Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

इंटरनेट मानक

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”Jawaharlal Nehru

“Step Out From the Old to the New”

“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार”Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan

“The Right to Information, The Right to Live”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता है”Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam

“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”

“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

है”ह”ह

IS 15027-5 (2001): Micrographics - Vocabulary, Part 5:Quality of Images, Legibility, Inspection [MSD 5:Documentation and Information]

IS 15027 (Part 5) :2001..J._._—

ISO 6196-5:1987 ,,

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Indian Standard

MICROGRAPHICS — VOCABULARYPART 5 QUALITY OF IMAGES, LEGIBILITY, INSPECTION

ICS 01.040.37:37.080

1’

@ BIS 2001

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

October 2001 Price Group 4

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I

1 Documentation and Information Sectional Committee, MSD 5

NATIONAL FOREWORD

This Indian Standard (Part 5) which is identical with ISO 6196-5:1987 ‘Micrographics — Vocabulary —Part 05: Quality of images, legibility, inspection’, issued by the International Organization for

Standardization (ISO) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendation of theDocumentation and Information Sectional Committee and approval of the Management and SystemsDivision Council.

The text of the ISO Standard has been approved as suitable for publication as Indian Standard withoutdeviations. Certain conventions are, however, not identical to those used in Indian Standards. Attentionis particularly drawn to the following:

Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear referring to this standard, they should be readas ‘Indian Standard’.

In addition to this part, ISO 6196 ‘Micrographics — Vocabulary’ has the following parts:

Part 01:

Part 02:

Part 03

Part 04:

Part 06:

Part 07:

Part 08:

Part 10:

General terms

Image positions and methods of recording

Film processing

Materials and packaging

Equipment

Computer micrographics

Use

Index

For all the above parts of ISO 6196, Indian Standards also exist and are identical with ISO standards.

Only the English language text of the International Standard has been retained while adopting it in thisIndian Standard.

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IS 15027 (Part 5): 2001 . ...J

ISO 6196-5:1987!/

Indian Standard -d!+

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MICROGRAPHICS — VOCABULARY

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.$‘.,PART 5 QUALITY OF IMAGES, LEGIBILITY, INSPECTION

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1 General

1.1 Introduction

Micrographics gives rise to numerous internationalcommercial exchanges which often becomedifficult, either because of the great variety of termsused in various fields or languages to express thesame concept, or because of the lack orimprecision of definitions for useful concepts.

To avoid’ misunderstandings due to this situationand to facilitate such exchanges, it is advisable toselect terms to be used in various languages orcountries to express the same concept and toestablish definitions providing satisfactoryequivalents for the various terms in differentlanguages.

ISO 6196 consists of several parts publishedseparately, as the work proceeds, their numberingbeginning with 01.

1.2 Scope and field of application

This part ofISO6196 presents, in English, Frenchand Russian, terms and definitions of selectedconcepts used in microgrpahics and identifiesrelationships between the entries.

This part of ISO6196 deals with terms related tothe quality of images, legibility and inspection. Itis intended to facilitate international exchanges inthis field.

2 Principles and rules followed

2.1 Definition of an entry

The vocabulary consists of number of entries. Theterm entry is to be understood to have the followingmeaning.

entry: A set of essential elements consisting ofan index number, one or, if necessary, moresynonymous terms, and a phrase defining oneconcept; in addition, a set may include examples,notes or illustrations to facilitate the understandingof the concept.

NOTE—Terms such as vocabulary, concapt, tarm anddefinition are used in this part and in the body of thisInternational Standard with the meanings given inlSO/R/l 087, Vocabulary of terminology:

2.2 Organization of an entry

Each entry contains the essential elements asdefined in 2.1 and if necessary some additionalitems; thus it may contain for each language atmost the following items in the following order:

a) an index number (common for all lan-guages);

b) the term or the generally preferred term inthe language (the absence of a generallyaccepted term for the concept in the languageis indicated by a row of dots);

c) the preferred term in a particular country(identified according to ISO 3166, Codes forthe representation of names of countries);

d) the abbreviation for the term;

e) permitted synonymous term or terms;

f) the text of the definition (see 2.4);

g) one or more examples with the heading“Example(s)”;

h) one or more notes specifying particularcases in the field of application of the con-cepts, with the heading “Note(s)”;

i) a picture, a diagram or a table (these maybe common to several entries).

