For details oflocal astronomical societies see International Directory of Astronomical Associations and Societies, pub­lished annually by the Centre de Donnees de Strasbourg, Universite de Strasbourg, or contact your national astro­nomical society

Agrupaci6n Astronautica Espanola, Rose1l6n 134, E-08036 Barcelona, Espana

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1333 II Street NW, Washington, DC 2005, USA

American Association of Variable Star Observers, 25 Birch St, Cambridge, MA02138, USA

American Astronomical Society, 2000 Florida Avenue NW, Suite 3000, Washington, DC 20009, USA

Association des Groupes d' Astronomes Amateurs, 4545 Avenue Pierre-de-Coubertin, Casier Postal 1000, Succ M, Montreal, QCH1V3R2, Canada

Association Franyaise d' Astronomie, Observatoire de Montsouris, 17 Rue Emile-Deutsch-de-Ia-Meurthe, F-75014 Paris, France

Association Nationale Science Techniques Jeunesse, Section Astronomique, Palais de la Decouverte, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, F-75008 Paris, France

Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers, PO Box 16131, San Francisco, CA 94116, USA

Astronomical-Geodetical Society of Russia, 24 Sadovaja-Kudrinskaya Ul, SU-103101 Moskwa, Russia

IS

Astronomical League, 6235 Omie Circle, Pensacola, FL 32504, USA

Astronomical Society of Australia, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

Astronomical Society of Southern Africa. Southern African Astronomical Observatory, PO Box 9, Observatory 7935, South Africa

Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1290 24th Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA

Astronomisk Selskab, Observatoriet, 0ster Volgade 3, DK-1350 K0benhavn K, Danmark

British Astronomical Association, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, WI V 9AG, United Kingdom

British Interplanetary Society, 27/29 South Lambeth Rd, London, SW8 ISZ, United Kingdom

Canadian Astronomical Society, Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, 507l W. Saanich Rd, Victoria, BCV8X4M6, Canada

Astronomical Societies

Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), 51 Bd de Montmorency, F-75016 Paris, France

Earthwatch, 680 Mount Auburn St, Box 403, Watertown, MA02272, USA

Federation of Astronomical Societies, 1 Tal-y-Bont Rd, Ely, Cardiff, CF5 5EU, Wales

International Astronomical Union, 61 Avenue de I'Observatoire, F-75014 Paris, France

Junior Astronomical Society, 10 Swanwick Waik, Tadley, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG26 6JZ, United Kingdom

National Space Society, West Wing Suite 203, 600 Maryland Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20024, USA

Nederlandse Astronomenclub, Netherlands Foundation for Radio Astronomy, Postbus2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Nederland

Nederlandse Vereniging voor Weer-en Sterrenkunde, Nachtegaalstrat 82 bis, NL-3581 AN Utrecht, Nederland

Astronomical Societies

Nippon Temmon Gakkai, Tokyo Tenmondai, 2-21-1 Mitaka, Tokyo lSI, Japan

Royal Astronomical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, WI V ONL, United Kingdom

Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 136 Dupont St, Toronto, ONT M5R 1 V2, Canada

Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand, PO Box31S1, Wellington, New Zealand

Schweizerische Astronomische Gesellschaft, Hirtenhoffstrasse 9, CH-6005 Luzern, Switzerland

Societa Astronomica Italiana, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 1-50125 Firenze, Italia

Societe Astronomique de France, 3 Rue Beethoven, F-75016 Paris, France

Societe d' Astronomie Populaire, 1 Avenue Camille Flammarion, F-31500 Toulouse, France

Societe Royale BeIge d' Astronomie, de Meteorologie, et de Physique du Globe,

Observatoire Royale de Belgique, Avenue Circulaire 3, B-llSO Bruxelles, Belgique

Stichting De Koepel, N achtegaalstrat S2 bis, NL-35S1 AN Utrecht, Nederland

Svenska Astronomiska Sallskapet, Stockholms Observatorium, S 133 00 Saltsjobaden, Sweden

Vereinigung der Sternfreunde e.V., Volkssternwarte, Anzingerstrasse 1, D-SOOO Munchen, Deutschland

Zentral Kommission Astronomie und Raumfahrt, Postfach 34, DDR-I030 Berlin, Deutschland

A2.1 Journals Only the major and relatively widely available journals are listed. There are numerous other specialised research-level journals available in academic libraries .

Popular

Astronomy Astronomy Now Ciel et Espace Journal of the British Astronomical Association New Scientist Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific Scientific American Sky and Telescope

Research

Astronomical Journal Astronomy and Astrophysics Astrophysical Journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Association Nature Science

A2.2 E hemerises Astronomical Almanac, HMSO/US Government Printing Office

(published annually).

Handbook of the British Astronomical Association, British Astronomical Association (published annually).

Rocznik Astronomiczny Obserwatorium Krakowskiego, Inter­national Supplement, Cracow (Ephemerides of Double Stars).

Yearbook of Astronomy, Macmillan (published annually).

A2.3 Star and Other Catalogues, Atlases and Reference Books

Astrophysical Quantities, CW Allen. Athlone Press, 1973. Atlas of Representative Stellar Spectra, Y Yamashita, K Nariai

and Y Norimoto. University of Tokyo Press, 1977. Cambridge Deep-Sky Album, J Newton and P Teece. Cambridge

University Press, 1983. Messier Album: An Observer's Handbook, JH Mallas and

E Kreimer. Sky Publishing Corporation, 1978. Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters, KG Jones. Cambridge

University Press, 1991. Norton's 2000.0, I Ridpath (Ed.). Longman, 1989. Observing Handbook and Catalogue of Deep Sky Objects,

C Luginbuhl and B Skiff. Cambridge University Press, 1990. Planetary Nebulae: A Practical Guide and Handbook for Amateur

Astronomers, SJ Hynes. Willmann-Bell, 1991. Sky Atlas 2000.0, W Tirion. Sky Publishing Corporation, 1981. Sky Catalogue 2000, Volumes 1 and 2, A Hirshfeld and

RW Sinnott. Cambridge University Press, 1985. Times Atlas of the Moon, HAG Lewis (Ed.). Times Newspapers,

1969. URANOMETRIA 2000.0, W Tirion, B Rappaport and G Lovi.

Willmann-Bell, 1988.

16

16

A2.4 Introductory Astronom Books

Astronomy: A Self-Teaching Guide, DL Moche. John Wiley, 1993. Astronomy: Principles and Practice, AE Roy and D Clark. Adam

Hilger, 1988. Astronomy: The Evolving Universe, M Zeilik. John Wiley, 1994. Astronomy through Space and Time, S. Engelbrektson. WC Brown,

1994. Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics, M Zeilik, SA Gregory

and EvP Smith. Saunders, 1992. Universe, WJ Kaufmann III. WH Freeman, 1994.

A2.S Practical Astronom Books

Amateur Astronomer's Handbook, JB Sidgwick. Faber & Faber, 1971.

Analysis of Starlight: 150 Years of Astronomical Spectroscopy, JB Hearnshaw. Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Astronomical Photometry: A Guide, C Sterken and J Manfroid. Kluwer, 1992.

Astronomical Spectroscopy, C Kitchin. Adam Hilger, 1995. Astronomical Telescope, BV Barlow. Wykeham Publications, 1975. Astronomy on the Personal Computer, 0 Montenbruck and

T Pfleger. Springer-Verlag, 1991. Astrophysical Techniques, CR Kitchin. Adam Hilger, 1991. Beginner's Guide to Astronomical Telescope Making, J Muirden.

Pelham Press, 1975. Building and Using an Astronomical Observatory, P Doherty.

Stevens, 1986. CCD Astronomy, C Buil. Willmann-Bell, 1991. Challenges of Astronomy, W Schlosser, T Schmidt-Kaler and

EF Malone. Springer-Verlag, 1991. Compendium of Practical Astronomy, GD Roth. Springer-Verlag,

1993.

Bibliography

Computer Processing of Remotely-Sensed Images: An Intro­duction, PW Mather. John Wiley, 1987.

Data Analysis in Astronomy, V Di Gesu, L Scarsi and R Buccheri. Plenum Press, 1992.

Exercises in Practical Astronomy using Photographs, MT Bruck. Adam Hilger, 1990.

Getting the Measure of Stars, W A Cooper and EN Walker. Adam Hilger, 1989.

Handbook for Telescope Making, NE Howard. Faber & Faber, 1962.

Introduction to Astronomical Image Processing, R Berry. Willmann-Bell, 1991.

Introduction to Experimental Astronomy, RB Culver. WH Freeman, 1984.

Manual of Advanced Celestial Photography, BD Wallis and RW Provin. Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Mathematical Astronomy with a Pocket Calculator, A. Jones. David and Charles, 1978.

The Modern Amateur Astronomer, P Moore (Ed.). Springer­Verlag, 1995.

Observational Astronomy, DS Birney. Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Observing the Sun, PO Taylor. Cambridge University Press, 1991. Practical Astronomer, CA Ronan. Pan, 1981. Practical Astronomy with your Calculator, P Duffett-Smith.

Cambridge University Press, 1981. Practical Astronomy: A User Friendly Handbook for Skywatchers,

HR Mills. Albion, 1993. Seeing the Sky: 100 Projects, Activities and Explorations in

Astronomy, F. Schaaf. John Wiley, 1990. Small Astronomical Observatories, P Moore (Ed.). Springer­

Verlag, 1996. Solar System: A Practical Guide, D. Reidy and K Wallace. Allen

and Unwin, 1991. Star Gazing through Binoculars: A Complete Guide to Binocular

Astronomy, S. Mensing. TAB, 1986. Star Hopping: Your Visa to the Universe, R.A. Garfinkle.

Cambridge University Press, 1993. Sundials, RN Mayall and ML Mayall. Charles T Branford, 1958. Telescopes and Techniques, C Kitchin. Springer-Verlag, 1995. Workbook for Astronomy, J Waxman. Cambridge University

Press, 1984.

Charles Messier (1730-1817) was an observational astronomer working from Paris in the eighteenth century. He discovered between 15 and 21 comets and observed many more. During his observations he encountered neb­ulous objects which were not comets. Some of these objects were his own discoveries, while others had been known before. In 1774 he published a list of 45 of these nebulous objects. His purpose in publishing the list was so that other comet-hunters should not confuse the nebulae with comets. Over the following decades he published supplements which increased the number of objects in his catalogue to 103, though objects MlOl and MI02 were in fact the same. Later other astronomers added a replace­ment for M102 and objects 104 to 1l0. It is now thought probable that Messier had observed these later additions with the exception of the last. Thus the modern version of his catalogue has 109 objects in it. Several of the objects in Messier's original lists are now difficult to identify, and "best guesses" have had to be made regarding the objects intended. Ironically in one case (M91) it is possible that Messier's original observation was of an unrecognised comet!

