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IT101: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS
By Rave Harpaz
Computer Science Dept.
Brooklyn College Edited By Dr. Ahmed Abo-Bakr
Information Technology Dept.Faculty of Computers & Information
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Course Information
Code : IT101 Name : IT Fundamentals Instructor : Ahmed Abo-Bakr, Ph.D. E-mail : [email protected] Time: Saturdays 8 am – 11 am TA : TBA Office Hours : BAO Text : Lecture Presentations are enough Course Group :
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Course Description (1)
Introduction: Brief history of computing; the components of a
computing system. Machine level representation of data:
Bits, bytes, and words; numeric data representation and number bases; signed and twos-complement representations; fundamental operations on bits; representation of nonnumeric data.
Digital logic: Switching circuits; gates; memory.
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Course Description (2)
Operating systems and virtual machines: Historical evolution of operating systems;
responsibilities of an operating system; basic components of an operating system.
Computing applications: Word processing; spreadsheets; editors; files
and directories. Introduction to net-centric computing:
Background and history of networking and the Internet; demonstration and use of networking software including e-mail, telnet, and FTP.
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Important Dates
Week (1), October 11th
Warming Up, Introduction to IT Fundamentals
Week (3), October 25th
No Class (Hijri Year Starts) Week (9), December 6th
Mid-Term Exam Week (13), January 3rd, 2015
Last Lecture
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Assignments
Several homework sheets will be distributed throughout the term via course group e-mail.
Late homework will be accepted if delivered no more than one week of its due date. However, late homework will be graded from 80%.
For example, if a late assignment is graded out of 10 pts and received 7/10, the grade will be recorded as (0.8 × 7 ≈ 5.5 / 10)
Homework delivered after the “one-week” allowance will NOT be accepted and will be recorded as ZERO.
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Contacts
Preferred way of getting in touch is through educational e-mails ONLY which will be answered promptly.
Educational e-mails are those e-mails hosted at aun.edu.eg or compit.au.edu.eg or fci.au.edu.eg
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Grading
Students’ level will be evaluated according to the work done throughout the term and their grades will be distributed as follows:
Assignments : 25 Mid-Term Exam(s) : 25 Final Exam : 50
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How to activate your .edu e-mail? http://195.246.49.215/mis/E_Mails.aspx
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www.mail.office365.com
Gear menu → Options Groups → Join Choose your group and
click on Join
How to join educational groups?
11Introduction to IT Fundamentals
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WHAT IS A COMPUTER?A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions (software) stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input), manipulate data (process), and produce information (output) from the processing operation.
Generally, the term is used to describe a collection of devices that function together as a system.
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Devices that comprise a computer system
Printer (output)
Monitor (output)
Speaker (output)
Scanner (input)
Mouse (input)
Keyboard (input)
System unit(processor, memory…)
Storage devices
(CD-RW, Floppy, Hard disk, zip,…)
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WHAT DOES A COMPUTER DO?Computers can perform four general operations, which comprise the information processing cycle.
Input Process Output Storage
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Data and Information
All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words, images, video and sound, given to the computer during the input phase.
Computers manipulate data to create information. Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.
During the output phase, the information that has been created is put into some form, such as a printed report.
The information can also be put in computer storage for future use.
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Why a Computer is Powerful?
The ability to perform the information processing cycle with amazing speed.
Reliability (low failure rate). Accuracy. Ability to store huge amounts of data
and information. Ability to communicate with other
computers.
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How Does a Computer Know what to do?
It must be given a detailed list of instructions, called a computer program or software, that tells it exactly what to do.
Before processing a specific job, the computer program corresponding to that job must be stored in memory.
Once the program is stored in memory the computer can start the operation by executing the program instructions one after the other.
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What Are The Primary Components Of A Computer ?
Input devices. Central Processing Unit (containing the control
unit and the arithmetic/logic unit). Memory. Output devices. Storage devices.
Input Units
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KeyboardMouseScannerBar code reader
Keyboard
Through which data are input to the computer for processing
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MOUSE TYPESIs a pointing device which is used to control the movement of a mouse pointer on the screen to make selections from the screen. A mouse has one to five buttons. The bottom of the mouse is flat and contains a mechanism that detects movement of the mouse.
