Its Up to Us-James P Warburg-Roosevelt New Deal-1934-256pgs-POL

7/27/2019 Its Up to Us-James P Warburg-Roosevelt New Deal-1934-256pgs-POL

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I T ' S

UP TO USby

JAMES P. WARBURG

" I f w e c o u l d f i r s t k n o w w h e r e w e a r e a n d

w h i t h e r w e a r e t e n d i n g , w e c o u l d b e t t e r

j u d g e w h a t t o d o , a n d h o w t o d o i t ."

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

NEW YORK- ALFRED -A -KNOPF

1934



THE MONEY MUDDLEb y J a m e s P . W a r b u r g

" A n i n t e n s e l y i n t e r e s t i n g a n d m o s t r e v e a l i n g a c c o u n t

o f t h e m o n e t a r y h i s t o r y o f t h i s c o u n t r y s i n c e P r e s i -

d e n t R o o s e v e l t t o o k o f f i c e . "

-PROFESSOR WALTER E. SPAHRS e c r e t a r y o f E c o n o m i s t s ' N a t i o n a l C o m m i t t e e

on Monet ary Poli cy

" T h e l i v e l i e s t a n d i n s o m e r e s p e c t s t h e m o s t i n t e r e s t -

i n g b o o k t h a t h a s y e t a p p e a r e d o n t h e f i r s t y e a r o f

the New Deal . "THOMAS F. WOODLOCK, i n t h e W a l l S t r e e t j o u r n a l

"Mr . W a r b u r g h a s r e n d e r e d a n i n v a l u a b l e s e r v i c e i n

p r e p a r i n g t h i s v o l u m e a n d h a s p r e s e n t e d h i s m a t e r i a l

i n a n u n u s u a l l y v i g o r o u s a n d e f f e c t i v e m a n n e r . "PROFESSOR ERNEST MINOR PATTERSONP r e s i d e n t o f t h e A m e r i c a n A c a d e m y o f P o l i t i c a l

a n d S o c i a l S c i e n c e

. a l l i n a r a c y s t y l e t h a t p r o v e s t h a t e c o n o m i c s

is not a dismal science, for the book abounds in

epigrams . T h e r e i s a g o o d d e a l o f d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n

an epigram and a wisecrack. "

-New Yor k Hera ld Trib un e

A BORZOI BOOK PUBLISHED BYAlf re d A. Kno pf



Copyright 1934 by lames P. War bur g

A ll r ig ht s re se rv e d . N o p a r t o f t h i s b o o k m a y

b e r e p r o d u c e d i n a n y f o r m w i t h o u t p e r m i s -

s i o n i n w r i ti n g f r o m t h e p u b l i s h er , e x c e p t b y

a r e v i e w e r w h o m a y q u o t e b r i e f p a s s a g e s i n

a review to be printed in a magazine or

newspaper .

FIRST EDITION

M a n u f a c t u r e d i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a



To Our Own Awakening



F o r e w o r d

By Marc h 1 9 3 4 i t h a d b e c o m e e v i d e n t t h a t i n t h e m i n d s

o f m o s t p e o p l e r e c o v e r y u n d e r t h e N e w D e a l w a s n e i t h e r

a d e q u a t e n o r a s s u r e d .

N o a m o u n t o f s t a t i s t i c a l e v i d e n c e o f r e c o v e r y a n d n o

a m o u n t o f b a l l y h o o c o u l d h i d e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e p e o p l e

a s a w h o l e , w h i l e i n m a n y r e s p e c t s e n c o u r a g e d , w e r e

s t i l l p r o f o u n d l y d i s s a t i s f i e d , w a n t e d s o m e t h i n g m o r e

o u t o f t h e N e w D e a l t h a n t h e y h a d g o t s o f a r , a n d w e r e

p u z z l e d t o k n o w j u s t w h a t i t w a s t h a t t h e y w a n t e d .

I t w a s e q u a l l y e v i d e n t t h a t S e n a t o r s a n d R e p r e s e n t a -

t i v e s w e r e n o l e s s p u z z l e d t h a n t h e p e o p l e . H a r d l y a d a y

p a s s e d i n C o n g r e s s w i t h o u t s o m e n e w r a d i c a l p r o p o s a l

being put for ward . Most of t hem died . A few wer e

e n a c t e d . T o s a y t h a t p r o p o s a l s f o r s i l v e r l e g i s l a t i o n , f o r

p a y i n g a b o n u s t o w a r v e t e r a n s , f o r p a y i n g o f f d e p o s i t o r s

i n c l o s e d b a n k s , a n d s u c h - l i k e w e r e p o l i t i c a l m a n e u v e r s

d e s i g n e d t o c a t c h v o t e s i n t h e a u t u m n e l e c t i o n s i s o n l y t o

s t a t e t h e s a m e t h i n g i n a d i f f e r e n t w a y . U n l e s s t h e c a n d i -

d a t e s f o r r e - e l e c t i o n b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e p e o p l e w a n t e d

s u c h a c t i o n , t h e y w o u l d s c a r c e l y h o p e t o g e t v o t e s b y

a d v o c a t i n g i t .

