Events and Issues

Events and IssuesRepresentation

EventsYou will need TWO examples of eventsContemporary Events (within 18months)Specifically discussing how different media texts (e.g. newspaper story/TV coverage) cover that same event

EventsHow has the EVENT been REpresentedLanguageMode of addressAnchorageTechnical codesVisual codesAudio codesUse of images

EventsThe construction of the representationWhose viewpoint is being shownThe process of selectionWhat has been selected and why?The audience who will consume the textSome newspapers like particular celebrities

Political Ideology

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News ValuesIn 1965, media researchers Galtung & Ruge analysed international news stories to find common attributes.

They identified a list of news values common across news bulletins and newspapers.

News ValuesNegativity bad news is good news!Familiarity local news is most relevant!Immediacy new News is News!Continuity people want to find out more about things in the public eye. They want updates on existing News stories. Amplification Is it a big event? Involves lots of people? Plane crash kills one or Plane crash destroys city whats more exciting?Unambiguity Is it clear an definite?Uniqueness - Man Bites Dog is more exciting that dog bites man.Simplicity a simple story is easier to read.Personalisation human interest draws on heart-strings.Predictability did people think there would be a riot and there was? People love knowing they were right!Unexpectedness Surprise!Elite Nations / People Celebs, Royals, US and UK.

TaskLook at the following media texts in your groups and answer the following:

Who is audience for each one?Who is in control of the text? Whose ideas and values are expressed through the representations?What mode of address is being used?What ideologies / messages might be contained within the representation?How does this event show NATIONAL IDENTITY?

Mode of AddressMode of address refers to the way in which a media text speaks to its target audience in order to encourage them to identify with it. Newspapers often construct their presentation to reflect what they imagine is the typical identity of their readers.

Mode of AddressThe way a media text speaks to its audience can depend on various assumptions the producers make about the people watching; what type of people are they e.g. old, young, etc.? Who does the text want to attract? What is the relationship between the audience and text e.g. is the programme intended to be funny, serious, informative, emotionally moving, etc.? Furthermore, the mode of address it uses may lead audience members to assume a particular attitude towards the text, such as paying attention, taking it seriously or light-hearted entertainment.

Mode of AddressWhat mode of address do you think The Sun uses?

Use the handout to help you to complete the next task.

NarrativeConstructionStructureKey codes such as action and enigma

Start

What are we studying today? What do all these things have in common?

What would you like to know about media representation of events?

Representation of EventsFocus on the representation of TWO events

From at least two different media texts

Enables you to demonstrate an understanding how events are represented across media.

Events - definitionEvent = something that occurs or is about to occur and is of interest to an audience.Events come in a range of shapes and forms and can be local, national or international.E.g. the Royal Wedding, the Olympic Games or a pop festival. International events may include wars and global recession.Think of five current events you could explore?

IdeologyThe ideology of the text in which the event features right-wing or left-wing newspaper? Royalist or anti-royalist?Is it clear what the text says about the event?Is there evidence of bias in the representation how do the visual, sound and linguistic codes achieve this?

Socialist/ Left-WingRights for workers and minorities are key.Believe the rich benefit from exploiting the poor and that this system should end. Prorevolution.Liberal Pretty middle of the road. Tend to offer the most unbiased, objective perspective.Believe it is important to represent people from all minority groups and countries.Conservative / Right of middleUphold traditional values about Britishness, class, gender etc.: anti-Labour and Lib Dems.Dont like Britain being part of EU.Wary of immigration.Pro-Capitalist.Nationalist / Right-WingIncredibly patriotic. Dislike change highly supportive of traditional values: anti-abortion, anti-same sex marriage, heavily opposed to immigration. Believe Britain should be Britain for (White) British people. Socialist WorkerMorning StarDaily MailThe SunDaily TelegraphFinancial TimesThe VoiceIndependent GuardianThe MirrorThe MetroEvening StandardDaily StariThe Times

Intertextuality

How is the event presented?Language - Critical? Adulatory?Mode of address?Anchorage?Use of images?

