Issue II 2018 · aimed at stress management and stress reduction. A university-based stress reduction study will be described below. The study seems to open up interesting application

The International Journal of Psychosocial and Cultural Genomics, Consciousness & Health Research / Vol. 4, Issue II, 2018

Vol. 4 Issue II 2018


2

Editorial

Nowadays, rates of distress are on the

rise in schools and universities.

Therefore, it is becoming increasingly

necessary to take actions in order to

implement initiatives and programs

aimed at stress management and stress

reduction. A university-based stress

reduction study will be described below.

The study seems to open up interesting

application perspectives.

University students experience

significant stress throughout their

studies as they struggle with a number

of personal and academic concerns.

Recent studies demonstrated that the

cause of many disease conditions,

including inflammatory and

neurodegenerative diseases, is a

complex interaction among distressful

life experiences, genome, mind and

behavioral factors (Cozzolino et al.,

2015; Hsieh & Eisch, 2010; Rossi,

Iannotti, Rossi, & Cozzolino, 2006; Lloyd

& Rossi, 2008).

[…]

Mauro Cozzolino

Founding Editors

Editor in Chief

Editorial Board

Corresponding Editors From Italy

Corresponding Editor From Brazil

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Corresponding Editor From UK

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Corresponding Editors From Belgium

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Publishing Manager

DTP Editorial Graphic Designer

MAURO COZZOLINO,

ERNEST ROSSI,

GIOVANNA CELIA,

KATHRYN ROSSI

MAURO COZZOLINO

MAURO COZZOLINO, ERNEST ROSSI,

GARRET YOUNT, ROBERTO TAGLIAFERRI,

GIOVANNA CELIA, KATHRYN ROSSI,

ROXANNA ERICKSON KLEIN,

STEFANO CASTIGLIONE

MAURO COZZOLINO, GIOVANNA CELIA

TERESA MAIA MOTTA

JAN DYBA

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JIE JOLY

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FRANCESCO GUARINO

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Contact:

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Email: [email protected]

The International Journal

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Counsciousness and

Health Research

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Vol. 4, Issue I, 2018

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EDITORIAL

PSYCHOSOCIAL GENOMICS AND SCIENCES

PSYCHOSOCIAL GENOMICS AND MATHS

PSYCHOSOCIAL AND CULTURAL GENOMICS

The Importance of Stress Reduction in Universitary context

East meets West: A Translation of the Evolving Appreciation of the

Complementary Natures of Novelty and Inference, and Inference and Reasoning

in the Transformation of Consciousness

Could Cosmic Rays Modulate Psychosocial and Cultural Genomics?

The Continuing Evolution of the Integration of Mathematics and Mind-Body

Hypnotherapy in the Transformation of Consciousness: A Discussion of the

Appreciation and Application of Vectors in the expansion of Trust within

Professionals

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4

20

26


Mauro Cozzolino and Giovanna Celia

Nowadays, rates of distress are on the rise in schools and

universities. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly

necessary to take actions in order to implement initiatives

and programs aimed at stress management and stress

reduction. A university-based stress reduction study will be

described below. The study seems to open up interesting

application perspectives.

University students experience significant stress throughout

their studies as they struggle with a number of personal and

academic concerns. Recent studies demonstrated that the

cause of many disease conditions, including inflammatory

and neurodegenerative diseases, is a complex interaction

among distressful life experiences, genome, mind and

behavioral factors (Cozzolino et al., 2015; Hsieh & Eisch,

2010; Rossi, Iannotti, Rossi, & Cozzolino, 2006; Lloyd &

Rossi, 2008). A recent line of research (Buric, Farias, Jong,

Mee, & Brazil, 2017; Cozzolino et al., 2015; Kanherkar et al.,

2017; Kuan et al., 2017; Miller et al., 2018; Niles, Mehta,

Corrigan, Bhasin, & Denninger, 2014; Rossi, Cozzolino,

Mortimer, Atkinson, & Rossi, 2011) has provided new

insights into the pathophysiology of stress-related

disorders, and has identified the gene sets involved in a

number of biological pathways, including stress response,

inflammation and physical health. These studies describe

the genomic and epigenetic pathways of stress focusing on

gene expression changes brought about by mind-body

therapies. Other studies supported the effectiveness of a

number of mind-body interventions in reducing stress in

university students (Finkelstein-Fox, Park, & Riley, 2018;

Gallego, Aguilar-Parra, Cangas, Rosado, & Langer, 2016;

Meier, & Welch, 2016; Running, & Hildreth, 2016; Saoji,

Mohanty, & Vinchurkar, 2016). These interventions include

bio-energy, biofeedback, mindfulness, autogenous training,

cognitive-behavioral therapy, yoga, and tai chi.

Despite a number of studies supporting the effectiveness of

these interventions in lowering the level of stress, (Gallego,

Aguilar-Parra, Cangas, Rosado, & Langer, 2016;

Nanthakumar, 2018; Stillwell, Vermeesch, & Scott, 2017;

Upchurch, Gill, Jiang, Prelip, & Slusser, 2018; Wang &

Hagins, 2016), improving well-being (Birtwell, Williams, van

Marwijk, Armitage, & Sheffield, 2019; Sarkissian, 2014; Soares

& Chan, 2016; Zhang et al., 2018) and academic attainment in

student populations (Bennett & Dorjee, 2016), they may also

present adverse effects and contraindications (Dobkin, Irving, &

Amar, 2012); (Wielgosz, Goldberg, Kral, Dunne, & Davidson,

2019)(Guo et al., 2018), especially for those who are advised

against mild to moderate physical exertion. In addition, mind-

body therapies often require a training that may be challenging

to learn and are generally time-consuming to perform.

In order to avoid some of the issues posed by these

interventions, we carried out a study on stress reduction using

a novel mind-body technique known as the brain wave

modulation (BWM). The BWM is a stress reduction technique

which originates from the interaction between Eastern

doctrines and the scientific study of the mind-body dialogue

(Cozzolino & Celia, 2016). It creates integration between

relaxation/stress reduction procedures and meditation from a

neuroscientific and clinical standpoint (Cozzolino & Celia, 2016;

Hirai, 1975; Schriner, 1990). The BWM involves an easy-to-

implement 4-step finger movement procedure. Through the

positions of the four fingers, the physiology of our mind-body

asset changes, gradually creating an activation of the

parasympathetic system, and the hemispherical dominance

from left to right changes as well, which, in turn, automatically

generates lowered pulse rate, and lowered breathing rate. The

BWM presents certain advantages over traditional mind-body

methods, i.e. it is very easy-to-learn, can be performed in

minutes, can be administered to both single individuals and

large groups, it does not require specific premises or tools, and

it only takes one conductor.

Our study describes the implementation of BWM as an adjunct

to a single information session on stress management to

reduce the perceived level of stress in a non-clinical group of

university students. Results showed that a single session of the

BWM was effective in reducing the perceived level of stress in

the experimental group as compared to the control group.

Since stress among university students is a widespread and

growing problem (Beiter et al., 2015; Chaló, Pereira, Batista, &

Sancho, 2017; Regehr, Glancy, & Pitts, 2013; Running &

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Hildreth, 2017), we believe that universities should develop

more effective and sustainable stress management

programs for students that are based on mind-body

therapies. In particular, it might be worth experimenting

innovative methods like the BWM. In our view, future

studies should investigate the effects of this kind of

intervention in order to understand how to maintain the

benefits over time and how different students react to the

intervention. For this reason, we hope that researchers will

further investigate this field of study taking into consideration

the possible use of the BWM technique.

5

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http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S173255


Bruce Gregory PHD

Abstract

The complementary natures of novelty and inference, and inference and reasoning are discussed within the contexts of the integration of eastern and western thinking to support professionals with a grounded foundation for expanding trust to creatively focus attention. The appreciation of novelty is discussed from the perspectives of molecular biology, neuroscience, and set theory. The value of the implied directive is discussed in the context of the appreciation of the relationship between neurogenesis, reasoning and time, revealing new ways to facilitate novelty, engage attention, and activate processes for transforming consciousness. Erickson and Rossi’s’ appreciation of implication and waiting is discussed in terms of overlaps with the logic employed in Mathematics, Tibetan Buddhism theory and practice, Tai Chi, and quantum physics.

Key words: Implied directive, numinosum, novelty, reasoning, neurogenesis, creativity, opposites, opening, waiting, appreciation.

Introduction

The transformation of consciousness is often dependent on the focus of attention (Erickson and Rossi, 1979, Tulku, 1979, Wilbur, Engler and Brown, 1985). In mathematical terms this may correspond to vectors, which describe magnitude and direction, and infer the roles and value of space, time and motion. The focus of attention can be understood as the function of the consciousness of appreciation which initiates, facilitates and sustains a series of processes that involve the motion of molecules in the hippocampus that activates the KREB cycle facilitating neurogenesis (Gregory, 2015, Rossi, 1986, 2002, Squire and Kandel, 1999). These processes can also be complemented by sleep driven motion processes that involve interaction between the hippocampus and frontal cortex (Ribeiro, 1998, Rossi, 2002).

As Goswamy has noted (Goswamy, 1999, 2015) regarding quantum consciousness, which reflects deep levels of

interconnectivity, creativity plays a major role in the transformation of consciousness.

This is consistent with the work of Erickson, who maintained that creativity was a primary variable in the transformation of consciousness (Erickson and Rossi, 1979, 1982, Rosen, 1982, Lankton and Lankton, 1983). From a set theory perspective, consistent with the inferences of Euclid, who was the author of Elements, and considered one of the most influential mathematicians in history, the consciousness of creativity can be considered as a subset of the set of all consciousness, which includes consciousness without an object, consciousness of the no-self, consciousness of the Empty Self, and mathematical consciousness (Dunham, 1991, Eves, 1985, Gregory, 2015, Merrill-Wolff, 1973, Surya das, 2011, Tulku, 1979).

The study of motion and the dynamics of motion, core aspects of the transformation of consciousness with reference to thoughts, conversations, and processing of experience, has been evolving for three thousand years. Advances had been made in stages beginning with the work of priests, astrologers, and astronomers in predicting solar and lunar eclipses. The spread of mathematics eventually resulted in work done on the relationships between force, resistance, velocity, and time by scholars at Merton College at Oxford. This work served as a springboard for the breakthroughs achieved by Galileo in terms of momentum and relativity, with respect to motion (Isaacson, 2006).

Considered to be the father of modern science by Einstein, Hawking and others, Galileo said this about mathematics, the foundation of all the sciences;

‘The universe cannot be read until we have learned the language and become familiar with the characters in which it is written. It is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometric figures, without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word. With these, one is wandering around in a dark labyrinth.‘ (du Sautoy, 2010).

