nata axmetelibondo kupataZegvanca abdalaZe

nikoloz murRulia

istoria 12

moswavlis wigni

saxelmZRvanelo grifirebulia ganaTlebis xarisxisganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier(brZ. #375, 18.05.2012 weli).

nata axmeteli, bondo kupataZe, gvanca abdalaZe, nikoloz murRulia

istoriaXII klasi

moswavlis wigni

redaqtorebisolomon nozaZelali baqraZeana WabaSvili

dizaini da dakabadonebagiorgi bagrationi

© gamomcemloba `diogene~, 2012

yvela ufleba daculia

ISBN 10-978-9941-11-347-5

gamomcemloba `diogene~ Tbilisi, afaqiZis q. 9 telefoni 221 33 21www.diogene.ge

Sinaarsi

Tavi I. napoleonis epoqa da venis kongresi .......................................................................................... 51. napoleonis omebi......................................................................................................... 52. napoleonis omebis dasasruli da venis kongresi .................................................... 8I Tavis testi ...................................................................................................................14

Tavi II. revoluciebis xana evropaSi ........................................................................................................ 153. 1830-1831 wlebis revoluciebi evropaSi .................................................................154. 1848 wlis revolucia safrangeTSi, safrangeTis meore respublika ...................215. 1848-1849 wlebis revoluciuri moZraobebi italiaSi ..........................................256. 1848 wlis revoluciebi germanul saxelmwifoebsa da avstriis imperiaSi .........29II Tavis testi ..................................................................................................................34

Tavi III. saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi ............................................................... 357. ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba ......................................................358. dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis gauqmeba ..........................................399. anticaristuli ajanyebebi saqarTveloSi da 1832 w. SeTqmuleba ........................4310. rusuli mmarTveloba da misi reformireba ..........................................................4811. aleqsandre II-is reformebi ruseTis imperiaSi .....................................................5212. erovnuli moZraoba-Tergdaleulebi: I da II dasebi;

III dasi, politikuri partiebis Camoyalibeba saqarTveloSi ................................57III Tavis testi .................................................................................................................62

Tavi IV. ,,aRmosavleTis sakiTxi’’ XIX saukuneSi ............................................................................... 6413. ruseT-sparseT-osmaleTis omebi da saqarTvelo .................................................6414. ruseT-osmaleTis omebi XIX s. II naxevarSi da saqarTvelo ..................................68 IV Tavis testi .................................................................................................................75

Tavi V. msoflio XIX s-is meore naxevarSi ........................................................................................... 7615. aSS samoqalaqo omi ...................................................................................................7616. safrangeTis mesame respublika ...............................................................................8017. germaniis gaerTianeba ..............................................................................................8518. italiis gaerTianeba .................................................................................................9219. didi britaneTis imperia .........................................................................................97V Tavis testi ................................................................................................................103

Tavi VI. msoflio saukuneTa mijnaze.....................................................................................................10520. 1905 wlis ruseTis revolucia .............................................................................10521. industriuli revolucia ......................................................................................11122. saerTaSoriso viTareba pirveli msoflio omis win ...........................................115VI Tavis testi ...............................................................................................................120

Tavi VII. pirveli msoflio omi .................................................................................................................12123. pirveli msoflio omis dasawyisi .........................................................................12124. aRmosavleTis fronti da qarTvelebi pirvel msoflio omSi ..........................12525. ruseTis revolucia ...............................................................................................13026. amierkavkasia da brestis zavi ...............................................................................13527. msoflio omis dasasruli ......................................................................................140VII Tavis testi ..............................................................................................................145

Tavi VIII. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika .......................................................................14728. saqarTvelos respublikis daarseba .....................................................................14729. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saSinao politika ............................15130. saqarTvelo da kavkasia msoflio politikis interesebSi ................................15531. saqarTvelos aneqsia bolSevikuri ruseTis mier ...............................................159VIII Tavis testi..............................................................................................................164

Tavi IX. totalitarizmi msoflioSi ....................................................................................................16632. sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna .........................................................................................16633. antisabWoTa winaaRmdegobis moZraoba saqarTveloSi ........................................174