Messier observed mostly with 3-3.S-inch (75-90 mm) refractors. He had access to a 7 .S-inch (190 mm) Gregorian reflector but since this used mirrors made from speculum metal, its equivalent aperture would have been only 3 inches or so. With modern telescopes it should be possible to observe all the Messier objects with a 2.S-inch (60 mm) or larger instrument. This accessibility of the

objects in Messier's list, compared with Herschel's New General Catalogue (NGC) which was being compiled at the same time as Messier's observations but using much larger telescopes, probably explains its modern popular­ity. It is a challenging but achievable task for most amateur astronomers to observe all the Messier objects. At "star parties" and within astronomy clubs, going for the maximum number of Messier objects observed is a popular competition. Indeed, at some times of the year it is just about possible to observe most of them in a single night.

Messier observed from Paris and therefore the most southerly object in his list is M7 in Scorpius with a declin­ation of _35". He also missed several objects from his list, such as h and X Per and the Hyades, which most observers would feel should have been included. The well-known astronomer Dr Patrick Moore has therefore recently introduced the Caldwell Catalogue (his full name is Patrick Caldwell-Moore). This has 109 objects like Messier's list, but covers the whole sky. The Caldwell objects are listed in decreasing order of declination, so that from a given latitude all objects from Cl to Cn (or from CI09 to Cn for southern observers), where n is the number of the most southerly (or northerly) object rising at that site, should be visible. There is no overlap between the Messier and Caldwell Catalogues, and the two taken together (see below) will give sufficient fascinating and spectacular objects to keep most astronomers occupied for several years' worth of observing.

M essier and Caldwell Catalogues

Table A3.1. The Mess .... Obi«!s

""I~ Nebula name NGC I,,,. "- ""- ConsleUal,on Vi.""," Size" H • degree. .'" IJ

Menier 1 Crab 1952 Supernova Remnan! 05 35 22.0 1o. • •• 0 Messier 2 7089 Globular Clulte, 21 " -0.' "', 0.5 13 Mess~r3 5272 Globular Clush!< 13 " 2" CV. " 16 Me" .... 4 6121 Gbbular Clusler 16 " -26.5 "0 5.' 26 Mes.jer 5 590' Gbbular Clv.ter " " 2 , Sitr Cop 5.' " Messier 6 8ufferfty 6405 Open Cluller " .0 _32.2 5<0 '.2 15 Messip< 7 6475 Open Clulter " " -34.8 "0 3.3 .0 Mess ... 8 -- 6523 fmission Nebula " O. _244 sa, 58 90 Me •• ier 9 6333 Gbbu\o, Clv.ter " " -18.5 Oph 7.' , Messier 10 6254 Glabula, Ciuo.k!. 16 57 -', Oph 66 " Messier 11 Wild Duck 6705 Open Cluller " " -<.3 ", 5.' " Mes .. er 12 6218 GIobuIa, Cluster 16 " -2.0 Oph 66 " Me .... r 13 6205 Globula, Clusle. 16 " 36,5 "" 59 " Messier 14 6402 GIobula. CluSier " 38 -3.3 Oph 7.0 12 Me"ier 15 7078 Globular Clu.ler 21 30 12.2 P., " 12

Messier 16 '<>g. 0" , Open Clulter " " -13,8 S" 0.0 7 Me .... , 17

"'""'" 0'" Emi .. "", Nobula " 21 _16.2 sa, 00 " Me"i.r 18 0"3 Open Cluster " 20 -17.1 sa, 0.' , Me"ier 19 6273 GIobula. Clu,le< " 03 -263 Oph 72 " Meu,er 20 Trilid 6514 Em,ssion Nebula " 03 -23,0 sa, O.J " Me"'e.21 6531 Open Cluster " 05 -22.5 sa, 5.' 13 .v.e"ie.22 6656 GIobula. Clu.1e< " J6 -23.9 sa, 5. , " Me"ier 23 6494 Open Clulte, " 57 -19.0 sa, 5.5 " Messie,24 660J Open CIu.ter " " -184 sa, '" 5 Me"'e' 25 Ie 4725 Open Clv.te, " J2 -19.3 sa, '.0 J2

Me"ie.26 66" Open CluiUl' " " -" ", '0 15 Men ... 27 Ovmbbell 6853 PIone!ary Nebula 20 00 221 v.1 76 15 Meuier 28 6626 Glabula, Clu.te, " 25 -24,9 sa, 69 " Messi.,29 6913 Open Clullet 20 " 385 C" 66 7 Messier 30 70W Globulor Cluster 21 '0 -23.2 Cop 7.5 " Me"ier 31 Andromeda 2" Gala~y 00 " 413 Aod J5 "0 MesSIer 32 '" Galaxy 00 " 40,9 Aod 82 • Messier 33 T'io-ngulum 598 Galaxy 0' " 30.7 Tri 5.7 62 Messier 34 1039 Open Clulh!< 02 " 42.8 P" 5.2 35 Messier 35 2168 Open Clulter 06 09 24.3 Go. 5. , 28

Messier 36 "60 Open Cluster 05 J6 '" A" 60 12 ...... slO,.37 20W Open Clush!< 05 " 326 A" 5.6 " Mess"r 38 1912 Open Cluster 05 " 35.8 A" 0.' 21 .v.oss,er 39 7092 Open Clusle< 21 J2 48.4 C" " J2 Meni.,40 2 .klts 12 " 58,1 UMo 0.' , • Th,. i. the in!$grated mognirude <:rIer the whole area aI the obl!!d. All angularly lar9" obiecl with a bright magnitude mey therefore be leu easy 10 I4e than a ""all., objed with a foinl" magnituda. Th, mogniru.u.. of the ,m"sian n,bul"" In perncular may be mlSl""dlng be<:ausell>ey frequenlly conklin brighter and do,ker reg""" b This i. the la,ge.1 dimen.ion of the object Some objects may be hlamenlOry or have a br'ghte, core or outer region, mo\:.'ng them "".'.". to see than mighl be expected

Menier ond Coldwell Cotalogue$ 16

Tabl. A3.1 !,,,",,inuea')

Obi·cr NebulallOme NGC T". "'- ""- COII$IeIIoI'O<1 V'wo" 5i"" H m deg, ... moo 1'1

~siel41 2287 Open CIu.1e< 06 " -20.7 CMo '.5 38 Me .. i .. 42 0<,," 1976 Emill'on Nebula 05 35 -5.5 0<, '.0 0<> MeMi .. 43 Orion 1982 Emi .. i"" Nebula 05 " -5.3 0<' 90 2O Me"i .. 44 P,oesepe 2632 Open CIu.'e< 08 '0 20.0 Coo 3 I 95 Me",., 45 Pleiade. Open Cluore< 03 " 241 To. '2 110

Me .... r46 2437 Open Clu.1e< 07 " _14.8 ,"p 61 " Me .. ie,47 2422 Open Clu."" 07 37 -14.5 ,"p " 3O Me'''e< 48 2548 Open C!u.te< 0. " -5.' "'" 5.' " Me",e< 49 4472 Galaxy " 3O '.0 Vi, " 9 M4!sier SO 2323 Open CIu.1e< 07 03 -8.3 """ 5.9 16

Me .... , 51 Whirlpool 5194 Go_" " 3O 472 CV" " II ~" .. S2 7654 Open Clu.tef " " 61.6 Co. '.9 " Me", .. 53 5024 GIobuIa, Clu.'.r " " 18.2 C~ 7.7 " M4!sier 54 6715 Giob..rlo, Clu'le< " " -30 . .5 So' 7] 9 MM.ie! 5.5 6809 GIob..Io, Clu.te, 19 .0 -31,0 So' 70 19

Me .. ier 56 .779 GIob<.r\o, Clu .... 19 17 30,2 " '.3 7 Me .. i., S7 p,., 6720 PIonetory Nebula " " 33,0 " 9.7 3 """" .. 58 4579 Go_" " 38 11.8 Vir " 5 Men ... 59 4621 Go_" " " 11.7 Vir " 5 Meu ... 60 4649 Go_" " " 11.6 ", .. 7

MeO$, .. 61 4303 Galaxy " " " Vi, 9.7 • Meui .. 62 ,,0<> Globular Cluslet' 17 01 -30.1 Cph ••• " Me ..... 63 5.",",,"" 5055 Galaxy " " 42.0 ev" ••• " Me .. i.,64 81ock..ye 4826 Go_" " " 21.7 C~ '.5 9 Me ..... 65 3623 Galoxy II 19 13.1 "'" 9.3 10

""""i .. 66 3627 Go." II 2O 13,0 ,., 9.0 9 Me", .. 67 2682 Open Clu .... 0. 50 11,8 C" '.9 3O Me .. i ... 68 <590 GbbuIor Cluster" " '0 -26,8 Hyo '.2 " ~.i .. 69 6637 Gklbular Clu.tef " " -32.4 So' 7] 7 M." .. ,70 66" Globulor Clu'la< " " -32,3 So' •• • Me"ier 71 6838 Globulo' Clu.te, 19 " 18,8 So· '.3 7 Me"ier 72 6981 GIobulor Cluore, 2O " -12,,5 A" " • MM .... 73 "" Open Clu,tef 2O " -12,6 Aq, '.9 3 Mel"" 74 ". Go_" 01 37 15,8 PK 9.2 10 ,...,.,,1 ... 75 6864 Globular Clu.1ef 2O 06 -21.9 So' ••• • Me .... , 76 lirtle DIImbbol!l 65O Planetary Nebula 0' " 51.6 PM 122 5 MeWer 77 1068 Go_" 02 " 0.0 C. •• 7 Mel$'" 78 206. R.IIed,,,,, N.bula os " 0.1 0<, '0 • """"i .. 79 19'IA Globular Clulle!' os " -24.6 lop .0 9 ,...,.", .. 80 6093 GIob<.rIc" Clulle< " 17 -23.0 5<, 72 9

Men ... 81 Bodo·, 3031 Go_" 09 " 69.1 UMo '.9 26 Mem .. 82 3034 Go_" 09 " 69.7 UMo " II Menier 83 5236 Galaxy " 37 -29.9 "'" 82 II Messier 84 4374 Go_" " " 12.9 Vir 9.3 5 Ma .. , .. 8S 4382 Galaxy " " 18.2 C~ " 7

(,,,,,'mu..:/ ovcrr/eof)

Messier cmd Caldwell Catalogues

Tabl. A3.1 !ronhnved) : S~ ra,j&c:1 Nebula nome NGC T",. "'~ ""'~ Conlk>lIohon V,,,,,,,"

~»ie< 86

H m d!s,ree, --""". i ;, "06 Go • ., " 26 13.0 Vir " 7

Me"ie,87 Virga A 4486 Go • ., " 3J 12.4 Vir , .• 7 Me .. ie< 88 4501 Go • ., " J2 I" Com 95 7 MelSie< 89 4552 Galaxy " " 12.6 Vir ,., • Men'e< 90 4569 Go • ., " " 13,2 Vir '.5 \0

Mas.ie< 91 4548 Go • ., " 35 14,5 C= 10,2 5 M .... ie< 92 6341 Globular CI~.!er 17 17 43.1 H" 65 " Mowie< 93 2447 Open Cl~.w 07 " -23,9 ,,' " " Meuie< 94 4736 Galaxy " 5\ 'II CV. ,., " Me.Sle< 95 3351 Go • ., 10 " 11.7 I~ 97 7