By Marc h 1 9 3 4 i t w a s b e c o m i n g c l e a r t h a t t h e r e w e r e ,

i x



x FOREWORDb r o a d l y s p e a k i n g , t h r e e w a y s o p e n t o t h e A d m i n i s t r a -

t i o n :

i . I t c o u l d p u r s u e f u r t h e r t h e c o u r s e o f i n f l a t i o n , u p o n

w h i c h i t h a d a l r e a d y e m b a r k e d , i n t h e b e l i e f t h a t o u r

b a s i c t r o u b l e w a s m o n e t a r y a n d c o u l d t h e r e f o r e b e c u r e d

by monetary means .

2 . I t c o u l d p u r s u e f u r t h e r t h e m a r c h t o w a r d s a n a u -

t h o r i t a r i a n s t a t e , u p o n w h i c h i t h a d l i k e w i s e e m b a r k e d ,

i n t h e b e l i e f t h a t a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f g o v e r n m e n t p l a n -

n i n g a n d r e g i m e n t a t i o n w a s n e c e s s a r y t o r e c o v e r y . And

3 . I t c o u l d c a l l a h a l t i n b o t h o f t h e a b o v e - s t a t e d

p r o c e d u r e s a n d e x e c u t e a n a b o u t - f a c e i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f

abandonin g further inflation and monetar y experi-

m e n t a t i o n , a n d a b a n d o n i n g t h e i d e a t h a t g o v e r n m e n t

i n i t i a t i v e s h o u l d p a r t i a l l y o r w h o l l y s u p p l a n t p r i v a t e

i n i t i a t i v e . S u c h a n a b o u t - f a c e w o u l d h a v e i n v o l v e d v a r i -

o u s p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e a c t i o n s , b o t h d e s i g n e d t o w a r d s

t h e m a j o r o b j e c t i v e o f s t i m u l a t i n g p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e .

D u r i n g r e c e n t m o n t h s i t h a s b e c o m e i n c r e a s i n g l y e v i -

d e n t t h a t t h e N e w D e a l s o f a r h a s i n v o l v e d a m i x t u r e o f

t h e f i r s t t w o c o u r s e s - a m i x t u r e w h i c h i s i n m a n y r e -

s p e c t s s i m i l a r t o a m a n w h o t r i e s t o w a l k e a s t o n o n e

f o o t a n d w e s t o n t h e o t h e r . T h a t i s w h y w e h a v e w i t -

n e s s e d r e c e n t l y s u c h v i o l e n t a t t a c k s u p o n t h o s e w h o

w o u l d p u r s u e t h e c o u r s e o f p l a n n e d e c o n o m y a n d r e g i -

m e n t a t i o n , l a u n c h e d b y t h e a d v o c a t e s o f f u r t h e r i n f l a -

t i o n . T h e i n f l a t i o n i s t s - s u c h a s t h e C o m m i t t e e f o r t h e

N a t i o n - h a v e c o m e t o r e a l i z e t h a t t h e y h a v e l i t t l e o r



FOREWORD x i

n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n w i t h t h a t e l e m e n t i n t h e N e w D e a l

w h i c h p r o d u c e d t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o g r a m , t h e N. R . A . ,

o r t h e S e c u r i t i e s A c t . C o n v e r s e l y , t h e r e g i m e n t e r s h a v e

c o m e t o s e e i n t h e i n f l a t i o n i s t s t h e a r c h e n e m i e s o f t h e i r

p r o g r a m . A f e w m o n t h s a g o i t w a s i m p o s s i b l e t o m a k e

p e o p l e r e a l i z e t h a t t h e r e w a s a f u n d a m e n t a l i n c o n s i s t e n c y

b e t w e e n t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s m o n e t a r y p o l i c y a n d i t s

i n d u s t r i a l a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l m e a s u r e s . T o d a y t h a t i n c o n -

s i s t e n c y i s r e c o g n i z e d b y a n e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r o f

p e o p l e .

I t h a s b e e n m y p u r p o s e t h r o u g h o u t t h e l a s t y e a r t o

p o i n t o u t , i f I c o u l d , t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r a d o p t i n g t h e t h i r d

c o u r s e w h i c h I h a v e j u s t i n d i c a t e d ; t h a t i s , a c o u r s e w h i c h

c l e a r l y a b a n d o n s b o t h t h e i d e a o f f u r t h e r i n f l a t i o n a n d

t h e i d e a o f f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t a l o n g t h e l i n e s o f

planned economy .

I n o r d e r t o m a k e a c o m p l e t e c a s e f o r t h e a d o p t i o n o f

s u c h a c o u r s e i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o d o t h r e e t h i n g s :

i . To show that mo net ary manipul ati on will not

a c c o m p l i s h w h a t i s c l a i m e d f o r i t .

2 . T o s h o w t h a t a p l a n n e d e c o n o m y w i l l n o t l e a d t o

t h e d e s i r e d e n d . And

3 . T o d e f i n e c l e a r l y w h a t t h e t h i r d c o u r s e i s a n d w h y

i t i s d e s i r a b l e .