34. sabWoTa totalitaruli sistema ..........................................................................17935. faSizmi italiaSi ....................................................................................................18636. nacizmi germaniaSi ..................................................................................................18937. holokosti da gadarCevis Teoria ........................................................................19538. espaneTis samoqalaqo omi ......................................................................................20239. militaristuli iaponia .........................................................................................207IX Tavis testi ...............................................................................................................212

Tavi X. sazogadoeba da kultura XX s-is pirvel naxevarSi ....................................................21440. didi depresia .........................................................................................................21441. dasavluri sazogadoeba omTaSoris periodSi ....................................................21942. saqarTvelos sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ...........224X Tavis testi ...............................................................................................................228

Tavi XI. meore msoflio omi .......................................................................................................................22943. meore msoflio omis winapirobebi .......................................................................22944. meore msoflio omis dasawyisi .............................................................................23545. II msoflio omis meore etapi (1941-1943) ..............................................................24246. meore msoflio omis dasasruli ...........................................................................24847. qarTvelebi meore msoflio omSi .........................................................................25548. meore msoflio omis Sedegebi .............................................................................260XI Tavis testi ...............................................................................................................264

Tavi XII. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis safuZvlebi ..............................................26649. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis Camoyalibebis istoria.

wiTeli jvari da wiTeli naxevarmTvare ...............................................................26650. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali da

adamianis uflebaTa samarTali, omis msxverplTa dacva ....................................269XII Tavis testi ..............................................................................................................272

Tavi XIII. msoflios gayofa or banakad .................................................................................................27351. civi omis dasawyisi.................................................................................................27352. gaxleCili evropa ...................................................................................................27953. antisabWoTa moZraoba aRmosavleT evropaSi ......................................................28554. sisxliani paraskevi ................................................................................................291XIII Tavis testi .............................................................................................................295

Tavi XIV. politikuri krizisi civi omis periodSi .......................................................................29655. civi omis pirveli konfliqtebi ...........................................................................29656. didi Sejibri ...........................................................................................................30157. civi omis piki ........................................................................................................306XIV Tavis testi .............................................................................................................312

Tavi XV. msoflio koloniuri sistemis daSla 31358. dekolonizacia axlo aRmosavleTSi ....................................................................31359. indoeTis damoukidebloba ....................................................................................31960. Tavisufali afrika .................................................................................................324XV Tavis testi ..............................................................................................................329

Tavi XVI. perestroika, sabWoTa kavSirisa da socialisturi banakis daSla ...................33061. perestroika da civi omis dasasruli ..................................................................33062. brZola saqarTvelos TavisuflebisTvis .............................................................33563. sabWoTa kavSiris daSla da saqarTvelos damoukidebloba ...............................34064. saqarTvelo da gare samyaro .................................................................................346XVI Tavis testi .............................................................................................................351

Tavi XVII. sazogadoeba da kultura TanamedroveobaSi ..............................................................35365. globalizacia da informaciuli sazogadoeba ...................................................353 66. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba da kultura ...............................................................361XVII Tavis testi ............................................................................................................370leqsikoni.......................................................................................................................371

5

Tavi I. napoleonis epoqa da venis kongresi

1. napoleonis omebisafrangeTis imperiis Camoyalibeba

safrangeTis revoluciam didi zegavlena moaxdina evropis qveynebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. safrangeTSi monarqiis damxobam da mefe lui XVI-is sikvdiliT dasjam evropis monar-qebis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia.

maT safrangeTis winaaRmdeg omebi daiwyes. amas garda, evropis saxel-mwifoebis nawili imedovnebda, rom revoluciuri Sida brZolebiT da-sustebul safrangeTs garkveul te-

ri toriebs waarTmevda da Tan erT-erT Zlier konkurents moiSorebda saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi.

1799 wlidan, rodesac safrangeTis saTaveSi napoleon bonaparti movida, safrangeTi kontrSetevaze gadavida da evropuli saxelmwifoebis dapyroba daiwyo. omi safrangeTsa da evropis danarCen saxelmwifoebs Soris 1815 wlamde gagrZelda da is istoriaSi ̀ na-poleonis omebis~ saxeliT Sevida.

