ItalianItalianUnificationUnification

February 2February 2ndnd, 2011, 2011

PolitiquePolitiqueWhat does it mean to be a What does it mean to be a politique?politique?

We’ve identified 2 We’ve identified 2 successful rulers that were successful rulers that were considered politiques, who considered politiques, who were they & why?were they & why?

Revolutions of 1830 & Revolutions of 1830 & 18481848 Inspired by Inspired by

IDEALISM/ROMANTICISMIDEALISM/ROMANTICISMRevolutionaries dreamed of a Revolutionaries dreamed of a

liberalliberal or nationalistic or nationalistic outcomeoutcome

Result?Result?FailFail! Why?! Why?

They missed on the finer They missed on the finer details of how to achieve their details of how to achieve their goalsgoals

Realization: Idealism is not Realization: Idealism is not enoughenough

Real PolitikReal Politik““Real” -> “Realism” or Real” -> “Realism” or “Realistic”“Realistic”

PracticalPractical, , realisticrealistic methods to achieve methods to achieve political goalspolitical goals

Idealistic ideas alone Idealistic ideas alone aren’t enougharen’t enough

ItalyItaly

Count Cavour

[The “Head”]

Giuseppi Garibaldi

[The “Sword”]

King Victor Emmanuel

II

Giuseppi Mazzini

[The “Heart”]

Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders

1831 - 18321831 - 1832Movement for Italian Movement for Italian

unification was powered by unification was powered by Guiseppe Mazzini Guiseppe Mazzini

Secret nationalist societiesSecret nationalist societies““Young Italy”Young Italy”The CarbonariThe Carbonari

As part of the Concert of As part of the Concert of Europe, Metternich’s Europe, Metternich’s Austrian troops crush the Austrian troops crush the rev’nrev’n

The spirit of the rev’n The spirit of the rev’n would continue would continue “Risorgimento” = “Risorgimento” = ResurgenceResurgence

1848-18491848-1849Nationalists continued Nationalists continued their attempts to expel their attempts to expel foreign rulers suchforeign rulers such Milan, Lombardy, Venetia Milan, Lombardy, Venetia ((AustrianAustrian Rulers) Rulers)

Sicily, Naples (Sicily, Naples (FrenchFrench rulers)rulers)

MazziniMazziniwanted universal male suffrage wanted universal male suffrage

(“will of the people”)(“will of the people”)Established a democratic Roman Established a democratic Roman

Republic in 1849Republic in 1849Protected by Guiuseppe Protected by Guiuseppe

Garibaldi’s forcesGaribaldi’s forces Austrian & French forces Austrian & French forces

eventually put down the rev’nseventually put down the rev’ns

Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April

30, 1849)

Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April

30, 1849)

?

Romantic RepublicansRomantic RepublicansMazzini & GaribaldiMazzini & Garibaldi

Wanted to drive out Austria & Wanted to drive out Austria & est a Republicest a Republic

Led insurrections (Guerilla Led insurrections (Guerilla Warfare) around ItalyWarfare) around Italy

Part of the failed Roman Part of the failed Roman Republic of 1849Republic of 1849

Problems for Romantic Problems for Romantic RepublicansRepublicans

Italy was diverseItaly was diverseNorthern & Middle Italy was Northern & Middle Italy was more industrialized & more industrialized & liberalliberal

Southern was more Southern was more agricultural, poor & agricultural, poor & conservativeconservative

Many feared a republic was Many feared a republic was too radical. Why?too radical. Why?

French Rev’n & the French Rev’n & the enlightenment often didn’t enlightenment often didn’t reach the uneducated or reach the uneducated or ruralrural

Camillo Cavour Camillo Cavour (1810-1861) Prime Minister of Prime Minister of

Piedmont (Kingdom of Piedmont (Kingdom of Sardinia)Sardinia)

Served the King Victor Served the King Victor Emmanuel Emmanuel

Cavour’s AmbitionsCavour’s AmbitionsUnite Italy – NationalistUnite Italy – NationalistMonarchist. . . NOT a Monarchist. . . NOT a RepublicanRepublicanAt odds w/ MazziniAt odds w/ Mazzini

Gain Italy’s Gain Italy’s AutonomyAutonomy

StateState vsvs Church ChurchThe Law on Convents & Siccardi Law sought to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church.

Pope Pius IX issued his Syllabus of Errors (1864) warning Catholics against liberalism, rationalism, socialism, separation of church & state, & religious liberty.

Cavour = Real PolitikCavour = Real Politik

Support – FranceSupport – FranceAppeal - ModerateAppeal - Moderate

Support Support Cavour provided Cavour provided France & its allies 10k France & its allies 10k troops in the Crimean troops in the Crimean War against RussiaWar against Russia

Helps him get in Helps him get in Napoleon III’s good Napoleon III’s good gracesgraces

AppealAppealCavour presented himself as Cavour presented himself as

a a safesafe moderate compared to moderate compared toRepublic – Some saw Mazzini Republic – Some saw Mazzini as a radicalas a radical

AbsolutismAbsolutismHe appealed to international He appealed to international

rulers (Nap III) & moderates rulers (Nap III) & moderates in Italyin Italy

1859 1859 Plombiérès Agreement

France & Sardinia-Piedmont France & Sardinia-Piedmont have a common enemyhave a common enemy

AustriaAustriaCavour gets France’s Nap III to Cavour gets France’s Nap III to

support him in a war w/ Austriasupport him in a war w/ Austria Cavour provokes Austria to Cavour provokes Austria to

declare war against Piedmont-declare war against Piedmont-SardiniaSardinia

Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858

Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858

War vs. Austria

•1859 – Sar-Pied takes Lombardy

•1860 – Sar-Pied takes territories in central Italy

Garibaldi’s Southern

Acquisitions

•1860 – His Red Shirts take the Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies & Naples

Italy’s UnificationItaly’s Unification Cavour’s acquisition from the Cavour’s acquisition from the

NorthNorth

++ Garibaldi’s acquisitions from the Garibaldi’s acquisitions from the

SouthSouth

Pied-Sard’s King Victor Emmanuel Pied-Sard’s King Victor Emmanuel & Cavour& Cavour convince Garibaldi to give convince Garibaldi to give up his acquisitions to them to unify up his acquisitions to them to unify Italy under 1 ruleItaly under 1 rule

1861 Victor Emmanuel is declared 1861 Victor Emmanuel is declared King of Italy & presided over a King of Italy & presided over a ParliamentParliament

Italy was united except Venice Italy was united except Venice (Austria) & Rome & the Papal (Austria) & Rome & the Papal States (France)States (France)

VeniceVenice1866 1866 Austrian-Austrian-

Prussian WarPrussian War Italy agrees Italy agrees to fight to fight against against Austria on Austria on condition condition they get they get VeniceVenice

Rome (Papal Rome (Papal States)States)

18701870 Franco-Franco-

Prussian WarPrussian War France lost & France lost &

can’t defend can’t defend the Papal the Papal States States against against Italian troopsItalian troops

A Unified Peninsula!A Unified Peninsula!

A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.