L a s t M a r c h I f i n i s h e d a b o o k , w h i c h w a s p u b l i s h e d i n

M a y , t h e p u r p o s e o f w h i c h w a s t o t a c k l e t h e f i r s t o f t h e

t h r e e o b j e c t i v e s j u s t s t a te d . I n t h i s b o o k I t r i e d t o r e du c e

t o p l a i n e v e r y d a y l a n g u a g e w h a t o u r m o n e y m e c h a n i s m



x i i FOREWORDi s , w h a t f u n c t i o n s i t c a n a n d ca n n o t b e e x p e c t e d t o p e r -

f o r m , w h e r e i t h a s b r o k e n d o w n a n d s h o u l d b e i m p r o v e d ,

a n d w h a t a r e t h e b a s i c f a l l a c i e s t h a t s e e m t o m e t o u n d e r -

l i e t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s m o n e t a r y t h i n k i n g .

W h e n I w r o t e t h e b o o k I h a d g r e a t m i s g i v i n g s a s t o

w h e t h e r m u c h c o u l d b e a c c o m p l i s h e d b y s o d o i n g - n o t

b e c a u s e I d o u b t e d , a s m a n y d o , t h e i n t e re s t o f t h e a v e r a ge

m a n a n d w o m a n i n t h e s e m a t t e r s , b u t b e c a u s e I g r e a t l y

d i s t ru s t e d m y o w n a b i l i t y t o p r e s e n t t h e c a se w i t h s u f f i -

c i e n t c l a r i ty a n d s i m p l i c i t y . T h e i n t e r es t a r o u s ed b y The

Mon ey Mu d d l e a n d t h e g e n e r o u s r e c e p t i o n a c c o r d e d i t

b y t h e p u b l i c a n d b y t h e p r e s s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y

have encouraged me to tr y my hand at a second and

m o r e d i f f i c u l t v e n t u r e ; n a m e l y , t o s h o w t h a t a p l a n n e d

e c o n o m y i s u n d e s i r a b l e , a n d t o o u t l i n e t h e e l e m e n t s o f

a c o u r s e t h a t d o e s se e m t o m e d e s i r a b l e a s a n a l t e r n a t i v e

t o t h e p r e s e n t c o n f l i c t i n g t e n d e n c i e s .

O b v i o u s l y t h i s i s a d i f f i c u l t t a s k, a n d i t i s o n e w h i c h I

a p p r o a c h w i t h t h e f u l l r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t i t i s a t a s k w h i c h

c a n b e a c c o m p l i s h e d b y n o o n e p e r s o n . T h e m o s t I c a n

h o p e i s t h a t I m a y s t i m u l a t e t h e c o n s t r u c t i v e t h i n k i n g o f

o t h e r s w h o m a y b e b e t t e r q u a l i f i e d a n d w h o s e v i s i o n

m a y c a r r y f u r t h e r t h a n m i n e .

I n m y f i r s t b o o k I c o n s c i o u s l y e x p o s e d m y s e l f t o t h e

c h a r g e o f o v e r - s i m p l i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e s a k e o f c l a r i t y . T h e

c r i t i c i s m f o r w h i c h I w a s p r e p a r e d o n t h i s s c o r e w a s f a r

m o r e k i n d l y t h a n I h a d a n t i c i p a t e d . I s h a l l e x p o s e m y s e l f

t o t h e s a m e c h a r g e a g a i n , f o r , i f I c a n m a k e a n y c o n t r i -



FOREWORDb u t i o n t o p r e s e n t t h o u g h t , i t i s n o t a s a p r o f o u n d s c h o l a r ,

b u t r a t h e r a s o n e w h o s e e k s t o t h i n k p r a c t i c a l l y a n d t o

e x p r e s s h i s t h o u g h t s i n p l a i n l a n g u a g e .

New York Cit y

J u l y 4 , 1 9 3 4

x ui



A c k n o w l e d g m e n t

T h e a u t h o r w i s h e s t o m a k e t h e f o l l o w i n g g r a t e f u l a c k n o w l -

edgments :

To Senato r Key Pittman for per mission to reprin t his

a r t i c l e .

To Colonel Frank Knox and the Chicago D a i l y News f o r

p e r m i s s i o n t o r e p r i n t C o l o n e l K n o x ' s e d i t o r i a l s .

A n d t o a n u m b e r o f f r i e n d s a n d a s s o c i a t e s f o r m u c h h e l p f u l

c r i t i c i s m a n d c o n s t r u c t i v e s u g g e s t i o n i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s

book .



C o n t e n t s

I • E a s t o n O n e F o o t , W e s t o n t h e O t h e r 3

i i . Choo se You r Ism Now 10

I I I - S e n a t o r P i t t m a n A n s w e r s 2 3

i v . The Answer Anal yzed 4 0

v . T h e P r i c e o f P l a n n e d E c o n o m y A b r o a d 6 o

v i - " W h a t L i b e r t i e s H a v e Y o u L o s t ? " 8 6

v i i . What, Then, Shoul d We Con cl ude?9 7

v i n .

i x .

I f N o t I n f l a t i o n o r P l a n n e d E c o n o m y -

Then What ?

L e t ' s B e S p e c i f i c - W h e r e W e C a n .

i o 8

1 1 7

x . I t ' s U p T o Y o u a n d M e 1 6 6

A .

APPENDIXA g a i n s t I n f l a t i o n 1 81B W h a t I n j u s t i c e ? 1 8 7C . B a n k i n g A s A P r o f e s s i o n 1 9 6



CHAPTER I

E a s t o n O n e F o o t , W e s t o n t h e O t h e r

T h e N e w D e a l i s t r y i n g t o c r e a t e a c a l f w i t h f i v e l e g s .

