PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

NAME

:KUNAL JOSHI

College Roll No.

:13MJIXX603

Class & Branch

:MBA III Semester

Session

:2014-2015

Training Period

:20 May 2014 To 03 July 2014 Days 45SUBMITTED TO

Dr. Punita Soni

Head, Department of Management Studies

JODHPUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, JODHPUR

PREFACEPractical knowledge means the visualization of the knowledge, which we read in books, for this we perform experiments and get observations. Practical knowledge is very important in every field. One must be familiar with the problems related to that field so that he may solve them and become a successful person.

After achieving the proper goal a Management Trainee enters in his professional life. According to this life, he has to serve an industry, may be Public or Private sector or self-owned. For the efficient work in the field he must be well aware of practical knowledge as well as theoretical knowledge.

To be good management Trainee, one must be aware of the industrial environment and must know about management, working procedure of the industry; labour problems etc. so he can tackle them successfully.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would sincerely like to thank the Management & Staff of ISCON surgical Ltd. Jodhpur which gave me the opportunity to complete my summer training in their reputed and esteemed industry.

I would like to convey my sincere regards for Mr.-------------------- for giving me the opportunity of undergoing the training at ISCON surgical Ltd. Jodhpur I would express deepest gratitude for Mr. -------------------- , Managing for giving proper guidance in their department. It would rather be inappropriate if I dont thank the rest of the ISCON staff without the ground support of whom my training would have been incomplete.

I would like to thank Honble Prof. Dr. Abhishek soni & all professors of JODHPUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, JODHPUR, Who guided me for training.

(KUNAL JOSHI)

INDEX

S.NO.PARTICULARSPAGE NO.

01

INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN SURGICALS

02ISCON SURGICAL : AN OVERVIEW

03SWOT ANALYSIS

04RECRUITMENT & SELECTION

05CONCLUSION

06RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

CHAPTER-IST

INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN SURGICALS INSTRUMENTS

Asurgical instrumentis a specially designed tool or device for performing specific actions of carrying out desired effects during asurgeryor operation, such as modifying biological tissue, or to provide access for viewing it. Over time, many different kinds of surgical instruments and tools have been invented. Some surgical instruments are designed for general use in surgery, while others are designed for a specific procedure or surgery. Accordingly, the nomenclature of surgical instruments follows certain patterns, such as a description of the action it performs (for example,scalpel,hemostat), the name of its inventor(s) (for example, theKocher forceps)or a compound scientific name related to the kind of surgery (for example, a tracheotomeis a tool used to perform atracheotomy).

The expressionsurgical instrumentationis somewhat interchangeably used with surgical instruments, but its meaning in medical jargon is really the activity of providing assistance to a surgeon with the proper handling of surgical instruments during an operation, by a specialized professional, usually asurgical technologistor sometimes anurseorradiographer.HISTORY:-

Surgical instruments have been manufactured since the dawn of pre-history. Rough trephines for performing round craniotomies were discovered in neolithic sites in many places. It is believed that they were used by shamans to release evil spirits and alleviate headaches and head traumas caused by war-inflicted wounds.

In the Antiquity, surgeons and physicians in Greece and Rome developed many ingenious instruments manufactured from bronze, iron and silver, such as scalpels, lancets, curettes, tweezers, speculae, trephines, forceps, probes, dilators, tubes, surgical knifes, etc. They are still very well preserved in several medical museums around the world. Most of these instruments continued to be used in Medieval times, albeit with a better manufacturing technique.

In the Renaissance and post-Renaissance era, new instruments were again invented and designed, in order to accompany the increased audacity of surgeons. Amputation sets originated in this period, due to the increased severity of war-inflicted wounds by shot, grapnel and cannon.

However, it was only with the discovery of anesthesia and surgical asepsis that new surgical instruments were invented to allow the penetration of the inner sanctum, or the previously forbidden body cavities, namely the skull, the thorax and the abdomen. A veritable explosion of new tools occurred with the hundreds of new surgical procedures which were developed in the 19th century and first decades of the 20th century. New materiais, such as stainless steel, chrome, titanium and vanadium were available for the manufacturing of these instruments. Precision instruments for microsurgery in neurosurgery, ophthalmology and otology were possible and, in the second half of the 20th century, energy-based instruments were first developed, such as electrocauteries, ultrasound and electric scalpels, surgical tools for endoscopic surgery, and finally, surgical robots.

