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Triage of Exotic Species During Emergency
EventsJavier G. Nevarez DVM, [email protected]
225-578-9657
It’s all about metabolism!
Immediate NeedsHousing
Food
HousingWell ventilated
Easy to clean and disinfect
Escape resistant
HousingMinimal space
Birds: stretch wings and turn 360o
Small mammals: stand up and turn 360o
Reptiles: turn 360o ideal but not critical
Space for emergency situations is not the same as for long term housing
Can use the same transport cages
HousingOptions
Sky kennels or similar cages Plastic boxes with lids
Work well for snakes and small reptiles Pillow cases for transporting snakes Aquariums Wire cages
FoodMaintenance
Birds: seeds and pelleted diets
Small mammals: pelleted diets, hay, veggies
Reptiles: veggies, insects, rodents
FoodCritical Care
Oxbow critical care: herbivore and carnivorehttp://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com
Lafeber Emeraid: herbivore, omnivore, carnivorehttp://www.lafebervet.com
Hill’s A/D or similar Pellet “smoothie”
Birds
Birds Higher metabolism = higher energy requirement
Should not fast > 12 hours
Sensitive to extreme temperatures Aim for 75-85oF
Sensitive to environmental stressors Maintain in quiet rooms with no predators
Sensitive to inhaled substances Diesel or gas fumes during transport, chemicals, etc…
May bite Use experienced personnel
BirdsHousing considerations
Use “bird resistant” cages Perches Toys Secured or heavy bowls Newspaper substrate
BirdsVery sensitive to their environment
Become stressed easily
The following non-specific clinical signs would warrant additional veterinary evaluation: Keeping eyes closed Fluffed feathers Abnormal posture Spending more time on the floor Respiratory signs Anorexia
BirdsZoonoses
Chlamydophila psittaci Aspergillosis Mycobacteriosis
Birds with respiratory signs, naso-ocular discharge should be isolated and examined by a veterinarian
Small mammalsHigher metabolism = higher energy
requirement Should not fast > 12 hours
More sensitive to warm temperatures Aim for 65-85oF, <80% humidity
Less sensitive to environmental stressors Tolerate being housed with other mammals
Strong fight or flight response May injure themselves inside the cage
Small MammalsMay develop fur matting and perianal
dermatitis in small cages due to contact with urine and feces
Diseases of Concern Heat stress Bloat/colic/ileus Diarrhea Pasteurella multocida – rabbits Mycoplasma pulmonis – rats
Reptiles Slow metabolism = lower energy requirement
Can fast for days to months according to body condition and species Herbivores: feed daily to every other day Omnivores: feed every 2-3 days Insectivores: feed every 2-3 days Carnivores: feed once q1-2 weeks
Sensitive to low temperatures Aim for 75-95oF
Less sensitive to environmental stressors
May bite, scratch, constrict, etc…. Use experienced personnel
ReptilesHaving food available may be challenging
May have to force feed critical care diets
Need calcium supplementation Crushed fruit flavored TUMS
ReptilesDiseases of Concern
Salmonella sp. ZoonoticSalmonellosis is rare in reptiles
Upper respiratory infections – snakes and chelonians
Herpes virus – chelonians Mycoplasma sp. – chelonians Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
SummaryKnow metabolism!!!!
Determine housing and nutritional requirements
Assess general health status
Assign experienced personnel
Keep species separated as much as possible
Have quarantine area
Have an expert available for consultations
Questions?