Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia The ... · • Västmanland 31July -8 Aug.2014. • In a week, the largest fire Sweden has seen in four decades. It burned more than

Hyperspectral characterization of wildfire

Dr. Stefania Amici

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

The University of Manchester

Introduction

• Introduction

Importance of wildfires:

Global scale

Local scale

Methodology for detection and burn severity

• What remote Sensing can do for open fire

• Spectral features of fires:

• Potassium emission

• CO2 absorption

• Hyperspectral data for burn scar

• Remarks

• Acknowledgements

Global wildfire prevention 16 Jan.

2017 AIST Tokyo

Intro: Dr. Stefania

Amici CV

• B.Sc, Astrophysics (1997) University La Sapienza Rome.

• PhD Cal/val, University of Parma (2010)

• Researcher 70%

• Educational 30%

• Visiting researcher at 1 The University of Mancheter

Areas of interest:

• Remote Sensing

• Imaging spectroscopy

• UAV-drone

• New ideas generation and project drafting

• dissemination

• [email protected]


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Remote sensing infrastructure at INGV


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REAL-TIME ACQUISITION SYSTEMS

GEO AND POLAR MULTIMISSION GROUND RECEIVING STATIONS in X/L BANDS

Global wildfire prevention 16 Jan. 2017 AIST Tokyo

RED AVHRR COVERAGE YELLOW MODIS/METOP COVERAGE

INGV MULTIMISSION RECEIVING STATIONS

L SEASPACE antenna L band receiving NOAA-AVHRR


KONGSBERG MULTIMISSION SYSTEM


INSTRUMENT CAL/VAL Strategy

Field work

Satellite acquisition

New Instrument test

• Spectroradiomentry • Surface temparature • Roughness analysis • Gases identification • corner reflector

• ASTER • LANDSAT • SENTINEL 2 • HYPERION • AVHRR/MODIS

• Miniature Mass Spectrometer

• Drone

• Laboratorio ottico e spettrometria:

strumentazione

Camera Termica Termocamera Optris PI640. Permette la registrazione video radiometrica a 32 Hz alla risoluzione VGA di 640x480 pixel, sensibilità termica (NETD) di 75 mK, campo spettrale da 7,5 a 13 micron e campi di misura da -20 a 900°C. Peso: 320 grammi.


In field instruments

Economic Source http://www.earthzine.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/figure12.png

Significance: Global and Local scale

• • Fires greatly affect

Earth’s atmospheric

composition.

• Fires affect the global

climate through

processes such as trace

gas and aerosol

production, and

influence the terrestrial

carbon dynamics.

• Giglio et al. (2010)

indicates that ~3.4 % of

the Earth’s terrestrially

vegetated area burns

annually, with resulting

large scale effects .


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http://www.earthzine.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/figure12.png

Significance: Global and Local scale

Economic loss of infrastructure, natural and cultural

resources, insurance

Fire suppression high costs

Scientific Transport gas to

atmosphere

climate change

Social

Need for research • Pre-fire Measurements that can be correlated to fire

behaviour

• Active fire Localization, flame/ smouldering, evaluation of

Parameters for modelling, Linking Energy to Emissions

and Air Quality

• Post- fire Vegetation Mortality , Ecosystem Recovery,

Land use change

Loss of human lives, communities,

Health (smoke, air quality )


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Relevance of forest fire at local scale

www.fs.fed.us

• Station Fire (26 Aug.2009-9

Sept.2009) • burned over 650 km2 ,

• nearly 100 structures destroyed

• Loss of lives: 2 fire fighters

Proression map of Station Fire (Los Angeles County) by United State

Forest Service

www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/09/wildfires_in_southern

_californ.html

Evacuation orders

are in place for

thousands

in communities

around

the city, and resident

Aug. 31, 2009. (AP Photo/Jon

Vidar),

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=qqdGBtGbRj16BM&tbnid=QwUrC4IUcQuaEM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/12/station-fire-report.html&ei=uNUOVI_XG8iQOJuTgMAO&bvm=bv.74649129,d.ZGU&psig=AFQjCNHtlRlnJ3LR2VSQiFUzIlhltqm4mw&ust=1410344708892505

Indonesia forest fires

Fire Emissions and Air Quality

∼400Km

Modis June 2013

http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/03/fires-indonesia-spike-highest-levels-june-2013-haz

e-emergency

•Haze crisis of June 2013.