CHPTER II ndCOMPANY OVERVIEW

"ISCON" - where growth and innovation is the way of life.ISCONGroup was first established in the year 1978 by three Techno-entrepreneurs in the name of JAIN METAL COMPONENTS PVT. LTD. to manufacture High Precision Machined Metal Components, Sub-assemblies & Assemblies for varied Engineering Industries. The flagship company ISCON SURGICALS LTD. was established in the year 1994 to meet the growing demand of Disposable Medical Devices.Keeping the pulse on the clinical needs and considering the growing demand for Medical Devices, the company subsequentlyinvested not only in the machines but in the complete manufacturing linesto manufacture products from raw material to finished products, viz.

ISCON SURGICALS LTD. is an ISO 9001:2000, ISO: 13485 & WHO GMP Certified company. Today the company is manufacturing and exporting wide range of products used for ANAESTHESIA, ANGIOGRAPHY, UROLOGY, ONCOLOGY, VETERINARY, OPHTHALMIC and other surgical applications in PRICON Brand.

The group has its manufacturing base at four different locations spread over more than 1,50,000 sq. Ft. land area and approx. 90,000 Sq. ft. architecturally supported built up area and have following manufacturing facilities in India:

1. CNC/VMC backed Metal Machining Centre

2. State of Art Insert / Injection Moulding with Tool Room

3. Fully Automatic Needle Point Grinding & Cannulae Manufacturing

4. Automatic Needle & Syringe Assembly Machines

5. ETO Sterilization, Blister Packing Machines,

Quality Assurance and specification adherence are the hallmark of the company. Entire manufacturing activities are carried adhering GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) as per WHO guidelines under Class 10,000 or Class 100,000 Clean Room as may be required. About 300 employees support the company, which includes Engineers, Technologists, Machinist, Tool makers, Plastic Technologists and skilled Craftsmen expert in their field.

We assure to establish strategic partnership with our valued customers assuring maintaining of all technical and commercial confidentiality.

The Company has sales offices, distributors, and authorized dealers all over the country & overseas and exports to U.S.A., U.K., France, Italy, Spain, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, Indonesia, Malasyiya and many other countries.

Consciousness of eco-social responsibility we have invested in water saving systems, power conservation, load factor management and solar heating systems resulting into benefit to the organization and the mother earth.

SURGICAL PRODUCT:-

Cone Biopsy Reusable Needle

Product name: Cone Biopsy Reusable Needle ISCON surgical ltd. are leading manufacturer, supplier & exporter of needle, syringe, and insulation set & surgery sets

Auto Disposable SyringesWe are involve in offering high quality Auto Disposable Syringes. These Auto Disposable Syringes are highly demanded in the market. These Auto Disposable Syringes are available in market at most economical.Tuohy (Weiss Type) Reusable Needle

Product name: Tuohy (Weiss Type) Reusable Needle ISCON surgical ltd. are leading manufacturer, supplier & exporter of needle, syringe, insalution set & surgery sets

Tuohy Disposable Needle(With Marking)Product name:Tuohy Disposable Needle(With Marking) ISCON surgicals ltd. are leading manufacturer,supplier&exporter of needle,syringe,insalution set & surgery sets

Silverman Standard Reusable Needle Split CanulavProduct name:Silverman Standard Reusable Needle with Split Canulav ISCON surgicals ltd. are leading manufacturer,supplier&exporter of needle,syringe,insalution set & surgery sets

Quincke Babcock Reusable NeedleProduct name:Quincke Babcock Reusable Needle ISCON surgicals ltd. are leading manufacturer,supplier&exporter of needle,syringe,insalution set & surgery sets

Menghini Technique AspiratingReusable Needle SetProduct name:Menghini Technique Aspirating Reusable Needle Set ISCON surgicals ltd. are leading manufacturer,supplier&exporter of needle,syringe,insalution set & surgery sets

Jamshedi Reusable NeedleProduct name:Jamshedi Reusable Needle ISCON surgicals ltd. are leading manufacturer,supplier&exporter of needle,syringe,insalution set & surgery sets

Cope Reusable Needle SetProduct name:Cope Reusable Needle Set ISCON surgicals ltd. are leading manufacturer,supplier&exporter of needle,syringe,insalution set & surgery sets

Barker Reusable NeedleProduct name:Barker Reusable Needle ISCON surgicals ltd. are leading manufacturer,supplier&exporter of needle,syringe,insalution set & surgery sets

Animal Feeding Reusable NeedleProduct name:Animal Feeding Reusable Needle ISCON surgicals ltd. are leading manufacturer,supplier&exporter of needle,syringe,insalution set & surgery sets

Other Products: - Graspers, such asforceps Clamps and occluders forblood vesselsand other organs

Retractors, used to spread openskin,ribsand other tissue

Distractors, positioners andstereotactic devices Mechanical cutters (scalpels,lancets,drill bits,rasps,trocars,Ligasure,Harmonic scalpel, rongeurs etc.)