Meuie< 96 3368 Go • ., 10 " 11 .8 '"" " 7 Me ..... 97 "'" 3587 Planetary Nebula " 15 55.0 UMo " 3 Me ... e< 98 4192 Go • ., " " 14,9 C= 10.1 10 Mas.ie<99 4254 Go.., " " 14,4 C= ,., 5 MeIS'e< 100 4321 Go • ., " 23 15.8 C= ,.- 7

Me .. i.,.101 Pinwlleel 5457 Go • ., " 03 54,4 UMo 7] 27 Me ..... 102 5866 Galaxy 15 07 55,8 0., 10.0 5 Me"i .. 103 581 Open Clu$lfJr 01 33 607 Coo " • Meuie< 104 Sambrero 4594 Galaxy " '0 -116 Vir '.3 , Meu,.,. 105 3379 Galaxy 10 ., 12.6 I~ '.3 5

Me .. i .. l06 4258 Galaxy " " 47,3 CY. 83 18 Meni.r 107 6171 GIobuIa, Clu'le< " 33 -13.1 "'" 'I 10 Me .. ier 108 3556 Go • ., " " 55.7 UMo 10.1 , Me .. i., 109 "92 Go • ., " 58 534 UMo ,., , Oclo for "'is tabla obtained from 50y Catalogve 2000.0. Vol 2 (Ed, A, Hi,$hIekl ood RW SinnOIt. Combr,~ Uni_.ily Pr .... 1985); Allroploys",o! Quonliloe.(C.W. Allen, Ar!.iot>e PreS!, 1973); NGC 2000.0 (R.W. SiOI'lO". Cambridge Uni_.ily P, .... 1988); Visuo! Asttonomyoi!he Deep Sky (R.N Clark, Combridg. Uni~"ily 1', .... 1990); Hartung'. AsIJor>amkoJ Objecl> lot- Southern Telescapes (D. Molin and, DJ. Frew, Cambridg. University Pre .. , 1995); and AstrophYSICal Journal Suppleme,,', 4 . 2S7. 19S9, S. Sharpie ..

Menter cmd Caldwell Catalogue s ~ Tab .. A3.2. TheCa\dw QI>;,.;, Object Nebula nom. NGC Typo "'- ""- Con.lellalion Vi.ual" Size~

" • d~, .. , .", . Caldwelll .86 Open Clu'le, 00 " 85.3 C.p " " Caldw.ll2 " Planetary Nebukl 00 13 72.5 C.p 10.7 0.6 Caldwell 3 4236 Go • ., 12 17 69.5 1>0 9.7 19 CaldweU 4 7023 Re/lechon Nebula 21 02 68.2 C." 70 18 Caldwell 5 IC 342 Gala"Y 03 " 68, I C •• 9.' 18

Caldwell 6 Cal" Eye 6543 Planetary NeI;x,la 17 " 66.6 1>. " 6 Cold_II 7 2403 Gala"Y 07 37 65.6 C •• • •• 18 Caldw,1I 8 559 Open CI"IIe, O. 30 63.3 Co. 9.' , CaldweJ19 C~ Sh2.155 Emil$ion Nebula " 57 62.6 C.p _ 9 '0 Cold_II 10 663 Op<ln Cl,,'I" O. " 61.3 C .. 71 16

Caldwell II ...... 763' Eminion Nebula 23 21 61.2 C .. '.5 15 Caldwell 12 6946 Go1o., 20 35 602 Cop '.9 11 Caldwell 13 "7 Open Clu.le, O. 19 58,3 Co. " 13 Caldwell 14 h and chi Per 869/884 OpenCI",IfI, 02 20 57.1 p. 4.3/4.4 30/30 Caldwtoll 15 Blinking 6826 Planetary Nebula 19 " 50.5 C" 98 2

Cold-II 16 7243 Open Clu,!er " 15 49,9 l<x 6.' 21 Caldwell 17 '" Go1o., 00 33 '" C .. 93 13 Caldwell 18 18' Go • ., 00 39 48.3 C .. 92 12 Caldwtoll 19 C_ 1C5146 Emis.ion Nebula 21 " A7.3 C" 7.2 12 Caldwell 20 Nao-th Amt<;a, 7000 Emiuion Nebula 20 " 44.3 C" 50 120

Caldwell 21 A449 Go1o., 12 28 44.1 C'" 9.' , Caldwell 22 81ue Snowball 7662 Planetary Nebula 23 26 A2.6 M' 92 2 Caldwell 23 89. Go • ., 02 23 42.4 Aruj 10.0 " Caldwell 24 1275 Go • ., 03 20 41,5 p" 116 3 Caktwell25 2AI9 Globula, Clu~le' 07 38 38.9 '''' 10.4 • Caldwell 26 4244 Gala"Y 12 18 37,8 C'" 10,2 16 Caldwell 27 C'~l$cllfll 6888 Em'I$'on NeI;x,la 20 12 38.4 C'" - 11 20 Caldwell 28 752 Op<ln CI,,"IfI' 01 58 37.7 M' ,.7 50 Caldwell 29 '005 Gala"Y 13 11 37.1 CV" 98 , Caldwell 30 7331 Go1o., " 37 34.4 P., 9.' 11

Caldwell 31 flaming Star IC 405 Emi .. iotl Nebula 05 16 3" A" _ 7 30 Caldw,1I32 4631 Galaxy 12 " 32.5 C'" 9.3 15 Caldwell 33 Veil (E) 6992/5 SUp<l,naV(l R,mnanl 20 57 31.5 C'" '.0 60 Caidwell3A v .. il (WI 6960 Supernova ~ ....... nanl 20 " 30.7 C'" 80 70 Caldwen 35 4889 Gala"Y 13 00 28.0 C~ 11.4 3

Caldwell 36 4559 Go • ., 12 36 28.0 C~ 99 11 Coldwell 37 6885 Op<ln Clu'le, 20 12 26.5 , .. 57 7 Caldwell 38 4565 Go1o., 12 36 26.0 C~ 9.6 16 Caldwell 39 e"'ima 2392 Planetary N .. buia 07 29 20.9 Go. 99 07 Caldwell AO 3626 Go..., 11 20 18.4 '"" 10.9 3

Thi. ;,the integrated magnilude cw ... the whole a'e<! of the abjecl. An angularly Ia'ga abjed with a brighl magnitude may th ... eIore be I .... ea.y jQ _ Than a """,I~, ab~ with a Io inler magnitude. The magnitude. of the ,mi .. ion nebulae in poriOcular may be miileading becau .. they frequently tonlai" brighter and dark ... regian •. The symbcl . ... indicatel a magnitude e"'mated from ... "ual dese,iprionl. b Thi. i,the larga" dim"""otI oflhe.' Sorne abjed. may be fiklmentory or hovtl a brighlt< core or oo!er region, making them e<!,i" 10 _ man might be e>q>tCltd

IconhnulJd overleaf)

i) Meuier and Coldwe ll Catologues

Table A3.'2 ~"nued)

Obioct Nebula name NGC T"" RAmo """- Conslellation Viwol" S;zeb

H m deg.ee. """ 1'1 Coldwell" 1 H,oo., OpeoClu$lO( O. " 10.0 Too 0.' 330 CoidweH 42 7006 Globular Clu'III, 21 02 \6.2 0.1 10.6 3 Coldwell "'3 7814 Go • ., 00 03 16.2 '" 10,5 6 Coldwell 44 7479 Go • ., 23 0' 123 '" 110 • Coldwell 45 5'248 GoloKY 13 38 8.9 800 10.2 7

ColdweIl.46 Hubble'. V(I"ob$e 2261 Reflection Neb!,1cI '" 39 87 Moo 10,0 2 Co1dwel14? 693<1 Globular Clu.ter 20 " " 0.1 8.9 6 C"klwel148 2775 Go • ., 09 10 70 C~ 10.3 , Caldwe1149 Rose"" 2237·9 EmIssion Nebula '" 32 " Moo -. 80 Cald_IIS0 2244 Open Clu.te< '" 32 " Moo '8 ,. Coldwell 51 Ie 1613 Go • ., 01 0' 21 C., 93 12 Coldwell 52 4697 Go • ., 12 " -58 Vi. 9.3 6 Cold_IIS3 Spi"£lle 3115 Go • ., 10 0' _7.7 50. 92 8 CoidwellS4 25'" Open el\llte< 08 00 -10.8 """ 7.6 7 Cold_II 55 So",," 7009 PIon.!Ory Nebukl 21 O. -11,"" Aq, 8.3 2

Coldwell S6 2" PIone!ory Nebula 00 " _11.9 C. 80 • Coldwflll57 6o,no,d', 6822 Go • ., " " _14.8 Sg, 9.' 10 Cold_IIS8 2360 Open (I".fer 07 18 -156 CNc 7.2 13 Coldw.1I59 Ghosl of jup,\e, 3242 PIon&lOry NebuJa 10 25 -18.6 "'" 8.6 21 Coldw..o 60 Antennae 4038 Go • ., 12 02 -189 C. 10.7 3

Coldwell 61 Anle"noe 4039 Galaxy 12 02 _18.9 C. 10.7 3 Coldwell 62 '" Go • ., 00 " -20.8 C. " 20 Cald_lIo3 Heli" 7293 PIonelory N..bula 22 30 -208 Aq, " 13 Coldw.nM 2362 Open Clull ... 07 " -25.0 CNc '1 • Coldwell 65 Si!.er Coin 253 Go • ., 00 .. -253 'd 71 25

Coldwell 66 5694 GIobuIa, Cluile, " .0 _26.5 Hyo 10.2 • Coldwell 67 1097 Go.., 02 " -30.3 F~ 93 9 Caldwell 68 RC,A 6729 Refleclioo Nebulo 19 02 -37.0 C,A " I Coldwell 69 .. 6302 PIo ..... tary Nebula 17 " -37.1 S" 12.8 I Coldwell 70 300 Go • ., 00 " -37.7 Sd 87 20

Coldwell 71 2477 Open ClulIe!' 0' " -38.6 '.p '.8 27 CaldweU 72 " Go • ., 00 " -39.2 Sd 79 32 Coldwell 73 1851 GIobuIa, Clusle< 0' I. -40. I Co 7.3 " Coldw.1I74 Eighl-&<sl 3132 PlonelOry Nebula '0 O. -'0' V.I 8.2 0.8 Coldwell 75 6124 Open Clu>Ier 16 26 -40.7 X, " 29

Coldwell 76 6231 Open Clulle' 16 " -41.8 x, 2.6 " Coldwell 77 C~A 5128 Go • ., " 26 -43.0 C~ 70 18 Caldwell 78 6541 Glabulo.- Clvole, " 08 -43.7 C,A 6.6 " Coldw.1I79 3201 GIobuIo.- CI~,ter 10 18 -'" V. 68 " Coldwell 80 Omego Centau,i 5139 GIobuIa, Cluole, 13 27 -47.5 C~ 37 36

Cold_II 81 6352 GIobuIa, Cluster 17 26 -48.4 ... , 82 7 Coldwell 82 6193 Open Cluilil' 16 " -48.8 ... , " " Coklw.1I83 4945 Go • ., 13 0' -49.5 C." '.6 20 CoIcIwell 84 5286 GIobuIo.- Cluster 13 " """ C." 76 , Coklwell85 Ie 2391 Open Cluilil' 08 '0 -53. I V. 2.' '0