T h i s i s n o t b e c a u s e t h e r e a r e p e o p l e i n W a s h i n g t o n

w h o a r e t r y i n g t o f o i s t o n e t h i n g o r a n o t h e r u p o n t h e

coun try-there a re suc h people, but they checkmate

e a c h o t h e r a n d m o r e o r l e s s c a n c e l o u t e a c h o t h e r ' s

e f f o r t s . I t i s b e c a u s e w e , t h e A m e r i c a n p e o p l e , h a v e d e -

m a n d e d o f o u r G o v e r n m e n t a c a l f w i t h f i v e l e g s . A n d i t

i s b e c a u s e o u r G o v e r n m e n t i s n o t f o l l o w i n g a n y o n e

d e f i n i t e p o l i c y , e x c e p t t h e p o l i c y o f t r y i n g t o g i v e e v e r y

o n e a t l e a s t a l i t t l e o f w h a t h e w a n t s - o r w h a t i t t h i n k s

h e w a n t s .

I n a s e n s e t h a t i s j u s t w h a t a d e m o c r a t i c g o v e r n m e n t

i s s u p p o s e d t o d o , a n d t h e r e f o r e i t i s s o i m p o r t a n t t h a t

w e s h o u l d m a k e u p o u r m i n d s w h a t i t i s t h a t w e w a n t ,

and-more impor tan t st ill-whether we want what we

a r e g e t t i n g .

I n a n o t h e r s e n s e , h o w e v e r , e v e n a d e m o c r a t i c g o v e r n -

m e n t i s s u p p o s e d t o l e a d r a t h e r t h a n f o l l o w , a t l e a s t t o

t h e e x t e n t o f f o r m u l a t i n g o u t o f t h e c o m p o s i t e d e s i r e s

o f t h e p e o p l e a s i n g l e c o n s i s t e n t p u r p o s e a n d p o l i c y .

I n t h i s r e s p e c t i t s e e m s t o m e t h a t t h e N e w D e a l h a s

3



4IT'S UP TO US

n o t a s y e t b e e n v e r y s u c c e s sf u l . I t h a s l i s t e n e d t o a g r e a t

n u m b e r o f c o n f l i c t i n g d e s i r e s a n d t h e o r i e s . I t h a s a t -

t e m p t e d t o g i v e a s m u c h s a t i s f a c t i o n a s p o s s i b l e t o a l l .

I t h a s f u r n i s h e d s p i r i t u a l i n s p i r a t i o n , a w i l l t o w i n , a n d

a h o p e f o r a m o r e a b u n d a n t l i f e i n t h e f u t u r e . B u t i t h a s

f a i l e d s o f a r t o w e a v e o u t o f t h e c o m p o s i t e d e s i r e s o f t h e

p e o p l e a n y c l e a r c o n c e p t o f w h a t t h e g o a l i s f o r w h i c h

w e a r e s t r i v i n g , o r h o w w e a r e t o a t t a i n i t .

T h r o u g h h i s o w n c o n f i d e n c e a n d c o u r a g e P r e s i d e n t

R o o s e v e l t h a s u n i t e d t h e p e o p l e i n a c o m m o n d e s i r e t o

a c h i e v e r e c o v e r y a n d t o p r e v e n t b y m e a s u r e s o f r e f o r m

t h e r e c u r r e n c e o f r e c e n t p a i n f u l e x p e r i e n c e . B u t h e h a s

d e f i n e d n e i t h e r " r e c o v e r y " n o r " r e f o r m . "

" R e c o v e r y " m e a n s t o g e t b a c k s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u h a v e

h a d a n d l o s t . When you " re co ver " your heal th, you

t h r o w o f f i l l n e s s a n d r e g a i n y o u r p r e v i o u s c o n d i t i o n o f

w e l l - b e i n g . B u t , m o s t e m p h a t i c a l l y , t h e N e w D e a l d o e s

n o t w a n t " r e c o v e r y " i n t h a t s e n s e . W e a r e n o t o n l y t o

g e t w e l l , b u t t o g e t w e l l i n s u c h a w a y t h a t w e s h a l l n o t

b e t a k e n s i c k a g a i n .

N o w i t s e e m s t o m e t h a t t h e r e a r e t w o w a y s o f g o i n g

a b o u t s u c h a p u r p o s e : e i t h e r y o u s a y : " F i r s t I m u s t g e t

w e l l - t h a t i s , r e c o v e r - a n d t h e n I s h a l l s e e w h a t I c a n

d o t o l i v e m o r e s e n s i b l y s o a s t o a v o i d g e t t i n g i l l a g a i n , "

o r y o u s a y : " I f I d o n ' t r e f o r m w h i l e I f e e l s i c k , I ' l l n e v e r

g e t a r o u n d t o d o i n g i t o n c e I f e e l a l l r i g h t a g a i n . "

T h e N e w D e a l h a s c h o s e n t h e s e c o n d m e t h o d . I t m a y

b e w i s e i n s o d o i n g . B u t t h e d a n g e r o f t h e s e c o n d m e t h o d



EAST ON ONE FOOT 5

i s t h a t y o u h a v e t o p e r f o r m y o u r o p e r a t i o n s o n a p a t i e n t

w e a k e n e d b y l o n g i l l n e s s , a n d t h a t y o u m u s t c o n s t a n t l y

a d m i n i s t e r d r u g s t o k e e p h i m a l i v e w h i l e y o u a r e t a k i n g

o u t a n d p u t t i n g b a c k h i s o r g a n s .

