ISSN 2320 -5083 Journal of International · Dr.S.V.Kshirsagar, M.B.B.S,M.S Head - Department of Anatomy, ... and tear index for bleached pulp. Considering all the parameters into

Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary

ISSN 2320 -5083

A Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, Monthly, Open Access, Online Research Journal

Impact Factor – 1.393

VOLUME 1 ISSUE 12 JANUARY 2014

A GLOBAL SOCIETY FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

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Editorial Board

Dr. Kari Jabbour, Ph.D Curriculum Developer, American College of Technology, Missouri, USA.

Er.Chandramohan, M.S System Specialist - OGP ABB Australia Pvt. Ltd., Australia.

Dr. S.K. Singh Chief Scientist Advanced Materials Technology Department Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology Bhubaneswar, India

Dr. Jake M. Laguador Director, Research and Statistics Center, Lyceum of the Philippines University, Philippines.

Prof. Dr. Sharath Babu, LLM Ph.D Dean. Faculty of Law, Karnatak University Dharwad, Karnataka, India

Dr.S.M Kadri, MBBS, MPH/ICHD, FFP Fellow, Public Health Foundation of India Epidemiologist Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kashmir, India

Dr.Bhumika Talwar, BDS Research Officer State Institute of Health & Family Welfare Jaipur, India

Dr. Tej Pratap Mall Ph.D Head, Postgraduate Department of Botany, Kisan P.G. College, Bahraich, India.

Dr. Arup Kanti Konar, Ph.D Associate Professor of Economics Achhruram, Memorial College, SKB University, Jhalda,Purulia, West Bengal. India

Dr. S.Raja Ph.D Research Associate, Madras Research Center of CMFR , Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Chennai, India

Dr. Vijay Pithadia, Ph.D, Director - Sri Aurobindo Institute of Management Rajkot, India.

Er. R. Bhuvanewari Devi M. Tech, MCIHT Highway Engineer, Infrastructure, Ramboll, Abu Dhabi, UAE Sanda Maican, Ph.D. Senior Researcher, Department of Ecology, Taxonomy and Nature Conservation Institute of Biology of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania Dr. Reynalda B. Garcia Professor, Graduate School & College of Education, Arts and Sciences Lyceum of the Philippines University Philippines Dr.Damarla Bala Venkata Ramana Senior Scientist Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA) Hyderabad, A.P, India PROF. Dr.S.V.Kshirsagar, M.B.B.S,M.S Head - Department of Anatomy, Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka, India. Dr Asifa Nazir, M.B.B.S, MD, Assistant Professor, Dept of Microbiology Government Medical College, Srinagar, India. Dr.AmitaPuri, Ph.D Officiating Principal Army Inst. Of Education New Delhi, India Dr. Shobana Nelasco Ph.D Associate Professor, Fellow of Indian Council of Social Science Research (On Deputation}, Department of Economics, Bharathidasan University, Trichirappalli. India M. Suresh Kumar, PHD Assistant Manager, Godrej Security Solution, India. Dr.T.Chandrasekarayya,Ph.D Assistant Professor, Dept Of Population Studies & Social Work, S.V.University, Tirupati, India.

JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 12, January 2014

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SELECTION FOR SUPERIOR PULPING QUALITY THROUGH PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF EUCALYPTUS CLONES

DR.S.VENNILA*

DR. S.UMESH KANNA** DR. K.T.PARTHIBAN***

*Senior Research Fellow, Forest College & Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, India

**Assistant Professor, Forest College & Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalyam, Tamil Nadu, India *** Professor, Forest College & Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalyam, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT

`Three Eucalyptus species viz., Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus tereticornis and

