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LONG­DISTANCE COACHES IN ITALY NATIONAL STATISTICS REPORT The best expert of this market is Beria Paolo, professor at Politecnico of Milan and director of Traspol (Research center on transport policy). His researches focus in the routes that connect more than two regions (Italy has 20 regions). He doesn’t study the international lines. No official public figures about the industry in Italy were available when Beria et al. started their research. It must be noted that almost no national statistics are available for long distance bus and coach services. Legislative Decree no. 285/2005 required the Transport Ministry to build a database on bus and coach services. However, this is still under construction and at the moment the Ministry admitted that the construction of the database will require much time, many parts of the work have not yet been started, and that previous attempts have failed (3). The most detailed database about this industry is a propriety of META/TRASPOL and is not available to the public (23). On August 2014 “Bus&Coach operators” (European) has been published (on sales for more than € 1K), providing individual analysis for some of the Italian operators (36). BUS MARKET SIZE I focused my attention on long distance coaches. In Italy it means routes of at least 200km. “Long­distance coach services” are also called “intercity bus”, “express buses” or “interurban coaches”. In Italian “autolinee” (usually) or “autobus di lunga percorrenza”. The rail and air services are nowadays in competition with the long distance buses. In fact the buses offer low fares, wi­fi, air conditioned, tv, bar e toilette on board and so on. Number of passengers Passenger­km is the indicator in the industry of transport when discussing the demand. The number of passenger for the Italian routes is 2.6 billion passenger­km per yearas valuated by Beria et al. while the users per year are 7 millions as declared by Biscotti (22) president of Anav (31). Recently Biscotti declared the users are 10 millions per year (33). Anav stands for Associazione Nazionale Autotrasporto Viaggiatori and its members represent roughly the 90% of the market share (22). Probably 7 and 10 M are referred to users of national and international lines. Beria et al. suppose 2.6 billion passenger­km per year is the number of the passengers with the hypothesis of 30 passengers for each ride. The hypothesis of 30 passengers for each ride seems reasonable. Long distance buses that stop at many stations have difficulties filling vehicles over the entire distance. In Sweden for instance they seldom reach load factors above 50 per cent although Swebus, in fierce competition with regional and fast trains, reports 56 per cent for its Stockholm­Gothenburg service . The valuation for the average load factor in 2025 assumes a 55 per cent for long­distance coaches (13).

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International tours tends to have a higher load factor (3). The number of passengers is an information that companies don’t disclose. Even Beria et al. still don’t know these information (23). Yearly patronage per line

Less than 10,000 passengers per year 33%

10,000 to 50,000 passengers per year 53%

50,000 to 100,000 passengers per year 10%

More than 100,000 passengers per year 4% Patronage data on coach lines in Italy (ANAV, data 2012). Compared to the other markets the Italian market is small. The intercity bus travel market represents about 300 Million passenger tickets sold in the US only every year, according to the American Bus Association. The market is about 300 Million for Mexico as well. Large bus markets exist in North America, South America, Europe, in countries like Brazil, India, Mexico, Turkey and Russia. The immediate focus should be on ticketing for scheduled routes. In 2013 30% of BusBud users were from Brazil. Despite the large intercity bus market, there are very few tools and platforms available, either for us operators to reach passengers or for passengers to find bus operators for their trip (37). Average ticket price We suppose €35,7. We divided the market value in sales (€250 M) by the number of users (7 M). The value of the ticket strongly depends on the route and on the bus operator.The range is between 0.065€/pax km and 0.075€/pax km (national lines). Almost every operator offer discounts while the main companies already implemented the strategies of yield management (23). In Italy coach fares are similar to rail fares, according to Steer Davies Gleave (3). On the other hand Biscotti claimed that the same route by bus costs about half compared to the Freccia Rossa (fast trains) and 30% less than the regional trains. Number of sold ticket (per day, month, year) We assumed that the number of users (7 M) is the number of sold ticket per year (30). We divided the number of users / sold ticket per year respectively by 12 months (583+K per month) and 365 days (19+K per day). The number of sold tickets is an information that companies don’t disclose. Also Beria et al. still don’t know these information.