Messie r and caldwell Catalogues ~ Tobie A3.l ICOI'IhnVlid)

Object Nebula name NGC ',,,. RA_ Do<_ C.,."",lIati.,., Vi,....,Jo Size" H m degree. """. 1'1

Caldwell 86 6397 GIabuIcH Clu~r 17 " -537 "'. 57 26 Caldw.n 87 1261 Giabvlar CI".ter 03 12 -$5.2 H. ., 7 Caldwell 88 5823 Open CI"""," 15 06 -55.6 Cir 79 10 Caldwell 89 SN",mo 6087 Optn CI".ter " 19 -57.9 No " 12 Coldwell 90 2867 Pianttary Nebula 09 21 -58.3 C., '] 0.2

Caldwell 91 3532 Open CI"oler 11 06 -58.7 C., 3.0 " Caldwell 92 Eta Ca,ina 3372 Emill'OI'I Nebula 10 " -59.9 C., 2' 120 Coldwall93 6752 Glabulor Clo""," 19 11 -<00 , .. " 20 Coldwell 94 low." 4755 Open Clu.ter 12 " -<><1.3 Cru '.2 10 Caldwell 95 6025 Open Cluster " 0' -<><I , "A '.1 12

Caldwell 96 2516 Open Clu.ter 07 " -<><I.' C., 3.' 30 Coldwell 97 3766 OpenCluoler 11 36 -61.6 C~ '.3 12 Coldwell 98 '609 Open Cluster 12 " -63.0 Cru 6.9 , Caldwell 99 Coalsock AbSCltption Nebula 12 " -63.0 Cru 350 Coldwell 100 Ie 2944 Open Clusler 11 37 -<30 C~ " 15

Caldwell 101 6744 Go.,. 19 10 -639 , .. .., " Caldwell 102 Southern Pleiades Ie 2602 Open Clusle< 10 " -<" C., 19 '0 Caldwell 103 Tarantula 2070 Em .. ".,., Nebula 0' 39 -69. I 0,,, '2 '0 Cald-lll04 362 Globular Clust" 01 03 _70.9 ,~ 6.6 13 Caldwen 105 4833 GIob.rIo, Clu'ler 13 00 _70.9 "', " " C"kIweII 106 47 Tuconoe 10' Globular CI" .... 00 " -721 ,~ '0 31 Coldwell 107 6101 Globular Clusler " 26 -722 Ap. 9.3 11 Caldwell 108 4372 Globular Clusle< 12 26 -72.7 "', 7.' 19 Caldwell 109 3195 Pla""",ry N.obula 10 10 -80.9 Ch. 11.6 06

Oota I", thi,lobl.. obtai""'" fram S~r C,,"'lag..., 2000.0, Val. 2 (Ed. A. Hirshfeid and RW 5innon, Cambridee Univ .... ity P'es., 1985): The Caldw." Cord (Sky Publi.I""9 Corp .. 1996); NGC 2000.0 (R.W. Sinnon, Comb,idge Unive'1ity Pre", 1988); Vi,,,,,1 AJ".""amy 01 rIwt DHp Sky (R.N. CIo,k, C"mbrM:lge Univet,ity Pr,", 1990): Hortut>g'. AJ"onom;col ObjeclS for Sourh&rn T&lesc~s (D. Molin ond OJ. F._, Combridse U,.,iverlity Pre .. , 1995): ond AJ"aphy>i<:o/ Journal 5upple_, 4 , 257, 1959, S. Shorple. •.

c .... NGe Ih RAiOOD ml ~- .: Anguk .. N~boi

ourl

~-' MIO] 581 01 J3 .60.7 " 6 25 hP.,.rc14) '6' 02 19 +57.2 •. 3 30 200 x Per (C14) '84 02 " +57.1 ... 30 ISO

M3' 1039 02 " +42.8 5.2 " 60 Pleiadti jM4!i1 03 " +2A.l .. 2 2 100

I-tyacI. fC411 04 " .16 05 5' 100 M3. 1912 05 " +35.8 6.' " 100 M36 1960 05 36 +34, I 60 " 60 C.7O 05 36 -01 0.' 2.5" 100 MJ7 2099 05 " .. 32.6 56 " 150

M35 2168 06 09 +24,3 51 " 200 '-{C5OI 2'" 06 32 "" , " " 100 ""I 2287 06 " -20.7 " 3B .0 M50 2323 07 03 -03 " 16 '0 , CMeI (COAl 2362 07 19 -25,0 .. • 60

M46 "'7 07 " _IA 8 61 " 100 M9J "" 07 " -23.9 6.2 " BO C7I 2'" 07 " -38.6 5.' " 160 C96 2516 07 58 -60, JB 30 BO

25 .. 7 OB " -49.3 4.7 20 BO

"" 25"8 OB " -05.8 5.' " BO ProeMpe IM<IA] 2.,2 OB 40 +20.0 3.1 \,5" 50 oV. 06 40 -53,1 2.5 50 30 'Car 10 " -"', .. , 50 60 COl 3532 " 06 -58.7 30 " ISO

• "'il;1 the mogni~ ~ oR the tIcIn In'''~ du~ ~...,...., 1OIfteII_ ~!he :~I.. mognilud.. b Thil iltho number 01 $IorJ diM*n;bio on .... PoIomor Sky Survey pIot.. f_ IIorf oreliU!y to be Yill" in 0 omolilltlet.cope. Oe!gilec/ studi •• wi .... Io,~ 1eIeKopes, "--, mcry show mony __ --. 01 .... cIusIer; up 10 3000 lor _pie ift ........ ooci..

jeoMilllMd -*")

.i) A Selection of Choice Astronomical Objects fOf" Viewing

Tab" A4.1 (.;on'in...d) Clu_ NGe ...... ""'- ~. Angular Number

~ ol !£leg, .. ) .tujJ 01 $jofl~

W 3766 11 36 ~16 5.3 " 100 U,..,Major " • 60 0 .. ". 100 c_ " 25 .26 18 " 80 J-eI Sox (C94) 4755 " " -60.3 " 10 30

5316 J3 " -61.9 •. 0 " 80

5662 " " -56.6 55 " 70 COS 6025 I. O. -60.5 5.1 " 60 C89 (5 Norma) 6087 I. " -57.9 " " 100 C75 6124 I. 26 -40.7 58 29 100

6250 I. " _45.8 59 8 60

SYIIe<fIy (10'.6) 6405 17 '0 -32.2 " 15 80 M7 6475 17 54 -34,8 3.3 1.4· 80 M23 6494 17 57 -19.0 55 27 150 M21 6531 " 05 _22.5 5.9 J3 70 MI. 6611 " J9 -13.8 .0 7 100

Omega (Mil) .. " " 21 -16,2 •. 0 11 .0 M25 IS 32 -19,3 .. 32 30 1C4756 " 39 ~O5,5 54 " 80 M2. 6694 " 45 -<9.' 8.0 15 30 MIl [Wild Duck) 6705 " 51 -US 5.8 " 200

M29 6913 20 24 .38.5 ... 7 50 .,9 7092 21 32 • .d8.4 '.6 32 30 .,2 765" 23 24 +61.6 •. 9 J3 100

o Thi, i. the mognitvde 01 011 rhe .ra" in !he dUIte< added togerl>er, IOme!;m •• called the Inl89rolfld magnitude . • Thi. i. the number 01 ,to" dis.cemible on the Palomor Sky Survey pIote. Fewer ,10" Or. likely 10 be yi,ible in (> small telescope. Derailed sludies with Ia'ge lele>eopes, however, may ,how many more membe .. 01 !he duster; up 10 3000 for example in the Pleiades.

A Selection of Choice A,tronomicol Objects for Viewing 17

Tab'. A4.2. GIobuIa, CIVller.t

CivIle, NO< "- '"'- .... Arlgulor ~ m 0 .ize n

47 T~ (C 1 06) 10' 00 " -72.1 '.0 " Cl04 "2 01 03 -70.9 6.6 13 2809 II'> 12 -64.9 6.3 16

C79 3201 10 IB -46.4 6.' IB MS. "90 12 '0 _26.8 '.2 12

.. Cen (C90) 5139 13 " -47.5 3] " M3 5272 13 " +28,4 " 16 M5 '90' 15 " • 021 , .. 17 M'O 6093 16 17 -23.0 7.2 9 M<I 6121 16 " -265 59 " MI3 6205 16 " +36.5 " 17 M12 6219 16 " -02.0 6.6 15 MIO 6254 16 " -041 6.6 15 M02 6266 17 01 -30.1 6.6 16 M" 6273 17 03 -26.3 7.2 16

MOO 6341 17 17 +43.1 6.' II M9 6333 17 " -19.5 79 9

6398 17 " -44.7 6.9 9 M16 6402 17 38 -03.3 7.6 12 C86 6397 17 " -53.7 '] " C78 6541 18 O' -43.7 6.6 13 M28 6626 IB " -249 69 II M09 6637 IB " -32.4 7.7 7 M22 66" IB " -23.9 , I " M70 6681 18 " -32.3 81 • M" 6715 IB " -305 7.7 9 C93 6752 " II -<0.0 " 20 M56 6779 " 17 +30.2 '.3 7 M55 "II'> " '0 -31,0 7.0 19 M71 6838 " " ... 19.8 '.3 7

M75 6964 20 06 -21.9 " 6 M72 6991 20 " -12.5 " 6 M15 7079 " 30 +12.2 6A 12 M2 7099 " " -00 • 6.5 13 MOO 7099 " '0 _23.2 " II

• thIS IS the mognitvde of oil the 1101$ in the dVller odd.<:! roge!he<, 1<) .. eli .. el coiled the integroted mosnTtude,

1 A Selection of Choice Astronomical Objec:ts for Viewing

Tabl. &4.3. Nebuloa

"""" NGC "- ""- Angulor T",

• mJ n .ize [J

C2 " 00 " +72.5 " PTo-, lilt!. Dumbbd. MIl> ""/1 01 " .51.6 '" Pro-, Metoptl nebuk»,'Y 1435 03 .. .. 24.6 30x 30 '''''"'"' Coll/ofmo NebuIc 14 .. " 01 .. 36 I> l45xAO E .. ,_

Flaming SIor Nebula, CJ 1 lAOS OS " .343 30x 19 e""n.O/I (rgb Nebu\o, MI 1952 OS 3S .. 22.0 "4 e""Won Oriorl N.bu\a, M42 1976 OS 3S -<ISS 66,60 Em ... "", Torontula Nebula, Cl 03 2070 OS 39 -69.1 40" 25 Em,",on Honeheod Nebulo OS 41 -<125 ,,4 "",I