I t m a y w e l l b e t h a t , if w e w e r e t o b e n d a l l o u r e f f o r t s

t o w a r d s " r e c o v e r y , " l e a v i n g " r e f o r m " t o a l a t e r d a t e , w e

s h o u l d a g a i n b e c o m e s m u g a n d s t u p i d l y s a t i s f i e d w i t h

o u t w o r n s y s t e m s a n d c o d e s o f s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c b e -

h a v i o r . O n e l o o k a t o u r h y b r i d a n d s u p e r a n n u a t e d b a n k -

i n g s y s t e m a f f o r d s c o n v i n c i n g g r o u n d s f o r t h a t f e a r . I

f o r o n e h a v e n o q u a r r e l w i t h t h e N e w D e a l f o r a t t e m p t -

i n g t h e d i f f i c u l t t a s k o f b r i n g i n g a b o u t r e c o v e r y a n d

r e f o r m s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . N o r h a v e I a n y q u a r r e l w i t h t h e

b a s i c i n t e n t i o n s - i f I u n d e r s t a n d t h e m c o r r e c t l y - o f

m o s t o f t h e N e w D e a l r e f o r m s .

B u t r e f o r m s h o u l d , I t h i n k , b e c a l m l y a n d u n e m o t i o n -

a l l y c o n c e i v e d i n o r d e r t o b e e f f e c t i v e , e v e n t h o u g h h i s -

t o r y s h o w s t h a t i t r a r e l y i s s o c o n c e i v e d . I n s p i t e o f h i s -

t o r i c a l p r e c e d e n t o n e c a n n o t h e l p r e g r e t t i n g t h e h a s t y

a n d e x p e r i m e n t a l n a t u r e o f t h e N e w D e a l r e f o r m s a n d

t h e a t m o s p h e r e o f s o m e w h a t f a n a t i c a l p u n i t i v e r i g h t -

e o u s n e s s i n w h i c h t h e y h a v e b e e n i n c u b a t e d . O n e c a n -

n o t h e l p f e e l i n g t h a t a m e a s u r e o f b a s i c a n d p e r m a n e n t

e c o n o m i c i m p o r t a n c e s h o u l d b e s u b j e c t e d t o e v e r y p o s -

s i b l e t e s t o f c r i t i c is m , a n d t h a t i t s h o u l d n e v e r b e r u s h e d

t h r o u g h t h e l e g i s l a t i v e m a c h i n e r y a s a n e m e r g e n c y a c -

t i o n .

T o r e f o r m i s t o r e - m a k e , a n d i t s t a n d s t o r e a s o n t h a t a n





EAST ON ONE FOOT 7

p u r c h a s i n g p o w e r o f t h e d o l l a r - a n a t t e m p t t o r e d i s t r i b -

u t e w e a lt h b y d e s t ro y i n g i t . F o r t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e r e a d e r

w h o h a s n o t r e a d T h e M o n e y M u d d l e I h a v e p u t i n t h e

Appen dix , page 1 8 1 , a f e w c a t e g o r i c a l s t a t e m e n t s i n

s u p p o r t o f t h i s g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n .

A g a i n , t h e i n d u s t r i a l r e c o v e r y p r o g r a m , a s e x p r e s s e d

i n t h e w o r k i n g s o f t h e N. R . A . , i s i n m a n y r e s p e c t s f la t l y

c o n t r a d i c t o r y t o t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o g r a m , a n d l i k e w i s e

a t c r o s s p u r p o s e s w i t h t h e m o n e t a r y p o l i c y . I n f a c t , t h e

N a t i o n a l R e c o v e r y A c t h a s n o w b e e n r e c o g n i z e d a s a

m e a s u r e w h i c h i s n o t a r e c o v e r y m e a s u r e a t a l l , b u t a

m e a s u r e o f r e f o r m .

S t a r t i n g o u t a s a m e a s u r e o f r e l i e f t o s p r e a d w o r k a n d

r e l i e v e t h e d o l e , t h e N . R . A . b e c a m e e n l a r g e d t o a r e -

c o v e r y m e a s u r e i n a n e f f o r t t o d i s t r i b u t e p u r c h a s i n g

p o w e r t h r o u g h i n c r e a s e d w a g e s a n d t o r e l i e v e t h e d i s a s -

t e r o f c o m p e t i t i o n t h r o u g h s u s p e n s i o n o f t h e a n t i - t r u s t

l a w s . A s i t s u b s e q u e n t l y d e v e l o p e d , t h e N . R . A . b e c a m e

a t h r e a t o f a p e r m a n e n t b u r e a u c r a t i c a n d G o v e r n m e n t -

c o n t r o l l e d p r o g r a m , c u t t i n g s t r a i g h t a c r o s s o u r C o n s t i -

t u t i o n a n d l a w s a s a n i n s t r u m e n t o f r e f o r m .