E. urophylla were subjected for physical, chemical analysis coupled with strength properties

for pulpwood. Considering physical properties, all clones were moderate to high range

indicated for their suitability as pulpwood. Chemical wood analysis indicated the variability

among tree species. In the proximate analysis, lignin content was moderate for all the clones

which proved their suitability as a pulp wood. The tree species differ significantly for holo-

cellulose which is essential factor for paper production. Considering this factor, the

superiority of EC MTP 48 was evident due to maximum holo-cellulose content then all other

clones. The pulp yield and kappa number analysis indicated the superiority of EC MTP 48

due to higher pulp yield and moderate kappa number. The strength properties of wood of

various clones revealed the superiority of EC MTP 48 in terms of tensile index, burst factor

and tear index for bleached pulp. Considering all the parameters into account, the clone EC

MTP 48 proved superior for pulpwood characters and this study recommends the suitability

of EC MTP 48 as an pulpwood species.

KEYWORDS: Eucalyptus Clones, Pulpwood; Physical, Chemical and Strength Properties.

INTRODUCTION

The extent and diversity of the world's forests are declining and the demand for wood

worldwide is on the rise. Much of the world's timber supply is harvested from natural forests,

while plantations contribute only 7-10 per cent of the current world industrial round wood

production (Gauthier, 1991). Coupled with this increasing demand for wood and wood

products, there has been a shift in the emphasis from utilization of the often complex natural

forests to plantation of species relatively easy to manage and capable of producing large

quantities of wood per unit area (Wilan, 1973).


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With just 2.5 per cent land area of the earth, India has to support nearly 15 per cent of

the world's human population and equally large but mostly unproductive live stock. Therefore

forests in the country due to under intense biotic pressure leading to degradation of genetic

resources. Nearly 35 m ha of forest area comprised of degraded open forest with less than 40

per cent crown cover density. The forests have very low growing stock at 74 m3 ha-1

compared to the global average of 130 m3 ha-1. Similarly the mean annual increment also

very low at less than 1 m3 ha-1 yr-1 compared to the world average of over 2.1 m3 ha-1 yr-1

(Piare Lal, 2005). The low forest cover coupled with poor productivity has ushered in a total

mismatch between demand and supply (Parthiban and Govinda Rao, 2008).

The supply of industrial wood raw material from forest area has been dwindling after

the enunciation of 1988 forest policy which guided the wood based industries in the country

to raise their own raw material without depending on forest department supplies (Anon, 1988).

In India, there are about 594 pulp and paper industries with 34 in the large scale sector

and 560 in the medium and small scale sector (Srivastava, 2005). The pulp and paper industry

is segmented as wood, agro and waste paper based with the former accounting for 43 per

cent, agro based 28 per cent and waste paper based 29 per cent, of the total installed capacity.

The demand for industrial wood raw material is also on the ascendancy due to expansion of

various paper mills. Considering the widening gap between demand and supply, almost all

industries in the country are in the process of establishment of industrial wood plantation

(Lal, 2000). However, the low productivity of industrial wood plantations due to non

availability of site specific and genetically improved planting stock is the major concern

faced by wood based industries. Hence, there is a need to identify and screen superior clone

for pulpwood which has the potential for high pulp recovery coupled with high productivity.

Materials and Method

The materials used in the present study consisted of ten clones selected from the existing seed

source evaluation trial at Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam and one seed

source. From each species, a billet of each 1 m length and 50-60 cm girth were collected. The

billets were debarked and chipped separately and screened. The screened chips were used for

pulping experiments. Some chips were converted into dust for proximate chemical analysis.

Based on the initial screening study in the laboratory the wood samples were subjected to

analysis of physical and chemical properties. The pulping experiments were also carried out

to find out its suitability for papermaking.


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The physical characteristics such as bulk density, basic density and moisture content of wood

chips are estimated. For the Chemical properties analysis, the billets of individual tree species

were chipped in pilot chipper; air-dried and converted into wood meal in a laboratory Wiley

disintegration. The wood dust passing through 40 mesh but retained over 60 mesh was

subjected to analysis for moisture, ash, hot water soluble, one per cent NaOH soluble, AB

extractive, Acid insoluble lignin, pentosans, hollocellulose as per TAPPI methods (TAPPI,

1980). The strength properties such as pulping, identification of kappa number, pulp

brightness, paper sheets preparation, paper strength measurement, tensile strength, tearing

strength, bursting strength measurement, black liquor analysis were analyzed as per standard

method (TAPPI, 1980).

