IsolationPurificationCharacterisation of Plant Proteins VTK2010

8/11/2019 IsolationPurificationCharacterisation of Plant Proteins VTK2010

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,

of Proteins from Plants


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I) Protein Isolation: Sources (expression) of plant proteins

. .

Advantages:

- Correct folding

- orrec pos - rans a ona process ng e.g. nser on o ac ve cen re, p osp ory a on,

glycosylation, cleavage, ...)

- No cloning needed

Disadvantages

- Usuall lower ield

- Often many similar proteins in the same organisms difficulties with purification

root freezing in liquid nitrogen and hydroponic plant cultivation in Kpper lab


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I) Protein Isolation: Sources (expression) of plant proteins

Heterologous expression (e.g. in bacteria, yeast or insect cells)

- Usually higher yield

- Specific expression of one protein in large amounts and possibly with specific tag

. . -

Disadvantages

- Often problems with folding, in particular in the case of large proteins and integral

membrane proteins

- Insertion of complitated cofactors (e.g. iron-sulfur clusters) is difficult or impossible,

other post-translational modifications may be missing or different compared to the

native protein possibly wrong conclusions about functions/mechanisms


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I) Protein Isolation: Methods for isolation

Used for hard tissues and cells like roots, stems, but also for hard-walled cells like

some algae and cyanobacteria

ow empera ure pro ec s e pro e ns ur ng gr n ng

Time consuming (manual grinding) or requiring suitable machinery (expensive

solution: lab mill, several thousand , cheap solution: wheat mill, about 200 )

Liquid nitrogen cooled

wheat mill in Kpper lab


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Used for soft tissues like some leaves, and a post-treatment after grinding

Does not require freezing and thus may avoid artefacts of freezing, but may cause

ar e ac s y ea ng o e samp e

Requires expensive (usually several thousand ) machinery


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Used for individual cells (plant cell culture, algae or bacteria) without or with soft walls

Does not require freezing and thus may avoid artefacts of freezingequ res very expens ve usua y many ousan mac nery

From: www.diversified-equipment.com From: www.pegasusscientific.com


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Used only for bacteria or animal cells

May cause degradationo mac nery nee e

From: bio-ggs.blogspot.com/2009/11/ggs-live-western...


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II) Protein Purification: Overview of Principles

Separation by expression site

Selective use of tissues or organelles

Separation by size

ra ra on Size exclusion chromatography

Preparative native gel electrophoresis

Separation by charge

Ion exchan e chromato ra h Isoelectric focussing (as chromatography, in solution or in gel electrophoresis)

Separation by specific binding sites Metal affinity chromatography using natural or artificial metal binding sites

-

Magnetic separation using magnetically tagged antibodies


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II) Protein Purification: Separation by size

via size exclusion chromato ra h

Principle: Small proteins can enter more of the pores in the column material thanlarge proteins, so that small proteins migrate slower

From: elchem.kaist.ac.kr From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki


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II) Protein Purification: Separation by size in native gels

Principle: Small proteins are less retained by the fibers of the gel than large proteins,

so that small proteins migrate faster

foto of a green gel (Kpper et al., 2003, Funct Plant Biol) From: www.columbia.edu/.../c2005/lectures/lec6_09.html


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II) Protein Purification: Separation by charge

,

they elute at higher salt concentrations in the buffer

than less charged proteins

From: www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucbcdab/enzpur/ionX.htm

foto of phycobiliprotein purification in the lab of H. Kpper on a MonoQ anion exchange column

II) Protein Purification:From:


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II) Protein Purification:

Separation by binding sites

From:

dolly.biochem.arizona.edu/.../methods.html

foto of TcHMA4 purification in the lab of H. Kpper on an IMAC column


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III) Protein Identification: Overview of Principles

Size determination

Size exclusion chromatography or SDS PAGE . .

es ern o ng Binding to specific primary antibody, detected via labelled or enzymatically active

secondary antibody

Biochemical assays in native gels

Identification of enz mes b their characteristic activit Identification of metalloproteins by their metal content

Mass Spectrometry Fragmentation of the protein, identification of fragment sizes, and subsequent

compar son o a rary o nown ragmen a on pa erns

N-terminal Seqencing (Edman degradation)

Sequential chemical removal of individual amino acids from the N-terminus

III) P t i Id tifi ti b i ti l


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III) Protein Identification by assays in native gels Exam le of a metallo rotein identification in native els: Scannin of the els with

laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for obtaining

information about metal binding to individual bands of a gel

from: Polatajko A, Azzolini M, et al (2007) JAnalAtomSpect 22, 878-887


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III) P t i Id tifi ti M S t t


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III) Protein Identification: Mass SpectrometryPrinciple

1) protein band is cut of out gel

2) protein is digested into peptides3 mass s ectrometr

4) comparison of the fragment sizes with a database

5) assignment of likely sequences to fragments

7) result: list of proteins from the database that have a similar fragmentation pattern

, , , -

III) Protein Identification: Mass Spectrometry


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3) mass spectrometry

4) comparison of the fragment sizes with a database

. . . . .