2024 OS 41 -02.5 30)( 30 E .. ,nion W. 206. OS 47 .00,1 '" Ra/Ie.:"OtI ROM,", Nebula, C49 2237 06 J2 .05.1 BOx 60 E",;"iotl Hubbl.'. ',Io,iob!. Nebula, C46 2261 06 39 .08.7 2, I ao'\":hon e ... ,,,,,, N.buIo, (39 2392 . , " .20.9 02 PTo_ • COO 2867 09 " -58.3 02 PTo_. 04 3132 10 O. -AO," 0.' PTo-. CI09 3195 10 10 -80,9 0' PTo-. GIIosl 01 Jup .... C.59 3242 10 " _18.6 0.3 PTo_. flel (Ofinoe Nebula, (92 3372 10 " -59.9 120)< 120 E",in"",

Owl Nebula, M97 3587 II IS .5S 0 3 PTo-, II .. CooI-=k. C99 " 53 ~3 400" 300

""-Rhoop.,uoe;'" 14604 " " -23.4 60><25 R.I;"" 8ug N.boilo, (69 6302 " 14 -37.1 O. Plan~"ory

Pipe NebvIo ('!em) " " -27 300 X 60 """ Snoke N.wlo " 24 _236 4 ""_ Pipe N.bulo {bowl) " 33 -26 l(X):': 140 ""_ Cot', Eye Nebula, C6 65"3 11 59 .66.6 03 PTo_. T,,1id Nebula, M20 651" 18 03 -230 29 x 27 folll • RJI logoon Nebo.&o, M8 "23 18 " -2"" 9Qx"O E"""ion e. Nebula, M16 1"703 18 19 _13.8 35 x 28 E .. iWon Om.go Nebula, MI7 6618 18 " -162 .46 X 37 e"',noon Ring NM.uIo, M57 6720 18 " .33.0 I Pro-, C68 6729 19 02 -37.0 I E",i •• Refl

6781 19 18 .06.6 2 PTo_. lIIinling Sto. Nebula, CI5 6826 19 4S .50.5 O.S PTo_. Dumbbell N.buIo, M27 6853 2<) 00 .227 " , PTo_. C, • ..:..,t Nebula, C27 6888 2<) " .38." 20 x 10 (minion Gommo C)'9ni Nebula 11318 20 16 .41.8 45 x 25 E .. 1....", Cygnu. R,h 20 40 ." "",I v~1 Nebula We." C34 6960 20 46 .30.7 70 x 6 E",IIIk><! V",I N.bula EO$l, C33 6992 20 56 .31.7 60, • e",i ... ion

Nofrh Arn .. icon ~, C20 '000 2<) 59 ."44 120xl00 e .. ,noon C< 7023 " 02 +68.2 18 X 18 RJ1«tion EW Nebula " 02 +367 augh. SolUtn NM.uIo, C55 '009 " 04 '" 4 PTo-.

" 53 .47.2 IOOx 10 M c- N.buIe, C19 15146 " " .. 473 12 x 12 e""uoon ~lX N.buIo, C63 7293 22 30 _20.8 IJ PTo_. Cave Nebula, C9 22 " .62.6 5Ox30 E",i ... ion

Bubble N.buIo, C 11 7635 23 " .. 61.2 15 x 8 E"" .. ion C22 '662 23 " .42.6 03 PTo_

A Selection of Choice As'ronomical Ob;ects for Viewing 17

Tobie "'4.4. Oolo><iel

Golaxy NGC "- ""- .. - Angulo, Typo ,. m, n ,;18 ['I W '" 00 33 +48.5 93 8 >< 13 " COS 185 00 39 +48.3 9.2 10" 12 EO

205 00 '0 +41.7 8.0 lOx 17 " MJ2 221 00 " +40.8 82 6,8 E2 Andromeda galaxy (M3 I ) 2" 00 " +41.3 3.5 1 x 3' Sb

C62 '" 00 " _20.8 89 7 x 20 S Sculptor galoxy (C65( 253 00 " -25.3 7.1 7" 25 " Small Mog.jloni~ Ciovd 00 " -72.B 2.3 25" x 5' " Ie 1613 Pl[ 01 OS +02.1 93 11 x 12 I" l,;ot>gulum 9Oloxy (M33) 01 " .30.7 5.7 40x 60 " Ml' 628 01 37 .15.8 9.2 lOx 10 " C23 891 02 23 .42.4 9.9 3 x 14 Sb

1023 02 " +39.1 OS 3,9 E7 M77 (3C 71) 1068 02 " 0.0 " 6,7 Sb C67 1097 02 " -30.3 9.3 7,9 SSb

1232 03 10 -20.6 99 7,8 " 1291 03 17 -41.1 8.5 9 xii SSO 1316 OJ 23 -37.2 89 6,7 SO 1365 03 3' -36.1 9.S 6 x 10 SSb 1399 OJ 39 -35.5 9.9 3d EI

1398 OJ 39 _26.3 9.7 5,7 SOb 1549 0' 16 -55.6 9.9 3d EO 1553 II< 16 -55.8 9.S 3d SO 1S66 II< 20 -54.9 " 6.8 SSb 1808 05 08 -37.5 9.9 "7 SSO

Lorge MoB,Uonic CIovd 05 " -70 0.1 9 x 11 I" C7 2403 07 37 +65.6 8.' 11 x 18 " 2683 08 " +33.4 97 309 Sb

2841 09 22 +51.0 9.3 '.8 Sb 290J 09 J2 .215 89 7x 13 Sb

M8I 3031 09 " .69.1 69 14 x 26 Sb M82(3C231( 3034 09 " .69.7 8A 5 xiI p~

J077 10 03 +68.7 99 '" E2 Spindle goloxy (03) 3115 10 05 -07.7 9.2 3,8 " UGC 5470 10 08 .12.3 98 B>< 11 EJ

3184 10 18 .41.4 98 7.7 " M95 3J51 10 " .11.7 9.7 5.7 SSb M96 3368 10 " +11.8 92 5,7 Sb MI05 3379 10 " + 12.6 9.J '" EI

3521 II 06 0.0 89 5><10 Sb

MI08 3556 II " +55.7 10.1 3d " M65 3623 II 19 ... 131 OJ 3>< 10 Sb M66 3627 II 20 + 13.0 9.0 ,,9 Sb

3628 II 20 +13.6 9.5 4 ~ 15 Sb MI09 J992 II " +534 98 5.8 SSb

(continued o"",,I00/l

, A Selection of Choice A5tronomic:ol Objects for Vie wing

Tabl. A4.4 (conti(lllfdl Galaxy NGC "_ Do<- ,,' Angulo, r".

" -, 0 ,ile n

4125 12 08 +65.2 ••• 3,5 E5 M9B 4192 12 .. ..14.9 10.1 3" 10 Sb

4214 12 16 .. 36.3 " 6,. I" C3 4236 12 17 +69.5 '.7 7 x 19 SS MOO "254 12 " +14.4 •• 5d " M106 4258 12 " +47.3 '.3 8 x 18 Sb M61 4303 12 22 .04.5 9.7 6,6 " M 1()() 4321 12 23 +15.8 " 6,' " M" 4374 12 25 +12.9 '.3 'd E1 MB5 4382 12 25 +18.2 '.2 5,' SO MB6 "06 12 26 +13.0 '.2 6, , E3 C21 4449 12 2B +44.1 ••• .d I" 1M' 4472 12 30 .08.0 " ". " "90 12 31 +41.6 9.' 3,6 " M87 4486 12 31 .12.4 '.6 , " E1 M8B 4501 12 32 +14.4 9.5 ., , Sb

4526 12 " +07.7 9.6 ", " 4535 12 " .oa.2 98 5,7 "'" M91 4548 12 35 +14.5 10.2 "5 SSb M" 4552 12 36 .. 12.6 9.' ". EO

C36 4559 12 36 .. 28.0 99 5)( 11 " C3B 4565 12 36 +26.0 9.6 3)( 16 Sb MOO 4569 12 37 .. 13.2 " 5>< 10 Sb M3. 4579 12 3B .. 11.8 ••• "5 Sb Sombrero golaxy(M 1 OAI 4594 12 " _11.6 '.3 ". Sb

M39 4621 12 " +11.6 9.' 3d E3 C32 4611 12 " .. 32.5 '.3 3 x IS " .. 36 12 " +027 96 5,6 E1 MhO .... 12 .. ..11.6 ••• 6,7 E1 C52 .. " 12 " '{)5.B 9.3 • ,6 " .. " 12 " -OS1 96 '" So

4725 12 50 +25.5 '.2 8 x 11 S" M" 4736 12 51 +41 I B2 9 xii Sb

"753 12 52 -01.2 '.9 3d Pk Block...,. galaxy (M64) 4826 12 " +21.7 '.5 S,9 Sb

C29 5005 13 11 +37.1 " 3d Sb M63 5055 13 16 +42.0 '.6 8x12 Sb

5102 13 22 -36.6 " ., . SO Cen A (e77] 5128 13 26 -43.0 7.0 15" 18 PK Whirlpool goloxy IMS 11 5194 13 30 +47.2 ••• 8 x II " Part 0/M5 I 5195 13 30 .473 " 'd Pk MBJ 5236 13 J7 -29.9 '.2 10)< 11 " Pinwheel galaxy (M I 0 I ( 5457 " 03 +544 7.7 26)< 27 " C"c,nus galaxy " 13 -65.3 9.' 1 " '" C12 6946 20 J5 +60.2 ' .9 10 x II " C30 733\ 22 J7 +34.4 " 4 x II Sb

7793 23 " -32.6 9.1 7,9 S

• Thi. is ..... magnitude 0/ all the slars in ..... galaxy added !age ..... '. sometilllfls called the integ,ated mognitude

- -- !!!eo'- - -- ~-.... • • ... , N .... • B • • • ...... , r a.- • 0 .... • • " • n -- • E ... • p

"" , Z - • , .. , H T • • T .... • • .... • y ... I PhI • • "- • • ChI , X ....... • • ... • • ... • .. "'"" • •