Dilatorsandspecula, for access to narrow passages or incisions

Suctiontips and tubes, for removal of bodily fluids

Sealing devices, such assurgical staplers Irrigation andinjection needles, tips and tubes, for introducing fluid

Powered devices, such asdrills,dermatomes Scopes and probes, includingfiber opticendoscopesand tactile probes

Carriers and appliers foroptical, electronic and mechanical devices

Ultrasoundtissue disruptors,cryotomesand cuttinglaserguides

Measurement devices, such asrulersandcalipersAn important relative distinction, regarding surgical instruments, is the amount of bodily disruption or tissuetraumathat their use might cause the patient. Terms relating to this issue are 'atraumatic' andminimally invasive. Minimally invasive systems are an important recent development in surgery.

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

Organization is the structural framework of duties and responsibilities required of personal in performing various functions within the company. It is essentially a blue-print for action resulting in a mechanism for carrying out functions to achieve the goals setup by the company.

An organization structure shows the authority and responsibility relationship between various position in the organization and also clarifies who reports to whom. It is a set of planned relationships between groups of related functions and between physical factors and personnel required for the achievement of organizational goals.

The organization structure is generally shown on organization chart. It represent authority relationship between various positions in the organization by showing who reports to who me. It is a set of planned relationships between groups of related junctions and between physical factors and personnel required for the achievement of organizational goals.

An organization chart is a diagrammatical form which shows important aspects of an organization including the major functions and their respective relationship. It is a graphic portrayal of positions in the enterprise and of the formal line of accountability among them. It provides a bird eye-view of the relationship between different departments or division of an enterprise as well as the relationship between the executives and the subordinates at various levels.

An organization cannot work cutting without a detents structure. The first step in designing the structure of an organization is to insetting and group the activities involved, which is expressed as departmentation, because of the intimate connection between the felonry over time and cost accounts it is necessary before consider the letter in details to deal.

Departmentation of ISCON

Instrument Care Cleaning, disinfecting and sterilising are the three levels of instrument care. Cleaning removes dirt, debris and biological material from surgical instruments. You can clean surgical instruments manually or mechanically using water and detergents or an enzymatic cleaner. Thoroughly clean your instruments, because debris that remains on instruments can interfere with further disinfection/sterilisation or corrupt research data. Cleaning is the first step toward sterilisation and sometimes is all that is required.

Disinfection can be broken down into three tiers: low level disinfection (LLD), intermediate level disinfection (ILD) and high level disinfection (HLD). LLD eliminates all vegetative bacteria (except tubercle bacilli), lipid viruses, some non-lipid viruses and some fungi in less than 10 minutes. ILD destroys tubercle bacilli, mycobacteria, lipid enveloped and some non-lipid enveloped viruses and fungus spores. In addition to killing these microorganisms, HLD can also kill bacterial spores, though not in a high number. The CDC recommends a 90 minute soak at 25C.Sterilisation destroys all microbial life. Some chemical sterilants can be used as HLD disinfectants when used for shorter exposure periods. Dry heat or autoclaving are the preferred method of sterilising surgical instruments.CleaningThe first step in properly cleaning your surgical instruments is to rinse off all blood, bodily fluids and tissue immediately after use. Dried soils may damage the instrument surface and make cleaning more difficult. Rinse your instruments in cool water. Hot water can cause proteinous substances to coagulate. If desired, soak your surgical instruments in cool water with an enzymatic detergent. The detergent helps to dissolve the proteins and break down oils. Then, the instruments may be cleaned manually or mechanically in a washer or ultrasonic bath.Manual CleaningIf a mechanical cleaning method is unavailable, manual cleaning may be necessary. Likewise, if instruments are easily damaged, complex (requiring disassembly) or have small lumens, they may need to be cleaned manually.

