ISLAMIC ISLAMIC GUNPOWDER GUNPOWDER EMPIRESEMPIRES

EARLY MODERN ISLAM EARLY MODERN ISLAM Empires with Absolute PowerEmpires with Absolute Power1450 TO 17501450 TO 1750

Setting the Stage Setting the Stage for Revolution: for Revolution:

Absolute MonarchiesAbsolute Monarchies

Warm Up: Define 1. absolutismWarm Up: Define 1. absolutism 2. 2. divine right of kingsdivine right of kings

Define these on your vocabulary sheet.Define these on your vocabulary sheet.

Beth Bradley, The AcademyBeth Bradley, The Academy

DefinitionsDefinitions1. Divine Right of Kings: 1. Divine Right of Kings:

Belief that a ruler’s authority Belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God.comes directly from God.

3. 3. Absolute Monarch:Absolute Monarch:

Ruler with complete authority Ruler with complete authority over the government and lives over the government and lives of the people he or she governs.of the people he or she governs.

2. 2. Absolutism: Absolutism: Political system in which a Political system in which a ruler holds total power.ruler holds total power.

DYNASTIC STATEDYNASTIC STATE The Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal rulers and Islam The Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal rulers and Islam

All three Islamic empires were military creationsAll three Islamic empires were military creations Called Gunpowder empires as guns were critical to rise of empireCalled Gunpowder empires as guns were critical to rise of empire Military prowess of rulers, elite units critical Military prowess of rulers, elite units critical

Authority of dynasty derived from personal piety Authority of dynasty derived from personal piety Devotion to Islam led rulers to extend faith to new landsDevotion to Islam led rulers to extend faith to new lands All followed SHARIA – Muslim RULE OF LAWAll followed SHARIA – Muslim RULE OF LAW ALL LEADERS WERE ABSOLUTE IN POWERALL LEADERS WERE ABSOLUTE IN POWER

Steppe traditions Steppe traditions All three were Turkish in origin; two were Sunni, one was Shi’iaAll three were Turkish in origin; two were Sunni, one was Shi’ia Autocratic: emperors imposed their will on the state Autocratic: emperors imposed their will on the state Ongoing problems with royal succession Ongoing problems with royal succession Ottoman rulers legally killed brothers after taking the throneOttoman rulers legally killed brothers after taking the throne

Royal women often wielded great influence on politicsRoyal women often wielded great influence on politics

OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1566OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1566

RISE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRERISE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE Anatolian clan of the Seljuk TurksAnatolian clan of the Seljuk Turks

Frontier Emirate Founded 1289Frontier Emirate Founded 1289 Founder was Osman BeyFounder was Osman Bey Led Muslim religious warriors (Led Muslim religious warriors (ghazi)ghazi)

Ottoman expansion into Byzantine empire Ottoman expansion into Byzantine empire Seized city of Bursa, then into the Balkans Seized city of Bursa, then into the Balkans Organized Organized ghazi ghazi into formidable military machine into formidable military machine Central role of the Janissaries (slave troops) Central role of the Janissaries (slave troops) Effective use of gunpowder in battles and siegesEffective use of gunpowder in battles and sieges

1414thth – 15 – 15thth Century Expanded into S. E. Europe Century Expanded into S. E. Europe Conquered Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, GreeceConquered Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, Greece Tried to conquer Byzantines, but were unsuccessfulTried to conquer Byzantines, but were unsuccessful

Mehmed the Conqueror (reigned 1451-1481) Mehmed the Conqueror (reigned 1451-1481) Captured Constantinople in 1453Captured Constantinople in 1453 Renamed city Istanbul, the Ottoman capital Renamed city Istanbul, the Ottoman capital Absolute monarchy; centralized state Absolute monarchy; centralized state Expanded to Serbia, Greece, AlbaniaExpanded to Serbia, Greece, Albania Attacked ItalyAttacked Italy