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THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
The central processing unit (CPU) contains electronic circuits that cause processing to occur. The CPU interprets instructions to the computer, performs the logical and arithmetic processing operations, and causes the input and output operations to occur. It is considered the “brain” of the computer.
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Central Processing Unit
Control UnitControls all parts of a computer
and organizes communication
Arithmetic and Logic Unit “ALU”
Performing all mathematical and logical operations
CPU Speed measurement unit is Hz and its powers (MHz, GHz)
Memory Unit
Memory Types
Read Only MemoryROM
Random Access MemoryRAM
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MEMORYMemory also called Random Access Memory or RAM (temporary memory) is the main memory of the computer. It consists of electronic components that store data including numbers, letters of the alphabet, graphics and sound. Any information stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.
Read Only Memory or ROM is memory that is etched on a chip that has start-up directions for your computer. It is permanent memory (usually in the range of few Megabytes).
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AMOUNT OF RAM IN COMPUTERS
The amount of memory in computers is typically measured in Gigabytes. One Gigabyte (G or GB) equals approximately 1,000,000,000 memory locations
A memory location, or byte, usually used to store one character.
Therefore, a computer with 8 GB of memory can store approximately 8 billion characters. One gigabyte can hold approximately 500,000 pages of text information.
Output Units
MonitorPrinter Speakers
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STORAGE DEVICES
Auxiliary storage devices are used to store data when they are not being used in memory. The most common types of auxiliary storage used on personal computers are hard disks, CD-ROM drives, DVD-ROM drives, and USB flash drives.
Storage Unit
Internal((Hard Disks
ExternalExternal HD, Floppy, Flash, Memory Sticks, CDs, DVDs,
BD
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FLOPPY DISKSA floppy disk is a portable, inexpensive storage medium that consists of a thin, circular, flexible plastic disk with a magnetic coating enclosed in a square-shaped plastic shell.
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Structure Of Floppy Disks
Initially Floppy disks were 8-inches wide, they then shrank to 5.25 inches, and then to 3.5 inches wide and can typically store 1.44 megabytes of data.
A floppy disk is a magnetic disk, which means that it used magnetic patterns to store data.
Data in floppy disks can be read from and written to.
Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for reading and writing.
A track is a narrow recording band that forms a full circle on the surface of the disk.
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Structure Of Floppy Disks
The disk’s storage locations are divided into pie-shaped sections called sectors.
A sector is capable of holding 512 bytes of data.
A typical floppy stores data on both sides and has 80 tracks on each side with 18 sectors per track.
Storage Units
Bit is smallest unit and it can hold either 0 or 1 Byte = 8 Bits. Kilo Byte (KB) = 1024 Byte. Mega Byte (MB) = 1024 KB. Giga Byte (GB) = 1024 MB. Tera Byte (TB) = 1024 GB
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Hard Disk (HD)
Another form of auxiliary storage is a hard disk. A hard disk consists of one or more rigid metal plates coated with a metal oxide material that allows data to be magnetically recorded on the surface of the platters.
The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of speed, typically 5400, 7200, 10000, and 15000 revolutions per minute (RPM).
Current storage capacites of hard disks for personal computers range from 80 GB to 2 TB One billion bytes are called a gigabyte On thousand billion bytes are called a terabyte
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Compact Disc (CD)
A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is a flat round, portable storage medium that is usually 4.75 inch in diameter.
A CD-ROM (read only memory), is a compact disc that uses laser technology for recording data. It can contain many types of data such as text, graphics, and video.
The capacity of a CD-ROM is 650/700 MB of data.
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Digital Video Drive (DVD)
Similar to a CD, but offer higher storage capacity
Capacity ranges from 4.7 GB up to 9 GB (dual layer)
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Blu-ray Disc (BD)
Similar to CDs and DVDs Again offers much higher storage capacity Conventional BD: 25 GB Dual Layer BD: 50 GB Triple Layer BD: 100 GB Quadruple Layer BD: 128 GB The name Blu-ray Disc refers to the blue laser
used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the red laser used for DVDs
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USB Flash Drive
Data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface.
USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable As of September 2011 drives of up to 256 gigabytes
(GB) are available. Storage capacities as large as 2 terabytes are planned,
with steady improvements in size and price per capacity expected.
Used for storage, back-up and transfer of computer files. They are smaller, faster, have thousands of times more capacity, and are more durable and reliable because they have no moving parts.
Comparison in Speed and Cost
Increase in speed and capacity
Increase in cost
39What’s inside a computer?
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A Look Inside
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Motherboard
A motherboard containing the CPU, memory (primary storage), and other components
Expansion cards (circuit boards) used by the CPU to communicate with devices inside and outside the case
Secondary storage devices such as a floppy drive, hard drive, CD-ROM drive, or DVD-ROM drive
A power supply with power cords supplying electricity to all devices inside the case
Cable connection devices to circuit boards and the motherboard.
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Cables and Back Panel Ports
Two types of cables are found inside the computer case: data cables, which connect devices to one another, and power cables or power cords, which supply power.
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CPU and RAM
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Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Video RAM - Older video cards had no
memory, but today they need memory to handle the large volume of data generated by increased resolution and color.
Video memory is stored on video cards as memory chips. The first memory used DRAM chips, but now the standard for video memory chips is DDR5. VRAM is immensely important for displaying content on large resolutions such as 1080p.
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Power Supply
There are two types of power supplies you can buy besides the different form factors. These are called Modular and Non-Modular.
Non-Modular's power cables are built in and cannot be removed for easier cable routing and will float freely inside your case.
Modular power supplies on the other hand can have each individual power cable going to your power supply plugged in on their own. This offers a much cleaner PC and can help improve airflow inside your computer.
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HDDs
Hard drives have one (Used to be many) platter that spin.
The platters consist of aluminum, glass, or ceramic and is coated with a magnetic material that allows items to be recorded magnetically on its top and bottom.
The hard drive typically has a read/write head that moves back and forth at high speeds, writing and reading data as you use your computer.
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RAID (Redundant Array Of Inexpensive Disks)
One way of drastically improving your computers read/write times is running through RAID.
This configuration is made up of multiple drives into one logical unit.
It takes two identical Hard Drives and makes them act as one. Splitting files up in pieces and storing them across both drives.
This setup cuts access times, and read/write times in half. There are different arrays of RAID you can have such as RAID 0
which is the entry level of RAID, using only two drives to store one file.
Other setups include RAID 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10. RAID 10 being the highest form and uses a minimum of 4 drives to store files. RAID 10 is typically used by servers that pump out a lot of data back and forth to users.
49 FLASHBACK
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First Programmable Computer (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the
first electronic programmable computer built in the US. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand
times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root.
High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes).
Development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945.
The machine was huge, weighing 30 tons, using 200 kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, and hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
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Vacuum Tubes, Transistors & Microchips
Importance The transistor is the key active
component in practically all modern electronics.
Many consider it to be one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century.
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iPhone 6 transistor count
The iPhone 6 chip is a 2-billion-transistor chip !!!!!
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First Mouse
The first computer mouse was invented in 1963 by Douglas Engelbart at the Stanford Research Institute. (He is also one of the inventors of hypertext.) The first mouse used two wheels positioned at a 90-degree angle to each other to keep track of the movement. The ball mouse wasn’t invented until 1972, and the optical mouse was invented circa 1980 although it didn’t come to popular use until much later.
Douglas Engelbart never received any royalties for his invention and his patent had run out by the time the mouse became commonplace in the era of home PCs.
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First Trackball
The trackball was actually invented 11 years BEFORE the mouse, in 1952.
It was invented by Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff as part of a computerized battlefield information system called DATAR, initiated by the Canadian Navy. It used a standard five-pin bowling ball as its trackball, which is smaller than the more common 10-pin bowling ball.
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First Portable Computer
Well, perhaps that should be “movable” computer… The IBM 5100 Portable Computer was introduced in 1975, weighed 25 kg (55 lb), was the size of a small suitcase and needed external power to operate.
It held everything in the same unit, packing in a processor, ROM (several hundreds of KB) and RAM (16-64 KB), a five-inch CRT display, keyboard and a tape drive, which was an amazing feat at the time. It also came with built-in BASIC and/or APL. The different models of the IBM 5100 sold for $8,975 – $19,975.
