveyed toinsure that a realistic sample is taken.Not only are obvious people, such ascomputational linguistics specialists andlexicographers important to approach,but librarians, publishers, civil servants,and business communities as well.

The capturing of the text hasbeen contracted out to International

writing the text to suit their own needs.e PI t wa started ,

'Context Free' languages were firsttr ied . Nest ing can be implemented wi ththis ty pe of lang uage since it uses a

~ t \ c k '{ onte t he e ' l a n w " g e ~ hHvethe disadvantage of not bew ?, I\ble tosee more Ih:lIl one character ahead inlhe text. This type of lunguuge wouldmake th grammar of the dnlubase toocomplicated. For this reason ' ontextFree' languages were abIlndoned.Data retrieva l methods,accessing me thods and terminal lypes

arc a ll under investigation. This lastarea is important since many differenttypes of users are expected. For thisreason even dedica ted terminal typeshave to be considered.

Database techno logy is

Gayle Johannessen NOED administrative dir tor

expected to benefit from the technicalresearch associated with the NewOxford English Dictionary. Ne w formal models for describi ng data wi ll bedeveloped to imp rove upon the traditional business type app licat ions.La rge scale da ta storage and ret ri evalsystems will be researched. The fieldof app roximate string matching" mustalso be more fully developed. S uchresearch will eventu a lly be applied tooffice automation and library supportservices .

Computaprint Corpora tion , a subsidiaryof Reed International, a U.S. firm .Besides entering the text exactly fromth e dictionary, control characters mu stalso be imbedded. These charac ters, ordirectives, are needed for parsing thetext. For example, a single entry consists of many individual parts. Th edatabase must interpret each part ofthe entry (part of speech, alternatemeaning, quote, etc .) and appropriatelyinsert it in the text. An example ofsuch directives are 'Add ', and ' DeleteNow Obs ' . Other directives indicatethe sense, lemma, and etymology of theword. Each different part of an entryis preceded by one of these directives.The program must look forward in t hetext to find the direct ives and executethem .

One of the project's co-directors, Frank Tompa, says that Theapproach being taken on the design ofthe software is to follow a lead untilthey reach a dead end .1f Waterloo iscurrently using language types ca lled

'regular' . Th ese languages can seeahead in the text a few characters.T his has proved to be a good met hodsince the lang uage of the text (theEnglish language ) is alrea dy defined.They do not have the flexibi lity of

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10/12

10 IRON W RRIOR March 1985I

An Irish ExchangeTheeginning in September of1984 the University of Waterloo andthe New University of Ulster agreed toorganize an exchange program Theprogram involves two academic termsand one work term and is open to fivestudents from any facult y It is cur-rently being administered by professorJe Thompson of the Civil Engineer-ing Department Professor Thompsonwas kind enough to forward IRONW RRIOR the following letter writtenby the first two participants in theprogram

New University ofor Mechanical Engineering have about30 students (some have as few as 9) .This leads to a close student-facultyrelationship . There is also a 3 weekvacation period at Christmas andanother at Easter; these provide opportunity for the visiting student to travelon the continent .

By Bruce James and Alan DunlopWe are only now getting backinto the swing of things at the University of Ulster. Bruce has just returnedfrom spending Christmas floating downthe Nile while Al was romancing hisway through Italy. We are the firstWaterloo students studying in NorthernIreland on an exchange programbetween Waterloo and the University

of Ulster. The exchange programinvolves studying for eight months followed by a summer workterm.Ulster has approximately11,000 students spread out over 4campuses throughout Northern Ireland(we are on their 10rdanstown campuskm outside of Belfast). LikeWaterloo, Ulster has a large number ofco-operative programs (or sandwichprograms as they are called here)

except that placement is usually withone company for an entire yearbetween second and third (final) year.There is also no Department of Co-ordination as such; placement is handleddirectly by faculty members.Studying in Northern Irelandis a new experience, both culturallyand academically. For example,Thursday nights are spent packed inthe student pub with hundreds of otherstudents listening to an Irish folk bandwhile drinking a pint of Guinness. Thestudents' Union, to which all studentsbelong is a fully registered TradeUnion. As such, students are politically active, at least when compared toCanadian standards. In the first 4months of our stay there have alreadybeen two official one day studentstrikes, in which most students actuallyparticipated. One of these strikes wasin protest of threatened cuts in studentgrants (although tuition is free, students receive a government grant whichcovers part or all of their living expenses).