.

napoleon bonaparti 1769-1821 ww

napoleoni warmoSobiT safrangeTis kunZul korsikidan iyo. man samxedro saswavlebeli daamTavra da 1785 wlidan daiwyo safrangeTis armiaSi samsaxuri, rogorc artileriis umcrosma leitenantma.

safrangeTSi momxdar revolucias napoleoni aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda. 1793 wels is monawileobas iRebda safrangeTis qalaq tulonis alyaSi. tuloni monarqiis momxreebma aiRes da respublikelTa jarebs is alyaSi hyavdaT moqceuli. ajanyebuli qalaqi respublikelebma napoleonis gegmiT aiRes.

am damsaxurebisTvis 24 wlis kapitans brigadis generloba uboZes. ase daiwyo napoleonis aRmasvla samxedro karieraSi.

1795 wels parizSi kvlav monarqistTa ajanyeba moxda. am ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg napoleoni parizis garnizonis meTaurad daniSnes, 1796 wels ki, roca respublikurma safrangeTma italiaSi salaSqrod armia Sekriba, napoleoni ukve am armiis mTavarsardali iyo. man iq warmatebas miaRwia. 1798 wels safrangeTis armiam generali napoleon bonapartis meTaurobiT egvipteSic warmatebiT ilaSqra.

1794 wlis 27 ivliss, iakobinelTa damxobis Semdeg, konventma _ saf-rangeTis revoluciis droindelma parlamentma _ xelisufleba 5 kacisgan Semdgar direqtorias gadasca.

magram am mTavrobam xalxis ime debi ver gaamarTla da 1799 wels direqto-riis mmarTveloba dasrulda: egviptis laSqrobidan dabrunebulma napoleon bonapartma saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moaxdina. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sami konsulis, faqtobrivad ki pirveli konsulis, napoleonis xelSi gadavida.

1802 wels napoleons konsulis Tanamdeboba sicocxlis bolomde ga-dasces.

1804 wels ki is imperatorad ga-moacxades napoleon I-is saxeliT.

sur.1 napoleon bonaparti.

6

1. n

apo

leo

nis

ome

bi wyaro a. nawyveti napoleonis mier mark-antuan Julienisadmi

miwerili weri li dan, 1800 w.

`me ar veZebdi aranair sababs SeTqmulebisTvis, arc aranairi partiuli interesebi ar gamaCnda. me respublikis ganmtkiceba msurs, romlis gareSec, vici, CemTvis arc xsna da arc dideba ar arsebobs. magram vfiqrob, rom did saxelmwifoSi respublikuri mmarTvelobis SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iqneba. erTia, Tu mas ise zomiers gavxdiT, rom xalxisa da aristokratiis, ufro sworad ki monarqiul tendenciebs gavuTanabrebT. Cvens saukuneSi safrangeTis sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibebuli azri gvaiZulebs, ukuvagdoT aristokratiis uflebebis, memkvidreobiTi Zalauflebis, privilegirebuli wodebebis, absoluturi uTanasworobis aRdgenis yovelgvari mcdeloba... yvelas surs Tanasworoba, is, rom umaRlesi moxeleebi icvlebodnen. Tu viRacas, SesaZloa, guSin garkveuli mdgomareoba eWira, xval is, SeiZleba, Tanamdebobis piri gaxdes, zeg ki isev xalxis masaSi gaiTqvifos. sazogadoebrivi azri Smag cxensa hgavs, romlis Sekavebas da mimarTulebis micemas vcdilob. rodesac mTavroba sazogadoebis ndobas kargavs, maSin is ecema. ase moxda aRmasrulebeli direqtoriis SemTxvevaSic... Cven Sereuli tipis respublika gvWirdeba. Cemi xeloba gamarjvebaa. rodesac Cemi saaTi Camohkravs an sazogadoebrivi azri zurgs maqcevs, gavqrebi iseve, rogorc mravali sxva gamqrala...~

kiTxvebi:

1. evropis saxelmwifoebis mier safrangeTis winaaRmdeg dawyebuli omebis mizezebi mxolod lui XVI-is sikvdiliT dasjis gamo aRSfoTeba da dasustebuli safrangeTisTvis teritoriebis warT-meva survili iyo Tu revoluciuri ideebis maT qveynebSi gavrcelebis SiSic? pasuxi daasabuTe

2. rogor xsnis napoleoni safrangeTSi arsebuli respublikuri mmarTvelobis Secvlis aucileb-lobas?