items a) to e) in the list above are printed in boldtypeface, item d) in the list above, and in someentries one or more of the items b), c) and e), is(are) in each case followed by a qualifier. A qualifieris printed in normal typeface in parentheses afterthe term or abbreviation and indicates:

—a directive for the use of the term such as“deprecated term” “deprecated in this sense”or “strongly deprecated;

—a particular field of application for the term,as defined;

—the grammatical form of the term or the like,

~, ----

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IS 15027 (Part 5) :2001ISO 6196-5:1987

-...--.2

‘such as “noun”, “adjective”, “verb” or “abbre.

viation”.

2.3 Classification of an entry

A two-digit serial number is assigned to each partof this International Standard, beginning with 01for general terms.

Each entry is assigned a four-digit serial number,the first two digits being those of the part.

In any future revision or amendment of thisInternational Standard, further entries will beadded at the end of a part without altering thenumbers of the existing entries.

2.4 Selection of terms and wording ofdefinitions

The selection of terms and the wording ofdefinitions have, as far as possible, followedestablished usage.

2.5 Multiple meanings

When a given term has several different meanings,a separate entry is given for each meaning tofacilitate translation into other languages.

2.6 Abbreviations

AS indicated in 2.2, abbreviations in current useare given for some terms. They maybe used onlyif this will not lead to any ambiguity or lack ofclarity. They are not used in the texts of thedefinitions, examples or notes in this InternationalStandard.

2.7 Use of parentheses

In some terms, a word or words printed in boldtypeface is (are) placed in parentheses. Thesewords are part of the complete term, but they maybe omitted when use of the abridged term in atechnical context does not introduce ambiguity. Inthe text of another definition, example or note inthis International Standard, such a term is usedonly in its complete form.

Directive for the use of the term, its particularfield of application or its gramrnaticat form are

not part of the term and are printed in normaltypeface.

.! i

2.8 Use of the terms printed in itaiic

1

-.. —,. .-. .

typeface in definitions and use of asterisks

A term printed in itaiic typeface in a definition, an

T

.

example or a note, has the meaning given to it in 1 .,

another entry of this international Standard, whichmay be in another pad. However, the term is onlyprinted in italic typeface the first time that it occursin each entry.

Other grammatical forms of the term, for exampleplurals of nouns and participles of verbs, areprinted in the same way as the basic form.

The basic forms of all such terms are listed in theindex at the end of the part.

When two such terms defined in separate entriesdirectly follow each other (or are separated oniyby a punctuation sign), an asterisk separates theterms.

The words or terms which are printed in normal

typeface are to be understood as defined in currentdictionaries or authoritative technicai vocabulariesin the language concerned.

2.9 Organization of the alphabetical index

At the end of each partj an alphabetical index, foreach language used, includes all terms in thatlanguage defined in the part or used in thedefinitions and defined in other parts. Multipie-word terms appear in alphabetical order both bynatural order of words and by their key words.

3 Terms and definitions

05.01resolution

(1) The ability of a photographic system(equipment, optics, sensitized material andprocessing) to record fine detail.

(2) The ability of an opticai system to display finedetail.

05.02resoiving power

A numerical expression of the limit of resohtkm ofan optical photographic system measured with atest chart and expressed as the number of hepairs per milli’metre discernible in an image of thistest chart. ,.

2

IS 15027 (Part 5): 2001ISO 6196-5:1987

_——-

NOTE — Because of the imperfections of any optical sys-tem, the resolving power is not constant over the whole ofany image area.

05.03acutance

An objective measure of the ability of photographicmaterial to show a sharp line of demarcationbetween two adjacent areas of an image whereone area is clear and the other is dark.

05.04sharpness

The subjective visual sensation of the ability ofphotographic material to show a sharp line ofdemarcation between two adjacent areas of animage, of different densities.

05.05grain

An accumulation of metallic silver filaments whichforms an image.

05.06graininess

The subjective impression of non-uniformity of theimage structure due to the uneven distribution ofgrains.

05.07granularity

The objective measure of non-uniformity of theimage structure, expressed in numeric values,measured across an area of uniform exposure.