When cleaning your instruments manually, wear heavy-duty rubber gloves, a plastic apron, eye protection and a mask. Use only neutral pH detergents. If your instruments are not rinsed properly, low pH detergents may break down the protective surface of stainless steel instruments and cause black staining. Likewise, alkaline detergents may leave surface deposits that cause a brown stain and interfere with the smooth operation of the instrument. Use soft plastic cleaning brushes to scrub the instruments. Do not use steel wool, wire brushes or other abrasive materials that could scratch the finish or dull your instruments. Hold the instruments below the surface of the water when you scrub them to avoid splattering contaminants. Be sure to brush out all crevices, teeth and grooves. Rinse each instrument thoroughly under running water. Open and close hinged instruments like scissors, hemostats and needle holders under running water to thoroughly rinse detergent from the hinges.

Visually inspect your instruments to ensure they are free of stains and tissue. Check each instrument for proper function and condition. Scissors blades should be tight and should open and close smoothly. Forceps and tweezer tips should be properly aligned. Like the scissors, the hemostats should not be loose. Verify that they lock and unlock easily. Close the needle holders and hold them up to the light. Light coming through the tip indicates that the jaws are worn. Knives and cutting blades should be sharp and free of nicks and chips. After a visual inspection, dry the instruments with a soft cloth. This minimizes the risk of corrosion and the formation of water spots. Use a spray lubricant in the hinges to improve the function of the instrument.

Mechanical CleaningTypically, a washing machine runs through several cycles. A cold water rinse removes debris. Then, a hot water bath and rinse cycle is followed by a blow dry with hot air. Some washers are also disinfectors. These units use 100C water in the hot water cycle. Follow the manufacturers instructions when using a mechanical washer. Be sure to lubricate hinged instruments after the last rinse cycle and prior to sterilisation.Ultrasonic cleaning is the most effective cleaning method, because of its cavitation. As the sound waves vibrate through the cleaning solution, they create microscopic bubbles, which grow as the pressure in the unit changes. Eventually the bubbles implode. The bursting bubbles effectively dislodge debris, even in the most difficult to reach places. A neutral pH detergent improves the effectiveness of the cleaner, because it increases the number of bubbles.

Before you begin, fill the ultrasonic cleaner with deionised water and detergent according to the manufacturers directions. Run the cleaner for several minutes to allow the temperature to equilibrate and to remove any gases from the solution.

Separate instruments by metal type and process them in batches. For example, do not mix chrome plated and stainless steel instruments in the same cleaning cycle. Fully submerge all instruments. Place hinged instruments into the solution in an open position. Make sure that any sharp instruments do not touch other instruments. Allow the instruments to process for 510 minutes before removing them from the ultrasonic bath and rinsing thoroughly. As before, visually inspect each instrument, dry it with a soft cloth and lubricate any hinges.

DisinfectionBoth thermal and chemical methods are available for HLD. As a general rule, surgical instruments are not susceptible to heat, making boiling the preferred method for disinfecting. Boiling instruments in 100C water for at least one minute kills all microorganisms, except for a few bacterial spores. Boiling does NOT sterilise equipment.

Bring the boiler to a rolling boil. Submerge open instruments in the boiling water. When the water returns to the boiling point, turn the heat down to a gentle boil. A rolling boil could damage instruments as they bounce around in the boiler. After one minute, remove the instruments from the water using a set of disinfected tongs. Allow the instruments to dry and lubricate the hinges. Do NOT leave boiled instruments in the water as it cools, because they could be re-contaminated. Discard the water when you finish disinfecting your instruments.

To eliminate lime buildup on boiled instruments, use distilled water for boiling or add a small amount of white vinegar to the boiler before you process your instruments.

Chemical disinfection can be used when instruments will be damaged by heat. Some chemicals that may be considered include glutaraldehyde 2% for 20 minutes, hydrogen peroxide 6%7.5% for 2030 minutes, peracetic acid 0.20.35% for 5 minutes and ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) for 512 minutes.

SterilisationSterilisation kills all microorganisms and spores. Autoclaving (saturated steam under high pressure) is the most common method for sterilising surgical instruments, however, dry heat and chemical sterilants (ethylene gas, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, etc.) can also be used.

AutoclavePrior to autoclaving, clean the instruments and lubricate all hinged instruments with a surgical instrument lubricant. Do not use WD-40 or other industrial lubricants. Always autoclave instruments in an open position. Locking an instrument prevents the steam from reaching all the surfaces. The heat also causes the metal to expand, which can crack the hinges of locked instruments. Never overload the autoclave chamber. Instruments can be placed in sterilisation trays or wrapped in paper or muslin before autoclaving. This helps to prevent contamination of the instruments after sterilisation.

