Upload
gilbert-jordan
View
216
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
IS CONSCIOUSNESS PRESENT IN FISH?
QuébecMichel CabanacDépartement de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences
PROLEGOMENON- what is consciousness?- what is an emergence?- natural selection
HOW MAY WE ACCEPT CONSCIOUSNESS IN AN ANIMAL?- signs of emotion- signs of sensory pleasure
MAMMALS
BIRDS
REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
FISH
POSSIBLE CONFIRMATIONS- sleep- play
CONCLUSION
PROLEGOMENON
- what is consciousness?- what is an emergence?- natural selection
HOW MAY WE ACCEPT CONSCIOUSNESS IN AN ANIMAL?- signs of emotion- signs of sensory pleasure
MAMMALS
BIRDS
REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
FISH
POSSIBLE CONFIRMATIONS- sleep- play
CONCLUSION
TUA IQ L YX
Y
INTENSIT
Y
Z
HE
DO
NIC
ITY
DURATIONT
What is consciousness?
PROLEGOMENON- what is consciousness?
- what is an emergence?- natural selection
HOW MAY WE ACCEPT CONSCIOUSNESS IN AN ANIMAL?- signs of emotion- signs of sensory pleasure
MAMMALS
BIRDS
REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
FISH
POSSIBLE CONFIRMATIONS- sleep- play
CONCLUSION
An emergence is,
The appearance in a system of newproperties that could not be anticipatedfrom the individual properties of theelements that constitute the system
A couple of examples...
condensateur
bobine
bobine+
condensateuren série
(a)
(b)
(c)
ENTRÉE SORTIEIN OUT
capacity
capacity+
coil
coil
Other examples:
Atoms H+ & H+ & O-- ——> WATER
with its extraordinary proerties
Or,
The inert separate parts ——>
a car, with its properties of moving, accelerating, etc.
PROLEGOMENON- what is consciousness?- what is an emergence?
- natural selectionHOW MAY WE ACCEPT CONSCIOUSNESS IN AN ANIMAL?- signs of emotion- signs of sensory pleasure
MAMMALS
BIRDS
REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
FISH
POSSIBLE CONFIRMATIONS- sleep- play
CONCLUSION
Charles Darwin1809-1882
”I have called this principle,by which each slight variation,If usefull, is preserved, by theterm Natural Selection “
(The Origin of Species)
C. Lloyd MORGAN (1852-1936)
Mario BUNGE (2002)Université McGill
Leda COSMIDES & John TOOBY (2002) U. of California
Postulate: Consciousness evolved from sensation, i.e., sensation was the first element of consciousness
Correlate: Consciousness kept the structure of sensation
PROLEGOMENON- what is consciousness?- what is an emergence?- natural selection
HOW MAY WE ACCEPT CONSCIOUSNESS IN AN ANIMAL?
- signs of emotion- signs of sensory pleasure
MAMMALS
BIRDS
REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
FISH
POSSIBLE CONFIRMATIONS- sleep- play
CONCLUSION
Z
HE
DO
NIC
ITY
TUA IQ L YX
Y
INTENSIT
Y
DURATIONT
WHAT IS EMOTION?
PROLEGOMENON- what is consciousness?- what is an emergence?- natural selection
HOW MAY WE ACCEPT CONSCIOUSNESS IN AN ANIMAL?- signs of emotion
- signs of sensory pleasureMAMMALS
BIRDS
REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
FISH
POSSIBLE CONFIRMATIONS- sleep- play
CONCLUSION
« L'homme est né pour le plaisir: il le sent il
n'en faut point d'autre preuve. Il suit donc sa
raison en se donnant au plaisir »
Pascal, 1623-1662 (Discours sur les passions de
l'amour)
« The cardinal mystery of neurobiology is not self love or dreams of immortality but intentionality »
E. O. Wilson, 1978 (On Human Nature).
SENSORY PLEASURE
Z
HE
DO
NIC
ITY
TUA IQ L YX
Y
INTENSIT
Y
DURATIONT
Finaly, in the thinking being, behavior is a question of motivation
« Surprise. Here is an expert in motivation! »
PROLEGOMENON- what is consciousness?- what is an emergence?- natural selection
HOW MAY WE ACCEPT CONSCIOUSNESS IN AN ANIMAL?- signs of emotion- signs of sensory pleasure
MAMMALSBIRDS
REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
FISH
POSSIBLE CONFIRMATIONS- sleep- play
CONCLUSION
Emotional fever
4 0
(°C
)
)
3 53 02 52 01 51 0502 4
2 6
2 8
3 0
3 2
3 4
TIME ( min )
3 9
3 8
3 7
3 6
tail
brain
RAT
T t
ail (
ºC)
T b
rain
(ºC
)
Briese E., Cabanac M. (1991). Physiol. Behav. 49: 1153-1157
Emotional tachycardia
Cabanac A., Cabanac M. (2000) Behav. Proc. 52: 89-95.