The course structure is alsodifferen t. In Civil Engineering, for

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Rinstance, subjects are not split intomany individual pieces as af Waterloobut rather are presented as a continuum . The second year Civil Engineersstudy a course entitled 'structures'. Itencompasses 'classical' structural analysis (dealing with the stresses andstrains in loaded structures), stressanalysis, the design of steel and concrete structural members, and thebehaviour of the steel and concretewithin a structure. At Waterloo theseare split between five different coursestaught between 2A and 4A. There isalso a smaller variety of subjects takenby Ulster students because they haveno non-technical or technical electives.However, the subjects taken are generally more fundamental and are studied in greater depth .

The weekly work . load isdependent on the individual student;midterms are few and weekly assignments are rare. However, the 'crunch'comes with the arrival of the finalexams at the end of 28 weeks ofclasses. The teacher/student ratio isexcellent. The largest classes in Civil

One final valuable experiencegiven by the exchange program, whichcannot be gained in Canada, is thedevelopment of a better understandingof the political problems in NorthernIreland . It is important to see howthese problems are perpetuated byeducated people like ourselves. t isalso noteworthy that the only storiesthat Canadians hear about NorthernIreland from the press are the terroristincidents. This leaves people with anexaggerated impression of one side ofthe situation. There is no risk of getting blown up while walking down thestreets of Belfast, as many warned usbefore our departure.

We have found this exchangeto be a learning and extremely enjoyable experience. Of course there aredrawbacks to the exchange. The workterm pay is not nearly as high as inCanada ($100 - 120/week), and notall academic courses match perfectlywith those of Waterloo, so gaps incourses occur which must be coveredlater.

For more information contact DrThompson E2 33 7 I X3553

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March 1985 IRON W RRIOR 11

The Drawbacks of Compact Discsby Wes HeaJd

There is currently much discussion on the perfection of digitalaudio and specifically the perfection ofthe new Compact Disc format. Whilemost people agree CD' i sound be tterthan most analog systems, many discriminating audiophiles prefer analogdiscs when played On a good qualityturntable with a high quality cartridge.The most obvious improvementin sound quality is the increase in signal to noise ratio. CD players consist'ently have SIN ratios above 90 dB.Audiophile analog discs sometimeshave SIN ratios approaching 65 dB,

but most discs and turntables supply aSIN ratio of about 50-60 dB. CD'sare also not susceptible to noise andvibration picked up from the playbackenvironment and consistently providethe best sound they are capable ofunder most conditions.However, the CD system is notperfect. The problem is that distortioncan be high in the higher frequencies.To find the reasons for this the CDformat must be examined. Digitalrecording works by sampling the analogwave form and recording the sampledvoltage in binary. Usually 16 bits areavailable on each channel for eachsample. One ' bit is used for a paritycheck by the error detection systemleaving 15 bits available for quantization.

The CD format uses a sam-requency 0 ISmeans- that the system samples theanalog voltage every 0.00002 sec. andfinds the best 15 bit binary number toexpress that value. This process ismuch like picking points off of agraph. Playback reverses the procedure just as you would sketch a graphgiven the plotted points. The system

Recorded signal:dotted lines indicatesampling points

Reproduced signal:note sampling pointso not faithfullyreproduce originalsignal

Diagram shows the distortion created by attempting to reproduce a 20 kHz audiosignal using a digital sampling frequency of 44.1 kHzcan smooth out the graph because itplots the best sine function through thepoints with a frequency of less than 20kHz. As the number of samples percycle decreas.es it becomes impossiblefor the system to plot a complex sinewave of proper phase, frequency oramplitude. This distortion is evengreater in the presence of transientscaused by rapid attack and decay ofthe music. When a transient occursthe system must get new informationon the waveform and follow the newgraph as quickly and accurately aspossible. As the sampling rate isdecreased accurate plotting of thee orm esand unlikely.In order to graph a sine waveaccurately, 4 points are required oneach cycle. With a 44.1 kHz samplingrate a CD remains accurate to 11 kHz,above which distortion rise rapidly. Asampling rate of 80 kHz would accurately reproduce frequencies up to 20

kHz. Distortion also occurs due toquantizat ion error. This error is due tothe recording system having to pick thebest of 32767 values to express thevoltages it samples. This errorincreases as recording level decreasesbecause the system has fewer possiblevalues to choose from. This low leveldistorted signal is so noticeable thatrandom noise called dither is actuallyadded' to the source signal to mask thedistortion and to keep the recordedsignal from becoming too lowDespite the low sampling rateand the small sample size, the disc. imation. Each square mm contains over100,000 bits, so a scratch, fingerprintor dust particle that exceeds 0.003 mmacross, will obstruct one bit and makethat sample invalid. What is commonly referred to as error correction imore accurately error detection andconcealment. When an error is