As a rec over y measure the N . R . A . h a s f a i l e d t o a c -

c o m p l i s h i t s p r i m a r y p u r p o s e - t h a t i s , t o p r o d u c e i n d u s -

t r i a l r e - e m p l o y m e n t o n a l a r g e s c a l e ; i t h a s i m p r o v e d

c o n d i t i o n s i n a f e w i n d u s t r i e s , c h i e f l y t h o s e w h i c h m a n u -

f a c t u r e g o o d s f o r i m m e d i a t e c o n s u m p t i o n , s u c h a s f o o d

o r t e x t i l e s ; i t h a s f a i le d c o m p l e t e l y t o s t i m u l a t e t he a c -

t i v i t y o f t h e d u r a b l e g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s ( s u c h a s b u i l d i n g



8 IT'S UP TO US

i n d u s t r i e s o r m a c h i n e r y ) , i n w h i c h w e h a v e t h e g r e a t e s t

p a r t o f o u r u n e m p l o y m e n t p r o b l e m . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d

i t h a s l a r g e l y o f f s e t , b y r a i s i n g t h e p r i c e s o f m a n u f a c -

t u r e d g o o d s , t h e t e m p o r a r y a d v a n t a g e g a i n e d b y t h e

f a r m e r t h r o u g h t h e m o n e t a r y a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o g r a m s .

A n d i t h a s o b s t r u c t e d r e c o v e r y b y a d d i n g t o t h e e l e m e n t s

o f m o n e t a r y u n c e r t a i n t y t h e t h r e a t o f l a b o r t r o u b l e s a n d

Government interfer ence with business management .

T h e s e l a t t e r e l e m e n t s o f u n c e r t a i n t y a r i s e f r o m t h e r e -

f o r m f e a t u r e s o f t h e N . R . A .

A s a m e a s u r e o f r e f o r m , d e a l i n g w i t h a n a t t e m p t t o

e s t a b l i s h m o r e e q u i t a b l e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n i n d u s t r y ,

l a b o r , a n d t h e c o n s u m e r , t h e N . R . A . m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d

g o o d o r b a d a c c o r d i n g t o o n e ' s g e n e r a l p h i l o s o p h y o f

government and economy . C e r t a i n l y i t i s a s t e p t o w a r d s

planned economy . I f w e w a n t a p l a n n e d e c o n o m y , w e l l

and good . I f n o t , t h e s o o n e r w e d o a w a y w i t h N . R . A .

t h e b e t t e r .

B u t t h a t i s p e r h a p s g e t t i n g a h e a d o f o u r s t o r y .

W e h a v e b e e n d e a l i n g h e r e w i t h t h e i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s

o f t h e r e c o v e r y p r o g r a m , w h i c h a r e i m p o r t a n t , b u t n o t

n e a r l y s o i m p o r t a n t a s t h e u n r e a l i z e d i m p l i c a t i o n s o f

s o m e o f t h e s e m e a s u r e s . I n c o n s i st e n c i e s w i l l i n t i m e i r o n

t h e m s e l v e s o u t , a l t h o u g h t h e p r o c e s s m a y b e a c o s t l y

one . B u t t h e h i d d e n t e n d e n c i e s o f t h e N e w D e a l - t e n d -

e n c i e s w h i c h I , f o r o n e , b e l i e v e a r e l a r g e l y i n v o l u n t a r y

- w i l l n o t i r o n t h e m s e l v e s o u t . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e y

w i l l , u n l e s s r e a l i z e d a n d c o u n t e r a c t e d , t a k e r o o t m o r e



EAST ON ONE FOOT 9

a n d m o r e d e e p l y i n o u r p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c , a n d s o c i a l

s t r u c t u r e .

L a s t s p r i n g , w h e n I h a d j u s t f i n i s h e d m y f i r s t b o o k ,

a g r o u p o f u s w e r e s i t t i n g a r o u n d t a l k i n g a l o n g t h e s e

l i n e s . O n e o f t h e g r o u p w a s M r . E d w i n B a l m e r , t h e

e d i t o r o f t h e R e d b o o k M a g a z i n e .

Mr . B a l m e r a s k e d m e w h e t h e r I i n t e n d e d t o go o n

f r o m w h e r e T h e M o n e y M u d d l e l e f t o f f . I s a i d t h a t I

w a n t e d t o g o o n t o d i s c u s s w h a t s e e m e d t o m e t h e b a s i c

q u e s t i o n c o n f r o n t i n g t h e A m e r i c a n p e o p l e , b u t t h a t I

w a s n o t a t a l l s u r e I c o u l d .

" A n d w h a t , " h e s a i d , " i s t h e b a s i c q u e s t i o n ? "

" A c h o i c e , " I r e p l i e d , " b e t w e e n f r e e d o m a n d a n a t -

t e m p t a t s e c u r i t y . "

T h a t , a s y o u c a n i m a g i n e , l e d t o a d i s c u s s i o n o f w h a t

w a s m e a n t b y " f r e e d o m , " w h a t w a s m e a n t b y " s e c u r i t y , "

w h e t h e r t h e r e w a s a n y s u c h t h i n g a s e i t h e r , a n d s o f o r t h .