Ingestive mimics
Gustatory pleasure
Aversive mimics
Norgren R., Grill H. G. (1982)
Cabanac M., Lafrance L. (1989)
Sensory pleasure in rat
Cabanac M., Serres P. (1976). J. comp. physiol. Psychol. 90: 435-441.
Pleasure and conflict of motivations in rat
Cabanac M., Johnson K.G. (1983) Physiol. Behav. 31: 249-253.
Mammals: conclusion
- signs of emotion (fever, tachycardia);- signs of sensory pleasure (taste, temperature, conflict of motivations…);- maximizing pleasure plaisir motivates behavior.
CONSCIOUSNESS IS LIKELY TO EXIST IN MAMMALS
PROLEGOMENON- what is consciousness?- what is an emergence?- natural selection
HOW MAY WE ACCEPT CONSCIOUSNESS IN AN ANIMAL?- signs of emotion- signs of sensory pleasure
MAMMALS
BIRDS
REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
FISH
POSSIBLE CONFIRMATIONS- sleep- play
CONCLUSION
I. Pepperberg & Alex (2001)
HumanHomo ‘sapiens’
AristotePsittacus erythacus(« Aristoteles dixit »)
Cabanac M. (2001)
41.2
41.4
41.6
41.8
42
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
TIME (min)
x x
xx x x x
30
32
34
36
38
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
x x x x
xxx
crest
cloacaT
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
(°C
)
birdEmotional fever
Cabanac M., Aizawa S. (2000)Physiol. Behav. 69: 541-545
foot
Emotional tachycardia
Cabanac M., Aizawa S. (2000)Physiol. Behav. 69: 541-545
Hen
Birds: conclusion
- signs of motion (fever, tachycardia);- verbal signs of sensory pleasure (taste, caress…).
CONSCIOUSNESS IS LIKELY TO EXIST IN BIRDS
PROLEGOMENON- what is consciousness?- what is an emergence?- natural selection
HOW MAY WE ACCEPT CONSCIOUSNESS IN AN ANIMAL?- signs of emotion- signs of sensory pleasure
MAMMALS
BIRDS
REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
FISH
POSSIBLE CONFIRMATIONS- sleep- play
CONCLUSION
Emotional fever
240210180
CO
RE
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
(°C
)
1501209060300
TIME (min)
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
l i •o
lizard
periodical manipulationcontrol without manipulation
Cabanac M., Gosselin F. (1993) Anim. Behav. 46: 200-202
Emotional tachycardia
Cabanac A., Cabanac M. (2000) Behav. Proc. 52: 89-95
PLEASURE AND DECISION MAKING (lizards)
Balaskó M., Cabanac M. (1998) Brain Behav. Evol. 52: 257-262
Reptiles: conclusion
- signs of emotion (fever, tachycardia);- signs of sensory pleasure (taste, temperature, conflict of motivations…);- maximizing pleasure motivates behavior.
CONSCIOUSNESS IS LIKELY TO EXIST IN REPTILES
PROLEGOMENON- what is consciousness?- what is an emergence?- natural selection
HOW MAY WE ACCEPT CONSCIOUSNESS IN AN ANIMAL?- signs of emotion- signs of sensory pleasure
MAMMALS
BIRDS
REPTILES
AMPHIBIANSFISH
POSSIBLE CONFIRMATIONS- sleep- play
CONCLUSION
No emotional tachycardia in amphibians
Cabanac A., Cabanac M. (2000) Behav. Proc. 52: 89-95
No aquired taste aversion in amphibians
LiCl saline TREATMENT
100
0
New beforeNew after
*0
100
FO
OD
INT
AK
E (
%)
LiCl saline
lizards frogs & salamanders
Paradis S., Cabanac M. (2004) Behav. Proc. 67: 11-18
FO
OD
INT
AK
E (
%)
TREATMENT
No emotional fever in amphibians
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
CO
RE
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E (
ºC)
TIME (min)Cabanac A. J., Cabanac M. (2004) J. thermal Biol. 29: 669-673
Rana sp.