•Nearly 50,000 Indonesians suffered respiratory diseases due to the haze.

•large amount of pollutants discharged to the atmosphere.

•high volumes of carbon released, contributing to climate change.

The major cause of the fires is clearing land for agriculture 51% on land managed by

pulpwood, palm oil, and logging companies


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EUROPE


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Relevance at local scale: Europe

•The European Forest

Fire Information

System (EFFIS)

supports the services

in charge of the

protection of forests

fires in the EU and

neighbour countries,

and

•Informs the EC

services and the

European Parliament

on forest fires in

Europe

•2000->Operational

•2008 ->new products including maps of fire danger anomalies

and maps of the fire danger index

2016 fire season in Italy

Total number of wildfire 4793

Total burned area: 47926 HA

http://www.corpoforestale.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/I

DPagina/319

http://www.vigilfuoco.it/

Canadair CL-415

Fire suppression in Italy

http://www.vigilfuoco.it/

Climate change and fire regime in north Europe

• Northern Europe countries experience an increasing number of vegetation fires when more frequent “exceptional drought season” occur.

• Västmanland 31July -8 Aug.2014. • In a week, the largest fire Sweden has seen in four decades. It burned more than 150 square

kilometers (60 square miles), killed one person, and forced thousands to evacuate their homes.

• Hot and dry weather exacerbated the fire, stressing vegetation and priming it to burn. • With a high-pressure system parked over Scandinavia, oppressive heat emerged across

Sweden in July and August, bringing record or near-record temperatures to many towns and cities.

• In Sala, a city close to the fire, temperatures soared to 34.7°C on August 5 2014 • Average temperatures are about (21°C) • in early August. • French and Italian airplane for suppression

Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=84155 Global wildfire prevention 16 Jan.

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Climate change and fire regime in the UK

The likelihood of wildfires occurring may increase between 10% and 50% by

the 2080s with projected warmer, drier spring and summer conditions”

Knowledge for Wildfire KfWf -2015 (http://www.kfwf.org.uk/)

MODIS data on 18 April 2003. False

color reflectance at a resolution of

250m/pixel shows vegetation

dominated area (in red) and the fire

plume (white-greenish)


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http://www.kfwf.org.uk/

Relevance of open fire in UK Peat Moorlands

1) Wildlife – wildfire affects unique habitats in Sites

of Special Scientific Interest with impact on

birdlife (e.g. Golden Plover and Dunlin).

2)The equilibrium of the ecosystem is affected

by wildfires removing vegetation (e.g. Sphagnum

moss) which is an important species for carbon

sequestration..

3)More frequent severe open fires would lead to

significant loss of biodiversity and ecosystem

services such as carbon storage for ecosystems

like peatland and heathland, which are

particularly sensitive to fire.

Contribute to Global Warming

Organic Concentration of water in nearby streams

& reservoirs causing discoloration to drinking

water.

Source http://www.uk-wildlife.co.uk


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What Can Remote Sensing do for

for open Fire?

• Fire Detection

• Active fire behaviour

• Post fire characterization

• Burn scar delineation

• Vegetation mortality

• Ecosystem recovery.


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RS Detection methods

• Vegetation fires involve high

temperatures, so thermal

remote sensing is suitable to

its identification and study.

• Actively burning fires emit IR

so strongly, especially at MIR

(3–5 μm) wavelengths that

can be identify by Earth orbit

• Fixed –threshold approach

algorithms which provide

‘hotspot’ counts and fire

location maps (e.g. MODIS products

Justice et al., 2002, Giglio et al., 2003,

Dennisson et al., 2006.)

Top-of-atmosphere spectral radiance simulated at four

different target) using the MODTRAN 5 radiative transfer

code.

Simulations for a savannah surface at 300 K; the same

surface but with a 1,000 K fire covering 0.5 % of the

ground field-of-view (FOV), specularly reflected sunglint

from a 300 K surface; and solar-heated (320 K) bare soil.