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Mathematics is the study of topics that include; quantity (numbers), structure, space and change (Kneebone, 1963, Ramana, 2007, Zeigler, 2011). From a psychological perspective, it addresses relationships, and the dependency/ interrelationships between variables, that often include spatial, temporal, and motion components, which are also fundamental variables in transformation of consciousness processes. The exploration of these relationships is often facilitated by the integrated utilization of mathematical tools, which include reasoning, substitution and inference. It is also facilitated by the utilization of set theory and group theory. Group theory was developed by Cantor in 1873, and serves as the foundation for mathematics. The language of set theory relies on one fundamental relation, called membership. Group theory was originally discovered by Evariste Galois and later developed by Lie, Klein and others. Group theory involves hidden patterns of structure and numbers and an appreciation of opposites. It is the language that describes the interactions of symmetries, actions between elements of a group that preserve its structure. These explorations have revealed hidden patterns, and the design of nature, which are represented by many of the world’s great equations. Examples of these equations include; Euler’s equation, which integrates the imaginary number, the exponential function, and trigonometric functions, the Lorentz transformation, the Heisenberg, Schrodinger and Dirac equations, and Einstein’s relativity equations. These equations have been verified by experiments and proofs. It was Greek mathematics that emphasized the need for proofs, which were driven by deductive reasoning, and mathematical rigor, which depended on the appreciation of inference.

The appreciation of inference, as a fundamental and a powerful tool, can be seen in the work of Erickson, who considered the ‘implied directive’, a subset of implication, a cornerstone of the process of healing and consciousness transformation. The appreciation of inference can be defined as the consistent, conscious, strategic utilization of inference to focus attention and facilitate unconscious processes. This appreciation is reflected by the following quote:

An understanding of how Erickson uses implication will provide us with the clearest model of his indirect approach to hypnotic suggestion. Since his use of ‘implication’ may involve something more than the typical dictionary definition of the term, we will assume that he may be developing a special form of ‘psychological implication’ in his work. For Erickson, psychological implication is a key that automatically turns the tumblers of a patient’s associative processes into predictable patterns without awareness of how it happened.

The implied thought or response seems to come up autonomously within patients, as if it were their own response rather than a suggestion initiated by the therapist. Psychological implication is thus a way for structuring and directing a patient’s associative processes when they cannot do it for themselves. The therapeutic use of this approach is obvious. If patients have problems because of the limitations of their ability to utilize their own resources, then implications are a way of bypassing these limitations.

(Erickson & Rossi, 1976, pp. 59-60).

The implied directive utilizes the recognition of the implications of facts and relationships, which makes it primarily a cognitive process, that implicitly trusts the resources of the unconscious. It is the cornerstone of mathematical proofs and Erickson’s indirect, utilization approach, which demonstrated the value of indirect suggestions on multiple levels, one of the primary ones being that it could bypass some of the resistance generated by the direct suggestion approach. Erickson originally used the implied directive in the context of indirect contingency suggestions. It had three components; a time binding introduction; a suggestion that takes place within the patient; and a behavioral response that indicates when the suggestion has been internalized (Erickson and Rossi, 1976). A few examples are:

Would you like to go into a trance now or later?

Would you like to go into a mind-body state lying down or sitting up?

Would you like your mind-body experience to be a familiar form of comfort or a new experience that contains a measure of fascination?

The concept had wider applications, a primary example of which is found in Erickson’s utilization approach (Erickson and Rossi, 1979, Rossi, 1996, 2002). Erickson’s utilization approach employed an appreciation of inference in its recognition of;

Value

Validation

Resistance

Attention

Opposites

Time

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Prime examples of this are found in Erickson’s Resistance Protocol (Erickson, 1964, Gregory, 2015), the phantom limb case (Erickson and Rossi, 1979), and Erickson’s utilization of learning sets (Erickson, Rossi, and Rossi, 1976). Similar appreciations of inference regarding the utilization of time, value, validation, resistance, opposites, and attention can be found in the ‘peng, lu, an’ sequence of pushing hands in the practice of Tai Chi, and the dynamic of yin/yang (Gregory, 2012, Man Ch’ing, 1985, Yang, 1989).

Rossi (Rossi, 2002, Rossi and Rossi, 2007) continued the evolution of the appreciation of the role of inference in healing processes by extending and expanding Erickson’s work with the concept and accompanying components of implied processing heuristics. This concept recognized the work of Kandel and others (Squire and Kandel, 1999) that made distinctions between explicit conscious process and implicit unconscious processes that drove the long term learning process in the hippocampus that resulted in the KREB cycle and neurogenesis. Rossi identified how implication, as opposed to direct suggestions, could be employed at even subtler levels to support the four stage creative process. This was particularly evident in the distinction between implications that facilitated unconscious work and implications that sustained the work. From a psychological level this could be understood as resources that supported pacing. From a mathematical perspective this could be understood as subsets of the larger set of all implications. The following quote summarizes the essence of implicit processing heuristics;

“Implicit processing heuristics may focus attention and an optimal level of inner work, but they do not presume to be a method of facilitating compliance or programming with any particular suggestion about what explicit or manifest form of behaviour should take place (Rossi, 2002, p. 334).”

Some examples of implied processing heuristics that Rossi employed in stage two of the four stage creative process included;

“Can you actually enjoy your experience of energy (sweating, shaking, etc.)?

What is coming up privately for a moment or two as a sign that you are on your way to dealing with whatever you need to?

Have you ever let yourself have a good shakeup?”

(Rossi, 2002, p. 405).

The appreciation of inference was the driving force of Nagarjuna’s central work, the Madhyamika-karika, which is the cornerstone of Buddhist doctrine. The Madhyamika-karika is one of the first examples of the appreciation of relativity, and laid the groundwork for Tibetan Buddhist meditation practices which redirect the focus of attention away from the ego’s delusions, which promoted a focus on objects which facilitated chaos and suffering. Nagarjuna’s utilization of inference recognized the concept of dependent origination, and the roles of time and space, which opened a path toward harmony and experiences of deeper connection on multiple levels. Nagarjuna utilized inference in a negative dialectical process called four-fold negation to arrive at his doctrine of Sunyata, or emptiness, which is one of the primary aspects of Buddhist thought (Coitner, 2015, Garfield, 1995). The implications of emptiness, and its accompanying concept of dependent origination were clarified by Tulku (Tulku, 1979) in his discussion of the opening of the focal setting (focus), through the exploration of the potential relationships with space and time. The exploration of relationships with space and time contained further implications about the direction of the opening process. These included that time and space could be abundant sources of comfort, and that opening at deeper levels to the present would provide even more comfort, while reducing multiple aspects of anxiety. Tulku’s conclusions were congruent with the work of Merrill-Wolff (Merrill-Wolff, 1973), a Stanford mathematician who used the logical inferences of both Kant and Shankara, a Vedic scholar, to arrive at his formulation of Consciousness without an Object. Tulku’s appreciation of the implications around the process of opening, and its relationship to set theory, may parallel Erickson’s appreciation of the polarity between resistance and receptivity.

Multiple levels of appreciation of inference were evident in the work of Poincare’s four stage creative process (Poincare, 1905, Rossi, 1996). Poincare was the mathematician and physicist who was responsible for the corrections of the Lorentz transformation, which was the critical component of Einstein’s theory of special relativity, the theory that established the relativity of time, the vital role of light, the connection between time and space, and the value of frame of reference. Poincare’s four stage creative process identified and outlined the four stages within the creative processes of scientific discoveries. The four stages were; data collection, incubation, illumination and verification.

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The primary inference of the process was that the unconscious could be trusted to facilitate the discovery and integrative functions of the incubation stage. This inference included secondary inferences that;

The unconscious contained abundant resources for integrating the old and the new.

Pressure would be reduced for the conscious mind to figure everything out.

Opposites had value.

Time was necessary.

Further implications included; permission in general, with its accompanying subsets of permission to experiment, which included playing with the reasoning process itself, and to make mistakes, was a vital component of the data collection process; curiosity had value, and creativity was fundamental.

Poincare’s four stage creative process further implied at deeper levels that the resource networks in the unconscious for;

Receiving

Opening

Waiting

Patience

were in great abundance. This continued the progression of unfolding inferences that the above states themselves could be utilized to focus attention, and as such, were unexplored and untapped potential sources of comfort (Erickson, 1964, Erickson and Rossi, 1979, Gregory, 2017, Rossi, 1996, 2002, Rossi and Rossi, 2015, Wilkes, 2016). Attention could be focused on the processes of receiving, opening, waiting and patience. The shifting of attention from the goal toward process carried a further inference that there was an abundance of bridges to a deeper connection with the present, and the potential comforts of being (Gregory, 2017, Tulku, 1979).

Figure 1 below highlights the overlaps in thinking between eastern and western perspective with respect to the appreciation of inference.

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Figure 1. Overlaps of East/West Perspectives by Bruce Gregory©2018.


The need for novelty is inferred by the primary polarity of the old vs. new. Patients come for treatment because at a fundamental level they are stuck in the ‘old’, and need something new.

Whether the old is an archetype, a defence complex, a thinking error, or one of the attractors from chaos theory (chronic, periodic) (Beck, 1976, Jung, 1916, Masterson, 1976, Rossi, 1996).

The need for novelty, and the abundance of resources to utilize novelty for exploration, learning, creative problem solving, healing and the transformation of consciousness has been the fundamental inference that underlies the healing process (Jung, 1916, Rossi, 2002, 2005).

Braid in the Physiology of Fascination: and the Critics Criticized described fascination as the psychophysiological basis for focusing attention to facilitate hypnosis. Fascination implied a novel experience that was compelling, in that it implied a satisfaction of unconscious needs that facilitated opening, indicated receptivity, a state of openness, and initiated unconscious processes connected to long term potentiation and neurogenesis (Squire and Kandel, 1999, Rossi, 2002). Braid’s appreciation of fascination was expanded upon by Otto (Otto,1932, 1950).

The experience of fascination, mystery, and the tremendous were summarized in the word numinosum by Otto, (Otto,1932, 1950 to describe the heightened psychobiological states that are characteristic of all original spiritual experiences. Jung (Jung, 1960) and Rossi (Rossi, 2002, 2004, 2005) recognized how Otto’s description of the numinosum reflected a stage in learning/healing processes as a response to novelty that was compelling in that it focused attention and activated unconscious healing networks.

Rossi identified this as the Novelty, Numinosum, Neurogenesis Effect, and reported numerous examples of neuroscience research that validated nature’s design in supplying vast resources to support responses to novelty that culminated in the KREB cycle and neurogenesis. Eriksson et al. documented how novelty led to gene expression. Bentivoglio and Grass-Zucco reported studies that showed that immediate early genes were activated as the consequence of experiences of novelty. Matthews and Butler identified novelty seeking DRD4 genes that supported human migration. Nader et al.’s research showed that fear memories could be disrupted and dissolved through novel, creative therapeutic interventions. Ribeiro et al. reported that the Zif-268 gene was activated in sleep as the result of prior novel experiences. (Bentivolgio and Grass-Zucconi, 1999, Eriksson et al., 1998, Matthews and Butler, 2011, Nader, 2000, Ribeiro, 2002, 2004, Rossi, 2002).