Arrange the instruments, sterilisation trays or packs in the autoclave without stacking them. The steam must circulate freely inside the autoclave. Follow the manufacturers directions for adjusting the time, temperature and pressure of the autoclave cycle. Process the instruments as follows:

Unwrapped instruments at 121C for 20 minutes at 15 PSI above atmospheric pressure or at 134C for 34 minutes at 30 PSI above atmospheric pressure

Wrapped instruments at 121C for 30 minutes at 15 PSI above atmospheric pressure or at 134C for 15 minutes at 30 PSI above atmospheric pressure

When the autoclaving cycle is complete and the pressure reaches zero, open the door a centimeter or two to allow the steam to escape. Run the drying cycle as recommended by the autoclave manufacturer until all the instruments are dry. It should take about 30 minutes. Using sterile tongs, remove all the instruments, trays and packages. Allow them to cool to room temperature before storing.

Unwrapped items must be used immediately or may be stored in covered, dry, sterile trays for up to a week. Store wrapped packages in a warm, dry, closed cabinet. Instruments remain sterile as long as the wrap is dry and intact.

Dry HeatDry heat may also be used to sterilise surgical instruments. Instruments can be wrapped in aluminum foil or placed in sterilisation trays before putting them in the oven. Refer to the manufacturers directions to heat the oven. Instruments can be heated to any of the following to be considered sterilised: 180C for 30 minutes

170C for 1 hour

160C for 2 hours

149C for 2.5 hours

141C for 3 hours

Allow the instruments to cool to room temperature inside the oven and store them as described above.Cold SterilisationSoaking surgical instruments in most cold sterilants requires 10 hours to sterilise them. This can be detrimental to fine instruments. If disinfection is required (and not sterilisation) a 1090 minute soak in a cold sterilant may be all that is required. When using instruments with tungsten carbide inserts (needle holders, scissors, forceps), avoid using solutions with benzyl ammonium chloride.When Do I Sterilise?

Many years ago, Earle H. Spaulding proposed a simple method to determine the level of sterilisation required for patient protection. It is still a suitable guideline for most applications today. Spaulding categorised equipment as critical, semi-critical and non-critical.

Critical items must be sterilised, because they pose the greatest risk for infecting a patient. These include any item that enters or touches sterile tissues, the vascular system or bodily fluids like blood. This includes surgical instruments, catheters, implantable sensors and other equipment used inside a patient.

If an item comes into contact with mucous membranes but is not used inside sterile tissues, it is considered semi-critical. Mucous membranes are not usually susceptible to a small number of bacterial spores, so a high level disinfection is suitable for semi-critical items. These items include anaesthesia equipment, some scopes (endoscope) and temperature probes.

Non-critical items do not come into contact with mucous membranes but touch intact skin. Equipment like blood pressure cuffs, surgical beds and stereotaxic frames are considered non-critical. They must be thoroughly cleaned, but will not require sterilisation. A low level disinfection may also be used.

Make Your Instruments Sing

With proper care and maintenance, your instruments will last for years to come. Understanding the difference between cleaning, disinfecting and sterilising can safeguard your research and protect your investment in surgical instruments, equipment and laboratory animals.

Our ClienteleThe Syringes & Needles are presently exported to South Africa, Sudan, Kyrgystan, Russia, etc. are being exported to U.S.A., Philippines, Thailand, South Korea, Turkey, Egypt, Malaysia, Canada and many other developed countries under the registered brand name of PRICON.

Quality AssuranceQuality control and specification adherence are the hallmark of Iscon Surgical and we follow stringent quality control norms and methods at every stage of our process to ensure the smooth and flawless production. Guidelines and procedures issued by WHO / WHO-GMP are followed in order to deliver a non-toxic and non-pyrogen range of surgical disposables and equipments to our valued clients. The products are packaged in durable packaging material to ensure uncontaminated transportation.

The company is an OEM service provider and holds prestigious membership of PLEXIL.

Our InfrastructureThe company has manufacturing facilities at four different locations in Jodhpur, India, spread over more than 150,000 sq. ft. land area and have architectural area of about 75, 000 sq. ft. Our overall setup have been categorized into the following divisions:

Engineering Division

Medical Division

OEM Design and Manufacturing Division, etc.

