Is Stress a Bad Thing

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IS STRESS A BAD THING?



Overview

1. Definition of stress

2. Causes of stress

3. Adverse effects of stress4. Good effects of stress

5. Stress management strategies

6. Summary and Conclusion

7. References



Aim and Objectives

AimTo show the adverse effects of stress on managers health,happiness, home life and work performance

Objectives To broaden our understanding on the subject of stress.

To show how managers and organisations can manage stress.

To discuss why stress may be good for themanager/organisation.



Background

This presentation reviews the adverse effects of stress onmanagers· health, happiness, home life and work performance.

¶·«..Stress is a silent killer«..·· (Hart 2007)

¶· Stress is normal to human existence. A totally stress-free stateis death ¶·

(Salami et al 2010 p 258)

Too few employers«.understand it«..can identify it«.or knowhow it affect their employee and productivity

(CIPD 2008)



What is Stress ?

Stress is

¶¶the adverse reaction that people have to excessivepressure or other types of demand placed on them··

HSE 2008

¶¶the feeling of being under too much mental or emotionalpressure··

NHS 2010

An unpleasant emotional situation that we experiencewhen requirements (work-related or not) cannot becounter-balanced with our ability to resolve themµ.

Halkos andBousinakis 2010



Stress in figures

Stress is the most common cause of long-term

absence (of more than four weeks) for non-manual

staff««

(CIPD 2002)

Absence sickness costs employers an average of

£522 for each employee per year. This amounts to

an estimated annual cost of £13 billion for theUK.

(CIPD 2011 pg 5)



Causes of stress

1. Factors intrinsic to the Job

Working Condition

Work hours and load

New Technology introduction

2. The role in the organisation

Role ambiguity

Role conflict

Degree of responsibility(Arnold 2005, p.395-410)



Causes of stress continued

3. Personality and Coping

Relationships at work

Relationship with subordinates and colleagues

4. Organisational Culture and Climate

Organisational Climate :

¶·The prevailing workplace atmosphere as experienced by employees. It is

what it feels like to work in a group·· (MSH 2005)

Organisational Culture

¶·The pattern of shared values and assumptions that organisational members

share. The way we do things around here··

(MSH 2005)

(Arnold 2005, p.395-410)



Causes of stress continued

Home-to-Work Interface

Lack of participation in decision making

Lack of administrative support Punishment centred philosophy or unfair discipline

Existence of bureaucracy

Increased workload

Inadequate resources to meet work demands

(Buker and Wiecko 2007)



How do you manage stress as a manager ?

1. Work Redesign:

Introducing flexible time

Increasing the amount and quality of support received by

individuals Effective management of workloads and careful allocation of

resources

2. Stress Management Training

Organize classes on relaxation, time management,assertiveness training or exercise.

(Rees 1997)



How do you manage stress as a manager ? (continued)

3. Ergonomics and Environmental Design

Improving the use of equipment at work and the physicalworking conditions can help to avoid stress.

4. Management Development

Improving managers· ,knowledge and understanding ofstress and their skills to deal with the issue

Learning to delegate assignment will also help to avoidstress.

(Rees 1997)



5. Diet and lifestyles changes

Reduce the intake of coffee, tea, cola or chocolate drinks

Relaxation techniques : deep breathing, exercise and yoga.(Rees 1997)

6. Laughter and fun times

Look for amusing colleagues, books, films, situations, etc

Organize happy hour, fun times Identify your stability zones, that is, places, people and

activities that you can find calm

(Ferdinand B., 1988)

How do you manage stress as a manager ? (continued)



Executive under Stress:

Lloyds Group CEO

Antonio Horta-Osorio, chief executive of Lloyds

banking group, has been signed off work for

medical reasons, reportedly stress and "extreme

fatigue".

His temporary departure has left share prices downand employees, investors and the government - who

have a large stake - wondering when he will return.

(BBC News report 3 November 2011)



Why stress is such a bad thing

It affects leisure time, leisure satisfaction and quality

of his or her family life (Ho 1998)

Stress leads to serious illness and damages to the

body

Hart (2007) maintained that successive increases in

stress cause deterioration in performance.



Larson (2004) ´not all stress is bad because a

certain amount of stress has been shown to improve

both effectiveness and performance··.

Hart (2007), stated that ´some stress is

good««certain amount of stress stimulates and

motivates high achievementµ.

Why a dose of stress is good for you«.(Eustress)



Why a dose of stress is good for you«.

Stress stimulate ideas

Stress enhance learning and development

Stress is required to put up a fight or escape in the

event of a threatening event.