3. napoleonis sityvebSi moZebne is adgili, sadac monarqiuli mmarTvelobisTvis damaxasiaTe-beli niSnebia CamoTvlili.

4. a wyaros mixedviT daaxasiaTe napoleoni. gamoxate Seni pozicia, ra mogwons da ra ara mis msje-lobaSi.

napoleon I-is omebi

safrangeTis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros evropis saxelmwifoebi ram-denjerme gaerTiandnen da erTobliv moq medebebze SeTanxmdnen. Tumca 1812 wlamde isini warmatebas ver aR-wevdnen.safrangeTTan damarcxebuli saxelmwifoebi iZulebuli xdebodnen, gamarjvebuls dazavebodnen, misi pi-robebi ecnoT da gaerTianebas droe-biT mainc gamoTiSvodnen.

1801 wels napoleonma avstria daamarcxa. avstriis imperatorma safrangeTis mier belgiisa da rainis marcxena napiris dapyroba aRiara; man aseve damoukideblad cno lombar-diis (italiis nawili), Sveicariisa da holandiis respublikebi, Tumca, faq-tobrivad, es respublikebi safrange-Tis gavlenis qveS moeqca.

1805 wels inglisi, ruseTi, avs-tria, SvedeTi, dania da siciliis same-foebi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg gaer-Tiandnen. mTlianobaSi mokavSireebma 500 aTasamde jariskaci Sekribes. ev-

ropul saxelmwifoebs germaniidan, italiidan, Sveicariidan, holandi-idan franguli jaris nawilebis gan-devna da iq monarqiuli reJimebis aRdgena surdaT. Tavis mxriv, napo-leoni inglisSi SeWras gegmavda.

magram es gegma CaiSala, radgan 1805 wels trafalgarTan sazRvao brZolaSi admiral nelsonis meTau-robiT inglisis flotma safrangeT-espaneTis floti gaanadgura. samagi-erod kontinentze napoleoni sam-xedro operaciebs kvlav warmatebiT axorcielebda.mokavSireebma ZiriTad Zalebs italiis frontze mouyares Tavi. amiT napoleonma isargebla da ulmis cixesimagresTan avstriis armia aiZula kapitulacia gamoecxadebina. 1805 wlis Semodgomaze napoleoni ve-naSi triumfiT Sevida. gadarCenili avstriuli nawilebi CexeTSi rusul armias SeuerTdnen.

magram 2 dekembers napoleonma isi-ni austerlicTan brZolaSi sastikad

7

Tav

i I.

napo

leo

nis

epo

qa d

a ve

nis

kong

res

idaamarcxa. austerlicTan brZolas xSirad `sami imperatoris brZolasac~ uwodeben, radgan masSi safrangeTis, avtriisa da ruseTis imperatorebi pi-radad monawileobdnen. mokavSireTa armia sruli ganadgurebisgan qarTu-li warmoSobis rusma generlma, petre bagrationma ixsna. man uzrunvelyo damarcxebuli armiis ukan daxeva.

austerlicis brZolis Semdeg avs-tria iZulebuli gaxda, xeli moewera safrangeTTan zavisTvis. avstriam cno safrangeTis mier dapyrobili teri-toriebi da uzarmazari kontribuciis gadaxda ikisra; avstria aseve cnobda samxreT germanul miwebze axali gaer-Tianebis, ̀ rainis kavSiris~ Seqmnas, ro-melic safrangeTis mfarvelobis qveS Sevidoda. avstriam am xelSekrulebiT Tavisi miwebis didi nawili dakarga. momdevno wels napoleonma prusiac daamarcxa da berlinSi Sevida.