SULEYMAN THE SULEYMAN THE MAGNIFICENTMAGNIFICENT

Empire at its height under Suleyman (Suleiman)Empire at its height under Suleyman (Suleiman) Reigned 1520-1566 Reigned 1520-1566

Son of Sultan Selim the GrimSon of Sultan Selim the Grim Mother was ChristianMother was Christian Came to power through murder of brothersCame to power through murder of brothers

Conquered lands in Europe, Asia, AfricaConquered lands in Europe, Asia, Africa Conquered Syria, Holy Land, EgyptConquered Syria, Holy Land, Egypt Conquered Hungary, Croatia, RumaniaConquered Hungary, Croatia, Rumania Siege of Vienna in 1529 failedSiege of Vienna in 1529 failed Built powerful navy to rule MediterraneanBuilt powerful navy to rule Mediterranean Conquered Rhodes from Knights of St. JohnConquered Rhodes from Knights of St. John Besieged Malta but did not conquer itBesieged Malta but did not conquer it

Encouraged development of artsEncouraged development of arts Beautified Constantinople with mosquesBeautified Constantinople with mosques

Empire began a slow decline after SuleymanEmpire began a slow decline after Suleyman

SAFAVID PERSIASAFAVID PERSIA Turkish conquerors of Persia and Mesopotamia Turkish conquerors of Persia and Mesopotamia

Founder Shah Ismail (reigned 1501-1524) Founder Shah Ismail (reigned 1501-1524) Claimed ancient Persian title of shah. Claimed ancient Persian title of shah. Proclaimed Shiism official religionProclaimed Shiism official religion Imposed it on Sunni population Imposed it on Sunni population

Twelver Shiism Twelver Shiism Traced origins to 12 ancient Shiite imams Traced origins to 12 ancient Shiite imams Ismail believed to be twelfth, or "hidden," imamIsmail believed to be twelfth, or "hidden," imam

Shah Abbas the Great (1588-1629)Shah Abbas the Great (1588-1629) Revitalized the Safavid empire Revitalized the Safavid empire Modernized militaryModernized military Sought European alliances Sought European alliances Permitted European merchants,Permitted European merchants,

missionariesmissionaries New capital at IsfahanNew capital at Isfahan Centralized administrationCentralized administration

MUGHAL EMPIREMUGHAL EMPIRE Tamerlame the Mongol was direct predecessorTamerlame the Mongol was direct predecessor Mughal = Mongol in Indian dialectsMughal = Mongol in Indian dialects Babur (1523-1530)Babur (1523-1530)

Founder of Mughal ("Mongol") dynasty in India Founder of Mughal ("Mongol") dynasty in India Central Asian Turk invaded India in 1523Central Asian Turk invaded India in 1523 Seized Delhi in 1526 Seized Delhi in 1526 By 1530, Mughal empire embraced most of IndiaBy 1530, Mughal empire embraced most of India

Akbar (reigned 1556-1605)Akbar (reigned 1556-1605) A brilliant charismatic ruler A brilliant charismatic ruler Created centralized, absolutist government Created centralized, absolutist government Expanded to Gujurat, Bengal, S. India Expanded to Gujurat, Bengal, S. India Encouraged religious tolerance Encouraged religious tolerance

Between Muslims and HindusBetween Muslims and Hindus Employed Hindus in his government Employed Hindus in his government

Developed a syncretic religion called "divine faith“Developed a syncretic religion called "divine faith“ Eliminated head tax on Hindus, banned satiEliminated head tax on Hindus, banned sati

Aurangzeb (1659-1707) Aurangzeb (1659-1707) Expanded the empire to almost the entire Indian subcontinent Expanded the empire to almost the entire Indian subcontinent Revoked policies of toleration: Hindus taxed, temples destroyed Revoked policies of toleration: Hindus taxed, temples destroyed His rule troubled by religious tensions and hostilityHis rule troubled by religious tensions and hostility Arrival of Europeans: permitted them to trade, establish basesArrival of Europeans: permitted them to trade, establish bases