Entire manufacturing activity at Iscon Surgicals Ltd. is carried out in consonance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). About 300 employees support the company that includes engineers, technologists, machinist, designers, tool makers and plastic technologists, and few others who are specialist in their field.

Our Technological StrengthThe company's production unit is outfitted with latest technologies and equipments like:

Injection Molding Machines

Fully Automatic Cannulate Grinding Machines

Blasting Machines

Electro Polishing Machines

Semi and Fully Automated Needle Assembly Lines

Semi and Fully Automated Syringe Assembly Lines

Blister Packaging Machines

Ribbon Packing Machines and many more.

Backed by such a well planned technological strength, Iscon Surgicals Ltd. has out paced many of its rivals in the markets.

Our R & D DepartmentThe Company's R&D Center is our core asset. This department focuses on every ongoing research programme in consultation with world's reputed large industrial houses and surgeons of global repute to produce more efficient variety of medical application products.

CredibilityWe, Iscon Surgicals Ltd., a dignified member of the Iscon Group, are the proud winner of several distinguished awards including Second Best National Productivity Award and State Excellence Export Award. With three decades of experience, Iscon, as a group, is capable of responding efficiently to the present market needs. Besides this, we also undertake OEM product manufacturing by developing prototypes and offering services straight from the product conceptualization to the final manufacturing and delivery.

Why Us? A wide range of superlative products

Competitive prices

Prompt delivery schedules and client satisfactio: our priority

State-of-the-art facility loaded with modern technologies

Team of experts to monitor production process

Strict compliance of WHO-GMP and other internationally accepted production norms.

Facilities : -

1. Drinking Water:At all the working places safe hygienic drinking water should be provided.2. Facilities for sitting:In every organization, especially factories, suitable seating arrangements are to be provided.3. First aid appliances:First aid appliances are to be provided and should be readily assessable so that in case of any minor accident initial medication can be provided to the needed employee.4. Latrines and Urinals:A sufficient number of latrines and urinals are to be provided in the office and factory premises and are also to be maintained in a neat and clean condition.5. Canteen facilities:Cafeteria or canteens are to be provided by the employer so as to provide hygienic and nutritious food to the employees.

6. Spittoons:In every work place, such as ware houses, store places, in the dock area and office premises spittoons are to be provided in convenient places and same are to be maintained in a hygienic condition.7. Lighting:Proper and sufficient lights are to be provided for employees so that they can work safely during the night shifts.8. Washing places:Adequate washing places such as bathrooms, wash basins with tap and tap on the stand pipe are provided in the port area in the vicinity of the work places.9. Changing rooms:Adequate changing rooms are to be provided for workers to change their cloth in the factory area and office premises. Adequate lockers are also provided to the workers to keep their clothes and belongings.10. Rest rooms:Adequate numbers of restrooms are provided to the workers with provisions of water supply, wash basins, toilets, bathrooms, etc.

CHPTER III rdSWOT ANALYSISASWOT analysis(alternativelySWOT matrix) is a structuredplanningmethod used to evaluate thestrengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threatsinvolved in aprojector in abusinessventure. A SWOT analysis can be carried out for a product, place, industry or person. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve that objective. Some authors credit SWOT toAlbert Humphrey, who led a convention at the Stanford Research Institute (nowSRI International) in the 1960s and 1970s using data fromFortune 500companies.[1]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis" \l "cite_note-2"[2]However, Humphrey himself does not claim the creation of SWOT, and the origins remain obscure. The degree to which the internal environment of the firm matches with the external environment is expressed by the concept ofstrategic fit.

Strengths: characteristics of the business or project that give it an advantage over others.

Weaknesses: characteristics that place the business or project at a disadvantage relative to others

Opportunities: elements that the project could exploit to its advantage

Threats: elements in the environment that could cause trouble for the business or project

CHPTER - Vth

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSIONS

A surgeon performing a surgical procedure should be able to assume that the instruments used are safe and reliable particularly if they are new. To ensure the quality of these instruments, the Health Care Standards Policy Committee directed the British Standards Institution to produce requirements for the materials, design, dimensions and other features of surgical instruments. As a result, British Standards (BS), incorporating International Organisation of Standardisation (ISO) standards, were published.1Each year, large numbers of new instruments are ordered by healthcare facilities across the UK, and those ordering them should be able to rely on these standards. This study reports the results of local quality control by the clinical engineering department of all new instruments supplied to a single NHS trust.