One of Rossi’s conclusions was;

“This ‘novelty-numinosum-neurogenesis effect’ implies that gene expression and creative “neural replay” during dreaming and active imagination is the psychosocial genomic essence of Jung’s constructive method and psychotherapy in general.” (Rossi, 2002)

Further implications included;

Novelty is needed.

We have abundant capacity/resources for processing novelty.

This capacity can be understood by set theory.

There are a variety of ways for facilitating novelty, which can be thought of as sources.

This capacity can be understood as sources for facilitating gene expression.

Novelty numinosum experiences could lead to the formation of yes sets.

A professional having a yes set for novelty can support its creative utilization.

Inference and reasoning are subsets of the set of all resources that process and support novelty.

Erickson’s work with the unconscious in facilitating transformations within patients was a function of his appreciation and application of yes sets (Erickson and Rossi, 1979).

Implications of the establishment of Yes Sets include;

The issue has value.

The value has been recognized and integrated by the unconscious.

There exists potential for gene expression and new forms of comfort.

When a yes set is established, one of the initial resulting implications unfolding are that the yes set can lead to the trust and appreciation of the resource/theme (i.e. not knowing, unconscious, learning, curiosity, inference, waiting, etc.) being added to the yes set file.

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Figures 2 and 3. Evolution Stages of Life/ and Trust by Bruce Gregory©2018.

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Applications of Appreciation of Inferences

The expansion of trust in a professional’s ability to focus attention can be viewed as progressive stages in time which may be comparable to the early stage of evolution of life and biological organization. Figures 2 and 3 in the previous page reflect this overlap.

The consequences of valuing inferences include inferences being trusted and creatively utilized to focus attention and facilitate, sustain and deepen unconscious healing processes. They can be trusted and appreciated. Following which, they can be applied in a number of ways which include; they can be utilized by the professional to focus attention on the implications of the patient’s experience, later, on the implications themselves, and the patient’s relationship with implications. When this occurs in the context of the patient being creatively engaged by the concept of inference, inference itself can be seen as a source of novelty. The primary inferences in relation to facilitating more of the novelty, numinosum and neurogenesis effect are the subsets of process inferences relative to opening, waiting, patience, and reasoning.

In addition, when the value of inferences is recognized, thinking in terms of set theory can support the opening of possibilities to the application of valuing inferences. While reasoning, one can consider inferences as one infinite set, the set of all inferences. This infinite set, which represents a set of infinite possibilities, includes the subsets of inferences, which includes the types of inferences. Thinking this way can open up an unconscious exploration of the distinctions between types of inferences/implications. One example of this is Erickson‘s binding suggestions for facilitating trances (activation of unconscious processes) being contrasted to the kind of interventions with inferences that activate unconscious processes by introducing novelty, and by interrupting either rigid patterns, or unconscious expectations. These can be considered as subsets of inferences from a set theory perspective, which is a simple way of utilizing reasoning to facilitate curiosity and unconscious healing processes. There is a difference in the stages of unconscious healing work between inferring you ‘will’ go into trance, inferring that the interruption of rigid patterns activates unconscious processes, and inferences that sustain or deepen unconscious processes. The first inference occurs in the seeding stage, the second activates an unconscious search, and the third occurs during the searching itself.

Satisfying, repetitive experiences with inferences can correspond to positive experiences with the unconscious which are facilitated by truisms and metaphor that led to the formation of yes sets. Examples of the formation and application of yes sets are illustrated by Erickson’s utilization of the learning set, the conscious and unconscious polarity, the knowing/not knowing polarity, the validation of resistance, non sequiturs, time distortion, metaphors, storytelling, and the creative design of treatment plans. Erickson’s utilizations were driven by his creative focusing of attention which inferred an appreciation of novelty. Erickson’s tools facilitated unconscious searches in patients leading to activation of the KREB cycle and neurogenesis (Erickson and Rossi, 1979, Rossi, 2002, Squire and Kandel, 1999).

One of the inferences that follows from reasoning about inferences is that reasoning has value in its ability to facilitate the exploration and recognition of inferences on both conscious and unconscious levels. Following which, reasoning and inferences can be seen as complementary of each other, similar to the yin/yang polarity, and Bohr’s principle of complementarity which refers to the wave and particle nature of atomic phenomena (Crease, 2004, Yang, 1996). The recognition of the existence of inferences operating as doorways or bridges can then be applied like vectors to focus attention in particular directions toward exploring the what of what is being inferred.

Examples of these inferences include;

Capacity

Possibilities

Rhythms

Rossi, Kandel and Ribeiro identified many examples from research in neuroscience regarding the resources operating at different temporal stages of gene expression, and different categories of gene expression (Ribeiro, 1999, Rossi, 2002, Squire and Kandel, 1999).

Figure 4 in the next page reflects the complementary nature of inferences and reasoning.

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Reasoning in terms of inferences implies;

Openings.

Opening to a new direction.

Capacity to open.

The need to open to inferences.

Inferences open up space.

Reasoning is also a source for novelty.

Reasoning with regard to inferences facilitates openings regarding:

Reasoning and the exploration of reasoning.

Subsets of reasoning.

Reasoning about reasoning processes.

Reasoning from perspective of the major thought experiments.

Reasoning relative to ground breaking physics equations.

Reasoning about a theme (not knowing, learning, waiting, opening, etc.).

Reasoning opens up possibilities.

Reasoning about transformations/ function analysis.

Figure 4. The Complementary Relationship between Inference and Reasoning by Bruce Gregory©2018.

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The inferences above reflect how reasoning and inference can be seen as sources of novelty in their ability to engage the patient’s attention from different, new directions. The significance of this appreciation is that it can help facilitate a reversal of the imbalance of the polarity between resistance/lack of safety, and receptivity/openness by expanding what the patient can open up to in novel ways.

The value of inferences include:

Redirect attention in novel ways.

Focus attention in novel ways.

Facilitate openings, curiosity.

Facilitates opening of thinking/space/permission.

Implies value.

Implies potential for gene expression.

New windows for mirroring and pacing, nurturing present/being.

Implies new forms of comfort/ as it is a source for comfort.

Implies appreciation of novelty.

Implies need and value for curiosity, time, unconscious.

Implies need for permission to explore, take time, experiment.

All of the above imply the new and hope, and the capacity for exploring and integrating the new (Ribeiro, 1998, Rossi, 1996, 2002, Squire and Kandel, 1999). In addition, they can support the professional’s pacing of unconscious processing, and can complement Rossi’s examples of inferences for stage 2 of the four stage creative process. These inferences nurture the need for permission to value needs for time, validate capacity, especially with respect to opening, and the safety implications expressed by opening. Examples of ways attention can be focused include;

Does your conscious or unconscious mind, or both, recognize one, any, or some of the inferences you are receiving now?

Can you remember or imagine considering the implications of you being able to explore that part of your experience and your unconscious getting engaged, and your breathing being spontaneously regulated?

Have you ever considered the implications of your exploring, receiving, and learning, and how they may relate to your rhythms and needs in relation to those processes on either conscious or unconscious levels?

The distinction here is between inferences between the curiosity toward the patient’s experience prior to entering a mind-body state, vs. the curiosity toward the exploring and receiving subsets of the patient’s experience. Inferences that relate to different stages or time frames of a patient’s experience can be understood as subsets of inferences from a set theory perspective. When this appreciation is integrated with an appreciation of the permutations component of group theory, known as translations (du Sautoy, 2007, Asher and Gross, 2004, Erickson, 1964), professionals can facilitate novelty with respect to many aspects of the receiving process, and its implication, hope, in patients on a regular basis. The effect of this is to nurture hope, and its companion, curiosity. Examples of Erickson’s application of group theory in terms of not knowing, opposites, waiting, and possibilities are below;

“Now I don’t really care if you listen to me with your conscious mind, because it doesn’t understand your problem anyway, or you wouldn’t be here, so I just want to talk to your unconscious mind because it’s here and close enough to hear me, so you can let your conscious mind listen to the street noises or the plane’s overhead or the typing in the next room. Or you can think about any thought that comes into your conscious mind, systematic thoughts, random thought because all I want to do is talk to your unconscious mind, and it will listen to me, because it is within hearing distance even if your conscious mind does get bored. Just be comfortable while I am talking to your unconscious mind, since I don’t care what your conscious mind does (Erickson, 1958/ 1980, p. 302).”

“In other words, I will ask a question to which only your unconscious mind can give the answer, and concerning which your conscious mind can only guess if it does at all; maybe correctly, maybe wrongly, or maybe have only some kind of opinion, but if so, only an opinion, not an answer.

Before I ask that question, I would like to suggest two possibilities. (1) Your conscious mind might want to know the answer. (2) Your unconscious mind might not want you to know the answer. My feeling, and I think you will agree, is that you came here for therapy for reasons out of the reach of your conscious mind. Therefore, I think that we should approach this matter of the question I am going to put to your unconscious mind for its own answer in such a way that your own deep unconscious wishes to withhold the answer or to share the answer with your conscious mind are adequately protected and respected.

Now, to meet your needs, I am going to ask that yes or no question, and be prepared to be pleased to let your unconscious mind answer, and in doing so either to share the answer with your conscious mind or to withhold it, whatever your unconscious mind thinks to be the better course. The essential thing, of course, is the answer, not the sharing nor the withholding.

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This is because any withholding will actually be only for the immediate present, since the therapeutic gains you will make will eventually disclose the answer to you at the time your unconscious minds regards as most suitable and helpful to you. Thus you can look forward to knowing the answer sooner or later, and your conscious desires, as well as your unconscious desires, are the seeking of therapy and the meeting of your needs in the right way at the right time.” (Erickson, 1958/ 1980, p.304)

“An unconscious mind response is different, because you do not know what it is to be. You have to wait for it to happen, and consciously you cannot know whether it will be ‘yes’ or ‘no’. It does not need to be in accord with the conscious answer that can be present simultaneously in accord with your conscious mind’s thinking. You will have to wait, and perhaps wait and wait, to let it happen. And it will happen in its own time and at its own speed.” (Erickson, 1958/ 1980, p.305)

In this last section Erickson was creatively permuting the polarity between the conscious and unconscious, knowing and not knowing, and the quantum variables (time, space, motion, momentum, position, uncertainty) operating in the treatment process. Throughout the process Erickson maintained connection with the patient, metaphorically being in harmony with the principle of quantum entanglement through his appreciating the power of focusing attention, one of the core aspects of eastern philosophy’s approach to increasing and transforming consciousness that is found is almost all forms of meditation. The purpose of Erickson’s interventions was to facilitate yes sets (Erickson & Rossi, 1979), or response sets (Lynn & Sherman, 2000) in the patient in order to facilitate the transformation of the patient’s consciousness from one of resistance to one of receptivity. These series of interventions corresponded to the quantum processes of Dirac’s creation and destruction operators (Farmelo, 2006, Gregory, 2011). Overall Erickson’s interventions may reflect an expansion beyond what is normally considered therapeutic consciousness that primarily emphasizes a combination of empathy and logical thinking.