MAP OF THE MUGHAL STATEMAP OF THE MUGHAL STATE

Absolute Monarchies in Europe 1500-1700

Spain

France

England

Austria

Prussia

Russia

Absolute Monarchies in EuropeAbsolute Monarchies in Europe1550-18001550-1800

SpainSpain

FranceFrance

EnglandEngland

AustriaAustria

PrussiaPrussia

RussiaRussia

Setting the Stage Setting the Stage for Revolution: for Revolution:

Absolute MonarchiesAbsolute Monarchies

Modern Democracy Modern Democracy Began in EnglandBegan in England

Absolute Monarch

The Philosopher Behind the AgeThe Philosopher Behind the Age• Thomas Hobbes• 1660 – Wrote the Leviathon

(Giant)• Discussed the perfect

government• People first lived in

anarchy• Needed a “social contract”• Required an absolute

monarch to maintain order• People retained the right

only to maintain their lives.

England - Pathway to England - Pathway to RevolutionRevolution

• Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) – Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) – Absolute ruler of England. Absolute ruler of England.

• Kept Parliament on her Kept Parliament on her side. side.

• Stabilized the nation and Stabilized the nation and expanded British territory. expanded British territory.

• Died without an heir.Died without an heir.• Country had to decide who Country had to decide who

would replace her.would replace her.

England - Pathway to RevolutionEngland - Pathway to Revolution1603-16891603-1689

England – James IEngland – James I(1603 – 1625)(1603 – 1625)• James VI of ScotlandJames VI of Scotland• Became James I of England Became James I of England

when Elizabeth I died.when Elizabeth I died.• Believed in Divine Right of Believed in Divine Right of

Kings. “Kings are called Kings. “Kings are called gods because they sit upon gods because they sit upon God’s throne on earth.”God’s throne on earth.”

• Ran up a huge debt in Ran up a huge debt in England.England.

• Had Bible translated from Had Bible translated from Latin into EnglishLatin into English

England – Charles IEngland – Charles I1625 - 16491625 - 1649

• Absolute monarch - had no Absolute monarch - had no problem with putting his problem with putting his enemies in prison without trialenemies in prison without trial

• Ran up a huge debtRan up a huge debt• Dissolved Parliament in 1629Dissolved Parliament in 1629• Touched off a massive civil Touched off a massive civil

war between supporters of war between supporters of Charles and supporters of Charles and supporters of Parliament led by Oliver Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell.Cromwell.

• Charles I beheaded in 1649.Charles I beheaded in 1649.In England, no ruler could claim absolute power In England, no ruler could claim absolute power and ignore the rule of law.and ignore the rule of law.

England – Oliver CromwellEngland – Oliver Cromwell1649 - 16581649 - 1658• Lord Protector – EnglandLord Protector – England• Ruled through the armyRuled through the army• Exiled Catholics to IrelandExiled Catholics to Ireland• Strict Puritan laws passed – Strict Puritan laws passed –

theaters closed, Sunday set theaters closed, Sunday set aside for worship, no lewd aside for worship, no lewd dancing, taverns or gamblingdancing, taverns or gambling

• Religious freedom for Religious freedom for everyone elseeveryone else

• When Cromwell died, When Cromwell died, Restoration began.Restoration began.

England – Charles IIEngland – Charles IIThe RestorationThe Restoration

1660 - 16851660 - 1685

• Popular rulerPopular ruler• Monarchy restored – Monarchy restored –

Hence: RestorationHence: Restoration• Bowed to the wishes of Bowed to the wishes of

ParliamentParliament• Restored the Church Restored the Church

of Englandof England• Stabilized governmentStabilized government

England – James IIEngland – James II1685 - 16881685 - 1688

• Absolute RulerAbsolute Ruler• Antagonized Antagonized

ParliamentParliament• Ran up a huge debtRan up a huge debt• Openly CatholicOpenly Catholic• Forced from throne in Forced from throne in

what came to be what came to be called the called the Glorious Glorious RevolutionRevolution

• Struggle between king Struggle between king and parliament – page and parliament – page 425425