detected, the system looks at information before and after the lost sample tofind the reproduced data. If for somereason, this copy of the information isalso nol available, the system infers anestimate of the lost data. As errorsincrease in length, as with scratches onthe disc surface, burst errors occurmaking error concealment less and lessaccurate as more sequential data islost. On inferior players, error concealment systems are easily overloaded;but severely worn discs can overloadeven the best error concealment systems. Error concealment systemsonly hide the fact that data is beinglost as wear occurs on the disc surface.Although CD's are more durable thananalog discs they should be handledwith just as much care.

The advantage of CD's is notperfect sound, but they eliminate manyproblems associated with analog discrecordings. Problems like low SINratio and dynamic range modulationnoise, turntable rumble, wow and flutter, out of centre discs, turntable, tonearm and cartridge resonance, recordand stylus wear disc warp and resonance, acoustic and mechanical feedback and RecordlPlayback RIAAequalization. CD's have achieved consistency of sound that is very tolerantof environmental variables.

Unfortunately CD's do notrealize the full potential of the digitalmedium. The CD system makes rea- I 0and indeed is a quiet musical systemHopefully the industry has remainedflexible enough to make use of newdata storug' and rni 'ropr cessor technology as it becomes available.

TOBOGGANERS VICTORIOUS - A Fol\ow-upby Craig Hebert

As reported in the previousissue, the 11 th Great Northern Concrete Toboggan Race was held inWinnipeg, Manitoba on February 8thand 9th. The Waterloo team, and theirentry, "WATBOGGAN I , was by farthe most impressive and professionalteam there, and as a result came homewith the trophy for Engineering Beauty

and Design, the event's most prestigious award.Speedwise, WATBOGGAN 1placed in about the middle of a field of23 entries. The fastest toboggan of theday was UBC's which had not only thesingle fastest run, but also the fastestcombined time, being the total of threeruns. The event was held at theSpring Hill Winter Park, a .few milesnorth of town. Conditions on the day

The victorious toboggan team

of the race were overcast, snowing andabout -10 degrees Celsius. This was tothe disadvantage of theW ATBOGGAN team, as the designwas based on the assumption that therun would be hard-packed. Due to thesnowfall during the night before therace and on race-day, the toboggansdesigned as slabs, as was UBC's, wereable to ride on top of the loose snowinstead of sinking in, asWATBOGGAN 1 did. Better lucknext yearAll in all, the entire event wasa success. The level of comradeshipamongst the various teams from allover Western Canada (as well as theUniversity of North Dakota) wasimpressive. Each team had a lot ofparaphernalia and novelties from their

respective Engineering Societies. (Oneof the highlights in this area was ourown ENGJNEWS )One of the other highlights ofthe trip was a visit to the famousTranscona Grain Elevators, and YES,they 're still tilting (Ask a Civil Engineer for further details )

The WATBOGGAN 1 teamwould like to thank the many sponsors,particularly the Dept of Civil Engineering for their generous support,without which our trip ~ o u l d not havebeen possible. We would like to especially thank Stan Klucznyck, of theDept. of Civil Engineering, withoutwhose patience and guidance our entrywould have been merely average.

Great Pizza at a ~ e a t Price8-slicc with 4 items $5.49

2 8-slice with 4 items $9.99

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12/12

12 IRON W RRIOR March 1985Humour Humour Humour

Space Shortages - An Engineering SOlby Phil Brearton

Space. You need it, they needit, we all need it. So where did it go?Presently the University ofWaterloo suffers from a 'space' short

age . t appears that the campus has'lost' some space An interesting concept. This reporter was made aware of

Student Parking LotsOur investigators monitoredparking lot A, located in front of South

Campus Hall. t was found thatbetween the hours of 8:00 AM and7:00 PM, the parking lot was full.However, after 7:00 PM, the lot averaged S% capacity Aha Exhibit #1.Recommendations: One possible solution would be to schedule time slots forthe motorists. Let us use some solidengineering analysis:total hours per day = 24avg. no. hours of classes = 6no. timeslots = 24/6 = 4Therefore, four time slots of six hourseach would solve the problem.A less radical approach wouldinvolve 'space economization' (a termused by economists which translates tostacking cars). This may seem ridicu-lous, but closer evaluation is advised.Those students who arrive early normally stay late. Barring any lunchtimetrips, a shuffling of the car stackswould be unnecessary.