The inferences utilized by Erickson included;

Possibilities validate the need for permission

Permission facilitates opening and a reduction of pressure

Opening utilizes capacity and time

Capacity for integrating opposites

In mathematical terms, a professional’s consciousness, trust and utilization of reasoning and inference can be understood as a function of the strength and quality of the professional’s consciousness with respect to reasoning and inference. For example, is the reasoning and inferences at levels of x, 3x, or x4? Or, from a biological perspective, is the molecular representation more like water, H20, carbon dioxide, CO2, one of the DNA bases, an amino acid, or like hemoglobin, which has 635 proteins? Thinking about a concept’s corresponding structure or value may support the exploration of inference and reasoning, the experience of inference and reasoning, or the recognition of the value of inference and reasoning.

Erickson applied the possibilities contained in the inferences of exponentiation is his utilization of a geometric progress of time expansion of pain free moments in the phantom limb case (Erickson and Rossi, 1979). The inferences of exponentiation were utilized by Euler in the development of his equation linking the exponential function with trigonometry and imaginary numbers. Those possibilities can also be applied to the focusing on resources networks supporting the processes of receiving, opening, and permission.

Following Rossi’s template, examples may include;

Just wondering about the possibilities of permission, while you continue enjoy receiving.

The possibilities of exponentiation, while simply continuing for a few moments, exploring, receiving, and even enjoying, just imagine, interesting, is it not?

Three core mathematical discoveries which illustrate the value of the application of the appreciation of reasoning, inference and novelty are: Euler’s equation which integrates the exponential function, trigonometry, and the imaginary number; Cantor’s proof for transfinite cardinals, and the Lorentz transformation which was the driving component of Einstein’s theory of special relativity.

The explorations of the above equations all led to the discovery of hidden patterns which reflect the structure of the universe and have been applied in a multiplicity of ways to support the development of our civilization. These patterns identify, reflect, and validate the primary variables operating at deeper levels, while simultaneously inferring their value and them being sources and resources for comfort, problem solving, gene expression and consciousness transformation.

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The mathematical and psychological tools that facilitated these discoveries were; permission, an intention to ‘play’ (subset of permission), visualization, appreciation of structure, experimentation, substitution, correspondence, appreciation of repetition, failure, waiting, reasoning, inference, novelty, abbreviations and derivatives (Crease, 2009, Wilkes, 2016).

The emergence of the hidden patterns as a consequence of utilizing combinations of mathematical tools carried a series of implications that complement the implications contained in receiving and unconscious responses. In terms of a progression of implications they are;

There are core variables operating which reflect what dynamic is being addressed

These variables can be seen as both sources of comfort and validation of capacity

Time is needed, along with permission, in yet to be established quantities

An example of the core variables between different equations can be seen by comparing the Dirac equation, special relativity, and the Euler equation. The Dirac equation highlighted the roles of the wave function, its fundamental processes and momentum.

Special relativity reflected the roles of space, time, and light, while the Euler equation highlighted the exponential function, the sine and cosines functions, and imaginary numbers. All the variables contained in these equations have implicit relevance and value in relationship to a number of psychological issues which include; abandonment, hope, containment, capacity, and utilization of opposites.

Summary

This paper has explored ways a professional’s trust to creatively focus attention can be expanded in facilitating the transformation of consciousness. Emphasis has been on the appreciation of complementary natures of the relationships between inference and novelty, and inference and reasoning from both eastern and western perspectives. Erickson and Rossi’s utilization of implication has been discussed in its overlaps with mathematics, Tibetan Buddhist theory and practice, quantum physics and Tai Chi. Reasoning in terms of set theory and its relationship to facilitating novelty, and the implications of receiving have complemented the integration of the two sets of complementary processes. The Erickson Resistance Protocol and Poincare’s four stage creative process have been the focus of applications of the mathematical tools that are employed by both.

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Asher & Gross, 2006. Fearless Symmetry. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Beck, A. (1976). Cognition Therapy and the Emotional Disorder. New York: International University Press.

Bentivoglio, M. & Grassi-Zucconi, G. (1999). Immediate early gene expression in sleep and wakefulness.

In R. Lydie & H. Baghdoyan (EDs.), Handbook of behavioral state Control.: Cellular and molecular mechanisms.

New York: CRC. pp. 235-253.

Coitner, A. (2015). Nagarjuna’s Logic. University of St. Andrews. 176-188.

Crease, R. (2009). The Great Equations. New York: W.W. Norton.

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Dunham, W. (1991). Journey Through Genius. New York: Penguin.

du Sautoy, M. (2008). Symmetry. New York: Harper Collins.

du Sautoy, M. (2010). A Brief History of Mathematics. BBC Radio 4.

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Erickson, M. (1964). A Hypnotic Technique for Resistant Patients, the Technique, and Its Rationale and Field Experiments. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 7, 8-32.

Erickson, M., Rossi, E., & Rossi, S. (1976). Hypnotic Realities. New York:

Erickson, M. & Rossi, E. (1979). Hypnotherapy: An Exploratory Casebook. New York: Irvington.

Erickson, M. & Rossi, E. (1981). Experiencing Hypnosis: Therapeutic approaches to altered states. New York: Irvington.

Eriksson, P. e al. (1998). Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nature Medicine 4, 1313-1317.

Eves, H. (1990). An Introduction to the History of Mathematics. New York: Saunders.

Farmelo, G. (2006). The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom. Britain: Basic Books.

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Goswamy, A. (2015). Quantum Consciousness. International Journal for the Transformation of Consciousness. 1, 39-55.

Gregory, B. (2018) The Utilization of Mathematical Pathways in the Transformation of Consciousness.

International Journal of Psychosocial and Cultural Genomics, Consciousness, and Health Research, Vol. 4, Issue 1.

Gregory, B. (2015). The Roles and Integration of Set Theory and Group Theory from a Hypnotherapeutic Perspective. Interna-tional Journal of the Transformation of Consciousness, Vol. pp. 39-55.

Isaacson, W. (2006). Einstein: His life and universe. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Jung, C. G. (1916/1960). The Transcendent Function. In The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche, Bollingen Series XX, Vlume 8. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung. (R. F. C. Hull), Trans.) New York: Pantheon Books, pp. 67-91.

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Lankton, S. & Lankton, C. (1983). The Answer Within: A Clinical Framework of Ericksonian Hypnotherapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Kneebone, G. T. (1963). Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: An Introductory Survey. New York: Dover.

Lynn, S. & Sherman, S. (2000). Clinical implications of sociocognitive models of hypnosis, Response set theory and Milton Erick-son’s strategic interventions. Am. J. Clinical Hypnosis, 42, 294-315.

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Masterson, J. (1976). The Borderline Personality. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

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Rossi, E. (2002). The Psychobiology of Gene Expression: Neuroscience and Neurogenesis

In Hypnosis and the Healing Arts. New York: Norton.

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Ernest Lawrence Rossi and Kathryn Lane Rossi

Abstract

Do cosmic rays from outer space modulate psychosocial

and cultural genomics? This is the basic question we

attempt to answer in this contribution. We blend our

current scientific understanding of cosmic rays with a vast

but uncertain literature that has recently developed about

it. This contribution illustrates an interesting integration of

science fact and fiction to develop novel explanations for

the how the creative human mind may operate in relation

to cosmic rays.

Introduction

A Wikipedia search for Cosmic Rays yielded the following.

In 1930, Bruno Rossi [No known relation to the current authors.] predicted a difference between the intensities of cosmic rays arriving from the east and the west that depends upon the charge of the primary particles—the so-called "east-west effect." Three independent experiments found that the intensity is, in fact, greater from the west, proving that most primaries are positive. During the years from 1930 to 1945, a wide variety of investigations confirmed that the primary cosmic rays are mostly protons, and the secondary radiation produced in the atmosphere is primarily electrons, photons and muons. In 1948, observations with nuclear emulsions carried by balloons to near the top of the atmosphere showed that approximately 10% of the primaries are helium nuclei (alpha particles) and 1% are heavier nuclei of the elements such as carbon, iron, and lead.

During a test of his equipment for measuring the east-west effect, Bruno Rossi observed that the rate of near-simultaneous discharges of two widely separated Geiger counters was larger than the expected accidental rate. In his report on the experiment, Bruno Rossi wrote "... it seems that once in a while the recording equipment is struck by very extensive showers of particles, which causes

coincidences between the counters, even placed at large distances from one another." In 1937 Pierre Auger, unaware of Bruno Rossi's earlier report, detected the same phenomenon and investigated it in some detail. He concluded that high-energy primary cosmic-ray particles interact with air nuclei high in the atmosphere, initiating a cascade of secondary interactions that ultimately yield a shower of electrons, and photons that reach ground level (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray).

The consequences of such deep cosmic rays that penetrate the

outer atmosphere of earth are typically illustrated in figure

one.

Fig. 1: A scientifc view of a Cosmic Ray Shower From Deep Space. The Incoming Cosmic Ray hits a molecule in the earths outer atmosphere and progresses to earth as suggested in figures 2 and 3.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Rossi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger_counter


These artistic illustrations of cosmic rays from deep outer

space are the setting for our hypothetical speculation of

what could have happened to the 2004 Noble Prize winner,

Frank Wilczek, in the autobiographical portions of his recent

book (Wilczek 2015), which we now quote here.

Fig. 2 An artistic conception of four Cosmic Rays showering earth from deep outer space in the night sky.

Fig. 3: Another artistic illustration of a Cosmic Ray Shower from outer space that shows the condition in the early evening around 10:00 pm when Frank Wilczek had his experience of “An Enchanting Experience.”

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An Enchanted Evening

Up until 10:00 PM or so, the day in (summer, 1976), that would turn out to be the most productive in my scientific career seemed anything but promising. My very young daughter, Amity, had an ear infection, and all day long she was feverish, cranky, and needy…As the dark midwestern night set in, Amity at last fell into exhausted sleep, and then Betsy [my wife] too. They looked like angles of peace.