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Probably from June to August the bus operators sell more tickets: we noticed that the site of all the bus operators increased their visits while approaching the summer (Source: similarweb.com) Number of routes Coach services in 2013 are serving only 27,000 origin­destination, including indirect connection, out of about 115,000 formally allowed. Many relations, including some very important in terms of total mobility, are still unexplored and left to competing transport modes (rail and air)(1). A lot of 88,000 potential routes would probably never be profitable (23). Instead, they do exist some routes that would be more efficient of rail transport. In these cases, Beria et al. affirm that long distance transport should replace the rail transport (8). From 2007 to 2012 90 new routes were initiated. Regular coach services predominantly link the regions of the country not adequately served by the rail network. This is particularly true for mainland Southern Italy, where factors such as the relatively low density of population, the lack of large and medium­sized cities and geographical factors (undulating terrain) have not favoured the development of railways. Bus market size in sales The bus market value in sales is € 250 (national and international), according to Biscotti, president of Anav (21). The expected growth rate is 10% according to the researches of Beria et al. (30). If € 250 M is the bus market value in sales, we suppose the international lines are worth roughly € 89 M, while the national roughly € 161 M (international lines are not included in the researches of Beria et al.). Our estimation is based on the km produced per year. Instead Beria (23) suppose the national lines are worth between € 169 and 195 M. The most significant international destinations are France (also served by iDBUS, a society created by SNCF) Romania and Poland. They represent the 47% in terms of weekly frequency of international services. The online bus ticketing platforms can gain a commission between 10% and 15% (38). It means that the potential market for the bus ticketing platforms is worth between € 25 and 37,5 millions. Sales channels Tickets are available at differents sales channel: for instance at thebus stations / terminals. For example inside the bus terminal of Bologna there are different ticket booths: ­ Ticket office managed by Atlassib, selling tickets for the international services provided by this Romanian company, ­ Ticket office managed by Ibus, selling tickets for national and international services operated by the companies within the consortium, ­ Ticket office managed by Terminal Bus, which is a travel agency selling tickets for the services operated by the other national and international companies accessing the terminal. Some companies do not use ticket booths and their drivers sell tickets on board. (26)

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The bus operators heavily rely on the offices of the SISAL circuit (and it seems really important because the usage of this channel is often underlined by the media). The SISAL network counts 40K national offices. It’s still not clear if all the 40K offices are automatically affiliated with a company when the coach operator shows the link with SISAL in his website. For example the Ibus network (9 Italian bus companies)claims to have an agreement with 20K (24) SISAL points while the total amount of SISAL shops are 40K. This service is offered also through travel agencies. The long distance coaches in Italy is a market niche, so the players prefer to sell the tickets from specific places where the coaches pass through (for instance the local where people, who are living in that village, go regularly). (23) Not all the companies offer online tickets directly from their site. Often they redirect you in one site (autobus.it) to proceed with the choice and the payment of the trip. There’s another ticketing web platform shared by companies of different groups:ibus.it. However it seems that they both don’t work as meta search engine: it means that they are not comparing different bus companies for the same route. Another ticketing web platform is busweb.it. Actually it’s not clear if it’s a comparison shop or not. Sometimes it exits the mobile version for the site. The most importantapp is My cicero (the same network of companies found in autobus.it). AutolineeRomano.com, Marinobus.it, SAIS autolinee created the iOS and Android app for mobile devices. For further details about the sales channels we should check the websites of each company one by one. BUS LINES & COMPETITION The research of Beria et al. are expressedin terms of kilometres per year produced. It was impossible to find the annual report of the companies. Also Beria et al. don’t have these information. For this kind of information we should check “Bus&Coach operators (European)”. Four firms (Simet, Marozzi, Marino, Baltour+SENA) represent the 30% market share in terms of kilometres produced per year. They all produce individually more than 6 million kilometres per year (2010). Seven firms (Intersaj, IVI interlines, IAS Scura, Ferrovie del Gargano, Roma Marche Linee, Romano, Lirosi) represent the 26% market share in terms of kilometres produced per year. They singularly produce more than 2 million kilometres per year. Other thirty one firms produce less than 2 millions representing the 43%. These data come from the database of 42 Anav companies (year 2010). The total amount of kilometres per year produced is roughly 90 M. In the last years Baltour has improved his position, becoming the market leader and it seems the most innovative player in the market as well. In 2013 Baltour produced 12 millions of km on national lines (plus 3 millions of km on international lines) while the first competitor Marino touched 9 and the other followers Marozzi and Simet roughly 7 (7). More recent data about the km produced per year by each single bus operator are available (7) after the first database released in the year 2010.