England – William and MaryEngland – William and MaryEnglish Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights

16891689

England – William and MaryEngland – William and MaryEnglish Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights

1689 1689 • William and Mary given the throne after the Bill William and Mary given the throne after the Bill

of Rights passed. of Rights passed. • Guaranteed supremacy of Parliament over the Guaranteed supremacy of Parliament over the

monarchy.monarchy.• Parliament had to meet on a regular basisParliament had to meet on a regular basis• Monarchy could neither make nor suspend lawsMonarchy could neither make nor suspend laws• Trial by jury reinstated.Trial by jury reinstated.• Abolished fines and cruel and unusual Abolished fines and cruel and unusual

punishment.punishment.• Affirmed “writ of habeas corpus” – no person Affirmed “writ of habeas corpus” – no person

can be held in prison without first being can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. Due process of charged with a specific crime. Due process of laws.laws.

• Laid groundwork for American systemLaid groundwork for American system of laws. of laws.

The Philosophy AdvancesThe Philosophy Advances• John Locke• 1690• People first lived in anarchy• Needed a “social contract”• People gave up only SOME of

their individual rights.• Kept the right to:

- Live - Enjoy Liberty - Own Property

• Rulers who violated these rights broke the social contract and could be overthrown.

Thirty Years’ WarThirty Years’ War1618-16481618-1648

1640: Holy Roman Empire has broken down into several Prussian 1640: Holy Roman Empire has broken down into several Prussian (German) principalities.(German) principalities.

Electors from the 7 major German states elect the Holy Roman Electors from the 7 major German states elect the Holy Roman emperor. Many other German states no longer recognize the power of emperor. Many other German states no longer recognize the power of the Holy Roman emperor.the Holy Roman emperor.

1641: Ferdinand of Bohemia (Hapsburg king) elected emperor. He is 1641: Ferdinand of Bohemia (Hapsburg king) elected emperor. He is Anti – Protestant. Tried to return Prussia (Germany) to Catholicism. Anti – Protestant. Tried to return Prussia (Germany) to Catholicism. Spain, Poland supported Ferdinand. Protestant countries – Sweden, Spain, Poland supported Ferdinand. Protestant countries – Sweden, Netherlands – sent troops into Prussia to protect Protestants. France Netherlands – sent troops into Prussia to protect Protestants. France comes in on side of Sweden to protect Alsace from Prussian control.comes in on side of Sweden to protect Alsace from Prussian control.

Over thirty years alliances continually changed.Over thirty years alliances continually changed. War led to starvation, famine and disease. Area severely depopulated.War led to starvation, famine and disease. Area severely depopulated. 1648: Peace of Westphalia signed. France is clear winner, gains 1648: Peace of Westphalia signed. France is clear winner, gains

territory from Spain and Prussia, including Alsace. Prussia remains territory from Spain and Prussia, including Alsace. Prussia remains fragmented and Hapsburgs lose much power.fragmented and Hapsburgs lose much power.

Spain – Philip IISpain – Philip IIRuled 1556-1598Ruled 1556-1598

• Sought to expand Spanish influence Sought to expand Spanish influence – ruled Spain when the empire was at – ruled Spain when the empire was at its height. Included the Spanish New its height. Included the Spanish New WorldWorld

• Devout: tried to strengthen Catholic Devout: tried to strengthen Catholic churchchurch

• Centralized royal powerCentralized royal power• Married Mary I of England – returned Married Mary I of England – returned

England to CatholicismEngland to Catholicism• Invaded England with Spanish Invaded England with Spanish

armada against Elizabeth I – lost armada against Elizabeth I – lost most of the armada to the Englishmost of the armada to the English

Who was the wife Who was the wife of Phillip II ?of Phillip II ?

England - Pathway to England - Pathway to RevolutionRevolution

• Elizabeth I (1558 – Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) – Absolute ruler 1603) – Absolute ruler of England. of England.

• Kept Parliament on Kept Parliament on her side. her side.

• Stabilized the nation Stabilized the nation and expanded British and expanded British territory. territory.