AMPHIBIANS: conclusion
- no signs emotion (fever, tachycardia);- no signs of sensory pleasure (taste).
CONSCIOUSNESS IS UNLIKELY TO EXISTIN AMPHIBIANS
PROLEGOMENON- what is consciousness?- what is an emergence?- natural selection
HOW MAY WE ACCEPT CONSCIOUSNESS IN AN ANIMAL- signs of emotion- signs of sensory pleasure
MAMMALS
BIRDS
REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
FISHPOSSIBLE CONFIRMATIONS- sleep- play
CONCLUSION
No emotional fever in fish (C. auratus)
37°C 34°C
air air
Cabanac M., Laberge F. (1998) Physiol. Behav. 63: 377-379
PROLEGOMENON- what is consciousness?- what is an emergence?- natural selection
HOW MAY WE ACCEPT CONSCIOUSNESS IN AN ANIMAL?- signs of emotion- signs of sensory pleasure
MAMMALS
BIRDS
REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
FISH
POSSIBLE CONFIRMATIONS- sleep- play
CONCLUSION
PROLEGOMENON- what is consciousness?- what is an emergence?- natural selection
HOW MAY WE ACCEPT CONSCIOUSNESS IN AN ANIMAL?- signs of emotion- signs of sensory pleasure
MAMMALS
BIRDS
REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
FISH
POSSIBLE CONFIRMATIONS
- sleep- play
CONCLUSION
R. Rial (2005)
Sleep
Sleep
M. C. Nicolau, M. Akaârir, A. Gamundí, J. González, R. V. Rial (2000) Why we sleep: the evolutionary pathway to the mammalian sleep Progr. Neurobiol. 2000, 62: 379-406.
For Rial et col. The evolution of awakening is the main force towards a development of the brain.Cortical awakening is specific to mammals, as well as sleep with its two states (slow wave sleep, spindles and ‘rapid’ sleep ).
Reptiles possess a wake slow EEG(with spindles) in the whole brain.
Amphibians, without cortex, don’t show any sign of sleep.
PROLEGOMENON- what is consciousness?- what is an emergence?- natural selection
HOW MAY WE ACCEPT CONSCIOUSNESS IN AN ANIMAL?- signs of emotion- signs of sensory pleasure
MAMMALS
BIRDS
REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
FISH
POSSIBLE CONFIRMATIONS- sleep
- playCONCLUSION
Play
G. Burghardt (2000)
Play
For Burghardt, is an activity
- incompletely fonctional (useless on first sight),- volontarily initiated (which implies intention and, for him, pleasure),- non serious,- repetitive,- when the subject is completely relaxed.
G. M. Burghardt (2005) The Genesis of Animal Play. Cambridge (Mass.) MIT Press
G. M. Burghardt The Genesis of Animal Play. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 2005
Burghardt recognizes it without ambiguity- in mammals, - in birds - in reptiles.
He never observed it in amphibians
Some criteria can be found in some fish(sharks, tunas) andsome invertebrates (cephalopodes, bees).
PROLEGOMENON- what is consciousness?- what is an emergence?- natural selection
HOW MAY WE ACCEPT CONSCIOUSNESS IN AN ANIMAL?- signs of emotion- signs of sensory pleasure
MAMMALS
BIRDS
REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
FISH
POSSIBLE CONFIRMATIONS- sleep- play
CONCLUSION
Squamata yes yes yes
Anoura no no no
Mammalia yes yes yes
Urodela no no no
Crocodilia
Aves yes yes yes
Sphenodontia
Chelonia yes
Gymnophiona
Dipneusta
Emergence of Consciousnessin early Amniota
Signs of: SensoryEmotion pleasure Play
Rhipidistia
Tetrapoda
Lissamphibia
Teleostea no no
Two major emergences occured in our world:
- Life emerged from the physical world.
- Consciousness emerged from the living world probably with amniotes (bad news regarding Fish).
Consciousness is nevertheless deeply rooted in the living world since the beginning of the secondaryera.
If that is true, then fishes behave like robots….
…the complete story in:
iUniverse 2010