1806 wlis 21 dekembers napoleon-ma xeli moawera dekrets `kontinen-turi blokadis~ Sesaxeb.es dekreti

safrangeTze damokidebul yvela sa-xelmwifos inglisTan vaWrobas da britanuli saqonlis evropaSi Semo-tanas krZalavda. am RonisZiebebiT napoleoni inglisisTvis finansuri zaralis miyenebas cdilobda. Tavis mxriv, inglismac gamoucxada saf-rangeTs blokada: yvela neitralur xomalds, romelic safrangeTisken saqonliT datvirTuli miemarTeboda, akavebda da safrangeTamde ar uSvebda.

1807 wels napoleonma prusiisa da ruseTis jaris nawilebi daamarcxa. ru-seTi iZulebuli gaxda, qalaq tilzitSi (aRmosavleT prusia) safrangeTTan zavi daedo. tilzitis zavis pirobebiT, ru-seTi evropaSi momxdar yvela terito-riul-politikur cvlilebas cnobda da napoleonis mier gamocxadebul kon-tinentur blokadas uerTdeboda.

1808 wels safrangeTma espane-Tis okupacia daiwyo da martSi na-poleonis jarebma madridi daikaves. bonapartma espaneTis mefis taxtze sakuTari Zma aiyvana.

wyaro b. nawyvetebi napoleon bonapartis werilebidan italiis vice-mefis, eJen-napoleonisadmi, 1810 weli

`miviRe Tqveni werili. italiuri abreSumi mTlianad inglisisken miedineba. franguli manufaqturebis interesebis gamo saWiroa am gzebis gadaketva. amis gareSe Cveni abreSumis fabrikebi, romlebic safrangeTis vaWrobis mogebis mniSvnelovan wils iZlevian, did zarals ganicdian. Cemi mTavari principia _ safrangeTi upirveles yovlisa! Tqven unda gaiTvaliswinoT: inglisuri vaWroba zRvaze imitom batonobs, rom ingliselebi zRvaze yvelaze Zlierebi arian; da radgan safrangeTi xmeleTze yvelaze Zlieri qveyanaa, Sesabamisad, is vaWrobaSi pirveli unda iyos. italiisTvis umjobesia, aseT seriozul viTarebaSi safrangeTs daxmarebis xeli gauwodos. italiis politika sxvaze ukeT me mesmis. aucilebelia, rom italiam sakuTari gegmebi keTildReobis gasaZliereblad safrangeTis gareSe ar SeimuSaos; man sakuTari interesebi safrangeTisas unda Seusabamos, ar unda misces safrangeTs sababi, SeierTos italia, radgan, Tu amis interesi gaCnda, ra SeuSlis amas xels?

aucilebelia, italiis da safrangeTis gadasaxadebi erTmaneTs Seesabamebodes. ar dagimalavT, rom, Tu es ar moxdeba, italiis samefos me SevierTeb. swored sabaJo gadasaxadebis gamo gavxdi iZulebuli, SemeerTebina holandia. Tu Cemi survili ar Sesruldeba, isRa damrCeba, italiaSi Cemi sabaJoebi ganvalago. magaliTad, italia savsea Sveicariuli saqonliT. iqidan Semodis feradi da bambis qsovilebi, rodesac safrangeTSi is Cawolilia. me imisken miviswrafvi, rom es saqoneli italiaSi germaniidan an Sveicariidan ki ara, aramed safrangeTidan Sediodes. gamomigzavneT Sesabamisi gankarguleba.~

kiTxvebi:

1. ris miRwevas cdilobda napoleoni kontinenturi blokadis gamocxadebiT?

2. ratom ver moaxerxa safrangeTma kontinenturi blokadis srulad ganxorcieleba?

3. ramdenad gulwrfelia napoleoni, rodesac italiis damoukideblobis Sesaxeb wuxs?

4. ra mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis napoleonis werilebi XIX s-is I naxevris evropis politikuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb?