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IT Hardware
Left: The on-board L2 cache.Right: The Pentium® Pro processor core with 5.5 million transistors.
Source: Intel
Learning Objectives
1.Understand the history and evolution of computer hardware.
2.Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage.
3.Identify and give example of the components and functions of a computer system.
Learning Objectives
4. Identify the computer systems and peripherals you would acquire or recommend for a business of your choice, and explain the reasons for your selections.
Computer System Categories
Microcomputer Systems
Personal Computer (PC) – microcomputer for use by an individual
Desktop – fit on an office deskLaptop – small, portable PC
Microcomputer Systems
Workstation – a powerful, networked PC for business professionalsNetwork Server – more powerful microcomputers that coordinate telecommunications and resource sharing in small networks
Information Appliances
Hand-held microcomputer devicesPersonal digital assistants (PDA) BlackBerry
Video-game consolesInternet enabled cellular phones
Motherboard: components
bus , chipset, CPU, memory
Motherboard: bus system
data bus address bus system/control busexpansion slotsISA, EISA, VESA,SCSI, PCI, AGPHow local bus works? PCI vs
VESABus speeds: Pentium 4 and
AthlonXP
Motherboard: chipset components of the
chipset memory controller I/O controller bus controller cache controller
types of chipsets
Semiconductor memory
Microelectronic semiconductor memory chipsUsed for primary storageAdvantage: Small size Fast Shock and temperature resistance
Disadvantage: Volatility: must have uninterrupted electric
power or lose memory
Two types of semiconductor memory
RAM: random access memory Most widely used primary storage medium Volatile memory Read/write memory
ROM: read only memory Permanent storage Can be read but cannot be overwritten Frequently used programs burnt into chips
during manufacturing Called firmware
Bit and Byte
Bit (short for binary digit) Smallest element of data Either zero or one
Byte Group of eight bits which operate as a
single unit Represents one character or number
Representing characters in bytes
Computers use binary system to calculate
Decimal
Octal
Binary
Measuring storage capacities
Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytesMegabyte (MB): one million bytesGigabyte (GB): one billion bytesTerabyte (TB): one trillion bytesPetabyte (PB): one quadrillion bytes
Main Memory
basic concepts memory banks (0,1,2): 64 Meg to 1 Gig SIMMs (single in-line memory modules), DIMMS (dual in-line
memory modules), SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) SIMMs older, DIMMS old, SDRAM newer PCs organization: conventional and extended
additional references Upgrading memory c|net RAM Primer PNY Electronics: configure memory Crucial memory selector
Disk drives Hard-drives
Overview Speed Interfaces: IDE, SCSI, SATA, IDE vs SCSI
CD and DVD basics: CD standard and DVD standards x
A measurement of CD or DVD drive speed. Each x translates to either 153,600 bytes of data per second, the data rate of the CD-audio or 1,250,000 bytes per second, the data rate of the DVD-video.
USB flash drives Overview
Magnetic Disks
Used for secondary storageFast access and high storage capacity
Source: Quantum. Source: Corbis.
Types of magnetic disks
Floppy disks Magnetic disk inside a plastic jacket
Hard disk drives Magnetic disk, access arms, and read/write
heads in sealed module
RAID (Redundant arrays of independent disks) Disk arrays of interconnected hard disk drives Fault tolerant with multiple copies on several
disks
Optical Disks
Uses of optical disks
Image processing Long term storage of historical files of
images Scan documents and store on optical disks
Publishing medium for fast access to reference materials Catalogs, directories, etc.
Interactive multimedia applications Video games, educational videos, etc.
Disk drive performance
Fragmentation: overview and defragmentation software.
Compression: overview and file, folder and drives compression in Windows.
Cache: overview and hardware vs. software
Swap file (paging file): overview and changing its size
Others
graphics cards: BIOS and memory monitors: resolution, size, analog vs.
digitalprinters: ink, laser, color, speed.Modems: phone lines, cable and DSLscannersdigital cameras
Radio Frequency Identification
RFIDTag and identify mobile objects E.g., store merchandise, postal packages, pets
Use RFID chips to transmit and receive radio signalsChips half the size of a grain of sandPassive chips: do not have power source and derive power from signal
in reader
Active chips: Self-powered
RFID versus bar codes
RFID Scan from greater distance Can store data Allows more information to be tracked
Privacy concerns due to invisible natureRFID Controversy