The pixel containing the sub-pixel fire shows a signal

highly elevated in the MIR (3–5 μm) spectral region

compared to all other targets, equivalent to a brightness

temperature of

around 400 K ( Wooster et al. 2012 )

Can Hyperspectral spectroscopy (VINIR (0.3-2.5μm )

contribute to active wildfire fire characterization?

How?

• Lab. scale experiment (Y)

• Airborne experiments (Y)

• UAVs ?

• Satellite hyperspectral

sensors:

• EO1- Hyperion (Y)

• New missions such as

Enmap, Prisma, HSUI?

Hyperspectral remote sensing data typically cover the visible (VIS, 400-700

nm), near infrared (NIR, 700-1400nm) and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 1400-

2500 nm) regions of the spectrum.

In addition to capturing emitted radiance, hyperspectral data possess narrow

bands that may be appropriate for creating effective fire detection indices


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Spectral features for active fire

detection: K emission and CO2

absorption


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Potassium emission

✓ Fuel biomass is largely composed of carbon (~45%), hydrogen (5.5%),

oxygen (41%), and nitrogen (3.5%), and the molecular combustion

products are dominantly CO2, H2O, CO, CH4, and various nitrogenous

compounds (Levine, 1991)

✓ In addition ‘trace’ elements:

➢K: up to 7%

➢Na: 0.1%

➢ P: up to 1%

➢ Ca: up to 5%

✓ When ionized alkalis can make transitions resulting in very

strong emission lines.


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How the potassium line technique works

Advantages:

being specific to flaming

combustion a K emission approach

theoretically allows for the

separation of smouldering from

flaming areas of vegetation and

active fire detection. Potassium emission line

simulation

K Lines Oxygen

absorption lines

NIR

Transmission was calculated as viewing the Earth

from100 km elevation at nadir and assuming a

US 1976 Standard Atmosphere and a 23 km rural

aerosol. Simulation was conducted at 0.1 cm−1

wavenumber resolution using the high spectral

resolution mode of MODTRAN 5.2 (Berk et al.,

2008)

When vegetation burns at high temperatures

associated with flaming combustion, trace

elements like K are mobilised.

This produces a sudden increase in

reflectance at 766.5nm and 7.69.9nm, which

very narrow band (hyperspectral) sensors

detect as a sharp emission peak or line.

The strength of the peak decreases as

temperature falls.


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How different sensors see the K emission?

Laboratory scale

Sensor Sptial

resolut

ion

Centra

l band

Hyperion 30m 772nm

HyspIRI 60m 770nm

PRISMA 30m 770nm

PRISMA EO1-Hyperion HyspIRI

Data courtesy Prof. M. Wooster

Smouldering

Flaming

Mixed

Mixed

Spectrometer


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Mediterranean Land cover

AKBD metric applied to airborne data to simulate a range of spatial resolution. - Amici et al. 2011


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Potassium Emission -Space

A & B within fire area C outside of fire area

SWIR colour composite

2007 “Escondito” Wildfire (lat. 33.0 ° N, lon. 117.2 ° W) Amici et al. 2011

True colour composite

+ A

+ B

+C

EO-1 Satellite


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Heather dominated vegetation ( land cover)

Can flaming and smouldering combustion be distinguished in heather? The k-line technique

works in Italy and California. It was tested during experimental burns in heather moorland in

Northumberland during an airborne campaign funded by NERC-ARSF funded on March 2010.

Figure: hyperspectral imageries by Eagle airborne sensor (400nm-1000nm) are used for K study (data courtesy

Prof. M. Wooster). Open flame (1.A, visible bands composite colour) results in a very strong K emission peak and

weak Na and P emissions. Flame location 2A is compared against LEIKA super resolution camera.

Apparently smouldering phases (2.A and 3A) results in a weak but distinctive K peak (2.B and 3B) which results in

distinct signal in 2C and 3C and recognised as flame in 2D and 3D data processing and analysis Dr. Stefania Amici

AKBD Spatial resampling

Land plot size 80mx40m data courtesy Prof. Martin Wooster data

process S. Amici


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CDAI (Carbon Dioxide Absorption Index) Dennison 2009

30m/px 1m/px

CDAI

detection

• Detection map by

threshold

• 1m/px e 30mpx.