The alertness and energy that coping with a stream of little crises had called forth was still with me, after the crisis themselves had passed. Seeking an outlet, I decided, as I often do, to take a walk. The night was brilliantly clear; the sky radiant; the horizon sharp and distant; and even the ground, moonlit, seemed ethereal. With images of earthly angles lingering within me, and celestial spectacle surrounding me, I felt an unlikely elation. It was a time for big thoughts.

The basic problem is simple: The Higgs particle, in that model, likes to couple we heavy particles, … Higgs particles would be produced …

That was my first important realization of the night.

I couldn’t do an accurate calculation in my head, though it seemed OK from rough estimates. . . It was clear to me, right away, that this was the dominant way Higgs particles would couple to stable matter. It opened a promising window into the unknown.

That was my second important realization of the night.

… An especially interesting possibility is to have some extra symmetry that gets broken spontaneously. This can lead to the existence of new massless particles – a spectacular possibility!

That was my third important realization that night. … Instantons break symmetry in particularly interesting ways, and I thought it would be fun to bring those in… I dimly perceived that the particle would otherwise have been massless, according to my third realization, would instead get a tiny mass, and would have other interesting properties. That was my fourth important realization of the night, and it brought me home. (Wilczek, 2015 Pp. 269-271, italics added here).

We now speculate that these four important realizations were the consequence of the cosmic ray shower that entered Wilczek’s head, brain and neurons on that “enchanting evening.” This speculation could, of course, be immediately attacked by the authorities who routinely emphasize the destructive potential of cosmic rays on humans emphasized by Wikipedia as follows.

Health threat from cosmic rays Galactic cosmic rays are one of the most important barriers standing in the way of plans for interplanetary travel by crewed spacecraft. Cosmic rays also pose a threat to electronics placed aboard outgoing probes. In 2010, a malfunction aboard the Voyager-2 Space Probe was credited to a single flipped bit, probably caused by a cosmic ray. Strategies such as physical or magnetic shielding for spacecraft have been considered in order to minimize the damage to electronics and human beings caused by cosmic rays. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray). While we certainly accept these very real dangers from cosmic rays, we must also accept that their effects on humans are indiscriminate: they are forces of nature that do not decide whether they have harmful or helpful effects when they strike an individual’s DNA or natural neuronal networks of the brain. The entire ethos of Darwinian effects on gene expression is also indiscriminate: there is no bias either way – they can be harmful or helpful (Gell-Mann, 1994). Are Cosmic Rays the Source of Life, Free Will and Consciousness

Itself? This contribution to the question about cosmic rays modulating psychosocial and cultural genomics remain open at this time. It only becomes more pressing as we advance into a foreseeable future that includes human traveling through outer space. We propose and illustrate here a new possible explanation of certain unexplainable creative processes may be taking place all around us as we go about our normal daily activities totally unaware of the indiscriminate effects of cosmic rays on our cognition. These indiscriminate effects can be harmful or helpful. When they are harmful, we call them “cognitive errors.” When they are original, we consider them to be possible new insights. However, this begs the question, ”What is the source of these indiscriminate effects on the same neural networks of the brain?” In brief, we propose that these conceptions of cognitive errors, so-called ”free will” and perhaps perceptions of consciousness itself may be found in cosmic rays. In fig. 4 we illustrate the evolution four fundamental forces of nature.

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Fig. 4: The evolution of the four fundamental forces of nature since its origin in the big bang to the present time (Nave, 2019).

23


Wilczek has stated that life itself depended on the evolution of the weak force as follows. Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) governs the basic dynamics that build protons, neutrons, and the other hadrons out of quarks and gluons, and the forces that bind together nuclei – the so-called strong force. Quantum electrodynamics (QED) runs the worlds of light, atoms, and chemistry…

Neither of these two great theories, however, incorporates processes whereby protons transform into neutrons, and vice versa. Yet such transformations occur. How can we account for them? To explain these events, physicists had to define one more force in addition to those of gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong force.

This new addition, this fourth force, is called the weak force. The weak force completes our current picture of physics: The Core.

Life on earth is powered by a tiny fraction of the energy released from the Sun, captured as sunlight. The Sun derives its power by burning protons into neutrons, releasing energy. The weak force, in this very specific sense, makes life possible… That transformation is accompained by the emission of an electron e and an antineutrino v. So, our basic, quark-level interaction is realized as:

This slow decay (lifetime fifteen minutes) is the fate of [free] isolated neutrons. (They are stabilized only when bound inside nuclei). This slow delay of free neutrons is illustrated in the figure below by two independent methods of measurement.

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Fig. 5: The free neutron has a lifetime of just under 15 minutes when measured independently by two methods.


The relevance of this measurement for human experience was discovered by Rossi (1991), who reported it as “The 20 Minute Break: Using the New Science of Ultradian Rhythms.” This was later adapted by Hill & Rossi (2017) to a more generalized psychotherapeutic context.

Summary This contribution to the question of whether cosmic rays could modulate psychosocial and cultural genomics opens a new chapter in our investigation of the forefront of current research. Many of its principal proposals remain open for

further research into the mysteries of human experience. Relating the positive effects of cosmic rays on the human condition is still very difficult because this is probably the first contribution to the subject. Most of the existing scientific literature still reports the destructive effects of cosmic rays on human experience because these of the alarm we all experience in our initial encounter as we approach outer space travel. There are compensations for this, however. Not least among these compensations are the new insights they provoke into the still unanswered questions about the details of the human condition at the present time.

REFERENCES

Gell-Mann, M. (1944). The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex. NY: W. H. Freeman & Company.

Hill, R. & Rossi, E. (2017). A Practitioner’s Guide to Mirroring Hands: A Client-Responsive Therapy that Facilitates Natural Pro

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25


Bruce Gregory PHD

Key Words: Vectors, consciousness, trust, implication,

creativity, structure.

Abstract

The primary focus of the article is to continue the

integration of Mathematics and Mind-Body hypnotherapy in

the transformation of consciousness. This integration

supports the shifting of the focus of treatment from

thoughts and feelings to resources, while maintaining an

appreciation of developmental needs, primarily the need

for validation. The appreciation of mathematical tools is

explored further to support the expansion of trust within

professionals to focus attention creatively in order to

facilitate novelty and unconscious healing processes. Within

that context vectors are discussed from the perspectives of

rotation, structure, waves and machines to illustrate their

value in the transformation of consciousness processes. The

relationship between mathematical processes and tools and

mind-body hypnotherapy is explored from the perspectives

of set theory, group theory, and the implied directive. The

mathematical tools of visualization and representation are

discussed in terms of their relationship with Poincare’s four

stage creative process, containment and the transformation

of resistance into receptivity. Overlaps between the role

and appreciation of vectors with respect to Quantum

Physics, Tai Chi, and Tibetan Buddhist Meditation Theory

and Practice are discussed.

Introduction

The roots to the integration of mathematics and physics with

psychology can be traced to the work of the French

mathematician and physicist Henri Poincare. In Science and

Hypothesis (Poincare, 1905, Rossi, 1996, 2002), Poincare

outlined a four stage creative process that was utilized in many

of the prominent scientific discoveries, which included the

thought experiments and discoveries of Galileo, Newton, and

Einstein (Capra, 1975, Greene, 1999, Isaacson, 2006). These

four stages were; preparation, incubation, verification, and

integration. These stages appreciated the utilization of

opposites, the partnership between the conscious and

unconscious minds, the roles of permission, waiting and

possibilities, which were the cornerstones of Erickson’s

naturalistic utilization approach to hypnosis and psychotherapy

(Erickson, 1958/1980, Erickson and Rossi, 1979, Rosen, 1982).

Poincare’s identification of the integration of the conscious and

unconscious minds was a forerunner to Jung’s presentation of

the transcendent function (Jung, 1916, Rossi, 1996).

The integration of mathematics and physics with psychology

continued with the collaboration between Jung and Pauli, one

of the leading physicists responsible for the discovery of

Quantum Physics in the 1920s (Jung, 1952, Miller, 2009, Pauli,

1952). Jung contributed the perspective of depth psychology,

which was dependent on the trust of the unconscious and its

healing resources. Jung focused on the role of opposites, which

corresponded to both Bohr’s complementarity principle and

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle which were both integral

26


parts of Quantum Mechanics. Bohr’s complementarity

principle maintained that objects have certain pairs of

complementary properties that cannot be observed or

measured simultaneously. Examples of these included;

energy and duration; wave, and particle properties.

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle stated that the more

precisely one measured the position, the less precisely one

could measure the momentum. Heisenberg’s uncertainty

principle was a mathematical description and validation of

the role of uncertainty in the structure of the universe, and

implied that uncertainty and one’s relationship to it could

be either a subset of the sources of comfort or a subset of

the sources of anxiety. Erickson utilized the experience of

uncertainty regularly in his facilitation of unconscious

healing processes, particularly in his establishment of the

polarity between knowing and not/knowing (Erickson and

Rossi, 1979, Haley, 1973, Rosen, 1982, Rossi, 2002).

The development of Quantum Mechanics was driven by an

appreciation and utilization of vectors, and vector spaces,

core components of linear algebra. Vectors are

mathematical objects, generally represented by arrows,

that reflect both magnitude and direction, and have

functioned as primary tools in exploring and discovering the

deeper structures of the universe. Two primary examples of

the universe’s deeper structures are the Euler Equation and

the Dirac Equation (Crease, 2008, Gregory, 2019). (TCL,

1995, 1996, Wilkes, 2016). These equations implied that the

variables in them were sources of comfort at a deep level,

complementing Rossi’s identification of the physiological

structures supporting unconscious psychological healing

processes (Gregory, 2015, Rossi, 1986, 2002). A deeper

implication was that structure itself was a source, or subset

of comfort, and could be utilized to focus attention once a

professional had established a yes set for it (Gregory, 2019).

The appreciation of the role of structure in the

transformation of consciousness has been recognized in a

number of areas that utilize and reflect reasoning with

respect to set theory, inference, and the appreciation of

novelty with respect to the focus of attention, and the

utilization of the polarity between the old and the new. A

subset that reflects the value and appreciation of structure,

the philosophy and practice of yoga, utilizes the

appreciation of structure to support connection and focus

with respect to time, space, and humility. The practice of

the asanas or postures supports the transformation of

consciousness through the utilization of breathing and gentle

stretching which contain multiple inferences that validate and

nurture the trust, patience, balance and receiving components

of consciousness (Feuersteinn, 1980, 1989, Iyengar, 2003,

Lasater, 2000). The practice of Tai Chi supports the

transformation of consciousness by complementing harmony

of structure around the joints, working the focus of attention

from the ground up, which is represented by the term

‘rooting’, with a harmony of motion that integrates the

appreciation of opposites and balance. This is enhanced by an

appreciation of the receiving, gathering, and yin aspects of

experience. These aspects of experience infer the appreciation

of the resource networks for receiving and opening as subsets

for comfort, healing, and the transformation of consciousness

(Gregory, 2012, 2019, Jung, 1916, Man Ch’ ing, 1985, Rossi,

2002, Yang, 1996).