ConstructionEvents in media representations are constructed they are mediated by editors, journalists, graphic designers, photographers.A football cup final will have lots of camera positioning producers will decide where the camera is pointing and which is to be used. Music, slow motion, and video filters can enhance the images and make the players seem heroic and superhuman.

SelectionWhatever is chosen means other things are omitted.Someone makes that decision who? Why?If a peaceful student march has a brief skirmish between one or two protestors and the police how might A) a student newspaper think about it B) A right-wing tabloid?

FocusHeadlines and images will direct our response to certain aspects of the text and push us towards assumptions and conclusions about the event concerned.Who is interviewed? Who is not?Who is invited to commentate?

AudienceOpinion leaders? Do they influence how audiences think or feel about an event? Two step flow theoryThe audience themselves types of reading? Stuart Hall? encoding/ decoding preferred, negotiated and oppositional readings.

Consider how these two texts have represented this event.

The Suns Target AudienceMale - heavy coverage of sport, particularly football; page 3 and other sexist portrayals of women). There is some content that is woman friendly (celebrity content).16+ - simplistic coverage, celebrity content, titillating stories. White British possible negative representations of ethnic minorities, xenophobic? or nationalistic attitude? Patriotic stories.Working Class/C2DE price (40p), very little serious political coverage, focus on show business/sensational stories, 20%of the paper about sport with an emphasis on football, the size is convenient. Fairly right wing political views (political content).Value and Attitudes: Mainstreamers, Strugglers and Resigned. Illustrated through advertising.

http://youtu.be/FW-yuYwnba431

Current EventsWhat events have occurred over the last 18months that you could use as case studies in the exam?

Events 14 February 2013: Oscar Pistorius is charged with murder. The South African athlete is charged with the fatal shooting of his girlfriend, model Reeva Steenkamp, in an incident in his home in Pretoria. Murder trial in March 2014

8 April: Baroness Thatcher, prime minister from 1979 to 1990, dies aged 87 following a stroke. The UKs only woman prime minister, Lady Thatcher won three general elections as Conservative leader.

22 May: Lee Rigby, a Drummer of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, is killed near the Royal Artillery Barracks in Woolwich, southeast London. He is knocked down with a car, then attacked with knives and cleavers in an attempt to decapitate him. His two assailants, Michael Adebolajo and Michael Adebowale, are wounded by police gunfire before being arrested. Murder trial in March 2014

28 October: The biggest trial into phone hacking allegedly conducted by the now-defunct News of the World begins at the Old Bailey in London. Rebekah Brooks and Andy Coulson, former editors of the tabloid, are among the eight defendants, who are charged with a range of offences including conspiring to access voicemail messages illegally.

2014

Floods in BritainWinter OlympicsRussia / Ukraine crisis

The Floods Feb 2014

TASKYou will need TWO examples of Contemporary Events (within 18months) from different media texts (e.g. newspaper story/TV coverage)

When discussing events in the exam you MUST use and reference SPECIFIC examples, e.g. The Sun represented the Royal wedding aswhereas PBS news

Find and comment on 2 examples of events . Discuss the following:

Who is audience for each one?Who is in control of the text? Whose ideas and values are expressed through the representations?What mode of address is being used?What ideologies / messages might be contained within the representation?

Representation of Issues

This is slightly more tricky than looking at Gender, Age, Ethnicity or Nationality as you are analysing how the media represents an idea rather than a group of people.

As always the exam will require you to look at various different representations across a range of different media.

The best place to start is to look at Soap Operas on TV. These are often issue led programmes that offer occasionally stereotypical representations and sometimes thought provoking or even controversial representations.

What is an issue?A point or matter of discussion and debate.Likely provoke strong reactions and conflict with people arguing intensely held opposing views.Often subjective without factual rights and wrongs or clear resolution.Long term and controversialGlobal, local centered on age, gender or ethnicity individuals, professional bodies, the state and commercial sector.