• Saturation

effect

Poor SNR effect data courtesy Professor Martin Wooster data processing and CDAI adaptation to PRISMA and

analysis Dr. Stefania Amici .

CDAI map by using AVIRIS

a) visible bands RGB combination for Wallow fire b) RGB faulse colors c) CDAI map Data courtesy Dr. S. Veraverbeke data processing Dr. S. Amici

Wallow Fire -Giugno 2011 – AVIRIS 14.7m /px nel range spettrale 365.9nm -2496.2nm


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Post fire effect


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Post fire: Burn scar

From unburned to burned Surfaces: Decrease of reflectance in Visible

NIR and increase in SWIR. Several remote sensing Methods Uses this

changes.

Normalized Burn Ratio

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

differenced Normalized Burn Ratio

Available satellite data:

Multispectral, Landsat, ASTER, hyperspectral EO1, spatial res. 30m/px

temporal res. 20, Modis ( 2 data per day , but 250m/)

Data quality depends on the weather condition.

SAR is a solution. However, validation is needed.


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Peak District National Park

(PDNP) case study

- PDNP is located between

Manchester and Sheffield

- The PDNP is one of the most

degraded moorland landscapes in

the UK.

- The Dark Peak is dominated by

heather moorland and brown peats

with an underlying geology of

gritstones and shales.

Map credits Google maps


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Edale (25 May 2008)

- The Edale wildfire occurred on 26/05/08 at Grindsbrook Clough and is a small burn

scar at 0.10 km2. It is reported that the fire burnt for 3 days with areas of back burn

especially over the southern plateau edge.

- The CEH LCM2007 classifies the area as mainly Bog with some Heather Grassland

to the southern tip of the burn scar.

Pre- 22 May

2008

Pre- 22 May 2008 Post- 27 Sept. 2008

27 September

2008

22 May

2008

© Crown Copyright Ordnance Survey. An EDINA Digimap/Jisc supplied service. Photo courtesy J. McMorrow

Landsat 7 ETM

Landsat 7 ETM processing S. Amici

Optical Data Validation

© ESA 2008

© USGS/EROS 2008

SAR data processing and analysis implemented by Dr.Gail Millin Chalabi

Landsat 7 data processing and analysis implemented by Dr. Stefania Amici

Hyperspectral data for Edale

validation

Amici, S et al. Living Planet 2016

REMARKS

• Imaging spectroscopy offer alternative method for fire detection

in peatland when based on high spectral resolution NIR measures.

• K-emission signal from fires is unique, works day/night.

• May provide info. related to fire emission source strength.

• Spaceborne measurement is possible, but good performance

requires higher spectral resolution, Band positioning and SNR than

existin gones

New generation of Hyperspectral sensors such as HyspIRI,

PRISMA, EnMap might be able to contribute to fire detection and

flame location.

•CO2 indexes can be of interest if concentration could be

retrieved

•Post fire analysis and burn severity

•SAR products validation

•Low weight hyperspectral sensor have been developed and in

the next future can be used on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.


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Acknowledgements

• The study visit and associated project are part of a study funded by Italian

Space Agency as part of a work package entitled “Spectral characterization

of open fire”, ASI-AGI (2011-2015).

• Professor John Dold (University of Manchester and FireLab Ltd.) for

organising the experimental burns at Debdon, Northumberland, March

2010.

• Professor Martin Wooster, Kings College London, Debdon airborne data.

• Prof. Mark Danson & Julia McMorrow – Airborne Research Survey Facility

01/07/08 aerial photography, Edale data.

• Gail Millin Chalabi, SAR data processing and analysis

• Airborne Research and Survey Facility, Natural Environment Research

Council (NERC) for SPECIM Eagle and Hawk images and aerial

photographs.

• Landsat 7 ETM+ from EarthExplorer

• ERS-2, ASAR & ALOS PALSAR data as part of Category 1 Project 2999 PI

Dr. Kamie Kitmitto

• The AIST for invitation to contribute at the workshop

,


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Thanks for your attention [email protected]

[email protected]


2017 AIST Tokyo

Documents

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia The ... · • Västmanland 31July -8 Aug.2014. • In a week, the largest fire Sweden has seen in four decades. It burned more than