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3a) further fragmentation of one of the fragments from the digest in the mass spectrometer, then

again mass spectrometry (MSMS)4a com arison of the fra ment sizes with a database

from: http://www.med.monash.edu.au/biochem/facilities/proteomics/maldi.html



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5) assignment of likely sequences to fragments

6) comparison of the fragment sequences with a database

7) result: list of proteins from the database that have a similarfragmentation pattern

from: http://www.med.monash.edu.au/biochem/facilities/proteomics/maldi.html



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from: Gingras AC et al, 2004, J Physiol 563, 11-21

Limitations and artefacts

contamination of gel bands with other proteins identification of the contamination(very common: keratin from skin!) instead of the protein of interest

not all proteins have the same detection efficiency (problems e.g. if many cysteines

resent even small contaminations sometimes lead to wron identifications

not all proteins are in the databases database may show results that have a similar

fragmentation pattern, but are otherwise unrelated

III) Protein Identification: N terminal sequencing


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III) Protein Identification: N-terminal sequencing

identification of the

amino acid byreversed phase HPLC

and comparison with

HPLC of standard

from: www.ufrgs.br/depbiot/blaber/section4/section4.htm

III) Protein Identification: N terminal sequencing


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III) Protein Identification: N-terminal sequencing

Sample preparation

1) run acrylamide gel (denaturating or native) -

3) stain the membrane with ponceau red (CBB and other stains also work)

4) submit for sequencing

Limitations and artefacts

problems with contaminations

in eukaryotic proteins, the N-terminus is often blocked (e.g. by methylation), which

re uired com licated de-blockin rocedures. Also non- ol merised acr lamideremains in the gel can cause blocking, so let the gel polymerise over night

Cys residues cannot be detected, and also glycosylated redidues may appear as

IV) Protein Characterisation: Overview of Principles


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IV) Protein Characterisation: Overview of Principles

Size determination

Charge determination

Analysis of the 3-dimensional Structure

Activity tests

IV) Protein Characterisation: Size determination


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) ote C a acte sat o S e dete at o

Comparison with predicted size by native and denaturating gel electrophoresis and by

size exclusion chromatography can show native oligomerisation, post-translational

modification but also artefactual degradation/aggregation

116 KDa

200 KDa SDS gel andWestern blot of

97 KDa

66KDa size shows

ost-translational

45KDa

processing as

cDNA sequence

Parameswaran

Leitenmaier et al.,

2007, BBRC)

IV) Protein Characterisation: Charge determination


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) g

protein is zero, i.e. balance between protonation of carboxyl groups and deprotonation

of amino groups is achieved

pH

neu ra reg on

acidic region

from: commons.wikimedia.org

IV) Protein Characterisation: Analysis of cofactors


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) y

Metal content (about 30% of all proteins are metalloproteins!): AAS, ICP-MS/OES,

EDX/PIXE/XRF

UV/VIS spectrum

Cadmium

bindin causesligand-metal-

charge-transfer

indicatingcysteine ligation

(Leitenmaier and

,

IV) Protein Characterisation: Analysis of cofactors


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Metal ligands: EXAFS, EPR, heteronuclear NMR provide information about ligand types

) y

and their spatial arrangement around the active site (each of these techniques has

different strenghts)

EXAFS spectrum

-

mixed S/N

li ands multi lescattering shows

histidine

Kpper, unpublished)

IV) Protein Characterisation: Analysis of the 3D Structure


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Circular Dichroism CD S ectrosco

From: www.proteinchemist.com/cd/cdspec.html

information about proportions of secondary structure types in a protein

particularly useful when X-ray crystallography and NMR are not applicable


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IV) Protein Characterisation: Activity testsTit ti f ith it b t t ( ) l bi di t t d ibl


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Titration of an enzyme with its substrate(s) reveals binding constants and possible

su s ra e n on

Cu-ATPase

Hung et al. Biochem.J.

2007, 401

Both are P1B-Type ATPases

showing the same activation

attern b their metal after

300

350

n

Cd

reconstitution into artificial

lipid vesicles

200

250

rate[1/s]

100

150

turnover

(purified by

Leitenmaier and

0,01 0,1 1 10

0

conc. metal[M]

pper

IV) Protein Characterisation: Activity tests


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Two-dimensional data, e.g. substrate concentration and temperature reveal insights

into interactions between factors that are decisive for enzyme activity, e.g.

temperature dependence of substrate binding and influence of the substrate on thethermostabilit of the enz me

mol ATP.s-1

Activity of TcHMA4

(Leitenmaier, Witt, Witzke

an pper, unpu s e

Example: Flowchart of expression, isolation, purif ication and

characterisation of the Cd/Zn ATPase TcHMA4


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characterisation of the Cd/Zn-ATPase TcHMA4

Grow plants expressing TcHMA4 hydroponically, harvest and freeze roots

Grind the frozen roots with isolation buffer in li uid N thaw

Centrifuge, discard the supernatant (soluble proteins) and resuspend the

pellet (membrane proteins) with solubilisation buffer

Centrifuge for removing insoluble residue, collect solubilised protein

Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography on Ni-IDA column

Identify: Quantify: In SDS Metal binding: Activity tests

Western-Blotting,Edman Sequ.

gel via luorescentdye

A I P, EXAF ,UV/VIS

catalyticalproperties)


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All slides of my lectures can be downloaded from my

wor group omepage

www.un - ons anz. e epar men o o ogy or groups pper a ,

or directl

http://www.uni-konstanz.de/FuF/Bio/kuepper/Homepage/AG_Kuepper_Homepage.html

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IsolationPurificationCharacterisation of Plant Proteins VTK2010