Result and Discussion

Physical properties of wood chips

The moisture contents of wood sample of all the clones were found to be ranged between

9.76 (EC MTP 47) and 10.90 (EU MTP 8). The bulk density (284 kg m-3) and basic density

(542 kg m-3) were found highest in clone EC MTP 48 and lowest in clone EC MTP 41 (Table

1). The wood density of Eucalyptus pulp wood is possibly one of the most influential factors

controlling the strength and several other physical characteristics of the paper sheet. It is

relatively simple and inexpensive property to determine, even in unsophisticated

environments. The bulk density exhibited wide variation and maximum density was recorded

by EC MTP 48. This variation among tested clones and seed source may be due to the

differences between early and late wood which could have created variation between and

within trees (Malan and Arbuthnot, 1995). The bulk density of the entire culm of bamboo

indicated the variation between nodes and internodes samples (Ahmad and Kamke, 2005).

Similarly significant difference was observed among Eucalyptus species in basic density

which ranged between 446 kg m-3 (EC MTP 41) and 542 kg m-3 (EC MTP 48). These results

are in consonance with the observation in Eucalyptus globulus (Santos et al., 2004);

Eucalyptus clones (Yu Chen, 2006) and also Eucalyptus species (Rockwood et al., 2008).

The wood density properties are of major importance for the production of quality pulp and

paper. The amount of wood needed to produce one tone of air dried pulp is calculated from

the density and pulp yield (Storebraten, 1990).

A wide variation in wood and fibre properties of different tree species were reported

(Niskanen, 1998). Persson (1975) found that differences in diameter growth have major

impact on basic density of wood. Basic density is again highly correlated with late wood


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content (Bergstedt and Olsen, 2000). Similarly the variability exhibited in most physical

properties studied among different Eucalyptus clones in the current study also thus attests the

results of earlier findings. But it is important to understand the exact relationship between

wood density and other fibre characteristics of the test clones that have an effect on pulp and

paper quality.

Chips classification results revealed that accept chips for cooking are around 82.8 per cent

and dust is around 0.5 per cent (Table 1). This is the accepted size for pulping. The heat

transfer and chemical penetration during pulping may be uniform in all cases. Pape (1999)

found higher basic density in Norway spruce trees stands thinned from above than that

thinned from below due to the lower density in dominant trees than in codominant and

suppressed trees. Johansson (1993) did not find such a difference in the basic density level

between tree classes. This might be probably due to the young material used as indicated by

Pape (1999). However, in the current study the basic density exhibited wider variation which

might be due to species or differences between early and late wood formation as reported by

Malan and Arbuthnot (1995).

Chemical properties of wood chips

The proximate chemical analysis give an idea of potentiality of raw material for paper

making. The chemical analysis in terms of ash content ranged between 0.32 (EC MTP 48)

and 0.71 (EU MTP 1) (Table 2). The chemical investigation carried out in wood pulp of

Acacia mangium recorded high ash content (Saepuloh, 1999). However, all the selected

clones in the current study exhibited lower ash content which thus lend a scope for utilization

as pulp wood.

The alcohol-benzene solubilities of wood constitute the waxes, fats and resinous matter. In

the current study, the extractives were in the range between 1.1 (EU MTP 1, EU MTP 2 and

ET MTP 29) and 1.4 (ET MTP 14, EC MTP 47 and EC MTP 48) and potential differences

were recorded among the clones selected. Similar variation in alcohol-benzene extractives

were observed among various clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis, wherein the extractives

ranged between 1.06 and 1.35 (Rao et al., 1999). The chemical investigation carried out in

Bambusa tulda (Bhola, 1976); Lagerstromia speciosa and Terminalia myriocarpa (Singh et

al., 1972) also indicated wood variation in the extractives. Among the chemical properties,

holocellulose is very important because it is a measure of total carbohydrate content of the

wood (Tappi, 2001). The holocellulose constituting cellulose and hemicellulose is the major


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portion of fibrous raw material. The holocellulose content in the study ranged between 71.6

(S.O) and 75.2 (EC MTP 48) and other Eucalyptus species recorded in between these. The

result indicated the superiority of EC MTP 48 as a source of raw material for paper industry (Table 2).

The content of pentosans ranged between 13.0 per cent (EC MTP 47) and 18.5 per cent (S.O)

and acid soluble lignin was found to be in the range of 23.0 per cent (EC MTP 47) to 25.7 per

cent (S.O) (Table 2). Such variation in the content of pentosans of Acacia mangium

(Saepuloh, 1999) was also evident which corroborate the results of current findings.

The overall chemical analysis revealed that the clone EC MTP 48 is most superior among

twenty seven clones and one seed source tested which could be used for commercial

deployment for clonal plantation establishment.

Strength properties of wood chips

Bleached strength properties at different freeness levels for each pulp were measured

and initial freeness for the pulp was 430 ± 50 ml CSF. The refining energy required to get

300 ml CSF was around 3500 revolutions in PFI mill which gave freeness around 300 ml CSF.

The strength properties viz., tensile index, burst index and tear index of bleached kraft pulps

indicated that the clones EC MTP 48 (80.0 Nm g-1, 5.0 K Pa m2 g-1, 8.2 m Nm2 g-1), EC

MTP 47 (78.0 Nm g-1, 4.4 K Pa m2 g-1, 8.0 m Nm2 g-1), EC MTP 53 (78.0 Nm g-1, 4.2 K

Pa m2 g-1, 7.8 m Nm2 g-1) and EC MTP 41 (78.0 Nm g-1, 4.7 K Pa m2 g-1, 8.0 m Nm2 g-1)

have recorded superior strength properties for pulp and paper followed by ET MTP 14 (77.0

Nm g-1, 4.6 K Pa m2 g-1, 7.6 m Nm2 g-1), EU MTP 1 (74.0 Nm g-1, 4.3 K Pa m2 g-1, 7.5 m

Nm2 g-1), S.O (72.0 Nm g-1, 4.5 K Pa m2 g-1, 7.8 m Nm2 g-1) (EC MTP 50 (71.0 Nm g-1,

4.1 K Pa m2 g-1, 7.9 m Nm2 g-1), EU MTP 8 (70.0 Nm g-1, 4.1 K Pa m2 g-1, 7.5 m Nm2 g-

1), ET MTP 29 (67.0 Nm g-1, 4.3 K Pa m2 g-1, 7.7 m Nm2 g-1) and EU MTP 2 (61.0 Nm g-

1, 3.4 K Pa m2 g-1, 7.7 m Nm2 g-1) (Table 10). Comparison between the pulps obtained

under identical conditions revealed that EU MTP 2 and ET MTP 29 are inferior to the rest of

the clones investigated (Table 3 & Table 4).

The strength properties of paper are directly associated with cellulose and interfibre bonding.

The clone EC MTP 48 recorded high holocellulose and low lignin content due to increased

pulp yield and is good for interfibre bonding and pulp strength. Similar variations among tree

species for various strength properties were also recorded between Eucalyptus tereticornis

and Eucalyptus grandis (Patil et al., 1997). Within the species, the strength properties varied

due to age but in the current study variation occurred among clones of same age which

indicated the variation might be due to clones. It was reported that improvement in burst and


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tensile index with decreasing freeness in Eucalyptus tereticornis (Patil et al., 1997). The best

strength properties viz. burst, tear, tensile was attained by pulps of 14-15 years age groups in

case of Eucalyptus. However, in the current study satisfactory levels of strength properties

was achieved even in five years of growth which indicated that the clones tested in the

current study could be harvested even in five years as against seven years of current practice

by the state forest department.