E v e n t u a l l y i t l e d t o m y w r i t i n g a p i e c e f o r M r . B a l m e r ' s

m a g a z i n e , w h i c h a p p e a r e d i n t h e J u l y i s s u e , a n d w h i c h

h a d c e r t a i n r e p e r c u s s i o n s , o n a c c o u n t o f w h i c h I s h a l l

i n c l u d e i t h e r e .

A s y o u w i l l s e e , i t d e a l s w i t h t h e u n r e a l i z e d i m p l i c a -

t i o n s o f t h e N e w D e a l .



CHAPTER I I

C h o o s e T o u r I s m N o w

( R e d b o o k , J u l y 1 9 3 4 )

I f y o u w e r e t o c h o o s e o n e h u n d r e d m e n a t r a n d o m o u t

o f a c r o w d w a t c h i n g a b a s e b a l l g a m e a n y w h e r e i n t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s , a n d i f y o u w e r e t o a s k t h e s e o n e h u n d r e d

m e n t h e s i m p l e q u e s t i o n :

" D o y o u w a n t t o c h a n g e o u r f o r m o f g o v e r n m e n t , a n d

have Soci ali sm or Fasci sm or Communi sm?"

P r o b a b l y n i n e t y - n i n e o u t o f t h o s e h u n d r e d m e n w o u l d

answer : " No . " N i n e t y - f i v e p r o b a b l y w o u l d m a k e i t a n

emphatic " NO!"

B u t i f y o u w e r e t o a s k t h o s e s a m e h u n d r e d m e n :

i . " D o y o u t h i n k t h e G o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d t a k e o v e r

t h e r a i l r o a d s ? "

2 . "Do you think the Gover nmen t should ta ke ove r

t h e b a n k i n g b u s i n e s s ? "

3 . " D o y o u t h i n k t h e G o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d f i x w a g e s

a n d t a k e c a r e o f t h e u n e m p l o y e d ? "

A very much l ar ger number -per haps half-would

answer : " Y e s . " T h e y w o u l d n o t r e a l i z e t h a t i f t h e G o v -

e r n m e n t w e r e t o d o t h e s e t h i n g s p e r m a n e n t l y , i t w o u l d

m e a n t h e a d o p t i o n o f o n e o f t h e v e r y " i s m s " t o w h i c h

m o s t o f t h e m h a d e x p r e s s e d t h e i r o p p o s i t i o n .

X0



CHOOSE YOUR ISM NOW I I

I f t h i s i s t r u e - a n d I t h i n k i t i s - i t m e a n s , i n p l a i n

E n g l i s h , t h a t a l a r g e p a r t o f o u r p o p u l a t i o n w a n t s t h e

s u b s t a n c e o f a t h i n g , t h e l a b e l o f w h i c h i t d e n i e s .

M i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e w h o w o u l d d e n y i n d i g n a n t l y t h a t

t h e y w e r e S o c i a l i s t s , o r F a s c i s t s , o r C o m m u n i s t s , w o u l d

v o t e i n f a v o r o f a n y n u m b e r o f a l t e r a t i o n s i n o u r e c o -

n o m i c s y s t e m - a l t e r a t i o n s w h i c h c o u l d o n l y b e m a d e a t

t h e e x p e n s e o f g i v i n g u p t h e b a s i c i d e a s o f d e m o c r a c y

u p o n w h i c h t h i s n a t i o n w a s f o u n d e d , a n d u p o n w h i c h

i t h a s p r o s p e r e d - f o r , i n s p i t e o f r e c e n t m i s f o r t u n e s , w e

have p r o s p e r e d .

I t s e e m s t o m e t h a t t h e r e w e h a v e t h e n u b o f o u r w h o l e

p r e s e n t - d a y p r o b l e m .

A n d n o w , f o r a l i t t l e w h i l e , c a n ' t w e s i t d o w n t o g e t h e r

a n d q u i e t l y d i s c u s s t h i s m a t t e r ? I k n o w , i n t h e c l a m o r

o f v o i c e s , i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o k n o w w h a t t o b e l i e v e ; b u t i t

o u g h t n o t t o b e d i f f i c u l t t o u n d e r s t a n d , i f w e w i l l b e a

l i t t l e l e s s e m o t i o n a l a n d r e a l l y l o o k a t w h a t i s h a p p e n i n g .

P e o p l e m u s t r e a l i z e t h a t t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n t h i n gs t h e y

c a n n o t h a v e u n d e r o u r p r e s e n t s y s t e m o f e c o n o m y a n d

governmen t-and stop c lamor ing for them-or t hey

m u s t d e c i d e t h a t w h a t t h e y w a n t i s a c h a n g e i n f a v o r

o f a d i f f e r e n t s y s t e m , a n a l t o g e t h e r d i f f e r e n t s y s t e m , i n

w h i c h t h e y w o u l d h a v e t o g i v e u p m u c h o f t h e f r e e d o m

o f e f f o r t , o f s p e e c h , o f t h o u g h t , o f e d u c a t i o n , a n d o f f a i t h

w h i c h h a s b e e n t h e i r h e r i t a g e s i n c e t h e d a y s o f t h e

R e v o l u t i o n .