France – Louis XIVFrance – Louis XIVRuled 1643 - 1715Ruled 1643 - 1715

Called himself the Sun KingCalled himself the Sun King Believed in divine right. Believed in divine right.

“L’etat, c’est moi.” “L’etat, c’est moi.” (I am the state.) (I am the state.)

Made French army the Made French army the strongest in Europestrongest in Europe

France was the wealthiest France was the wealthiest country in Europe under country in Europe under Louis XIVLouis XIV

Louis XIV spent huge Louis XIV spent huge amounts of moneyamounts of money

Built Versailles. (page 419)Built Versailles. (page 419) War of Spanish Succession War of Spanish Succession

(page 420)(page 420)

Russia – Peter the GreatRussia – Peter the GreatRuled 1682-1725Ruled 1682-1725

• Goal was to westernize Russia. Goal was to westernize Russia. Forced powerful boyars to bow to Forced powerful boyars to bow to his will.his will.

• Built modern Western city for Built modern Western city for Russian capital – St. Petersburg.Russian capital – St. Petersburg.

• Spread serfdom.Spread serfdom.• Studied Western technology. Studied Western technology.

Worked in a shipyardWorked in a shipyard• Extended Russian territory – to Extended Russian territory – to

Pacific Ocean.Pacific Ocean.• 1700: Fought Sweden for control 1700: Fought Sweden for control

of Baltic. Gained several Baltic of Baltic. Gained several Baltic ports. ports.

Russia – Catherine the Great Russia – Catherine the Great

Ruled 1762-1796Ruled 1762-1796• Deposed her husband in a bloodless Deposed her husband in a bloodless coup and became Empress of Russia.coup and became Empress of Russia.

• Catherine made Russia the dominant Catherine made Russia the dominant power in south-eastern Europe after her power in south-eastern Europe after her first Russo–Turkish War against the first Russo–Turkish War against the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

• Was an early supporter of the principles Was an early supporter of the principles of the Enlightenment.of the Enlightenment.

• After the French Revolution of 1789, After the French Revolution of 1789, Catherine rejected many of the principles Catherine rejected many of the principles of the Enlightenment. of the Enlightenment.

• She feared a similar revolution in Russia.She feared a similar revolution in Russia.• Extended the borders of the Russian Extended the borders of the Russian

Empire southward and westward to Empire southward and westward to absorb New Russia, Crimea, Right-Bank absorb New Russia, Crimea, Right-Bank Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Courland at the expense of two powers Courland at the expense of two powers — the Ottoman Empire— the Ottoman Empire

Austria – Maria TheresaAustria – Maria Theresaruled 1740 - 1780ruled 1740 - 1780

Absolute monarch of AustriaAbsolute monarch of Austria Fought Frederick II of Prussia Fought Frederick II of Prussia

for control of Hungary and for control of Hungary and SilesiaSilesia

Reorganized the governmentReorganized the government Enlightened DespotEnlightened Despot Eased tax burden on her Eased tax burden on her

peoplepeople Gave more rights to her Gave more rights to her

subjectssubjects Gave birth to 16 children while Gave birth to 16 children while

in powerin power

Prussia – Frederick IIPrussia – Frederick IIRuled 1740-1786Ruled 1740-1786

Absolute ruler of Prussia Absolute ruler of Prussia (Germany)(Germany)

Attacked Austria, Attacked Austria, sparking the War of sparking the War of Austrian SuccessionAustrian Succession

Unified Prussia, part of Unified Prussia, part of the Holy Roman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, into one nation, which into one nation, which eventually became eventually became Germany.Germany.

European Absolutism European Absolutism Summary ChartSummary Chart

SPAIN FRANCE ENGLAND AUSTRIA PRUSSIA RUSSIA

Government monarchy

Leaders(Dates)

Philip IIabsolutemonarch(1554-1598)

Religion Catholic

Economy Richest in world, based on New World trade, gold

Wars and Reforms

DefeatsOttomansin 1571