The comparison of pulping results for yield and strength properties of all the species revealed

that EC MTP 48 is most superior compared to Control (S.O) . Among the three species viz.,

Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eucalyptus

camaldulensis recorded higher strength properties compared to other two species. The

strength properties viz., tensile index, tear index, burst index and specific coefficient were

recorded superior values in EC MTP 48, EC MTP 47 and EC MTP 41. This might be due to

superior fibre characteristic that may be present in the species. This besides, the chemical

requirement to achieve 20 kappa number in this species is only 17 per cent with normal

chemical requirement and good bleaching response might also contributed for improved

strength properties.

Among these strength properties, tearing strength depends upon fibre length, width etc.

Hence, the maximum tearing strength, burst index and tear index in

EC MTP 48, EC MTP 47 and EC MTP 41 must be due to superior fibre characteristics.

Strength properties are best obtained with EC MTP 48, EC MTP 47 and

EC MTP 41 which might be due to higher freeness and optimized kappa number (<20)

recorded by this species. The wood and wood properties are very important not only for

production of paper but also the properties of paper (Storebraten, 1990). The pulp and paper

property are highly dependent on fibre morphology and sheet forming processes (Pavilainen,

1993; Seth et al., 1997). Wood with different properties give different pulp and paper

qualities (Kibblewhite, 1989). A systematic variation was observed between trees wherein

dominated tree had different property than the intermediate and suppressed ones (Duchesne et

al., 1997). However, in the current study, only dominated trees were selected which

expressed wide variability. This indicated the genetic differences among clones of different

Eucalyptus species. Such variation in wood properties due to various provenance of

Eucalyptus amplifolia was earlier reported (Rockwood et al., 2008) which lend support to the

findings of current investigation.


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The various wood properties significantly associate between and within them towards

producing various grades of pulp (Wanrosli et al., 2004). The interrelationship of screened

yield, tensile and tear indices with kappa number are also observed in Elaeis guineensis. The

study indicated that tensile index tends to decrease with increasing kappa number while the

tear index reaction is opposite (Wanrosli et al., 2004). Similar interrelationship between

tensile index, tear index with kappa number was evident in the current study for the various

clones investigated.

Considering all physical, chemical and strength properties, all the trees subjected for analysis

were found to be suitable as a source of pulpwood. However, considering the pulp yield and

kappa number coupled with strength properties, the superiority of the EC MTP 48, EC MTP

47 and EC MTP 41 as a source of pulpwood was evident and hence the above three clones

are recommended for clonal deployment towards establishment of industrial wood pulpwood

plantations.

However, the variation in physical, chemical and strength properties observed among the

clones of three Eucalyptus species suggest that further improvement could be made via

selection, breeding and further clonal deployment of outstanding individuals.

References

1. Ahmad, M. and F.A. Kamke. 2005. Analysis of Calcutta bamboo for structural composite materials: Physical and mechanical properties. Wood Science and Technology, 39(4): 448-459.

2. Anonymous. 1988. National Forest Policy, MoEF, New Delhi. 3. Bergstedt, A. and P.O. Olesen. 2000. Models for predicting dry matter content of Norway

spruce. Scand J. Forest Res., 15: 633-644. 4. Bhola, P.P. 1976. Pulping studies of hill Jati Bamboo (Bambusa tulda) from Cachar hills.

Indian Forester, 102(4): 242-246. 5. Duchesne, I., L. Wilhelmsson and K. Spangberg. 1997. Effects of in-forest sorting of Norway

spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) on wood and fibre properties. Can. J. Forest Res., 27: 790-795.

6. Gauthier, H. 1991. Plantation wood in world trade. In: The Emergence of New Forest Potentials in the world, AFOCEL, Paris. pp. 9-19.