Pauli maintained that Quantum Mechanics was incomplete

and needed psychology to complete itself, as evidenced by the

consistent dreams provided by his unconscious whose

symbolism involved quantum variables and processes.

Quantum Mechanics had been discovered through the

exploration of the behaviour of the electron as both a particle

and wave. From a set theory perspective, the electron could be

recognized as a subset of the sources of comfort operating

within the unconscious at a deep level (Dunham, 1991, Rossi,

1986). Pauli’s intuition about the incompleteness of Quantum

Mechanics may have been related to the implications of the

quantum equations that identified the quantum variables as

sources of comfort. (Gregory, 2015, 2017, Miller, 2009, Rossi,

1986, TCL, 1996).

From the perspective of implication, a core component of

Erickson’s utilization approach and Tibetan meditation theory

and practice ( Coitner, 2002, Erickson and Rossi, 1979, Garfield,

1995,Tulku, 1979, Wilbur, Engler, and Brown, 1985) the

transformation of consciousness is dependent on containment

and the focus of attention in new directions that express an

appreciation of the role of opposites (Erickson and Rossi, 1979,

Merrill-Wolff, 1973, Poincare, 1905, Rossi, 1996, 2002, Tulku,

1979, Yang, 1996, 2003). A core opposite being appreciated is

the old vs. new polarity. Issues and dynamics being contained

include anxiety, resistance, hostility, and thinking errors (Beck,

1976, Erickson, 1958/1980, Gregory, 2012, Man Ch’ing, 1985,

Masterson, 1981, Tulku,1979). From the perspective of the

27


appreciation of opposites it is important to note that there

are both healthy and unhealthy forms of resistance.

Examples of healthy resistance include the resistance

expressed in the American Revolution, the French

Revolution, by Gandhi, and resistance expressed in efforts

combatting discrimination. Examples of unhealthy

resistance include avoidance, obsessional thinking,

withdrawal and projection. When evaluating the unhealthy

pole of resistance, it is important to identify the motion,

direction and temporal components that need attention,

and address thinking errors. Using vectors that point in a

positive direction can directly and indirectly help to

transform resistance into receptivity. Examples of vector

utilization will be provided in the section on vector rotation.

These old, unhealthy resistance patterns point like vectors

to the old vs. new polarity, which implies the need for

novelty (Erickson and Rossi, 1979, Gregory, 2019b, Rossi,

2002). Patients come for treatment because at a

fundamental level they are stuck in the ‘old’, and need

something new, whether the old is an archtype, a defence

complex, a thinking error, or one of the attractors from chaos

theory (chronic, periodic) (Beck, 1976, Jung, 1916, Masterson,

1976, Rossi, 1996). The need for novelty and the abundance of

resources to utilize novelty for exploration, learning, creative

problem solving, healing and the transformation of

consciousness has been the fundamental inference that

underlies the healing process (Jung, 1916, Rossi, 2002). Braid

and Otto (Otto, 1923, 1950) identified patients’ responses to

novelty as one of fascination and mystery that focused

attention and activated the unconscious. Rossi (Rossi, 2002)

identified the patients’ responses to novelty as the ‘Novelty,

Neurogenesis, Numinosum Effect’. Old, chronic, unhealthy

patterns, and patterns of focus also imply a need for a

redirection of the focus of attention, which corresponds to the

rotation of a vector (Erickson and Rossi, 1979, Gregory, 2015,

TCL, 1995). When resistance is represented visually on a

graph, see Figure 1 below, one observes that there is no vector

heading in a positive direction toward the upper right of the

graph. The origin of the graph is the inception point of the

creation of a goal whose attainment is represented by the

point C in the graph.

Figure 1. Vectors expressing resistance influencing motion away from a goal © 2019 by Bruce Gregory, Ph.D.

28


Figure 2 above illustrates the consequences of applying

inference in terms of containment and trust.

Figure 2 represents visually how the professional’s trust in

focusing attention when dealing with resistance can provide

containment, which is represented by the circle.

A variety of both Eastern and Western approaches have

been utilized to transform resistance. These approaches can

be understood within the context of set theory, group

theory and Poincare’s four stage creative process (Dunham,

1991, du Sautoy, 2008, Erickson, 1958/1980, Gregory, 2015,

Joseph, 2011, Poincare, 1905 Rossi, 1996, 2002). Set theory

was developed by Cantor and was utilized in his proofs

regarding infinities (Dunham, 1991). By trusting the choice

to think in terms of sets and subsets professionals can focus

attention creatively and naturalistically (Erickson, 1964,

Erickson and Rossi, 1979). An example of this may be found

with the questions listed on p. 23 of the article. Group

theory was discovered by Evariste Galois and later

developed by Lie, Klein and others. Group theory involves

hidden patterns of structure, that generally apply more to

geometric objects and an appreciation of opposites. It is a

language that describes the interactions between

symmetries, actions between elements that preserve its

structure. Group theory was instrumental in the

development of Quantum Physics, the solving of complex

mathematical equations, and the Lorentz Transformation,

which was the key component in the formulation of Einstein’s

theory of Special Relativity. By thinking in terms of group

theory, Galois’ core realization that the interactions between

the symmetries of a group determines and reflects its essential

structure can be creatively applied to orient consciousness

toward the core of the healthy side of the polarity within the

patient. This is done by an appreciation of permutations, which

is what Erickson creatively utilized in his Resistance Protocol

(du Sautoy, 2008, Isaacson, 2006). An example of utilizing

permutations is on p. 11 of the article.

From an Eastern perspective, the Tai Chi process of push

hands, and the Japanese martial art practice of Aikido can be

considered subsets of the set of all the possibilities for

transforming resistance. The push hands sequence has three

fundamental stages; ‘peng’, ‘lu’ and ‘an’. The ‘peng’ stage is the

emptying, yielding or receiving stage where no resistance is

given to the incoming force. The effect of this stage is to

expand, or open up time as opposed to contracting time.

Figure 2 Containment of resistance through trust. © 2019 by Bruce Gregory. PhD.

29


The ‘lu’ stage utilizes redirection of the force, which

corresponds to the rotation of a vector. The ‘an’ stage turns

the force back toward its source. Man Ch’ ing discussed the

pushing sequence in relation to the centripetal and

centrifugal forces in physics (Gregory, 2012, Man Ch’ ing,

1985, Yang, 1996). The Japanese martial art of Aikido

utilizes similar techniques of utilization that effectively

neutralize attacks, which can be understood as forces

delivering acts of aggression (Shifflett, 1999). These attacks

can be identified as coming from different directions,

angles, or vectors, depending on the frame of reference of

the analysis. Tibetan Meditation theory and practice

addresses resistance from an internal motion frame of

reference as opposed to the external behaviour frame of

reference of Tai Chi and Aikido. The emphasis in meditation

is on intrapersonal experience whether in terms of the

direction of attention, the processing of the motion of

thoughts, or simply the unfolding of experience. Following

and applying the work of Nargarjuna in the Madmayika it

applies the logic of four-fold negation and the principle of

dependent origination to systematically refocus attention

away from objects, and the domain of the self, toward the

fundamental aspects of experience; time, space and

consciousness (Garfield, 1995, Merrill-Wolff, 1973, Tulku,

1979). One of the prime objectives in the meditation

process is to reduce the fundamental resistance operating

as a consequence of the self’s attempt to maintain its

delusional position as the center of the universe of objects

(Tulku, 1979). In western terms, this would correspond to

the conscious mind’s attempt to maintain the fantasy that it

has control over unconscious defences, and unconscious

healing processes (Erickson, 1958/1980, Kohut, 1977,

Masterson, 1976).

Two western approaches for treating resistance operating

from different frames of reference are the psychodynamic

approach that focuses on interventions relating to

containing acting out in the transference, and the Erickson

approaches that appreciate validation, utilization and the

integration of opposites. The acting out defences include

projection, avoidance, intellectualization, minimization,

denial, and splitting.

The defences are consequences of compensatory unconscious

mechanisms to manage narcissistic wounds at different

developmental stages with respect to:

Events (trauma/abuse).

Non-events(deprivations).

The pain and suffering of the events or non-events.

Consequences to self- esteem and the positions adopted with

respect to others, the world, and spiritual issues.

(Kohut, 1977, Masterson, 1976, 1981).

The Erickson approach is rooted in the appreciation of

resistance as an opportunity to build trust, rapport, and safety.

The main principle is that the resistance can be utilized to focus

attention to new directions (vectors) that support and facilitate

the activation of unconscious networks for creative problem

solving and healing. The Erickson Resistance Protocol serves as

a template for systematically transforming the resistance into

receptivity, which is verified when the patient’s attention is

contained, and then redirected. The first stage of the protocol

appreciates resistance as a force with momentum that can be

contained by a mathematical appreciation of validation as a

resource tool. In the protocol Erickson validated the patient’s

resistance and hostility seven times, not just once. This

mathematical appreciation of the need for validation implies

that the resistance and the accompanying need for validation is

not a flat surface, that there is depth and mass to it, along with

its momentum. The momentum also reflects the duration of

the suffering, which Erickson validated. The quote below is how

Erickson expressed this appreciation.

“You have come for therapy, you have requested hypnosis, and

the history you have given of your problem leads me to believe

strongly that hypnosis will help you. However, you state more

convincingly that you are a resistant hypnotic subject that

others have failed despite prolonged efforts to induce a trance,

that various techniques have been of no avail, and that

reputable men have discredited hypnosis for you and as a

therapeutic aid in and of itself. You have frankly expressed your

conviction that I cannot induce a trance in you, and with equal

30


frankness have stated that you are convinced that you will

resist all attempts of hypnosis and that this resistance will be

despite your earnest desire and effort to cooperate.” (Erickson,

1958, 1980, p. 302).

This first stage is then complemented by the appreciation and

acknowledgment of repeated failures and their implication of

deeper motivation. When nonverbal communication from the

patient reflects that the resistance has been contained and

attention is secured, new stages are initiated. These stages

include; the redirecting of attention, building of yes sets for the

unconscious, separating the conscious and unconscious minds

and establishing polarities, dealing with not-knowing, waiting,

and the anxieties associated with both processes (Erickson,

1958/1980, Erickson and Rossi, 1979, Rossi, 2002). Additional

examples of Erickson’s interventions are below.