Recreational FacilitiesThe physical activities buildingis truly overburdened; all facilities arein constant use.

Recommendations: Consid er for amoment Federation Hall, locateddirectly across from the PAC . At night,a swinging disco; during the day, anaction-packed gymnasium Completewith roll-away nets and portable squashcourts. The added facility would relievethe 'building pressure' .

Athletes enjoy a lunchtimegame at FED hall

the disappearance and followed up witha complete press investigation. It wasfound that the space has not been lostnor stolen, but merely misplaced. Further study has located the missingspace and possible solutions have beenoutlined for its recovery.

It was necessaryhow much 'space' wasinterview with the Deanto determinemissing. Anof Engineer-

ing, Dr . Fill Lennon, was less thanenlightening. The Dean astutely notedthat : " ..the job situation will get betterand 75% of first year students areOntario Scholars. OK fine .

Security had no records ofreported missing 'space' , although if we" . . gave them a room and buildingnumber, they would keep an eye on itfor us ...".

Creative parking techniques toli ld ?J Ive problemsAnd another thing - that \

name. .. Federation Hall has got to go .This reporter suggests Jumpin' Gyms".

LabsEveryone knows there is notenough equipment for labs in Engineering. Waterloo professors claimmoney is the problem.

Recommendations: Possibly it's a matter of organization. f the experimentwere performed at the front of the lecture room, the problem would besolved. A copy of last term 's lab reportcould be handed out during the demonstration, thus reducing line-ups at thephotocopiers. The entire class wouldhand in one report (possibly lastterm 's). This would teach the studentshow to work in large groups and wouldlower the TA's work load.

Final Exams

Campus DayWhat could be worse than thespace shortage during Campus Day?

One hundred million over-enthusiastichigh school students who don't knowwhat a photocopier really is.Recommendations: Send them over tothe Engineering library. The librarianscan spend the day explaining the cardcatalogue system.

Lecture RoomsCramped lecture rooms plagueUW. There is no place to put yourcoffee, much less your feet. For upperyear students, large rooms with bearable layouts are in short supply.

Recommendations: Consider the crosssection in a typical class. The majorityof students' marks range between 65%

The story reeked ofcover-up and dishonesty.The question remained:

Ns there a spaceshortage?" The only

oway to break the story was to infiltratethe 'campus scene'. Sure enough, spaceshorta ges everywhere Professors working in closets, TA 's sharing closets, andstudents only wishing they had a closet.

and 75%. Those students Jlbove 75%don' t need to go to class, and lecturesare not helping students with below65% averages. Banish both groups.They should not be allowed in the lecture halls nor the classrooms.Consider also wasted spaceabove our very heads. Can this spacebe used? Our investigators have a revolutionary idea. Determine the numberof students that can be stacked on achair:CH = Ceiling ht. = 128/1LS = Student's back len. = 3'CS = Chair seat ht. = 2'N = Students/chair = ?CH = CS (LS)(N)128 = 2 3NN = 42 Students/chairThe point is made. Obviously, wenot ,ant So stack 42 students on top ofone another . That would be il J.lract1-cal. Three or four levels would be fine .Just imagine A classroom designed for200 students could conceivably hold8400 students. Not bad.

Stacking studentsmaking use of vertical space

How do we relieve the pressure? It's a question we all ask when incramped positions. Possibly thisreporter has unzipped the mystery -we're halfway there ..

The congestion Let's face it,the PAC is a rathole when it comes tofinal exams. There must be an alternative to writing in the pit of destiny anddoom.

Definition of an EngineerRecommendations: Three hour takehome exams based on the honour system. On the last day of lectures, theprofessors could hand out the exams inenvelopes. The envelopes would read:NNot to e opened until April 10,1985/1. On the given date, all the students would return their completedthree-hour take home exams.

An engineer is one who passes as anexacting expert on the strength ofbeing able to turn out with prolificfortitude strings of incomprehensibleformulae calculated with micrometricpreCISion from ext-remely vagueassumptions which are based on debatable figures acqUired from inconclusive experiments and quite incompletetests and data taken with instrumentsof problematic accuracy by persons ofdoubtful reliability and rather dubiousmentality with particular anticipationof disconcerting and annoying everyoneoutside of his own fraternity.

Documents

Iron Warrior: Volume 6, Issue 3