7. Johansson, K. 1993. Influence of initial spacing and tree class on the basic density of Picea abies. Scand J. Forest Res., 1993(8): 18-27.

8. Kibblewhite, R.P. 1989. New Zealand radiate pine market kraft pulp qualities. PAPRO New Zealand Technical Brochure.

9. Lal, P. 2000. National forest policy and raw material supplies for wood based industries in India. Indian Forester, 126(4): 351-365.

10. Malan, F.S. and A.L. Arbuthnot. 1995. The Inter-relationships between density and fiber properties of South Africa grown Eucalyptus grandis.

11. Niskanen, K. 1998. Paper physics. ISBN 952-5216-16-0. Fapet Oy, Helsinki. 12. Pape, R. 1999. Effects of thinning on wood properties of Norway spruce on highly productive

sites. Doctoral Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. p. 90. 13. Parthiban, K.T. and M. Govinda Rao. 2008. Pulpwood based industrial agroforestry in Tamil

Nadu – A case study. Indian Forester, 134(2): 155-163.


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14. Patil, J.V., R.B. Deshmukh, N.D. Jambhale, S.C. Patil and N.T. Kunjir. 1997. Correlation and path analysis in Eucalyptus. Indian J. For., 22(2): 132-135.

15. Pavilainen, L. 1993. Conformability, flexibility and collapsibility of Sulphate wood fibers. Paperi Puu, 75(9-10): 689-703.

16. Persson, A. 1975. Wood and pulp of Norway spruce and Scots pine at various spacings. Department of Forest Yield Research, Research Notes 37, Royal College of Forestry, Stockholm, Sweden. p. 145.

17. Piare Lal. 2005. Integrated development of agroforestry plantations and wood based industries. In: Agroforestry in 21st century (Eds. K. Chauhan, S.S. Gill, S.C. Sharma and Rajni Chauhan). Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur. pp. 296-303

18. Rao, R.V., V. Kothiyal, P. Sreevani, S. Shashikala, S. Naithani and S.V. Singh. 1999. Yield and strength properties of pulp of some clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis. Indian Forester, 125(11): 1145-1151.

19. Rockwood , L., A.W. Ruide, A. Sally, J.Y. Zhu and J.E. Wiandy. 2008. Energy product options for Eucalyptus species grown as short rotation woody crops. Intl. J. Mol. Sci., 9: 1361-1378.

20. Saepuloh, G.P.D. 1999. Chemical component analysis on Mangium wood at its several age groups from Riau. Bulletin Penelitian Hasil-Hutan, 17(3): 140-148.

21. Santos, A., A. Ofelia and R.Simoes. 2004. Wood and pulp properties of two Eucalyptus globulus wood samples. In: N. Borralho et al. Eucalyptus in a Changing World Proceeding of IUFRO Conference, Aveiro. 11-15th October.

22. Seth, R.S., H.F. Jang, B.K. Chan and C.B. Wu. 1997. Transverse dimensions of wood pulp fibres and their implications for end use. The fundamentals of papermaking materials. 11th Fundamental Research Symposium, Cambridge, Vol. I, Pira International, Surrey, UK. pp. 473-503.

23. Singh, S.P., P.R. Handa, Harjit Singh, Kishan Chand, M.L. Gupta, G.C. Agarwal, Man Mohan Singh and S.R.D. Guha. 1972. Pulping studies of Lagerstromia species and Terminalia myriacarpa. Indian Forester, 98(4): 244-251.

24. Srivastava, M.B. 2005. Timber industries and non-timber forest products. CBS Publication, New Delhi. p. 518.

25. Storebraten, S. 1990. Sulfatfabrikken – virkesforsyningens soppelplass Foredrag i PTF, Masseteknisk gruppe, 9 Oktober, Oslo, Norway. p. 25.

26. Tappi. 1980. Standard and suggested methods. Technical association of pulp and paper industry, New York. pp. 200-265.

27. Tappi. 2001. Laboratory manual on testing procedures. Published by the Director, Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Saharanpur (U.P.). TM 1-A9.

