ISSN 00375

10 AVolume 212,-No. 4491

LETTERS Mathematical Ability: Is Sex a Factor?: C. Tomizaika and S. Tobias;E. K. Stage and R. Karplus; S. Chipman; E. Egelman et al.;D. J. Moran; E. H. Luchins and A. S. Luchins; A. Kelly; C. P. Benbowand J. C. Stanley...............................................

EDITORIAL Voyager Mission to Saturn .................................................

ARTiCLES Tlhe Bridge of Language: N. Frye ...........................................Ion Ore: From Depletion to Abundance: P. J. Kakela.

NEWS AND COWMUNT

RESEARO No"EW

Fraud nnd the Structure of Science .........................................MX Lobotomized by Air Force, Critic Says..................................Interferon: No Magic Bullet Against Cancer..................................Califano Tells Tales of the Top Post at HEW .................................Briefing: DOE Blocks Mailing of "Antinuclear" Publication; House

Science Panel Throws Down Gauntlet; More About Cned Mice;Levy to Leave NHLBI;. Heroin No Better than Morphine as Analgesic .....

The 1981 Pittsburgh Conference: A Specil Instrument ReportMyriad Ways to Measure Smal Particles................................

Instrument Highlights: Rough Going for Lasers at the Pittsburfh Conference;How Many Solvents Is the Limit for HPLC?; Coneentraons Measured byDelayed Lasing; Persistence Pays Off in the Form of a New Product;Wg Spectrophotomter Wed to a Microscope; IBM Now Making Anaytical

Instsuents ....................... ....New Ways to Measure S02 Remxtely .At $100 per Hour, Service Is a Big Concern.................................

114

125

127

1-32

137

138

1.41

142'

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1441

1.48

152.4

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BOOK REVIEWS Cosmologie Physique, reviewed by J. E. Gunn; Evolution in Age-StructuredPopulations, R. E. Michod; Olfaction in Mammals, D. G. Kleiman;Behavior of Marine Animals, N. P. Ashmole; Books Received ..... ....... 154

REPORTS Voyager 1 Encounter with the Saturnian System: E. C. Stone andE. D. Miner .......................................................... 159

Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 Imaging Science ResultsB.A. Smithetal ....................................................... 163

Orbits of the Small Satellites of Saturn: S. P. Synnott et al ..................... 191Infrared Observations of the Saturnian System from Voyager 1:

R. Hanel et al ........................................................ 192Radio Science Investigations of the Saturn System with Voyager 1:

Preliminary Results: G. L. Tyler et al . .................................. 201Extreme Ultraviolet Observations from Voyager 1 Encounter with Saturn:

A. L. Broadfoot et al ..................................................... 206Magnetic Field Studies by Voyager 1: Preliminary Results at Saturn:

N. F. Ness et al. ..................................................... 211

Plasma Observations Near Saturn: Initial Results from Voyager 1:H. S. Bridge et al ..................................................... 217

Low-Energy Charged Particles in Saturn's Magnetosphere: Results fromVoyager 1: S. M. Krimigis et al . ....................................... 225

Energetic Charged Particles in Saturn's Magnetosphere: Voyager 1 Results:R. E. Vogt et al ....................................................... 231

Plasma Waves Near Saturn: Initial Results from Voyager 1: D. A. Gurnett,W. S. Kurth, F. L. Scarf ............. ................................. 235

Planetary Radio Astronomy Observations from Voyager 1 Near Saturn:J. S. Warwick et al .................................................... 239

PRODUCTS AND Centrifuge; Marker Proteins; Miniature Specimen Light; Rheometer;MATERIALS Cholesterol Analyzer; Polynucleotide Synthesizer; Dissecting

Boards; Ventilated Cage Rack; Literature ........ ....................... 244

COVER

Computer-enhanced photo of Saturn(taken 13 November 1980 by Voyager1) shows Saturn's rings and their shad-ows against the lighted crescent of theplanet. The photo was taken from adistance of 1,570,000 kilometers be-yond the planet. The bright, overex-posed limb of Saturn is visible throughthe rings. Radial spokes in the B ring,which appeared dark in pictures takenwhen Voyager 1 was approaching Sat-urn, can be seen here as bright mark-ings, suggesting that the spoke particlesare a few microns in diameter. The thinF ring displays brightness variationsthat are caused by nonuniform distribu-tion of material in'that ring. See page159. [Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasa-dena, California]

10 April 1981, Volume 212, Number 4491

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SCIE:NCE

ager Mission to Saturneager 1 made its closest approach to Saturn on 12 November 1980. Onay, the mission control center at Jet Propulsion Laboratory was theof intense worldwide attention. Interest in the Voyager mission toapproached that accorded the first manned lunar landing. This issue

ins the first set of scientific reports from the flyby of the planet, itssatellites, and its rings.Saturn system is a frigid mysterious world nearly 1.6 billion kilome-billion miles) from Earth. Per unit area, it receives about I percent assunlight as does Earth. Spacecraft visiting it must be prepared toand extreme cold, to operate semi-autonomously, and to conveyges to and receive messages from Earth.irn has a mass 95 times that of Earth. It has an atmosphere thatits mainly of hydrogen, with helium (approximately 11 percent) themost abundant component. Methane, ammonia, ethane, ethylene,ene, and phosphine have also been detected. The temperature de-.s from 150 K in the upper atmosphere to a minimum ofabout 85K at aire of 100 millibars and then increases to about 160 K at 1.4 bars. Theis obscured by clouds, which move at velocities that are a function ofle. Eastward wind speeds near the equator as high as 480 meters perd (1100 miles per hour) were observed.of the major objectives of the Voyager mission was to gather

iation about Saturn's satellites. There are 15 of them, including threeFere discovered during the flyby. Titan, the largest of the group, is thed largest satellite in the solar system (Jupiter's Ganymede is first) and-ly one known to possess a substantial atmosphere. Although it ised with clouds and haze, Voyager experimenters were able tonine its diameter (5140 kilometers). Using this datum and the mass,alculated Titan's density to be 1.9, which corresponds to a 50:50 mixk and water ice. The atmospheric pressure at the surface of Titan isLrs and the temperature approximately 93 K. Nitrogen is the maintuent of the atmosphere, with methane next in abundance. At theions on the surface of Titan, gaseous, liquid, or solid methane might!sent. The other satellites were not obscured by clouds. They wererd with water ice and in some cases are composed mainly of water ice.king feature of Mimas is a crater roughly 130 kilometers in diameter.rs were'also observed on most of the other satellites.tlm's rings were found to have a far more complex structure thanted. They consist mainly of water ice. Voyager 1 results indicate thatand C rings contain particles with effective diameters of 10 and 2s, respectively. The Cassini division, a classical ring element separat-iA and B rings, itself contains five broad rings with substructure. Thehas an unusual morphology, with two components that appear kinkedraided.foregoing paragraphs mention only a fraction of the information nowble about the Saturn system. Moreover, only part of the experimentalhas been analyzed thus far. When analysis is complete, a verytntial body of facts will be added. For centuries scientists havepted to answer three major questions about the solar system: How didmnate? How did it evolve? and How does it operate today? TheLation gathered with manned and unmanned spacecraft greatly limitsage of permissible speculation. A theory that covers the origin andion of the solar system will illuminte processes that have occurred on,Data about atmospheric motions on Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturnused to test models of global circulation.Voyager I mission to Saturn has been another great success in a longof U.S. exploits in space. The engineers, scientists, apd techniciansFed in the era of space exploration can take pride in their work. Theyparticipated in one of humanity's greatest achievements.

-PHILLIP Mi. ABELs