“Now I don’t really care if you listen to me with your conscious

mind because it doesn’t understand your problem anyway, or

you wouldn’t be here, so I just want to talk to your unconscious

mind because it’s here and close enough to hear me, so you

can let your conscious mind listen to the street noises or the

planes overhead or the typing in the next room. Or you can

think about any thought that comes into your conscious mind,

systematic thoughts, random thoughts, because all I want to do

is talk to your unconscious mind, and it will listen to me,

because it is within hearing distance even if your conscious

mind does get bored. Just be comfortable while I am talking to

your unconscious mind, since I don’t care what your conscious

mind does (Erickson, 1958/1980, p. 302).”

In the above example Erickson was demonstrating an

integration of four dimensional vectors for focus; possibilities,

the polarity between the conscious and unconscious minds,

pacing time, and permission.

Figure 3 below is a summary of the stages of the Erickson

Resistance Protocol.

Figure 3. Outline of Erickson Resistance Protocol © 2015 by Bruce Gregory, PhD.

31


Rooted in the appreciation of utilization, the Erickson

Resistance Protocol has many similarities to the principles

and processes of Tai Chi push hands, and Aikido. Two of the

primary ones are appreciation of the resistance as a force

with momentum, the role of validation, and the redirecting

of attention, which corresponds to the rotation of a vector

in that it shifts the focus of attention to a different

direction. Below is an example from the Erickson Resistance

Protocol demonstrating this process.

“Since you have come for therapy and you state that you

are a fault finding, uncooperative patient, let me explain

some things before we begin. So that I can have your

attention, just sit with your feet flat on the floor with your

hands on your thighs, just don’t let your hands touch each

other in any way.

Now so that you will sit still while I talk, just look at that

paperweight, just an ordinary handy thing. By looking at it

you will hold your eyes still, and that will hold your head still

and that will hold your ears still, and it’s your ears I’m

talking to. (Erickson, 1958, 1980, p. 302).

(Erickson, 1964, Erickson and Rossi, 1979, Gregory, 2011, 2017,

Haley, 1973, Kohut, 1977, Masterson, 1976, Rossi, 2002).

Vectors: Essence, Appreciation, and Application

Vectors are commonly known as mathematical objects that

express magnitude and direction. The magnitude is the

length of the vector, which can reflect distance, and is a

function of the x, and y components of the vector. Often

the vector is two dimensional, but that is not always how

vectors are portrayed. In psychological terms, the

consideration and appreciation of distance can often

support the reduction of pressure, anxiety and

expectations. From a set theory perspective, it is important

to appreciate that there are many different types, or

subsets of vectors. The trust and utilization of set theory

(Dunham, 1991) by a professional to focus attention

supports the healing process in a number of ways which

include;

Opening up of possibilities, which infers hope.

Supports and validates the need and value of exploration,

which infers worth of time and permission to experiment.

The direction of the wind, or the direction of a current in the

ocean, are examples of vectors without a position. Force,

momentum, displacement, velocity, and acceleration are

vectors. For the purpose of consciousness transformation

considering vectors from the perspective of dimensions, with a

primary focus on one dimensional, two dimensional, three

dimensional, four dimensional (time included), and infinite

dimensional vectors can support the facilitation of novelty and

unconscious processing. An example of a one dimensional

vector would be a straight line along the x-axis, with its own

narrow focus (Abbott, 1885, Gregory, 2015). A two dimensional

vector, on the other hand, implies an angle, which means there

is a position in both the x (horizontal) and y (vertical)

directions. One example of a two dimensional vector is (2,3),

which means two in the x direction, and three in the y

direction.

A three dimensional vector would include the height

dimension, which is often represented by what is called the z

coordinate. The inclusion of the height dimension infers

additional possibilities of focus; for example, up, down, out or

in. The height dimension is used consistently for focus in Taoist

practices (Yang, 1996) when there in a focus on the heaven and

earth components of a movement. In Tibetan Buddhist

meditation practice the height dimension is utilized when the

focus is placed on penetrating, drilling, or sinking into the

present component of time (Tulku, 1979) Both the Taoist and

Tibetan perspectives reflect an appreciation of Rossi’s

recognition of the implications of the levels of biological

structures and processing with respect to capacity and comfort

as they emphasize and reinforce processes that support depth.

Some of the ways this is facilitated are through a commitment

to practice, permission to experiment and fail, and an

appreciation of a relationship with time (Gregory, 2012, 2015,

Rossi, 1986, Rossi and Rossi, 2016, TCL, 1996, Wilkes, 2016).

The fourth dimension in mathematics and physics is time,

represented by t, and is the dimension of Einstein’s special

relativity and the Lorentz Transformation, which were integral

parts of the Dirac Equation. The Lorentz transformation, which

was finalized by Poincare, showed that time was relative, and

dependent on the reference frame of the observer, which is

itself a vector (Gregory, 2017, Isaacson, 2006). The Dirac

Equation opened the field of Quantum Field Theory, and paved

the way for many technological advances which included;

MRIs, lasers, cell phones, CDs, and DVD players (Farmelo, 2006,

Gregory, 2015, Isaacson, 2006, Rajasekaran, 2003).

32


Examples of questions applying vectors to refocus attention

may be found on pp. 13 and 23 of the article.

The direction of vectors is expressed in different ways,

depending on the context in which they are being used.

When they are utilized with respect to circles, with respect

to either initial position, or by their rotation, they are

discussed in terms of the angle theta in mathematical

terms, which represents the degree to which the vector is

away from the x axis.

A yes set for the direction of a vector, which is a subset of

the qualities of a vector, implies that the unconscious

recognizes the value of utilizing the direction of a vector to

focus attention.

This value is supplemented by other implications relative to

vectors, their direction, and their dimensionality. Examples

include; two dimensions imply possibilities of angles, which

supports opening, the appreciation of structure and

permission for exploration;

The utilization of dimensionality further expands both

possibilities, hope and permission, which can reduce

feelings of discouragement, despair and hopelessness, if the

rotation of focus toward possibilities is facilitated.

When vectors are used in graphs they are expressed in

Euclidean theory, generally in x, y coordinates. In air travel,

vectors are expressed in terms of polar coordinates, which are

latitude and longitude. The significance of this in terms of road

travel would be that if one was traveling to San Diego or Las

Vegas from Los Angeles, one would take different angles or

vectors to reach one’s destination. In flight language vectors

are called headings. In terms of redirecting attention in mind-

body hypnotherapy, one example would be; validating the

patient’s anxiety, and suffering as the result of ineffective

strategies leading to failures; then redirecting the attention

(rotation of a vector) to either a consideration of the needs

connected with the anxiety, or possible resource networks

available to deal with the anxiety differently so that comfort

can be accessed instead of perpetuating or increasing the

anxiety.

One way to recognize and appreciate the value of vectors is

through an examination and exploration of their roles in

triangles, both in isolation, and as part of a circle. The radius of

a circle, which is often given the value of 1 for both simplicity

and to make it easier to recognize fundamental patterns of

structure, is represented as a vector.

This is illustrated in Figure 4 below.

Figure 4 Radius illustrating relationship between radius (vector) and sine and

cosine. © 2019 by Bruce Gregory, Ph.D.

33


If one makes this into a right triangle inside of a circle, one

discovers quickly that the lengths of the adjacent and

opposite sides of the triangles are represented by the

cosine and sine functions, implying that vectors are related

and connected to functions and waves. This connection of

vectors to waves provides abundant possibilities for

accessing new forms of comfort through the implications of

sound and light waves, which provide vast amounts of

comfort. One way to apply this is for a professional to think

in terms of set theory and consider the subsets or different

kinds of waves (ocean, sound, light, electron). Following

this, questions and truisms can be presented around the

theme of waves, so that the patient can do an unconscious

search, exploring associations that access positive life

experiences with waves (indirect associative focusing) ,

Erickson and Rossi, 1979).

Furthermore, it implies that vectors reflect a subset of

structure and validate structure as being a source of

comfort. This in turn facilitates opportunities for creatively

redirecting the focus of attention (Erickson, 1964, Gregory,

2019, TCL, 1995, Wilkes 2016). Vectors are generally

represented by symbols with an arrow on top.

Representations are tools in mathematics functioning as

integral components of the exploration/ discovery process.

They are utilized in stage 1 of Poincare’s four stage creative

process (Poincare, 1905, Rossi, 1996, 2002). They contain a

series of implications, examples of which are:

Capacity

Novelty

Possibilities

Value of visualizing

These implications, when trusted as a result of the

professional having built a yes set for representations, can

support the facilitation of unconscious healing processes

and activity dependent gene expression.

Further, the angle of the vector, which corresponds to the

specific direction the patient is focusing his attention

towards, is directly related to the distance of the vector,

and the x and y coordinates. This implies the need for time,

and permission for it, which can support the containment of

unconscious pressure, and the identification of polarities that

can be utilized to facilitate unconscious healing processes. The

following quote demonstrates Erickson’s work with the need

for time, integrating it with the appreciation and utilization of

opposites.

“An unconscious mind response is different, because you do

not know what it is to be. You have to wait for it to happen,

and consciously you cannot know whether it will be ‘yes’ or

‘no’. It does not need to be in accord with the conscious

answer that can be present simultaneously in accord with your

conscious mind’s thinking. You will have to wait, and perhaps

wait and wait, to let it happen. And it will happen in its own

time and at its own speed.” (Erickson, 1958/1980, p. 305).

Erickson stressed the importance of building bridges in his

work with the unconscious when he said; ‘That is why I build

bridges’ (Erickson and Rossi, 1979, p. 177). Bridges are

connections. Resources are connected throughout multiple

levels of the unconscious. The hypothalamus is connected to

the neuropeptide, endocrine, immune and autonomic nervous

systems. A series of resources are connected within the

hippocampus that lead to the initiation of the Kreb cycle and

activity dependent gene expression. Proteins are connected in

the electron transport chain involving the ATP cycle within the

mitochondria of cells. Atoms are connected to each other to

form molecules. Electrons are connected to each other within

the atom through quantum entanglement, which is expressed

in the Dirac Equation. Momentum and position are connected

in the Heisenberg uncertainty equation. Vectors are connected

to waves through the sine and cosine functions, which are an

integral part of the Euler equation (Crease, 2009, Farmelo,

2006, Rossi, 1986, Squire and Kandel, 1999, TCL, 1995, Wilkes,

2016). Ericksonian approaches focus on connecting to, and

trusting resources. This process starts with connecting to, and

learning to trust the unconscious mind. This stage includes

connecting to the resources of curiosity, allowing, and

receiving. Following this significant transition, additional

connections can be made with a variety of resources operating

at different levels of depth within the unconscious. These

include; physiological resources like the hippocampus, and a

variety of cellular resources; psychological resources like

patience, waiting, and permission; quantum resources like

time, space, motion, momentum (Erickson and Rossi, 1979,

Gregory, 2018, Lankton and Lankton, 1983, Rosen, 1982, Rossi,

34


1986, 2002). It is important to recognize that the above

connections involve different kinds of opening, which is the

opposite of resistance, and implies increasing internal

safety.