05.08polarity

The dark-to-light relationship of lines andcharacters against a background. It is used forexpressing the change in or retention of the dark-to-light relationship of an image relative to that ofthe origins/, i.e. when a first-generation negative-appearing image gives a second-generationpositive-appearing image there is change inpolarity; in contrast, when a first-generationnegative-appearing image gives a second-generation negative-appearing image the polarityis retained.

05.09legibility

The ability of an image to be interpreted.

05.10contrast (of an image)

The difference between the highest and the lowestdensities of an image.

05.11net density

After conventional processing, the differencebetween the image and the base-plus-fogdensities.

05.12fog

Unwanted photographic density.

05.13fog level

The difference between the base-plus-fog and thebase densities.

05.14test chart

A target containing graphic patterns designed forevaluating the resoking power of a photographicsystem and its ability to produce legible images.

05.15ISO character

Conventional graphical character consisting of aregular octagon with two internal parallel lines.

Figure 1 — ISO character

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3

1S 15027 (Part 5) :2001ISO 6196-5:1987

05.16 05.17ISO word ISO No. 1 test chart

Group of at least four /S0 characters of the same Test chart made up of /S0 words, spaced in asize, randomly oriented. specified manner, whose heights, measured in

hundredths of a millimetre, form a series that

@@@@

conforms to the R 20 series of numbers.

Figure 2 — Example of ISO word

● 000 ● 000●000 ●000●9*m 9*. m ● .**●O*. . . . . ●..0.... .... .... ........ .... .... ........ .... .... .....,.. .... .... ........ .... ..... . . . ..9. . . . .

● *** ● 000

● 000 ● *e*

● 000 ● 000● 000 ● *O9●*** ●**O ●mem●000 . . . . ..0.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ““ . . ..”

. . . . . . . .

. . . . ::. ::.: . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

..** . . . . .***

● *9* ● *O*

● oee ● eee

● 000 ● 000● obo ● ***9*9* ●006-0000...* .... ●☛✎☛✍✎ ✎✎✎✎ “.. . . . .

“.. “. . . “..

.... .... ....G .... .... ........ .... ..**.*** ●☛☛☛ ●☛☛☛

● ama ● ***

● . . . ● eee

● 000 0000

● *OO ● eee●000 ●*99 ●***. . . . . . . . .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ““

. . . . . . . .

. . . . .-.:. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . ●. . .

●*** ●*** ●***

● *9* ● *O*

● .** ● eoo

●e@* ● emo● 000 ● ee*●*** 8*** ●*9*990. . . . . ●.W------. . . .

== z-““ ““ ““

●*** ●*** 9000

● O*e ● ***

● *OO ● eee

Figure 3 — ISO No. 1 test chart

05.18ISO No. 2 test pattern

Two sets of five parallel black lines at right angles,with spaces between them, of the same width andheight.

c “nepair

Figure 4 — ISO No. 2 test pattern

05.19line pair

line (deprecated term)

A combination of a black line and its adjacent equalspace.

● 000 ● 000

beeo ● **O●000 9**- ●***“.* .COO 0009. . . ...-...0

. . . .

====.... ““

●*e* ●099 ●*9*

● 000 ● ***

● eae ● 000

05.20ISO No. 2 test chart

Test chart made up of /S0 No. 2 test patterns,which are designated by numbers that express the/irte pairs per millimetre resolved and which formaseries that conforms to the R 20 series of numbers.

11111I I●

IIIIIRIlk IlwFigure 5 — ISO No. 2 test chart

05.21microtest chart

A target compnking reduced-size /S0 words or/S0 No. 2 test patferns, used for evaluating theimage quality of microform equipment.

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4

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4,

05.22test target

A target comprising elements, such as test charts,metric reference graduation and reflectancepatches, used for assessing the quality of amicrographicss ystem.

05.23sensitometric curvecharacteristic curveH and D curve (obsolete)

The curve showing the relation between thelogarithm of /ight exposure and the resultingdensity in a development photographic image.

4 dmxlknsity -

shddw

Trn

Baao-pb.fog>

Logwithm d Eeht eXVMIm

Figure 6 — Sensitometric curve

05.24gamma

The slope of the straight Iing portion of thesensitometric curve. It is measured as thetrigonometric tangent of the angle a.

dMaxDensilv

2-

1 “ Ton

Bas.$Plus-foE

0 , *1 2

Logarithm of Iiiht expaum

Figure 7 — Gamma

IS 15027 (Part 5): 2001ISO 6196-5:1987

05.25average gradient

Slope of the straight line joining two specifiedpoints on the serrsitometric curve.