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In all the documents we checked it was never mentioned any data about the distribution of sales between online and offline. But Clickbus estimates the online penetration is currently 5% (in the world). They believe the percentage should reach over 70% in the next five years (the airline industry is already over 90% in several countries). Since the Italian market value in sales is € 250 M, it means that currently the online selling touches € 12,5 while it is expected to be € 175 M in five years (valutation). We can affirm that Italians are generally afraid of using the credit card for a payment on Internet. This could be probably true for the older generations. Anyway we found one research that studied the online/offline selling in this market in 1997 (25). Probably it can helpful to find more recent data. Competitors The first competitor for BusBud will be GoEuro, the multimodal transport search engine that raised more than $ 31 M. Though it doesn’t support booking, it has already Ibus and at least six other Italian bus companies (Autostradale, Romano, Marino, Simet, Arpa, Lirosi) among its partners. An important seller (already in the market) is autobus.it (490K visits in June) where the user can buy the ticket from 28 different companies. The same network offers the app mycicero. Ibus.it is another important platform (140K visits in June). It is an alliance of nine companies. This consortium produces the 31% of the industry’s kilometres per year. These nine companies realise roughly € 35 millions of revenues each year (15) and serve 1+ M of passengers per year (source: pluservice.net). Ibus in the 2012 counted on a network of agencies and travel agents (over 3000) and exclusive agreement with SISAL to enable payment of tickets at over 16K offices in Italy (11). Nowadays Ibus affirms to enable the payment of his ticket in 20K SISAL offices (24). It seems that autobus.it and ibus.it don’t work as a comparaison shop. Baltour is present in ibus.it and autobus.it, but also has his own ticket platform https://boa.busbookingline.it (340K visits in June). From this site is possible to buy the ticket for the trips offered by Baltour and the others two companies of the group (Sena, Eurolines Italia). A minor competitor is busweb.it (45K visits in June). We want to mention also oraribus.com, where the user can’t buy any ticket but he’s redirected to the seller. This site is relevant since he received 480K visits in June. There are other minor sites with the same function of oraribus.com, like italybus.it. This kind of site could become a potential competitor in the future. A competitor for Busbud will be probably Clickbus.com, a venture of the well­known internet incubator Rocket Internet. Globally, the company sells over 60 thousand tickets a month and has a staff of approximately 100 employees. Clickbus has already attacked some European market (Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, France) and Italy will be probably one of the next milestones. Clickbus heavily rely on SEM techniques (as normally practiced by Rocket) and on a multilingual strategy (28). In July 2014 Clickbus Brazil was hiring at least 16 SEM country specialists. In the same month Clickbus Thailand was hiring interns and manager for seven

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differents areas: media/art students, SEO, customer service, growth trainee program, web content writer, project manager and project coordinator. Clickbus decided to launch his platform after it studied the success of redbus.in. Redbus is supported by Skyscanner and it has a parternship with Expedia. The Internet has plenty of other informations about Clickbus. Other ticketing platform that we found in other markets are Meinferbus.de (Germany), Catchthatbus (south­east Asia), brasilbybus (Brasil), Reserbus (Mexico), Gotobus.com, Voyenbus.com (though it doesn’t seem a good product),Wanderu.com,bus.oneindia.com (powered by redbus) and another one in China. There are also some multi modal transport search engine: wanderio, youmove.me (now changing business model and name to waynaut.com),waymate,fromatob,routerank(B2B), rome2rio (B2B). Basic information about bus market consolidation and segmentation Beria et Al. (2013) preview the consolidation of the commercial and industrial market, after the liberalization (completed in 2013). The liberalization of the market has already led to some consolidation of the operators. Although this does not mean that there will be a process of consolidation, some key functions, as information to customers and ticketing are already integrated. It is also possible to buy tickets on the Internet (3). The high fragmentation of the market allows for negotiation of better margin for BusBud.. The travel class to target is the economy, as there are scarce possibilities to attract family and business class (7). Coaches can serve the low­cost segment (21) much more effectively than the trains because of their far better cost structures. The number of companies is still not clear: the ANAV database of 2010 mentioned 42 companies (just national lines), while Biscotti (president of ANAV) recently counted 200 companies (national and international lines) in the market (21 and 33). In 2007 Steer Davies Gleave estimated the number in less than 150 (data related to Italian coach companies) (31). However the major part of the companies are based in the South. Global distribution system Currently we have no detailed information about the global distribution system used in this industry. We noticed that Voyenbus uses Sabre, while Clickbus adopts Amadeus. MARKET ENTRY STRATEGY Opportunities and risks Opportunities: Italy is a top touristic destination and it is the third european market in the transport industry (I can’t retrieve the official source). Additionally, from May 1st to October 31st (2015) in Milan are expected 6 M international visitors (from more than 140 countries) out of 20 M total visitors atExpo 2015(29). Probably they will visit not just Milan but also other destinations.

