Islam and Byzantine : Civilizations that changed our world By
Lindsey Vieweg Jason Yanaros Mario Marena Rebecca Skowronek Period
1 June 9 th 2011 Why should we study these two great
civilizations?
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So why study Islam and Byzantine? They helped us in math and
gave us architecture Created many amazing inventions that have
helped us even today like: Toothbrushes Pendulums And many more It
is important to learn about the people that helped shape our lives
today
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1.Mosque 2.Palace 3.Tomb
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The first mosques that were ever constructed were simple
squares. As the Islamic Empire grew the mosque became more complex.
Then the mosques had roofed arches and had domes on them.
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The Great Mosque of Kairouan is considered to be the ancestor
of all the mosques in the western world.
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The Taj Mahal is one of the finest works of Islamic
architecture. It is was built when Shah Jahans 3 rd wife died after
giving birth to their 14 th child. So it is a tomb built for
her.
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The Dolmabahce Palace was built between 1843-1856. The palace
used 14 tons of gold in the form of gold leaf.
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The art wasnt just restricted to religious art, but was based
on the rich and varied cultures of Islam.
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Islamic art is usually based on a floral design or vegetables
designs.
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Islam and Byzantine Contributions to Mathematics
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Algebra and Geometry Al-Khwarizmi is believed to be one of the
greatest mathematicians of all time The word algorithm comes from
his name His book explains how to solve these six different
equations; (ax = bx); (ax = b); (ax = b); (ax + bx = c); (ax + c =
bx); (bx + c = ax)
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Abu Kamil wrote The Book of Algebra which consists of the
application of algebra to geometry Kamil discovered these formulas;
(ax)bx=abx a(bx)=(ab)x (10x)(10x)=100+x20x Math Books &
Equations
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Al-Karkhi figured out how to solve this equation; ax+bx=c He
also introduced x, x, x, x, x, and x Math Equations
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Omar Khayyam discovered how to expand a binomial He describes
both arithmetic and geometric solutions to second degree equations
Binomials
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Zero The concept of zero is introduced by Khwarizimi The book
of Hisab Al-Jabr wal Muqabala by Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi is
about Al- Khwarizmi Algebra comes from the name Al-Jabr which is in
the title of Khwarizimis book mentioned above.
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Islam and Byzantine accomplishments in science
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The help of others Islamic and the Byzantinian people were
among the first people to involve other countries in an effort to
learn more about medicine and healthcare.
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The first encyclopedia of medicine was Ali ibn Sahl Rabban
al-Tabari's Paradise of Wisdom. It was written in seven parts and
put an enormous amount of the knowledge of medicine known at that
time into a central place, something that had not been done before.
Encyclopedias
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The role of women as practitioners appears in a number of
Islamic books. Two female physicians from Ibn Zuhr, a famous
doctors family helped the Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur
in the 12th century. Later in the 15th century, female surgeons
were talked about for the first time in the book Imperial Surgery.
Women in medicine
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Pendulum The Pendulum was invented by Ibn Yunus, a scientist
who lived in the reign of Aziz Billah. The invention of the
Pendulum led to the measurement of time by its oscillations.
Another major break though in science
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The invention of Mariners Compass, which revolutionized sea
trade and shipping, allowed the Islamic people to travel over the
sea in order to conquer new land and find additional markets for
their merchandise. Mariners Compass
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Astrolabes In the Islamic world, astrolabes were used to find
the times of sunrise and the rising of fixed stars, to help
schedule morning prayers. Although not invented by the Islamic
people, Astrolabes were developed in the medieval Islamic world,
Muslim astronomers put into the astrolabe angular scales and
circles. It was widely used throughout the Muslim world as a way of
finding the direction of Mecca. The first person to build the
astrolabe in the Islamic world was the 8th century mathematician,
Muhammad al-Fazari.
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Incredible Islamic Inventions
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Principal for the Parachute Accidentally created by Abbas ibn
Firnas. He jumped off a high building with a cloth wing attached to
his back. His attempt at flight failed, but the cloth saved his
life/fall. This failed flight led to the invention of the
parachute.
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Process of Distillation Distillation was invented around the
year 800 by Islam's foremost scientist, Jabir ibn Hayyan.
Distillation is separating liquids through the differences in their
boiling points. Ironically distillation is a process of purifying
alcohol, and Muslims dont drink alcohol.
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Crank Shaft A Muslim engineer called al-Jazari wanted to raise
water for irrigation. He created a device to translate rotary into
linear motion. The crank shaft is one of the most important
mechanical inventions.
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The Toothbrush A twig from the Meswak tree was used to clean
teeth and freshen breath. According to Hassani, the Prophet
Mohammed made the use of the first toothbrush popular in around
600.
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Quilting The colder climates demanded more insulated clothing.
Quilting was developed as a method of sewing or tying two layers of
cloth with a layer of insulating material in between.
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Windmill The desert rivers often ran dry and the only reliable
resource of energy was the wind. Invented for a Persian caliph and
used to grind corn and draw up water for irrigation.
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Carpets Because of the five daily prayers and quest for
cleanliness, Muslims created a mat as a barrier between them and
the dirty floor. Carpets were then decorated with colors and
evolved to be the modern carpet.
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Militarizing Early Gunpowder Gunpowder already existed in China
for fireworks. Muslims realized gunpowder could be purified using
potassium nitrate for military use.
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Other Interesting Inventions Soap perfected with vegetable oils
and aromatics Three Course Meal - Ali ibn Nafis soup, fish/meat and
fruit/nuts Fountain Pen for the Sultan of Egypt Garden use for
beauty and meditation Modern Check saqq (promise of money) Coffee
berry giving goats energy
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Inventions from Byzantine Empire
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The Counterweight Trebuchet Counterweight Trebuchet is a
catapult using a counterweight to toss a projectile. The earliest
written record of the counterweight trebuchet is found in the work
of the 12th century historian, Niketas Choniates.
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The Hand-Held Trebuchet The Hand-Held Trebuchet was a
mini-trebuchet and used as a weapon. This version allowed easy
transportation and operation by one person.
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Greek Fire A very flammable substance that was used in many
Byzantine pyrotechnic weapons. Greek fire was a devastating weapon,
and the actual make up was so closely held that today, we can only
speculate at the ingredients.
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The Grenade First Grenade is a weapon using Greek Fire. The
Byzantine people figured out if they enclosed Greek Fire in clay or
stone jars, light a fuse, it would explode.
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The Flamethrower Flamethrowers were used both as portable and
ship based weapons. The Byzantine people used siphons for Greek
Fire set ablaze.
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Icons Icons are religious paintings of Christianity. These
paintings actually started the Iconoclast and were very important
in the history of Rome and the Byzantine Empire.
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The Shipmill The historian Procop records that ship mills were
introduced by Belisarius during the siege of Rome. Belisarius
ordered boats to be fitted with mill gearing; these were moored
between bridge piers where the strong current powered the water
wheels mounted on the vessel.
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So why study Islam and Byzantine? They helped us in math and
gave us architecture Created many amazing inventions that have
helped us even today like: Toothbrushes Pendulums And many more It
is important to learn about the people that helped shape our lives
today