28. Wanrosli, W.D., L.K. Zainuddin and L.K. Lee. 2004. Influence of pulping variables on the properties of Elaeis guinensis soda pulp as evaluated by response surface methodology. Wood Science and Technology, 38(3): 191-205.

29. Wilan, R.L. 1973. Forestry: Improving the use of Genetic Resources. Span, 16(5): 119-121. 30. Yu Chen. 2006. Variation of wood density, pulp yield other wood properties for four

Eucalyptus clones in Stora Enso Guangxi (China) plantation. M.Sc. Thesis, Lulea University of Technology. Sweden.


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40

50

60

70

80

90

200300400500600

FREENESS - ML CSF

TE

NSI

LE

IN

DE

X

Fig. 1. Strength properties of EC MTP 48 bleached pulp at different freeness levels TENSILE INDEX TEAR INDEX

BURST INDEX REFINING ENERGY

UR at 450 ml At 300ml CSF Tensile Index Nm/g 54.0 80.0 Tear Index mN.m2/g 4.0 8.2 Burst Index kPa.m2/g 3.1 5.0

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

200300400500600

FREENESS - MLCSF

TE

AR

IN

DE

X2

3

4

5

6

7

200300400500600

FREENESS - MLCSF

BU

RST

IN

DE

X

200

300

400

500

600

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

PFI REVOLUTIONS

FR

EE

NE

SS - M

LC

SF


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Table 1. Physical characteristics of different Eucalyptus clones

S. No.

Clones Moisture content

(%)

Bulk density (OD basis)

(kg m-3)

Basic density (OD basis)

(kg m-3)

Chips classification (%)

+ 45 mm + 8 mm

(over thick)+7 mm

(accept ) + 3 mm

(pin chips) -3 mm (dust)

1 EU MTP 1 10.49 260 499 Nil 6.1 80.1 13.2 0.6

2 EU MTP 2 10.76 270 510 Nil 5.9 78.5 14.8 0.8

3 EU MTP 8 10.90 230 455 Nil 5.7 80.4 13.5 0.4

4 ET MTP 14 10.61 249 469 Nil 6.2 77.8 15.4 0.6

5 ET MTP 29 10.47 236 452 Nil 5.2 80.9 13.5 0.4

6 EC MTP 41 10.22 234 446 Nil 6.5 82.6 10.1 0.8

7 EC MTP 47 9.76 270 510 Nil 4.4 82.8 12.4 0.4

8 EC MTP 48 9.98 284 542 Nil 6.5 81.8 11.3 0.4

9 ECMTP 50 10.97 245 540 Nil 7.2 79.9 12.1 0.8

10 EC MTP 53 10.49 240 540 Nil 5.8 81.5 12.3 0.4

11 S.O (Control) 10.29 220 455 Nil 8.3 78.6 12.8 0.3


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Table 2. Proximate chemical composition of different Eucalyptus clones

Sl. No.

Clones Ash

content (%)

Solubility in Alcohol benzene

extractive (%)

Acid insoluble

lignin (%)

Pentosans (ash

corrected ) (%)

Holocellulose (%)

Hot water (%)

1 % NaOH

(%) 1 EU MTP 1 0.54 3.0 12.9 1.1 24.3 13.4 73.1

2 EU MTP 2 0.45 2.9 12.2 1.1 24.9 13.7 73.1

3 EU MTP 8 0.53 2.8 12.5 1.2 24.6 13.2 73.3

4 ET MTP 14 0.43 2.8 12.8 1.4 24.2 13.8 73.7

5 ET MTP 29 0.34 2.7 14.3 1.1 24.3 13.9 73.4

6 EC MTP 41 0.43 2.9 13.5 1.2 24.5 13.3 74.6

7 EC MTP 47 0.46 3.4 12.2 1.4 23.0 13.0 74.8

8 EC MTP 48 0.32 2.7 12.9 1.4 23.2 14.4 75.2

9 EC MTP 50 0.53 3.7 13.8 1.3 24.4 14.8 73.2

10 EC MTP 53 0.48 2.7 12.7 1.3 24.3 14.6 73.2

11 S.O (Control) 0.38 3.6 14.0 1.2 25.7 18.5 71.6


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Table 3. Bleached pulp properties of different Eucalyptus clones