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The researches of Beria et Al. confirm that this market has untapped opportunities. For example the cost per seat of coach services is estimated to be generally low (about 2.7 € cent per coach seat and about 4 € cent per train seat). In addition the Italian per capita purchasing power is decreasing. As income levels decrease, distance travelled by bus or coach increases. A research in UK proofed that 13 per cent of the distance travelled by people in the lowest income quintile group was by bus and coach compared with 2 per cent travelled by those in the highest income group (17). The dominance of the railways as a means of intercity travel in Italy is about to be broke, according to Paolo Beria. In fact a serious cut of rail subsidies is accelerating the development of intercity coach travel. (10) The Italian sector of intercity coaches doesn’t depend on public resources. This strength differentiates this sector from the concurrence of rail sector. Additionally the prices offered by the coach companies are in some cases unbeatable for rail and air companies. There are also some trends that they would push the intercity coaches sector. A lot of associations are sustaining the development of theintermodal passenger transport, where the long distance coaches will play an important role. The rapid bus transport is not yet developed in Europe, instead of other regions, so this will be the opportunity to modernize the service and attract new customers. Long­distance coach services are an example of successful deregulation in Europe. Didier van de Velde (9) shows that the European countries that adopted licensing approaches (and Italy completed this process in 2013) have witnessed the emergence of a profitable and competitive industry serving market segments not very well catered for by rail, air or car modes. Substitutability with rail is particularly weak, calling into question the rationale for policies in some countries to discourage coach services in order to protect rail, even if one would think such policies justifiable in principle (27). For example in 2013 consultant D’Incà (transport expert) expected in Germany “long­distance coaches to achieve a significant market share of between six or seven per cent within a very short time” ­ as it the case in the United Kingdom and Sweden ­ and predicted that long­distance rail services will lose price­sensitive customers on some routes. In Germany the domestic long­distance coach market has been liberalised permitting competition between coach companies and long­distance railway services (12). Recent findings confirm that the German market increased the number of lines (+125%: from 86 to 194) (20) and the number of passenger is increasing too. As we already mentioned, there are a lot of small firms that couldn’t afford an advanced marketing (8) or a well organized call­center. Beria et al. suggested to build a comprehensive search engine with all the coach supply, this will let people perceive the whole bus network of services as unique, just as it happens now for the air transport (18). Risks: I will list briefly some risks. Long distances coach services are almost an unknown sector in Italy (8). Many firms might not be willing to give away some information advantage (18). Since the market is consolidating it does exist a risk of failure for the companies too small.

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Fs aka Ferrovie dello Stato controls Busitalia and it is probably becoming an important player in this market also because it signed an agreement with Baltour for an intermodal change from bus to train and viceversa. The coach entry fees in the Italian cities can discourage the operators (but it’s an issue that will be regulated). The concurrence of BlaBlacar: a platform of car sharing that is very popular in Europe especially among the young, even on long distance. They just raised $ 100 Million Round to create a global long distance ride­sharing network (35). Another similar service is carpooling.com. Sometimes tourists in Italy have to struggle with the Internet connection. Marketing strategy Target the Southern regions (where the coaches services are extremely widespread) and the under­26s: reach them on Internet it will be easier than with the over­60s. Busbud should also aggregate the companies not belonging to the other netoworks (ibus.it, autobus.it, busweb.it). In this way Busbud will have a better bargaining power over the operators. These small operators also need more visibility but they lack the resources to implement an effective activity of marketing. Busbud should integrate the Italian routes in the app for mobile devices as fast as possible. Since BusBud is focused on a mobile strategy, I concentrated myself on online sales channel. Busbud should embed the widget search in strategic sites. Considering the target of Busbud the company should use other strong communities surfed by students to promote his platform. For example Scuolazoo.com is a very popular site among under­25s. Scuolazoo already works for important brands (like RedBull) offering his competencies in the advertising industry. Others example are Studenti.it or Bastardidentro.it. I think that there are also some Italian web communities that can share the same values of Busbud like italiansinfuga.com and nomadidigitali.it. Another experience common among the backpacker is the Interrail: is the pass that allows you unlimited travel, in the European country (typically by train). Another useful platform is Trenitardo, a website that is taking care of the rights of the commuter students (also for long distance routes. BusBud should also study some partnerships with websites that successfully organize holidays for students (iugo.it, vgmania.eu). For example Vgmania already offers a 600 km trip from Milan to Pag (a Croatian top destination for the young). The solution could be the embedding in these sites of a dedicate bus finder limited to the destinations offered by these tour operator/travel agencies on line. Another partnership could be with the Erasmus Student Network (ESN) a Europe­wide student organisation that facilitates the integration of international students. The local committees of ESN frequently organize trips in Italy. Last but not the least we suggest the creation of a dedicated bus finder for the Expo 2015 as BusBud already did for the World Cup. Typical passenger (age, income) Detailed data about users’ characteristics are still missing.Students, elderly people, people with no access to cars and people with lower income in general (similarly to other

