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Operations Analysis

SubjectiveEvaluation

ProcessAnalysis

ParetoAnalysis

Locationanalysis

OperationsAnalysis

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Location Analysis

• Location of One Item Example: Locating printer, scanner, & copier station in a department.

• Systematic Layout of Multiple Items See pp. 114-117

A

B

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Pareto Diagram

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Cause of Waiting

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lati

ve %

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Pareto Analysis: ‘Fight the Giants’

• Concept – bulk of the problems (opportunities) are concentrated in a few items

“Fight the Giants”

• Example: causes of long wait times at a health clinic (data attached.)

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Process Analysis

• Overview of the process• Identify opportunities for improvement• Useful communication tool• Major types

Process chart• single object / person (Ergo disk)

• assembly process

• multi-activity chart (Ergo disk) Flow diagram (Ergo disk, Visio) Fish (Ishikawa) diagram (Visio) Decision structure table

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Process chart

• Symbology

• Details time, distance SEARCH notes

• Documentation• Example – preparing a form letter for mailing

see next page

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In Ergo …

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• Usually combined with process chart to visualize physical space.

• Example: Preparation and gathering for a design team meeting. (See next page.)

Flow Diagram

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Flow diagram of design team meeting (Visio)

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Other process charts

• Assembly process charts show relationships among components, how several

processes interact useful for methods analysis identify delays, storage problems example, pg. 121

• Multi-activity chart ‘gang chart’, ‘man-machine’ chart, ‘left-hand right hand’ chart

common, scaled time axis• identify idle time, unbalanced operations

• opportunities for

– job sharing

– double tooling

– kitting examples, pg. 123

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Fish Diagrams

• aka, Ishikawa diagram, Cause & Effect diagram• Useful for brainstorming, identify opportunities to

improve• ‘Head’ of the fish is the problem or desired effect• ‘Skeleton’ identifies potential causes

4 M’s – manpower, machines, methods, materials 4 P’s – policies, procedures, people, plant

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Example

• Improve design team meeting productivity

Meeting productivity

Procedures Policies

People Plant(materials, locations, etc.)

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Subjective Evaluation

• Borg Vote – Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) multiply by 10 to estimate heart rate.

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Very, very light

Very light

How you feel when lying in bed or sitting in a chair relaxed.

Little or no effort.

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Fairly light

Somewhat hard

Target range: How you should feel with exercise or activity

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Hard

Very hard

Very, very hard

How you felt with the hardest work you have ever done.

Don't work this hard!

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Subjective Evaluation

• Body discomfort map Body portions

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Body Discomfort Scales

• Borg

0 0.5

1 2 3 4

Nothing at all Extremely weak Very weak Weak Moderate

5 6

Strong

7 8 9

Very strong

10

•

Extremely strong Maximal

• Discomfort scale

Comfort

Discomfort

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

• Category partitioning• See table 9.9, pg. 126

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Relative and Absolute Scales

• Semantic differential (absolute scale) Rate aspects of the workspace, methods, etc. on a scale between 2

opposite adjectives, e.g.

comfortable ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ uncomfortable

spacious ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ cramped

• Alternatively, choose one adjective (acceptable, comfortable, etc.) and evaluate several aspects of the workplace, methods, etc. on that one objective

e.g., acceptability, comfort, etc.

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Relative and Absolute Scales

• Paired votes (relative) Compare two alternatives on a relative ranking scale, e.g.

Visibility of two different computer monitors

Choose A or B

Indicate degree of preference

absolutely better

significantly better

much better

somewhat better

equal to

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Related Concepts

• Evolutionary Operation of Processes (EVOP) Designed series of experiments to evaluate the effects on

the output of the process of changing specific variables Key idea is to make changes while the process is active (i.e.,

not as a separate experiment) Substitute number of runs for strict control

• Project scheduling CPM PERT