ITS (intelligent transport system)

8/10/2019 ITS (intelligent transport system)

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Intelligent Transport

System ITS)



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What is


System ?



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efforts to add

information & communications technology

to transport infrastructure & vehiclesto manage factors such as vehicles & routes

to improve safety & reduce vehicle wear, travel time

& fuel consumption.

Intelligent Transport System ITS)



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Technologies



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Varies in technologies applied

Typical ones?

Intelligent Transport Technologies



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Wireless communications

Radio modem communication on UHF & VHF frequencies are widely used for short & long range

communication.

Longer range communications such as WiMAX,GSM, 3G are well established but require extensive

& very expensive infrastructure deployment.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_modem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHF

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHF

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_modem



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Computational technologies

Recent advances in vehicle electronics have led to amove toward fewer, more capable computer

processors on a vehicle.

Most important of these for ITS artificial intelligence


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_electronics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_electronics



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Floating car data/floating cellular data

Virtually every car contains one or more mobilephones which routinely transmit their location

information to the network.

This allows them to be used as anonymous trafficprobes. As the car moves, so does the signal of the

mobile phone.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phones






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By measuring and analyzing network data, it is

converted into accurate traffic flow information.

With more congestion, there are more cars, more

phones, and thus, more probes.


No infrastructure needs to be built along the road;only the mobile phone network is leveraged.



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Floating car data technology provides great

advantages over existing methods of traffic

measurement:

much less expensive than sensors or cameras

more coverage: all locations and streets

faster to set up (no work zones) and less

maintenance

works in all weather conditions, including heavy rain




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Sensing technologies

Technological advances in telecommunications & ITcoupled with state-of-the-art microchip, RFID, &

inexpensive intelligent beacon sensing technologies

enhanced the technical capabilities for ITS.

Sensing systems for ITS are vehicle & infrastructure

based networked systems.

Infrastructure sensors are indestructible devices

embedded on the road or buildings, posts & signs.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inexpensive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inexpensive




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Inductive loop detection

Inductive loops can be placed in a roadbed to detectvehicles as they pass over the loop by measuring

the vehicle's magnetic field.

The simplest detectors simply count the number ofvehicles during a unit of time (typically 60 seconds)

that pass over the loop.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_loop

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_loop



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More sophisticated sensors estimate the speed,

length, weight of vehicles, distance between them.

Loops can be placed in a single lane or across

multiple lanes & work with very slow or stopped

vehicles as well as vehicles moving at high-speed.




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Video vehicle detection

Traffic flow measurement & automatic incidentdetection using video cameras is another form of

vehicle detection.

Video detection systems do not involve installingany components directly into the road surface ~

known as a "non-intrusive" method of traffic

detection.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameras

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameras



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Video from black-and-white or color cameras is fed

into processors that analyze the changing

characteristics of the video image as vehicles pass.

A single video detection processor can detect

traffic simultaneously from 1 to 8 cameras,

depending on the brand and model.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processors

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processors



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Typical output from a video detection system?

~ lane-by-lane vehicle speeds, counts,

lane occupancy readings.

Some systems provide additional outputs:

~ gap, headway, stopped-vehicle detection,

wrong-way vehicle alarms.




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Applications



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Electronic Toll Collection ETC)

ETC makes it possible for vehicles to drive throughtoll gates at traffic speed, reducing congestion at

toll plazas & automating toll collection.

Originally ETC systems were used to automate tollcollection, but more recent innovations have used

ETC to enforce congestion pricing through cordon

zones in city centers and ETC lanes.

Intelligent Transport Applications

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestion_pricing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordon_zones




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestion_pricing





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Emergency vehicle notification systems

In-vehicle eCall is an emergency call generatedeither manually by the vehicle occupants or

automatically via activation of in-vehicle sensors

after an accident.

When activated, the in-vehicle eCall device will

establish an emergency call carrying both voice &

data directly to the nearest emergency point


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECall

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECall



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The voice call enables the vehicle occupant to

communicate with the trained eCall operator.

At the same time, a minimum set of data will be sent

to the eCall operator receiving the voice call.

Minimum set of data contains information about the

incident :

time, precise location, the direction the vehicle was

traveling, and vehicle identification.




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Automatic Road Enforcement

A traffic enforcement camera system, consisting of

a camera and a vehicle-monitoring device, is used

to detect and identify vehicles disobeying a speed

limit or some other road legal requirement and

automatically ticket offenders based on the license

plate number. Traffic tickets are sent by mail.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera



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Applications include:

Speed cameras that identify vehicles traveling over

the legal speed limit . Many such devices use radar

to detect a vehicle's speed or electromagnetic loops

buried in each lane of the road.

Red light cameras that detect vehicles that cross a

stop line or designated stopping place while a red

traffic light is showing.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_light_camera

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_light_camera

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar




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Bus lane cameras that identify vehicles traveling in

lanes reserved for buses. In some jurisdictions, bus

lanes can also be used by taxis or vehicles engaged

in car pooling.

Level crossing cameras that identify vehicles

crossing railways at grade illegally.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_lane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_pooling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_crossing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-grade_intersection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-grade_intersection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_crossing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_pooling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_lane





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Variable Speed Limits

Recently some jurisdictions have begun

experimenting with variable speed limits which

change with road congestion and other factors.

M25 UK (1995). Initial results indicated savings in

journey times, smoother-flowing traffic, and a fall in

the number of accidents, so the implementation was

made permanent in 1997.




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Collision Avoidance Systems

Japan has installed sensors on its highways to notify

motorists that a car is stalled ahead




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Dynamic Traffic Light Sequence

Intelligent RFID traffic control has been developed

for dynamic traffic light sequence.

It avoided the problems that usually arise with

systems using image processing and beam

interruption techniques.








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RFID technology with appropriate algorithm and

database were applied to a multi vehicle, multi lane

and multi road junction area to provide an efficient

time management scheme.

The real time operation of the system able to

emulate the judgment of a traffic policeman on duty,

by considering the number of vehicles in eachcolumn and the routing proprieties.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm




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ITS (intelligent transport system)