Co<>slttllalio<> Abbreviolio<> Ge/I'llve. Co<>.teI/olio<> Abbr.violion v.ru'ive.l AtId,omedo AM And,omedoe fquuleu. E,o Eqwlei ""dio Am ""rli.,. f"donu. fri frldoni "'", Ap' Apodi. Forno. F", Forr.oc:i. Aq"",;u. "", Aq"",;i Gemini "'. Geminorum Aquilo "", AquiJoe OM Oro Cru .• A<o A<o A<~ Hercul&. H~ Herculi. Arie. "" Arietos Horologium "'" Horologii Au,igo Am Aurigoe ""'0 Hyo ""'~ ",,", 800 6oOIi. Ityd,us Hy' Hydri Coelum C~ COfIti Indus ''''' ''''', Comelopa,doli, Co. Comelopordoli. lo<o~ lo< locer1Of1 Concer C~ Cont.i L~ too Leoni. Cone. V.noT,d ev. Conum Vt<1OTlcorum too ,,~ lM< leoni. Mlnorll Coni. Moior CMo Coni. Mojori, L.,., L." lepori. CO"" Minor CMi Coni. M,nori. libr" Ub UbrOfl Capricornu. Cop Coprkotni lu""s Lop ,,-Co,ino Co, C",inoe L"" L", Lynd. Couioptio Co, COlSiopeiOfl L,o L, L,~ CenlOuru, C~ CenlOu,; Mo.~ Mo. ...... "10. C",,"", C.p Cephei MicfOSCopium Mic MicrO$COpii C~, c., C"' Monocerol Moo MonocerOli. ChomooIooo Cho Chom.,.IeonTi. Mu.eo "" "'-~ Ci,cinu. Ci, Ci.cini No<~ No< Nomooo Columbo C. Columboe ""'OF Od Odanh Como 6erentc .. Com Com.,. 6er .... lc .. Ophiuch". Oph Ophiuchi CorOf'<> Auslr"t;. C,A Coronoe A",lfoli. (>,., (>, Orioni. Corono Bor ... li. C~ Coron.,. 8o< ... 1i. ,= ,~ Pavoni, C~, C. CoN' "eso"'" '" PeQOli C'o .... " C,oteri. Per""". ,- Per .. i Cro, Cro Cruel. Phoeni. 'h P'hoeooicis Cygnus C'" Crgni PicTor 'k Pictotis o.lphlnus Do' Delphin; P;.eas ,- Pi.e,urn 00<000 00< Oorodul Pi.ei. Au .... ;nus '''' Pl.e .• Au"'ini ~oco ~o Oroconi. (conlinuod overleaf)

d

ciI Constellations

Conwllorion Abbreviotion G.tniti ..... Consle!lo,ion Abbreviation G.!ni!;1'H

P~ppi~ "P Puppi. TeleKopium T.I T.Ie$Copii "", '" I'yxidis Triongulum Tri T,long"li Reliculum •• Retieul; T riongulum Au'lrole M Trionguli Auol,,,li, s..,,~ SO· ~ino. TOKono T~ Tuconoe Sagillorius SO' Sosilloril U'KI Moio< UM<> U,soe Maiori. Scorpiu. S<o ScOtpii UrS<! Mioor UMi U.saeM,nOnl Sculptor Sd Sculptoris V •• V.I volorum x~. x, x", Virgo Vi, Virgini. So.,.." So. Serpen,i. Voion. VO Volonh. Sexkms So, Sexkln~' Vulpec!J1o V,I Vulpecu!oe Touru. T •• Tau';

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existence for some time. Many of them contain numerous links to other sites so you will be able quickly to find pages on topics not covered here directly. Some of them have mirror sites which may provide quicker access.

Astronomical equipment Astronomical Society of the Pacific Astronomy: Good Starting Points Astronomy Now Astronomy Text Book Comet information Comet information Digitised Sky Survey Europeon Southern Observotory HST Guide Star Catologue Hubble Spoce Telescope International Dark Skies Association IOTA asteroid occultations IOTA lunar occultations and eclipses Jel Propulsion laboratory Messier object images Optec (photometers) SBIG (CCDs) Shareware ond PO 5Oftwore Sky and Telescope Solar eclipse data Solar image taken todoy Solar physics Solar System images and data Spoce Telescope Science Institute Stors Stars and Galaxies UK amoteur ostronomy

http://Astronomy-Mall.com http://maxwell .sfsu.edu/asp/asp.html hHp: / /www.herts.ac.uk/lrc/subjects/natsci/astrhP9.htm http://www.demon.co.uk/astronaw http://www.herts.oc.uk/astro_ub/ http://encke.jpl.naso.goy http://seds.lpl .orizono.edu/billo/tnp/comets.html hltp:! / .tdotu .• tscLedu/ cg i·b i n/ d •• -'orm http://www.eso.org http://orch-http.hq .e.o .org/cg ;.Ili n/gsc http://www.stscLedu http://www.dorksky.org http://www.onomolies.com/ioto/splosh.htm http://www.sky.net/-robin50n/iotondx.hlm http://www.jpl.noso.goY http:// sed s.lpl.ori zono.ed u/ messier/Messier. hlml http://www.optecinc.com http://www.sbig .com hltp://www.prenhall.com/-chaisson/download http://www.skypub.com http://umbra .noscom.noso.goy .ecli pse http://www.sel.bldrdoc.govt/todoy.hlml http://umbro.noscom.noso.gov http://bong.lanl.gov/50lorsys http://morvel.sl,ci .edu/ http://guinon .gsfc .noso .goy http://www.eio.brod.oc.uk/bli/ http://www.ukindex.co.uk/uko.lro

18

A few technical terms that may be useful are defined below:

Aeon - a time interval of 1 000000000 years. Aperture - the diameter of the objective. Degree (0) - a measure of angle equal to 11360 of a com­

plete circle. It is divided into 60 minutes of arc ('), each of which is in turn divided into 60 seconds of arc (").

Diffraction - a phenomenon arising from the wave nature of light, which means that light passing an edge (of a lens, mirror, supporting strut etc.) is sent off in many directions, not just the direction that you might expect from geometrical optics. With small telescopes, diffrac­tion is the main limit on the resolution of the instrument.

Effective focal length - the focal length which results from the combined effect of all the optical components of the instrument. In many designs of telescope, such as the Cassegrain and Schmidt-Cassegrain, the focal length of the primary mirror is quite short but the secondary mirror then increases this by a factor of 3 or 4, giving a compact design with a long focal length. The effect of Barlow lenses and telecompressors is also to extend or reduce the effective focal length of a telescope.

Eyepiece - the small lens or set of lenses used to produce an image visible to the eye from the light focused by the objective (Section 2.2).

Focal length - the distance from the centre of the lens or mirror to the point at which light from a very distant object is brought to a focus.

Focal ratio - the ratio of the focal length of a lens or mirror to its diameter (aperture).

Minutes of arc (') - see Degree. Objective - this is the main light-gathering and focusing

part of the telescope. It is either a large lens (in a refrac­tor), or a mirror (in a reflector).

Plate scale - the linear distance along the image plane of a telescope, which corresponds to a unit angular separa­tion of two objects. It is the scale that you will get on the negative of a photograph taken through the telescope or on the chip of a CCD detector. For an effective focal length of 2 m, the plate scale is 0.6 mm per minute of arc.

Resolution - the ability of a telescope to enable two close objects (such as stars) to be seen separately (Section 2.5).

Seconds of arc (") - see Degree.

18

Index

Aberrations 25 Absolute magnitudes 84-85 Absorption line spectra 113 Absorption nebulae 93 Achromatic doublets 20 Achromatic refractors 21-22 Active galaxies 114,121-122,

126-128 Addresses, Internet 181 Adelie land 132 Advanced work 135-155 Aeons 63, 183 Airy disk 45,60-61 Alear 34,88 Alignment 32 Almanacs 18 Alphabet. Greek 177 Alphonsus 62 Alpine Valley 60 Alt-azimuth mountings 22,25,30,

32.41 Altitude 32 Aluminising 34-35 Aluminium 35 AnaIemma 130 Andromeda galaxy 139 Anti-reflection coatings 34-35 Anti-suns 130 Antoniadi's scale 46 Apertures 19, 183 Apodisation 42-43,61,62 Apodisation masks 55 Apparent visual magnitudes 84-85 Arc

minutes of (') 183 seconds of(") 183

Arc near the zenith 130 Argelander 88 Aries 15

FirstPointof 15,17 Aristarchus 62 Artifica1 eclipses 54 Ashen light 69 Asteroids 18,65-66,72-73

astrometric work on 152 rotation of 73

Asteroid occultations 150 Astrometric measurements 143-144

work on asteroids 152 Astronomical Almanac 151 Astronomical societies 157-159

national 46 Astronomy

books on introductory 162 practical 162

computers in 150-153 Atlases 161 Atmosphere

Earth 26, 38, 43, 50 thick. 68 turbulence 34

Aurora 131-132 australis 132 borealis 132

Autoguider 141 Averted vision 37 Ax ..

declination 30 Earth's rotational 30

polar 30,32 Azimuth 32 Background sky 135 Baffles 25 Barlow lens 28 Barred spiral galaxies 114 Basins 69 Bathurst Island 132 Bay of Mexico 95 Bayer system 6, 87 Belts 72 Bibliography 161 Big Bang 114 Big Dipper 2 Binaries

eclipsing 88 photometric 88 spectroscopic 88

Binary stars 88-89 Binoculars 21,55-58 BL Lac objects 126 Black holes 115,126

super·massive 114,121 Black·and·white films 142 Blindness 49 Blink comparator 137,151 Blurred 40 Bolides 130 Bonner Durchmusterung catalogue

7 Books, astronomy

introductory 162 practical 162

Bright Star catalogue 7 Broadband filters 136 C23 114 C55 110 C63 111 3C273 127 Cable release 139 Caldwell catalogue 163-169 Caldwell objects 167-169 Callisto 65,71 Camcorders 143 Cameras

CCD 39,138 purpose·designed 143

single lens reflex (SLR) 139-140, 142

Canals, Martian 38, 67 Carbon 136 Carina 8 Cassegrain Reflector 24-25,183 Cassini's Division 72 Cataclysmic variables 87 Catalogues 18

Caldwell 163-169 Hubble Guide Star 143,152 Messier 163-169 star 45,84, 161

Cat's Eye nebula C6 100 CHAT (Central Bureau for

Astronomical Telegrams) 46 CCD cameras 39,138,142-144,151

purpose·designed 143 CCD images 19,23,26,30,32,46,

63,80,136 CCD photometry 146 CCDs (charge·coupled devices)

142-144,183

cooling 143 Cell,

cone 37 rod 33,37

Centaurus 8 Central Bureau for Astronomical

Telegrams (CBAT) 46 Central obstruction 20 Cepheids 87 Chain of small craters 60 Charge·coupled devices (CCDs)

142-144,183 Choiceoffilm 141-142 Choice of processing 141-142 Chromatic aberration 20, 27 Chromosphere 52 Circular fringes 42 Civil time 130 Cleaning 34-35 Close double stars 88,149 Clouds

dust 93,131 gas 93 giant molecular, cold 98 large Magellanic 105, 117,

125-126 Oort 78 small Magellanic 126

Clusters galactic 89-90,113,171-172 globular 89-92,113.121-122,

173 open 89 stars 89-93, 126 Wild Duck 89-90

Coalsack 94 Coatings

anti·reflection 35 reflective 35 silver 35

Cocoons 104 Cold giant molecular clouds 98 Collimation 24, 29 Colour balance 138 Colour contrasts, in double stars 89 Colour filters 137-138 Colour index 85 Colour print films 141 Comas 75,77-78,80 Comet ephemerides 80 Comet filters 136 Comets 18,75-81,131-132

brightness of 81 discovering 81 Halley's 78-79 Koboutek's 79 long-period 76 Mueller 80 nomenclature of 79 observing 79-81 Sboemaker-Levy9 71,79 short-period 76

Comparison stars 85 Composition 77 Computer-controlled telescopes

14,17,22,25,32 Computers, in astronomy 150-153 Condensation 35 Cone cells 37 Conjunction 58, 66, 70