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First Laptop
The first laptop computer (or notebook) was the Grid Compass 1100 (called the GRiD) and was designed in 1979 by a British industrial designer, Bill Moggridge.
The computer didn’t start selling until 1982, then featuring a 320×200 screen, an Intel 8086 processor, 340 KB of magnetic bubble memory (a now obsolete, non-volatile memory type) and a 1200 bps modem.
It weighed 5 kg (11 lb) and cost $8-10,000. The GRiD was mainly used by NASA and the US military.
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First PC
The IBM Personal Computer was introduced in 1981 as the IBM 5150.
The first IBM PC had an Intel 8088 processor, 64 KB of RAM (extendible to 256 KB), a floppy disk drive (which could be used to boot the computer with a rebranded version of MS-DOS (PC-DOS)) and a CGA or monochrome video card. The machine also had a version of Microsoft BASIC in ROM. On the first IBM PC the optional 10 MB hard disk drive could only be installed if the original power supply was replaced (the original one was too weak).
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First Apple Computer
The first Apple personal computers (Apple I) were designed and hand-built by Steve Wozniak.
The Apple I went on sale in 1976 for the price of $666.66. Only about 200 units were produced. The Apple I was basically just a motherboard with a processor, a total of 8KB of RAM, a display interface and some additional functionality.
To have a working computer, the buyer would have to add a power supply, a keyboard and a display (and a case to keep mount it all in).
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First RAM
Arguably the first (writable) random access memory was Magnetic Core Memory (also called Ferrite-Core Memory) and was invented in 1951 as a result of work done by An Wang at Harvard University’s Computation Lab and Jay Forrester at MIT.
Core memory was a family of related technologies that used the magnetic properties of materials to give them a similar functionality to transistors. They stored their information using the polarity of tiny, magnetic ceramic rings with wires threaded through them. Unlike today’s RAM, core memory could keep its information even after the power was turned off.
Core memory was common until it was replaced by integrated silicon RAM chips in the 1970s. The “core” in core memory is why a memory dump is called a “core dump” even today.
Above left: Closeup of core memory. Above right: The core memory plane in the picture is 16×16 cm (6.3×6.3 inches), holding 128×128 bits (2048 byte).
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First Laser Printer
The laser printer was invented by Gary Starkweather at XEROX in 1969. His initial prototype was a modified laser copier where he had disabled the imaging system and introduced a spinning drum with eight mirrored sides. The first commercial implementation of a laser printer didn’t happen until IBM released the IBM model 3800 in 1976. It could pretty much fill up a room on its own.
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First Hard Disk
The IBM Model 350 Disk File was the first hard disk drive and was part of the IBM 305 RAMAC computer that IBM started delivering in 1956 (mainly intended for business accounting).
It had 50 24-inch discs that together could store about 4.4 MB of data. The Model 350 spun at 1200 rpm, had a data transfer rate of 8,800 characters per second and an access time of approximately one second.
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Hard Disk from the 70’s
Although hard disk drives kept improving, state-of-the art disks were built according to the concept “bigger is better” well into the ‘80s.
Hard disk drives were normally used together with big mainframe computers, so this was not such a big deal. Entire rooms were already set aside for the computers.
Case in point, is a 250 MB hard disk drive from 1979.
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Hard Disk from Early 80’s
IBM introduced the first hard disk drive to break the 1 GB barrier in 1980.
It was called the IBM 3380 and could store 2.52 GB (500 times more than the consumer options at the time).
Its cabinet was about the size of a refrigerator and the whole thing weighed in at 550 pounds (250 kg).
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Evolution in Hard Disk Sizes
Early in the ‘80s, smaller “consumer” hard disk drives designed to be used with the increasingly popular microcomputers (now known as PCs) started to appear. The first ones were 5 MB in size and had a form factor of 5.25 inches.
For a visual on how hard disk drive sizes have changed since the ‘80s until today, have a look at the below image with an old 8-inch drive all the way down to today’s 3.5-inch, 2.5-inch and 1.8-inch drives.
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