Vectors and vector spaces are the bedrock of linear algebra,

which is the language that describes transformations

mathematically. Vectors are represented by symbols, which

are abbreviations. Through reasoning, vectors can be seen

as particular subsets of machines that only ‘eats’ the

numbers 1,2,3, etc. to create vectors like (3,7,4), which

would correspond to 3 in the x direction, 7 in the y direction

and 4 in the z direction (Wilkes, 2016). When one considers

machines from the perspective of set theory, it becomes

apparent that there are different kinds of machines like

cars, blenders, drills, computers, telephones, and

mathematical machines like functions or matrices. On a

psychological level, this relates to the issue of capacity, or

resources, which the Ericksonian approach emphasizes.

When the theme of machines is being addressed the subset

of machines being pointed toward (vector) are the

machines which support transformation, specifically the

‘old’ to the ‘new’. One psychological example is the

transcendent function; one physiological example is the

hippocampus, both of which operate on an unconscious

level.

Once a yes set has been established for vectors, which

constitutes a recognition of their value (Erickson and Rossi,

1979), and that the unconscious has significant information

for their utilization, vectors can be recognized as tools, or

resources. (Gregory, 2017, 2019, Matthews and Butler,

2011, Ribiero, 2004, Rossi, 2002). Vectors can be utilized in:

The transformation of resistance (Erickson, 1958/1980,

Man Ch’ing, 1985, Yang, 1996).

The transformation of consciousness (Tulku, 1989).

The focus of attention (Erickson, 1958/1980, Erickson and

Rossi, 1979, Yang, 1996, Tulku, 1989).

The appreciation of focus (Erickson, 1958/1980, Tulku,

1989, Yang, 1996).

Facilitation of novelty (Rossi, 1986, 2002).

From the perspective of the implied directive and set theory,

this raises the questions; what kind of tool, how powerful, and

what is the tool’s function/application? In addition, it opens up

the consideration of what type of vector is needed. Some of

these possibilities include; What is the rotation of the vector?

What dimension of vector is it? A two, three, or four

dimensional vector? What direction or angle is the vector?

What is the point of focus of the vector? Erickson

demonstrated this application in the Resistance Protocol

example on p. 10 of the article.

Vectors can express rates of change, and infer a number of

core components of the transformation of consciousness

processes, the primary one being that vectors can be

appreciated as tools for focusing attention. Other inferences

include;

The role and value of space.

Resources support vectors, their exploration, and

understanding. (representation, visualization, reasoning)

Vectors point to the value of dimensions.

Value of direction.

Transformation of resistance through rotation.

Bridge to opening up explorations.

Expand appreciation of structure.

Vectors imply the infinite possibilities of focusing, thereby

opening up what can be focused on, in terms of exploring,

learning and connecting to deeper levels of structure. These

deeper levels of structure function as bridges to connections

with sources of comfort. From a psychodynamic perspective,

they function as metaphors implying tools for transforming and

healing wounds related to abandonment issues. For example:

Have you considered what direction you would like the

conversation to go in?

Have you considered the variable of distance in terms of how

much ground you need to cover?

When you have an experience that is accompanied by

sensations or symptoms that are unpleasant or even painful,

do you recognize what direction you are focusing in, or

consider what possible directions that may provide more

satisfaction?

35


Rotation of vectors

The primary tools for the rotation of vectors are;

representation, visualization, reasoning, sine, cosine, and

matrices (Baker, 2003, TCL, 1995, Wilkes, 2016). Within this

set of powerful tools resides an appreciation of the value of

permission, as the discovery of the tools was a consequence

of multiple levels of utilizing permission in the process of

exploring vectors, their properties, and the steps in the

rotation process. This implies a yes set for permission. This

coincides with and validates stage 1 of Poincare’s four stage

creative process (Gregory, 2015, Poincare, 1905, Rossi,

1996, 2002, TCL, 1995, Wilkes, 2016). The tools for

transforming vectors, when transformed into yes sets

within professionals, can expand their trust in focusing

attention creatively. The processes contain within them a

series of implications that support the expansion of trust

within professionals to focus attention creatively.

Examples of these implications include;

The validation of the value of the utilization of the old/new

polarity:

The value and need for space and time.

The connection between vectors, waves, machines and

structure.

The validation of the abundance of resources for opening, the

core component of transformation of consciousness

processes.

Structure is fundamental and a source for comfort and

healing.

Figure 5 below represents the connections of these

implications.

Figure 5 Vectors as Bridges to Resource Themes. © 2019 by Bruce Gregory, Ph.D.

36


The connections between vectors and waves, machines,

and matrices emerge through the progression of steps

employed in the rotation process which will be covered in

the next section.

Figure 6 above illustrates the rotation of a vector

geometrically.

The rotation of a vector is a transformation of the vector. In

the case of Figure 6, vector A is rotated to become vector B.

This is carried out by one of the primary tools, a rotation

matrix, which performs the transformation through the

process of matrix multiplication. Matrices are machines, like

functions. They are represented by rows and columns of

numbers. Matrices and matrix multiplication were some of

the primary tools utilized by Heisenberg in his discovery of

his quantum equation.

The rotation of vectors through the use of matrices implies

the capacity for transformation, possibilities and tools for

transformation, which includes the set of all tools for

transformation. Through the application of set theory, it

implies the set of all transformations, which includes the

subsets for the transformation of consciousness, the

Lorentz transformation, and the transformation of vectors

(linear transformations). In psychological terms, the tools

for transforming vectors slow down, and open up the

exploratory process. This has the effect of lowering anxiety

and pressure, while simultaneously activating unconscious

healing processes.

It is the professional’s trust of the tools that support the

redirecting of attention and the slowing down and opening up

aspects of the learning process.

The rotation of a vector is an expression of a linear

transformation, linear since it is dealing with straight lines, not

curved ones. This process incorporates a series of steps,

summarized below:

Representation with descriptions and abbreviations.

Visualization.

Matrix processes with identity matrix

Reasoning with sine and cosine

Matrix multiplication

The representations and descriptions of the vectors, and the

rotation process, with abbreviations, begin the process of

exploration, with multiple levels of implied permission. These

include the permission to describe, start, and abbreviate. This

is complemented and supported by implications supporting the

taking of time and experimenting. In the next stage,

visualization is utilized as a vector is plotted on a graph.

Visualization continues the gathering of data for problem

solving (stage 1 of four stage creative process), while also

supporting the incubation stage (stage 2) activating

unconscious search processes.

Figure 6. Representation of Vector Rotation. © 2019 by Bruce Gregory, Ph.D.

37


Following this the identity matrix is represented and

explored. Applying reasoning, the roles of sine and cosine

are exposed as integral variables in the rotation process of

vectors. Since sine and cosine are both waves and

functions, this stage connects vectors to sine, cosine,

waves, machines, and functions through implication. In

addition, this stage identifies the matrix that rotates the

vector. Reasoning is also employed to establish that the

vector rotation is a linear transformation.

For the professional, the details of the mathematics are not

critical. What is critical is the recognition and appreciation

of the tools utilized in the rotation process. It is the

appreciation of the rotation tools that facilitates the

expansion of trust within the professional to focus attention

in new directions.

This is done by focusing attention around the rotation tools

(representation, visualization, transformation, dimensions,

and frame of reference) as themes. This is what Erickson

demonstrated in the Erickson Resistance Protocol when he

facilitated the redirection of the focus of the patient’s

attention toward the polarity between the conscious and

the unconscious minds, knowing and not knowing,

possibilities and uncertainties (p. 10 example).

The representations and visualization regarding the rotation

of vectors reflect an appreciation of structure, which implies

that a yes set for structure can function as a bridge to

connecting to comfort, and sources of comfort, that can be

considered subsets of all the sources for comfort. This

appreciation of structure is also reflected by the equations

of Quantum Physics, the meditation practices of Tibetan

Buddhism based upon the structure inherent in the concept

of dependent origination, and the Taoist practice of Tai Chi.

Erickson utilized his appreciation of structure

in his displacement of resistance having the patient move

chairs to represent the part of the patient that was resistant

(Erickson and Rossi, 1982).

Erickson utilized a variety of tools for shifting the focus of a

patient’s attention (vector rotation). These included; confusion,

metaphor, story-telling, non sequiturs (Erickson and Rossi,

1979, Lankton and Lankton, 1983, Rosen, 1982). Rossi

expanded these tools with the concept of basic accessing

questions. Basic accessing questions focus attention in a

different direction (Rossi, 1986, 2002). Basic accessing

questions are an expression of curiosity and interest, subsets of

inquiry. These questions function as vectors, facilitating a shift

in focus. Some examples of basic accessing questions include;

If we considered rotating or shifting where you are focusing,

should we shift the focus in a clockwise or counter-clockwise

direction?

When you imagine a circle around an x, y axis what

would you say is the angle of your focus?

Have you ever thought about your focus this way?

Have you ever considered that what you are focusing on

may be represented by an angle?

Have you ever considered what resources are available

in the unconscious for shifting the focus of your

attention?

Do you know that the angle of focus is related to the

vector connecting the x and y positions to the origin?

This article has continued the exploration and identification of

concepts, variables and tools that can be utilized by

professionals to expand their trust in facilitating novelty and

the focusing of attention in new directions. Figure 7 in the next

page summarizes the progression of this expanding group of

resources.

38


Summary

Vectors, the tools for understanding them and their value,

and the processes for rotating them have been explored in

the context of expanding professionals’ trust in facilitating

novelty and focusing attention in the transformation of

consciousness.

The appreciation of vectors becomes an internal tool, which

links to multiple levels of permission which links to other

tools, particularly the appreciation of structure. These tools,

which include representation and visualization, can expand

the subsets of tools/approaches available for creatively

focusing attention. In addition, the appreciation and

utilization of an integrated consciousness with respect to

vectors can support the facilitation of novelty, progressive

opening as opposed to resistance, and the slowing down of

time.

The paper continues the process of integrating Mathematics

with Mind-Body Hypnotherapy in the context of the refocusing

of attention in treatment from feelings, thoughts, and

experiences toward deeper levels of resources. While

reaffirming the value of thoughts and feelings in terms of

addressing developmental wounds concerning validation,

mirroring, understanding and empathy, it recognizes them as

doorways, windows, and opportunities for utilization to

facilitate a shift in internal positions with the consequence

being multiple levels of empowerment. These shifts in internal

positions are consistent with the fundamental principles of

Tibetan Buddhist meditation theory and practice, and the

principles and practices of Tai Chi. The Erickson Resistance

Protocol has been utilized as a template for demonstrating how

the refocusing of attention corresponds to the appreciation

and rotation of vectors.

Figure 7 Progression of Expanding Tools ©2019 by Bruce Gregory, Ph.D.

39


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