Constellations 1-8,65,138,142, 179-180

scaleof 5 Constellation identification 3 Contrast enhancement 151 Contrasts 20,26,42-43,61 Convection currents 36 Cook, James 69 Copernicus 60,67 Corona 52, 54

lunar 129 Coronagraph 54 Cosmic ray strikes 46 Costs 21,22 Crab Nebula 105-106 Craters 55,58-59

depths of 63 beigh ts of 63 impact 69 rays 59 small, chain of 60

Crater counting 63 Crescent, thin 55, 58 Cross·wire eyepiece 38, 40 Crux 2,8 Currents, convection 36 Curvature of the Earth 63 CY Aqr 146-147 Cycles. eleven·year 49 Cygnus Loop 106 Cygnus rift 94 Dark adaption 36-37 Dark nebulae 93-95, 99 Data processing 152-153 Databases 32, 151 Declination 1,7,15,30 Declination axis 30 Deferent 132 Degrees (G) 183 Deimos 70 Deneb 95 Depths of craters 63 Detectors

CCD 142-144,183 infra·red 93

Dew·cap 36 Dewing-up 35-36 Diffraction 183 Diffraction fringes 43, 60 Diffraction spikes 25,42-43 Diffraction-limited resolutions 26,

38,42,44 Dione 72 Direct motion 65 Direct pbotographs 26 Direct vision spectrograph 154 Discoveries 46-47,81 Dobsonian mount 21-22, 32, 41 Dollond, John 20 Domes 25 Doppler shifts 34,54,114 Double star 26 Drives 19,30,40

computer·controlled 22, 25 imperfections in 40

Dumbbell nebula 110,155 interplanetary 77

Dust clouds 93, 131 Dust particles 93,95-98

interplanetary 77

Dust tails 77 Dwarf stars 87 E-mail 47 Eagle nebulae 98-99, 103 Earth, curvature of 63 Earth's atmosphere 26, 38,43, 50 Earth's rotational axis 30 Earth's shadow 133 East quadrature 66 Eclipses 71,87

artifical 54 lunar 52,55,57

geometry of 57 partial 57 satellite 150 solar 52,57 total 57

Eclipsingbinarystars 88,145-146 Ecliptic 58 Effective focallengtb 139,183 Electronic images 135 Eleven·year cycles 49 Elliptical galaxies 114-115,121-122 Elliptical orbits 76 Elongation 67

greatest 68 greatest eastern 66 greatest western 66

Emersion 148-149 Emissionlinespectra 113,154 Emission nebulae 93.98-104, 135 Enceladus 72 Enck.e'sdivisionofringA 72 Englishoryokemounting 31 Ephemerides 151, 161

minor planet 150 Epicycles 132 Epochs 17,151 Equation of time 130 Equatorial mountings 22, 25, 30-32 Equinox 80 Erfie eyepiece 28 Europa 65 Evening Star 133 Events, mutual 150 Exitpupil 27 Exposure time 139, 143 Extrinsic variables 86 Eye 26,33

pupil of 27,36 Eye relief 27 Eyepieces 23,25-29,59,183

cross·wire 40 Eyepiece designs, types of 28

cross·wire 40 Erfie 28 guiding 41 Huyghenian 28 Kellner 28 micrometer 63 monocentric 28 Nagler 28 orthoscopic 28 parfocal set of 28 plossi 28 Ramsden 28 ultra·wide angle 27

Eyepiece projection 26,50-51, 139-141

Field de-rotators 30,41

Index

Fields of view 13,22,27-28,45 Films

black-aDd-white 142 choice of 141-142 colour print 141 slide 142 T-grain 142

Filters 49 broadband 136 colour 137-138 comet 136 full-aperture 50-52 H-a 53 H-f3line 94 interference 137 light-pollution 135-137 line 135 narrowband 135 nebular 135-137 variable-density 43

Filter sets 145-146 Finder cbarts 44-45 Finder telescopes 13,38-40,51 Finding 38-39 Fireballs 130 First Point of Aries IS, 17 FITS fonnat 151 Flamsteed catalogue 7 Fluorescence 78 Focallength 183

effective 139 Focal plane photography through the

telescope 139 Focal ratio 24,183 Forbidden lines 100 Fork mounting 31 Fovea centralis 37 Fringes

circular 42 diffraction 43, 60

Frosty nights 44 Fullmaon 59 Full-aperture filters 50-52 Functions, point spread 42 Galacticcentre 93 Galactic dusters 89-90, 113,

171-172 Galaxies 19,113-128,175-176

active 114.121-122,126-128 Andromeda 139 elliptical 114-115.121-122 Great in Andromeda 114.

117-118,122 Hubble classification of 116 irregular 114-115,122-126 MilkyWay 113,116 satellite 90 Seyfert 114-115,126-128 Sombrero 119 spical 99,114-120,138

observing 116-120 Virgo cluster of 122 Whirlpool 117, 133

Galilean satellites 71, 150 of}upiter 65

Galileo 19,71 Ganymede 65 Gas clouds 93 Gas tails 77 Gaussian 43 Gegenschein 132 General Catalogue of Variable Stars

86 German mounting 31 Geometry of a lunar-eclipse 57 Ghost 46 GIF 151 Globular clusters 89, 90-92, 113,

121-122,173 Glory 130 Granulation 51-52 Grazing occultations 149 Great Bear 2

Great Galaxy in Andromeda 114. 117-118,122

Great Orion Nebula 100 Great Red Spot (GRS) 71 Greatest elongation 68

Eastern 66 Western 66

Greek alphabet 177 Green flash 130 GRS (Great Red Spot) 71 Guide telescope 40, 80 Guiders, off-axis 140 Guiding 39-41,80,141

eyepieces 41 off-set 40

HIIregions 113 H-exfilters 53 H-ex radiation 138,154 H-p line filters 94 Hair dryers 36 Halley's comet 78-79 Halos 129

46D 130 solar 129

Heights of craters 63 Helix nebula 111-112 Henry Draper catalogue 7 Herschel wedge 51 Hooker telescope 113 Horsehead Nebula 94 Horseshoe nebula 102 Hourangle 17,30 Hubble, Edwin 114 Hubble classification of galaxies

114,116 Hubble Guide Star catalogue 18,

143,152 Hubble space telescope 103 Hubble's variable nebula 97 Huggins, William 113 Hunter (Orion) 2 Huyghenian eyepiece 28 Hydrogen-a line 100 Hyperbola 24 Hypersensitised film 142 Iapetus 72 IAPPP (International

Amateur-Professional Photoelectric Photometry) 146

lees 77 Illuminated cross-wires 38 Image de-rotator 32 Images 42

CCD 19,26,30,32,46.63,80 electronic 135 photographic 63 processing of 151-152 real 26 of stars 21 trailed 40

Imaging 138 CCD 23,136 tri-colour 138

Immersed stars 149 Immersion 148 IMO (International Meteor

Organization) 47 Impact craters 69 Impacts, meteorite 63 Imperfections, in drives 40 Inclined plane equatorial-drive

platforms 41 Inclined planes 32 Inferior conjunction 66-69 Infra-red detectors 93 Instrumental profiles 42,61-62 Instruments. computer-controlled 14 Integrated magnitude 116 Interference 136 Interference filters 137 International Amateur-Professional

Photoelectric Photometry (IAPPP) 146

International civil timekeeping 148 International Meteor Organization

(IMO) 47 International Occultation Timing

Association (IOTA) 150 Internet 150,153, 181 Interplanetary dust 77 Intrinsic variables 86 Introductory astronomy books 162 10 65,71 lOT A (International Occultation

Timing Association) 150 Irregular galaxies 114-115,

122-126 Irregular variables 87 Isopropanol 35 Jets 80,121

high-velocity 122 Journals 161 Jovian meteorology 70 JPEG 151 Jupiter 65-72,137,150

Galilean satellites of 65 Keck telescopes 33 Kellner eyepiece 28 King Charles's Wain 2 Kohoutek's comet 79 Kuiper belt 78 Lagoon nebula 99,101 Large MageUanic Cloud 105,117,

125-126 Latitude 14 Layers

anti-reflection 34 reflecting 34

Length effective focal 183 focal 183

Lenses Barlow 28 telecompressor 141

Libration 58, 62 Life 69 Light

ashen 69 zodiacal 131-132

Light grasp 33, 83 Light pollution 135

filters 135-137 Lighting, red 37 Limb darkening 51-52 Limiting stellar magnitude 80 Limits, diffraction 44 Lines

forbidden 100 H-a 100,154

Little Bear (Ursa Minor) 8 Log book 45-46 Long-period comets 76 Long-period variables 87,154 Longitude 14 Lossy 151 Low-altitude turbulence 44 Lunar corona 129 LUnar eclipses 52, 55. 57

geometry of 57 Lunar occultations 148-149 Lunar surface, ages of parts of 63 Lunar work, optimum telescopes for

60-61 Ml 105-106 M3 90-91 M8 101 M13 91-92 M16 103-104,105 M17 103-104 M20 102-103 M27 110 M31 114, 117, 122, 124 M32 124 M42 100-101 M51 117-119,133 M74 119-120

M77 128 M78 96-97 M82 125 M83 120,122-123 M87 121,123 MI04 119 MllO 122,124 Magnetic fields 52 Magnetic poles 132 Magnification 13,26-28,38

minimum 34 Magnitudes 33, 83-85

absolute 84-85 apparent 85 estimating visual 85 integrated 116 limiting 33 visual apparent 84

Man in the Moon 55-56,129 Map of the Moon 59 Mare Crisium 58 Maria 58-59 Mars 65-72,69-70, 137

orbit of 69 rotation of 70

Martian canals 38, 67 Masks

apodisation 55 star-shaped 42-43

Masses 88 Measurements, astrometric

143-144 Mercury 65-72, 137

phases of 66-68 rotational period of 67

Messier, Charles 163 Messier catalogue 163-169 Messier objects 142,164-166 Meteors 130-131

showers 131 radiant 131

sporadic 130 Meteorites 79 Meteorite impacts 63 Meteorology

Jovian 70 Saturnian 72

Microdensitometers 144 Micrometer eyepieces 63 MilkyWay 90,94,105,125,

131-132 MilkyWayGalaxy 113,116 Mimas 72 Minor planet Centre (MPC) 47 Minor planet ephemerides 150 Mintaka 85 Minutes of arc (') 183 Mira-type variables 87 Mirrors

parabolic 24 partially reflecting 41 secondary 23-24,43 spherical primary 25

MiZar 34,88 Monocentric eyepiece 28 Moon 55-63,66, 129

full 59 Galilean 150 map of 59 new 58 phases of 55-56,60,63, 148 ring around the 129

Moore, Dr Patrick 163 Motor speeds, computer-controlled

32 Mountain ranges 58 Mountings 19, 25, 29-32

alt-azimuth 22,25,30,32,41 English 31 equatorial 30-32 equatorial with a drive 22 finder for 39 fork 31

German 31 modified English 31 yoke 31

MPC (Minor planet Centre) 47 Mueller 80 Mutual events 150 Mylar 51 Nagler eyepiece 28 Naked-eye work 55-58 Narrowband filters 135 National astronomical societies 46 Neap tides 129 Nebulae 19,93-113,126,138,155,

174 absorption 93 Cat's Eye C6 100 Crab 105, 106 dark 93-95, 99 Dumbbell 110, 155 Eagle 98-99, 103 emission 93,98-104,135 Great Orion 100 Helix 111-112 Horsehead 94 Horseshoe 102 Hubble's variable 97 Lagoon 99,101 North American 95 Omega 102 Orion 98, 139, 155 planetary 93,99-100.108-113,