NOTE — In micrographics, the density points are generallyO, 1 and 1,2 density units above the baseQlus-fog density.

05.26underdevelopment

Insufficient development of a sensitized material.

May be due to developing for too short a time, theuse of weakened developer, insufficient agitation,or too low a temperature.

May produce an insufficient contrast of the image.

05.27overdevelopment

Excessive development of a sensitized material.

May be due to developing for too long a time, theuse of overstrerlgth deve/opeL excessive agitation,or too high a temperature.

May produce an insufficient corttrastof the image.

05.28underexposure

Insufficient exposure of sensitized material.

May be due to too short an exposure time, or toosmall a lens aperture.

May produce an insufficient contrast of the image.

05.29overexposure

Excessive exposure of sensitized material.

May be due to too long an exposure time, to toolarge a lens aperture.

May produce insufficient contrast of the image.

05.30focusing

Adjustment of the relative positions of the object,the lens and the photographic film to obtain thesharpest possible image on the sensitive surfaceor on the projection surface.

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IS 15027 (Part 5) :2001ISO 6196-5:1987

05.31depth of field

Distance between two points, the nearest and thefurthest (from, the camera), between whichdocuments give an image acceptably sharp onthe sensitive surface at a given focusing distanceand aperture setting.

05.32residual thiosulfate ion test

Standardized method of chemical analysisintended to determine the amount of thiosulfateion remaining in a si/ver film after washing.

NOTE —To high an amount of thiosulfate ion remaining afterthe final washing reduce the storage life of the image, andmay produce stains.

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—--aIS 15027 (Part 5): 2001ISO 6196-5:1987

Alphabetical Index

A L

acutance ..................................................................... 05.03

average gradient ........................................................ 05.25

legibility .................................................................... 05.09

light exposure ..............................................( .............. 01.16

line .............................................................................. 05.19

line pair ...................................................................... 05.19B

base ........................................................................... 04.01M

cmicroform ................................................................... 01.02

micrographic ............................................................... oI.ol

microtest chart ........................................................... 05.21

characteristic curve .................................................... 05.23

contrast (of an image) ................................................ 05.10

conventional processing ............................................. 03.02N

Dnegative-appearing image .......................................... 01.17

net density ..................................................................o5.lldepth of field .............................................................. 05.31

developer .................................................................... 03.og

development ............................................................... 03.080

original ....................................................................... 01.06

overdevelopment ........................................................ O5.27

overexposure .............................................................. 05.29

E

exposure ....................................................................01.14

exposure time ............................................................. 01.15P

Fpolarity ....................................................................... 05.08

positive-appearing image ........................................... 01.18film (photographic) ..................................................... 04.03

focusing ...................................................................... 05.30

fog .............................................................................. 05.12

fog level ...................................................................... 05.13

---R

residual ttiosulfate iontest .......................................... 05.32

resolution .................................................................... 05.01

resolving power ........................................................... 05.02

iG

gamma ....................................................................... 05.24

grain ........................................................................... 05.05

graininess ................................................................... 05.06

granulari~ ................................................................... 05.rJ7

s

sensitometric curve ..................................................... 05.23

sharpness ................................................................... 05.04

silver film .................................................................... 04.04H

TH and D curve ............................................................ 05.23

testchart .................................................................... 05.14

testtarget .................................................................... 05.22I

image ......................................................................... O1.O9

ISO character ............................................................. 05.15

ISONO.1 test chart ................................................... O5.l7

ISO No. 2 test chart ................................................... 05.20

ISO No. 2 test pattern ................................................ 05.18

ISO word .................................................................... 05.16

u

underdevelopment ...................................................... 05.26

underexposure ........................................................... 05.26

w

washing ...................................................................... 03.17

7

Bureau of Indian Standards

BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promoteharmonious development of the activities of stardardization, marking and quality certification of goods andattending to connected matters in the country,

Copyright

BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any formwithout the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course ofimplementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publication), BIS.

Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed

periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes areneeded; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standardsshould ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issueof ‘BIS Handbook’ and’ Standards: Monthly Additions’.

This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot: No. MSD 5 (204).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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