Stress brings about innovation/breakthrough in

science, technology and artificial intelligence

(Salami et al 2010)



Effects of stress on performance(Yerkes - Dawson Law)

PEAK PERFORMANCE

LEVEL OFHUM AN PERFORM ANCE

AND HEALTH

HIGH

LOW HIGHDEMANDS

BOREDOM BURN-OUT

This model highlights that a perceived lack of challenges has similar effects to over-stimulation, and that these effects can be

progressive. This curve can be used to allow early recognition of the effects of stress to assist the individual in preventing their

progression into ineffectiveness and ill-health. (H ART 2007)



Stress management approaches

Physiological

Aerobics training, relaxation imagery, relaxation response

Psychological

Self statement modification, rational cognitiverestructuring, psychological coping statements

Behavioural

Time management, Assertiveness training, Conflictresolution, problem solving

EnvironmentalChange in management practices, change inorganizational structure

(Hart, K., 2007)



Effects of stress on managers· health

Hypertension: high blood pressure

Migraine

Asthma

Peptic Ulcers

Constipation

Rheumatoid arthritis Indigestion

(Ferdinand 1998)



Effects of stress on managers· happiness

When affected by work stress, people may:

Become increasingly distressed and irritable Unable to relax or concentrate

Lack of focus and difficulty in making decisions

Loss of interest in job

Uneasiness , unnecessary worry and anxiety

(Larson 2004; Hart 2007)



Effects of stress on managers· family life

Inadequate attention to family

Poor sex life

Unhappy marriages

Spouse and child abuse

Low quality of family life

Divorce

(Hsu 2011)



Effects of stress on managers·

work performance

Increasing absenteeism

Decreasing commitment to work

Problematic decision making Increasing accident rates

Increasing complaints from clients and customers

Damaging the organisation's image

(Hart 2007)



Summary and Conclusion

Stress is a cr itical issue to any business. (employeehealth and absence problem)

(CIPD 2008)

It makes good business sense to invest in employeestress management programme

Stress,wh

en not

pro

perly

managed, adversely affectsmanagers' health, happiness, home life and work

performance

(CIPD 2008)



Is stress such a bad thing ?(Class individual reflection exercise)

Question

Can you reflect on a situation that proved theabove is true, either personal or in the life of a

close individual to you.

Why do you think this is so ?



Wait a minute, a dose of stress is good for you«.(Class individual reflection exercise)

Question

Can you reflect on a situation that proved the

above is true, either personal or in the life of aclose individual to you.

Why do you think this is so ?



BBC NEWS 2011. Stress: is it surprising bosses are stricken. [online]. Available

from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15573121 [Accessed 7 November

2011].

BUCHANAN, D. & HUCZYNSKI, A. (2010). Organisational Behaviour. 7th

Edition. Pearson Education Ltd.

CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PERSONNELAND DEVELOPMENT -CIPD (2008).

Building the business case for managing stress in the workplace

CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PERSONNELAND DEVELOPMENT -CIPD (2011).

Absence management . CIPD Annual Survey Report 2011

FERDINAND, B. (1988). Stress Management. Industrial and Commercial Training,

20(4)

HALKOS, G and BOUSINAKIS, D. (2010). The effect of Stress and Satisfaction on

Productivity. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management ,

59(5).

References



HAMWI , G.A. et al.,(2011). Reducing Emotional Exhaustion and Increasing

Organizational Supportµ, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 22(1).

HART K.E. (2007). Introducing Stress and Stress Management to Managers.

Journal of Managerial Psychology , 16(5) pp 9-16.

HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE (2010). Video Interview- Janine Story

[online]. Available from:

http://www.hse.gov.uk/stress/video/janinestory.htm [Accessed 20 October

2011].

HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE (2008). Working together to reduce

stress at work: a guide for employees [online]. Available from:

http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg424.pdf [Accessed 7 November 2011].

HO, J.T.S. et al., (1998). Stress, Health and Leisure Satisfaction: the case of

teachers. Journal of Managerial Psychology , 13(5/6).

References



HSU Y.R. (2011). Work-family Conflict and Job Satisfaction In Stressful workingEnvironments: the moderating role of perceived supervisor support andinternal locus of control. International Journal of Manpower, 32(2)

LARSON L.L. (2004). Internal Auditors and Job Stress. Managerial Auditing

Journal, 19(9).

MANAGEMENT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH (MSH) (2005). Managers who lead : ahandbook for improving health services. Cambridge : Management Sciencesfor Health

NHS 2010. Stress.NHS Choices. UK: NHS. Available at :http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stress/Pages/Introduction.aspx [Accessed 20 October 2011].

REES W.D. (1997), ´Managerial Stress-Dealing with the Causes, Not Symptomsµ.Industrial and Commercial Training. 29(2).

SALAMI ,A.O., OJOKUKU,R.M.,ILESANMI,O.A. 2010. Impact of job stress onmanagers performance. European Journal of Scientific Research 45(2) p 258

References

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Is Stress a Bad Thing