137 spectrum of 100

reflection 93, 95-99, 138 Ring 108-109,155 Saturn 110-111 spectra of emission 99-100 Swan 99,102 Trifid 99, 102 Veil 106-107

Nebular filters 135-137 Neptune 65,72-73 New Moon 58 Newton, Isaac 22 Newtonian telescope 21-24,

28-29 Nights, frosty 44 Nomenclature of comets 79 Normal spiral galaxies 114 Nova Cyg 1992, spectrum of 154 Nova hunter 87 Novae 18,87 Nucleus 77.115-117 Nudging 37 Objectives 26,33,183 Objective prisms 153-154 Objects

Caldwell 167-169 finding 17 Messier 164-166

Observations planetary 137 unaided 129-133

Observing comets 79-81 Observing programmes 21-22 Observing spiral galaxies 116~ 120 Observing the Sun 49 Observing techniques 36-43 Observing variable stars 86 Occultations 146,148-150

asteroid 150 grazing 149 lunar 148-149

of planets 149 Off-axis guiders 40. 140 Old-Moon-in-the-New-Moon's-arms

55,57,69,129 wGen 90 Omega nebula 102 Oortcloud 78 Open clusters 89 Opposition 66,69-70.73 Optics 33-34

Optimum telescope for lunar work 60-61

Orbits elliptical 76 Mars 69

Orbital inclinations 77 Orbital parameters 65 Orbital periods 62 Orion 2. 8, 94 Orion nebulae 98, 139, 155 Orion's belt 96, 100 Orthoscopic eyepieces 28 Parabolas 23 Parabolic mirrors 24 Parallax 62 Parameters, orbital 65 Parfoca1 eyepieces, set of 28 Parhelia 130 Partial eclipse 57 Partially reflecting mirrors 41 Penumbra 133 Perihelion 76,81 Periodic comets, definition of 76 Periods

orbital 62 rotational 62

different 71 synodic 65-66,69-70

Personal correction factor 52 Phases 68

of Mercury 66-68 ofthe Moon 55-56,60,63,148 of Venus 69 waning 148 waxing 148

Phobos 70 Photo-multiplier tubes 144 Photodiodes 144 Photographic photometry 144-145 Photographs 19,30,32,46,63,80,

135 direct 26

Photography 23.39, 138-142, 144 focal plane through the telescope

I" piggyback 138-139

photometers 145 designs of 145 virtual 146

Photometric variable stars 86, 88 Photometry 144-147,152

CCO 146 Pickering's scale 45 Piggyback photography 138-139 Pisces 15 Pixels 143 Plages 51-52 Planetarium programs 150-151 Planetary ephemeris 17 Planetary nebulae 93,99-100,

108-113, 137 Planetary observations 19,137 Planets 18,65-73, 132

lunar occultations of 149 Platesca1e 183 Platforms, inclined plane equatorial-

drive 41 Pleiades 89 plossl eyepiece 28 Plough 2-3, 5-6 Pluto 65,72-73 POgSOD'S equation 83 Point source 83 Point spread functions 42,61-62 Pointers 7,9 Polar axis 30, 32 Polaris 7,30,84 Pole Star 7,30,84 Poles, magnetic 132 Practical astronomy books 162 Precautions 49 Precession 7,17 Primary minimum 87

Processing,choiceof 141-142 Profiles, instrumental 42,61-62 Programmes 18

observing 21-22 planetarium 150-151 solar observing 52-53

Prominence spectroscope 53 Prominences 53 Protostars 99 ptolemy 132 Pupil 27,36

exit 27 Purpose-designed CCD cameras

14' QSOs 126 Quadrature 150 Quadrature east 66 Quadrature west 66 Quasars 114-115,126-128 Quasi-stellar objects 126 R CrB stars 87 R Monocerotis 97 Radar 68 Radiant of a meteor shower 131 Radiation. H-o: 138 Radio telescopes 93 Rainbows 130 Ramsden eyepiece 28 Ratio, focal 183 Rawdata 151 Rays, crater 59 Real image 26 Reciprocity failure 142 Recurrent novae stars 87 Redlighting 37 Redshift 114 Reflection nebulae 89,93, 95-99,

1'8 ReBective coatings 22, 34-35 ReBectors 19,21,61

Cassegrain 24-25 Newtonian 22-24

Refraction 40-41 Refractor 19,21,29,55,61 Resolution 33-34,42,50,61,183

diffraction-limited 26,42 Retina 37 Retrograde motion 65, 132 Rhea 72 Rhodopsin 37 Riftvalley 69 Right ascension 1,1, IS, 30 Ring around the Moon 129 Ring nebula 108-109,155 Rings 71-72 Ritchey-Chretien reflector 24 River beds 69 Rod cells 33, 37 Rosse, Lord 117 Rotation 80

of the asteroids 73 of Mars 70 of Mercury 67 Sun, period of 52

Rotational period 62 different 71

Rotational velocity 54 RRLyraevariables 146 RZ Cas 146 Satellites

Galilean 71 Jupiter, Galilean 65

Satellite eclipses 150 Satellite galaxies 90 Saturn 65-72, 150

meteorology 72 Saturn nebula 110-111 Scales

Antoniadi's 46 Pickering's 45

Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope 22, 25,29,183

Scintillation 26,43-44,149

Screens 50 Seasons 1 Secondary minimum 87 Secondary mirrors 23-24,43

supports for 20 Seconds ofarc (U) 183 Seeing 26, 38, 43-44 Seeing disk 38 Settingcircies 14,17,65-66 Seven Sisters 89 Seyfert galaxies 114-115,126-128 Shadow, Earth's 133 Shifts, Doppler 34, 54 Shoemaker-Levy 9 71,79 Shooting stars 130 Short-period comets 76 Sidereal day 17 Sidereal time 17 Siderostat 153 Silicon monoxide 35 Silver coatings 35 Silver mirror test 35 Single lens reflex (SLR) cameras

139-140,142 Sirius 8, 34, 42, 84-85, 88 61 Cygni 152 Sky background 45,135,137 Slide films 142 Slit spectrographs 154 Slow motion drive 30 SLR (single lens reflex) cameras

139-140,142 Small Magellanic cloud 126 Societies

Astronomical 157-159 national astronomical 46

Solar diagonal 51 Solar edipse 52, 57

flare 52 halo 129 photosphere 54 spectroscopy 54 wind 77

Solar observing programmes 52-53 Sombrero galaxy 119 South tropical disturbance 71 Southern Cross 2 Southern pole, pointers to 13 Spacecraft 132-133 Speckle interferometry 44 Spectra

emission nebulae 99-100 Nova Cyg 1992 154 planetarynebuIa 100

Spectral types 85 Spectrographs 113,153

direct vision 154 slit 154

Spectrohelioscopes 53-54 Spectroscopic analysis 93 Spectroscopic binaries 88 Spectroscopy 153-155

solar 54 Spectrum

absorption line 113 emission line 113

Spherical aberration 23 Spherical primary mirror 25 Spikes 20, 60

diffraction 42-43 Spiral arms 116 Spiral galaxies 99,114-120,138

barred 114 normal 114

Sporadic meteors 130 Spots 71,72 Spring tides 129-­Standard stars 84 Star atlas 7,45 Star catalogues 6,17,18,45,84,161 Star charts 17,18 Star clusters 89-93, 126 Star diagonals 28-30

Star formation 98 Star hopping 1,8-13,17,39,44,80 Star-shaped masks 42-43 Stars 83-92

binary 88-89 close double 149 comparison 85 double 26

colour contrasts in 89 double close 88 dwarf 87 eclipsing binary 145 Evening _1.33 images of 21 im.l}1ersed 149 Pole 84 R erB 87 recurrent novae 87 standard 84 T Tauri 90 variable 46,86-88,144, 146

General Catalogue of 86 observing 86 photometric 86

visual double 88-89 white dwarf 108

Starter constellation 7 Stellar magnitude, limiting 80 Stopping-down 49-50, 53 Straight wall 60 Sun 49-54, 129-130

finding 52 observing 49 period of rotation of 52

Sun dog 130 Sundial 130 Sunspot 49-52

maximum 49 Zurich number 52

Super-massive black holes 114, 121 Superior conjunction 66 Supernovae 18,87,104-105 Supernovae remnants 93, 104-108,

Il' Surface temperature 52 Swan bands 136 Swan nebulae 99, 102 Synodic periods 65-66,69-70 T association 89 T Tauri star 90 T-grain film 142 T-ring 136,139,140,142 Tail 77-78

dust 77 gas 77

Techniques, observing 36-43 Tele-extenders 139-141 Telecompressor lenses 140-141

using 139 Telescopes

computer-controlled 17 designs of 19-25 finder 38-40,51 focal plane photography through

the 139 guide 40 guiding 80 Hooker 113 Hubble Space 103 Ked 33 lunar work, optimum for 60-61 Newtonian 24 photography with 138-142 radio 93 Schmidt-Cassegrain 22,25,29

Temperature, surface 52 Terminator 59 Terrae 58 Tests, silver mirror 35 Tethys 72 Thick atmosphere 68 Thin crescent 55, 58 Tidally locked 67

Tides 129 neap 129 Spring 129

TIFF 151 Time

civil 130 equation of 130 exposure 139, 143

Index

Timekeeping, international civil 148

Titan 72 TLP (transient lunar phenomena)

55,61-62 Total eclipse 55,57 Trailed image 40 Transient lunar phenomena (TLP)

55,61-62 Transit 67,69,71 Transmission grating 53 Trapezium 100-101 Tri-colour imaging 138 Trifid nebulae 99, 102 Triton 72 Turbulence 38,43, 50

atmospheric 34 low-altitude 44

Turbulent zones 44 Twinkling 26, 43-44 UFOs 133 Ultra-wide-angle eyepieces 27 Umbra 133 Unaided observations 129-133 Uranus 65,72-73 Ursa Major 2-3

changing appearance of 5 names of the main stars in 6

Ursa Minor (Little Bear) 8 Valley 58

rift 69 Variable stars 46,86-88,144,146 Variable-density filter 43 Variables 89

cataclysmic 87 extrinsic 86 intrinsic 86 irregular 87 long-period 154 Mira·type 87

Veil nebula 106-107 Velocity. rotational 54 Venus 65-72,68-69,133,137

phases of 69 Vernal equinox 15 Vignetting 85 VirgoA 122 Virgo cluster of galaxies 122 Virtual photometer 146 Vision, averted 37 Visual brightnesses 144 Visual double stars 88-89 Visual magnitudes, estimating 85 Visual purple 37 Volcano 69 Western quadrature 66 Waning phase 148 Washing, gentle 35 Waxing phase 148 Web, world-wide 181 Wedge, Herschel 51 Whirlpool Galaxy 117,133 White dwarf star 108 Wild Duck cluster 89-90 Wind, solar 77 Wind shield 44 World-wide web 181 Zeeman effect 54 Zenith, arc near the 130 Zenithal hourly rate (ZHR) 131 ZHR (zenithal hourly rate) 131 Zodiac 77 Zodiacal light 131-132 Zone, turbulent 44 Zurich sunspot number 52