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European countries, according to Steer Davies Gleave 2009). Often they prefer the coach instead of the plane because they can bring the baggages for free. Additionally coach travellers perceive the coach as secure, even during the night (32). However, in time, it seems that those services are now attracting also other user groups, likeprofessionals and leisure travellers (2). An example of trip: a notable amount of students in the Northern Universities have to come back periodically in the South of Italy. Users travelling alone with limited willingness to pay still represent the core business of coaches, while business users and families are more difficult to catch (for different reasons)(2, 2014). The companies offer discounts for under­26s and over­60s. These two groups frequently have an income lower than the average. Some companies started to offer discounted tickets when buyed in advance, as the players in the rail and air transport. In the case of Baltour the tourists are the 15% ­ 20% of the market (among them a notable part of really young people) (16). Market campaign If Busbud can allocate some resources for activities off­line we propose apromotional tour. This would be held in Milan, Rome, Siena (the most important cities for the sector) but also inside the Universities and along the beaches of the Adriatic Sea. REGULATIONS OF ITALIAN BUS MARKET (i.e. prices controlled by government) Long distance coach services in Italy are responsibility of the State only if they connect more than two regions, otherwise they are responsibility of the Regions and differently regulated (1). After years of stability, the industry is going to face radical changes in the next years since its liberalisation process, gradually started in 2007, was completed at the end of 2013, changing from exclusive concessions to non­exclusive authorisations (2). The definition of long distance services changes a lot among different European countries (Beria et al., 2013; Van de Velde, 2009). In Italy those services, which are responsibility of the State and are now fully liberalised, are indicated by Italian laws (Legislative Decree 285/2005) as “services operated on paths linking more than two regions”. This means that services connecting only two regions are responsibility of the Regions and thus still regulated by concessions, that is they are not liberalised. Connection between bus market and government (ownership, regulations) Coach companies are generally based in Southern Italy; as a general rule, operators that also provide local public transport services are usually publicly­owned, while companies just offering long distance services are privately­owned. This rule is not the case for all operators (31). REFERENCES