Sl. No. Clones

Init

ial F

reen

ess

(ML

CSF

)

Bul

k (g

cm

-3)

Unrefined pulp Optical properties

Strength properties of 300 ml CSF

Bri

ghtn

ess

(% I

SO

)

Opa

city

(%

)

Scat

teri

ng

coef

fici

ent (

m2

kg-1

)

Yel

low

ness

(%

)

Ten

sile

inde

x (N

m g

-1)

Tea

r in

dex

(m N

m2 g-1

)

Bur

st in

dex

(K P

a m

2 g-1

)

1 EU MTP 1 Unrefined Refined pulp

470 300

1.76

85.4

84.2

54.0

7.6

41.0 74.0

4.3 7.5

2.6 4.3


480 300

1.77

85.6

84.0

51.5

8.0

36.8 61.0

5.6 7.7

2.0 3.4


470 300

1.92

85.6

83.0

52.2

8.5

41.0 70.0

4.3 7.5

2.5 4.1

4 ET MTP 14 Unrefined Refined pulp

430 300

1.54

85.0

83.4

47.6

8.7

52.0 77.0

4.4 7.6

3.3 4.6

5 ET MTP 29 Unrefined Refined pulp

430 300

1.86

85.8

84.6

53.7

7.7

35.0 67.0

3.8 7.7

1.9 4.3

6 EC MTP 41 Unrefined Refined pulp

430 300

1.80

85.6

84.8

53.5

7.6

41.2 78.0

4.3 8.0

2.4 4.7


480 300

1.77

85.6

84.0

51.5

8.0

50.0 78.0

4.1 8.0

2.7 4.4


450 300

1.58

85.3

83.0

47.3

8.7

54.0 80.0

4.0 8.2

3.1 5.0


480 300

1.87

85.3

84.0

55.2

8.2

42.0 71.0

4.1 7.9

2.5 4.1


450 300

1.81

85.0

84.7

55.2

7.6

45.0 78.0

3.8 7.8

2.2 4.2

11 S.O (Control) Unrefined Refined pulp

460 300

1.91

85.3

84.0

55.2

8.2

40.0 72.0

3.9 7.8

2.1 4.5


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Table 4. Comparison of different Eucalyptus clones with respect yield and strength

Species Chemical

charge for 20 kappa

Unbleached pulp yield

(%)

Kappa Number

Strength properties at 300 ml CSF

Tear index (m Nm2 g-1)

Tensile index (Nm g-1)

Burst index (K Pa m2 g-1)

EU MTP 1 17 45.06 20.56 7.5 74.0 4.3

EU MTP 2 17 46.84 20.30 7.7 61.0 3.4

EU MTP 8 17 44.65 20.26 7.5 70.0 4.1

ET MTP 14 17 44.28 20.38 7.6 77.0 4.6

ET MTP 29 17 46.51 20.80 7.7 67.0 4.3

EC MTP 41 17 47.35 20.30 8.0 78.0 4.7

EC MTP 47 17 47.38 20.48 8.0 78.0 4.4

EC MTP 48 17 48.38 19.30 8.2 80.0 5.0

EC MTP 50 17 47.02 20.64 7.9 71.0 4.1

EC MTP 53 17 46.91 20.90 7.8 78.0 4.2

S.O (Control) 17 44.00 24.30 7.8 72.0 4.5

Documents

ISSN 2320 -5083 Journal of International · Dr.S.V.Kshirsagar, M.B.B.S,M.S Head - Department of Anatomy, ... and tear index for bleached pulp. Considering all the parameters into