From there you should be able to find a variety of different types of media which represent the same issue.

Examples of Issues to research and deconstruct could be Body imageSubstance abuseViolent crimeReligionCelebrity CulturePolitical issuesRelationships

The exam will ask you to refer to two different examples. This links take you toanexample, remember you can use these examples if the representation of issues comes up in your exam.Representation of mental health

IssuesThe media construct representations of issues and indeed may be partly responsible for creating the issue itself.

Task - 10 mins identify some issues you could examine.

Sexism and misogyny in the mediaObjectification of women in mens magazinesRep of women in tabloid newspapersBody image and womens mags: Size zeroSexualisation of images in young womens magazinesViolence in computer games

Issues and audience theoryTend to be to do with the following

Representation: The concern that the treatment of a particular group in the real world is negatively affected by repAudience: The fear that the audience often defined by age might be negatively affected by the mediaNew technology: the development of new forms of communication used mostly by young people cause anxietyLead to Moral Panics

Body image and beautyWe have become a society obsessed with the way we look and what constitutes beauty.The definition of what is considered beautiful has narrowed and focuses solely on being white, thin and perfectly formed.The image of body image is represented across a range of media texts including

Unrealistic images of perfection for both men and women in magazines

Gossip magazines where imperfections in the bodies of celebrities are highlighted and ridiculed

Documentaries raising awareness of the issue

Newspaper images of catwalk models that are a size zero

Online Media articles commenting on the concern of the beauty cult that means only thin is beautiful

Advertisements for products that aim to make us more beautiful less wrinkled and more flawless

Body ImageBody image as an issue is represented across a range of media textsHow the image is represented depends on the audienceIn magazines women are sold an idealised version of themselves and aspire to attain the unobtainable

Body ImageSome programmes tackle the problem of body image from a range of points of viewIt may be through plastic surgery or general dissatisfaction with body sizeMost of these programmes are aimed at a female audience

Body Image

TaskFind a documentary that tackles the problem of body image

Watch 5 mins and analysis How have they represented the issue Selection, Construction, focusingWho is audience?Who is in control of the text? Whose ideas and values are expressed through the representations? eg. BBC? Research remit and valuesWhat mode of address is being used?What ideologies / messages might be contained within the representation?

Body Image

BBC3BBC Three offers audiences fresh perspective on body image with new season of documentaries

Following the continued success of factual programming on the channel, Zai Bennett, Controller of BBC Three, today unveiled The Body Beautiful, a new season of programmes exploring the topic of body image.

Body image is a big issue for our audience on BBC Three so in The Body Beautiful - a challenging and penetrating season of programmes - asking whether changing your body can really make you happy. Zai Bennett, Controller, BBC ThreeDate:06.08.2012 Last updated: 18.03.2014 at 18.03Category:BBC Three;Factual

Body image is a big issue for our audience on BBC Three so in The Body Beautiful - a challenging and penetrating season of programmes - were asking whether changing your body can really make you happy.Zai Bennett, Controller, BBC Three

Heat magazineConstant focus on body image

Male gaze

Women are judged by men

Focuses on imperfections consumerism?

Questioning women to be unhappy

Take heart that celebrities have similar issues

Representation of an Issue The Sexualisation of Children

This looked at concern over how overly sexualised images of women may adversely affect young children

Various music videos Rihannas S and M; Shakira She Wolf; Miley Cyrus Cant be Tamed

Beyonces Who Rules The World (Girls) all promoting this as a positive role model for children

News articles from BBC website Dont Sexualise Children and Daily Mail How Pop became Porn (both outraged at the negative effect of such videos)

Size Zero/ Body Image and Royals/ Privacy Debatehttp://ms1slumdog.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/Representation%20of%20Issues

Good answerSpecific examples to illustrate how images, language, visual codes and modes of address construct the representation of an issue.