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(1) Beria P., Grimaldi R., De Bernardi A., Ferrara E., Laurino A., Spatial and scenario analyses of long distance coach transport in Italy, DAStU ­ Politecnico di Milano, Studio META, 2014 (2) Beria P., Grimaldi R., Laurino A., Long distance coach transport in Italy. State of art and perspectives, 13th World Conference on Transport Research, 2013 (3) Steer Davies Gleave, Study of passenger transport by coach, Final Report, European Commission, January 2009 (4) Research center on transport policy (website) (5) Beria P., Panorama dei trasporti in Italia, Corso di sistemi ed economia dei trasporti, 2008­2009 (6) Beria P., Il trasporto su gomma, Corso di sistemi ed economia dei trasporti, 2008­2009 (7) Beria P., Grimaldi R., Debernardi A., Ferrara E., Laurino A. (2013). Il trasporto passeggeri su autobus per le lunghe distanze. Studio 2013. Rapporto di ricerca. Preparato per ANAV, Roma (8) Beria et al., The Italian intercity market model, IRU Bus and Coach Workshop, 29 February 2012 (9) Van de Velde D., Long­Distance Bus Services in Europe: Concessions or Free Market?, International Transport Forum, 2009 (10) Liberalisation beckons in EU, Route one, Thursday 22 March 2012 (11) Stadium ­ Intelligent Transportation System ­ The ibus network (12) Competition report 2013, Deutsche Bahn AG Communications, March 2013 (13) The future for interurban passenger transport, 18th International symposium on transport economics and policy, Madrid, 16­18 November 209 (14) Bus magazine, Premio ANAV ­ SMART MOVE. Ballone: Baltour, sinergie e rete, Marzo­Aprile 2012, p.19 (15) Pullman, le sfide si vincono con le alleanze, La Repubblica, 19 October 2012 (16) Baltour si espande nelle autolinee, Guida Viaggi, 19 Marzo 2012 (17) Social Trends, Office for National Statistics, No. 39, 2009 edition (18) Beria P., Grimaldi R., Intercity and long­distance bus and coach regular lines, IRU Working paper, a comment on an early version (19) Beria P., Grimaldi R., Laurino A., Il trasporto passeggeri su autobus per le lunghe distanze. Confronto modale, benefici e prospettive future, Roma 14 Dicembre 2011, Politecnico di Milano* (20) Bus magazine, ANAV va a Berlino per le linee di lungo raggio, March­April 2014, p.36 (21) Bus magazine, Il trasporto collettivo con autobus: un motore per la crescita del paese, May­June 2013, p. 22 (22) Bus magazine, Il “made in Italy” che viaggia nel mondo, January­February 2014, p. 14 (23) Private conversation with prof. Beria Paolo (24) 20K Sisal points for Ibus.it (25) Marcussen, C. H. (1997), “Marketing Europe tourism products via Internet”, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Vol 6, Nº 3/4, pp 23­ 24 (26) Steer Davies Gleave, Study of passenger transport by coach, Appendix C: Study of coach terminals, January 2009

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(27) The future of interurban passenger transport ­ bringing citizens closer together, International Transport Forum, 16­18 November 2009, Madrid (28) Fernando Cuscuela, Why every startup should consider a multilingual strategy, Venture Beat, 1 November 2013 (29) Pwc, The Expo 2015 opportunity, 2012 (30) Roberto Sommariva, È cool, social, accessibile e sicuro: l’autobus da turismo rialza la testa, ttgincontri.it (31) Steer Davies Gleave, Study of passenger transport by coach, Appendix A: Case study report, January 2009 (32) I.M. Scalise, Prezzi bassi, wi­fi a bordo e viaggi slow, la rivincita del pullman su treno e aereo, La Repubblica, 3 March 2014 (33) Bus magazine, Festa “in famiglia” per le imprese che da 70 anni muovono il paese, August­September 2014, p. 6 (34) International Road Transport Union, The Global Smart Move Campaign & Intercity bus and coach transport in the EU, Rome 13th December 2013 (35) Romain Dillet, BlaBlaCar raises $100 Million Round to create a global long distance ride­sharing network, Techcrunch.com, 1st July 2014 (36) Plimsoll Publishing Ltd, Bus and coach operators (European), August 2014 (37) A showcase of the hottest innovative companies across Canada, Canada Innovation Exchange (38) Book the cheapest, easiest eurotrip with wanderio, Techcrunch, 28th October 2013 *Another version of (19) OTHER SOURCES THAT MIGHT BE USEFUL Collective bus and coach transport in the European Union in the next decade Long distance bus and coach transport in Europe: (re)Discovering the wheel Environmental Aspects of Inter­City Passenger Transport Mobility Europe. A review of passenger and freight transport, SNCF, 2013 Steer Davies Gleave, Study of passenger transport by coach (Appendix B: Country reports (non­case study), January 2009 http://www.italybus.it/ http://www.isfort.it/ http://www.traspol.polimi.it/documenti/Malgieri%20­%20Isfort­Audimob_Rapporto_Anno09.pdf http://www.ricerchetrasporti.it/ http://www.dastu.polimi.it/index.php?id=109 OTHER USEFUL SOURCES: http://www.clickmobility.it/ @clickmobility facebook: facebook.com/clickmobility

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http://www.ferpress.it/ @ferpress facebook.com/pages/FerPress/198306930209509 http://www.bus.it/ http://www.iru.org/ http://www.anav.it/ ANAV, the Italian association member of IRU ANFIA, the Italian Bus Constructor Association BUS & COACH WEEK (magazine) www.route­one.net/ Scott M., Curbside Intercity Bus Industry: Research of Transportation Policy Opportunities and Challenges, University of Delaware, August 2013

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