T h a t s e e m s t o m e t h e b a s i c q u e s t i o n w h i c h m u s t b e



i z IT'S UP TO USanswered . I n s t e a d o f a t t e m p t i n g t o a n s w e r i t , w e a r e

a t p r e s e n t a c t i n g i n s o m e r e s p e c t s a s i f w e h a d d e c i d e d

t o a b a n d o n o u r p r e s e n t s y s t e m , w h i l e i n o t h e r r e s p e c t s

w e c o n t i n u e t o a f f i r m o u r d e s i r e t o m a i n t a i n i t . B e f o r e

p o i n t i n g o u t t h e t h i n g s t h a t w e a r e d o i n g t o d a y , w h i c h

s e e m t o m e t o i m p l y a n a b a n d o n m e n t o f t h e e s t a b l i s h e d

o r d e r , l e t m e a t t e m p t t o d e f i n e b r i e f l y w h a t I c o n c e i v e

t h e e s t a b l i s h e d o rd e r t o b e .

O u r p h i l o s o p h y o f g o v e r n m e n t i s b a s e d o n A r i s t o t l e ' s

d e f i n i t i o n o f f r e e d o m , w h i c h w a s m a d e o v e r t w o t h o u -

s a n d y e a r s a g o . "Fr e e d o m," h e s a i d , " i s t o g o v e r n a n d t o

be governed . "

T h e l a t t e r h a l f o f t h e d e f i n i t i o n , " t o be gover ned,"

h a s b e e n n e g l e c t e d i n t h e r e c e n t p a s t ; w e h a v e e r r e d o n

t h e s i d e o f g i v i n g t o o m u c h l i b e r t y t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l .

T h e d a n g e r n o w s e e m s t o b e t h a t w e m a y n e g l e c t t h e

f i r s t h a l f - n a m e l y , " t o g o v e r n . " We have con sider ed

t h a t t h e f r e e d o m o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l m e a n t h i s r i g h t t o

g o v e r n h i m s e l f , a n d h a v e n e g l e c t e d t h e p a r a l l e l n e c e s s i t y

f o r h i s b e i n g g o v e r n e d i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f o t h e r i n d i v i d -

u a l s . N o w , i n o u r r e v u l s i o n f r o m o n e e x t r e m e , w e a r e

f l i r t i n g w i t h a c h a n g e t h a t l a y s s t r e s s u p o n g o v e r n m e n t

p l a n n i n g a n d r e g i m e n t a t i o n t o a n e x t e n t w h e r e t h e i n -

d i v i d u a l w i l l "be governed," b u t w h e r e h e h i m s e l f w i l l

d o p r e c i o u s l i t t l e "g overning . "

O u r p h i l o s o p h y o f e c o n o m i c s s e e m s t o m e t o b e b a s e d

u p o n t h e s a m e p r i n c i p l e o f f r e e d o m a s o u r p h i l o s o p h y

of government : m e n a r e t o b e f r e e t o m a k e c a p i t a l o u t



CHOOSE YOUR ISM NOW1 3

o f w o r k a n d e n t e r p r i s e , w i t h o u t e n c r o a c h i n g u p o n t h e

s i m i l a r r i g h t o f ot h e r s . T h a t i s w h a t a c a p i t a li s t i c s y s t e m

i s . I n s u c h a s y s t e m i t f o l l o w s i n e v i t a b l y t h a t , s t a r t i n g

f r o m s c r a t c h , t h e i n t e l l i g e n t a n d i n d u s t r i o u s w o r k e r

f a r e s b e t t e r t h a n h e w h o i s s t u p i d o r l a z y . I t f o l l o w s i n -

e v i t a b l y t h a t t h e c h i l d o f h a r d w o r k e r s d o e s n o t s t a r t

f r o m s c r a t c h w i t h t h e c h i l d o f l a z y p a r e n t s . I n a l l l i k e -

l i h o o d t h e c h i l d o f h a r d - w o r k i n g a n d i n d u s t r i o u s p a r e n t s

w i l l h a v e a n i n h e r i t e d a d v a n t a g e i n e d u c a t i o n , h e a l t h ,

a n d s p i r i t u a l b a c k g r o u n d . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e m a y b e a n

a c t u a l a c c u m u l a t i o n o f i n h e r i t e d c a p i t a l .

U p t o t h a t p o i n t v e r y f e w p e o p l e f i n d a n y f a u l t w i t h

a c a p i t a l i s t i c s y s t e m .

T h e t r o u b l e b e g i n s w h e n a m a n w h o i s e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y

i n t e l l i g e n t o r e x c e p t i o n a l l y s t r o n g t a k e s a d v a n t a g e o f t h e

r e l a t i v e w e a k n e s s o f o t h e r s t o g i v e h i m s e l f a p o s i t i o n o f

u n d u e p o w e r , a n d e x e r c i s e s t h a t p o w e r f o r h i s o w n s e l f -

i s h e n d s . P e r h a p s y o u w i l l s a y t h a t i f a m a n i s " i n t el l i -

g e n t , " h e w i l l n o t u s e h i s p o w e r f o r h i s o w n s e l f i s h e n d s .

T h a t i s t r u e ; b u t I d o n o t m e a n t h at s o r t o f i n te l l i ge n c e .

I a m s p e a k i n g h e r e m e r e l y o f a m a n w h o i s e q u i p p e d b y

n a t u r e o r e n v i r o n m e n t w i t h a n e x c e p t i o n a l d e g r e e o f

p h y s i c a l o r i n t e l l e c t u a l s t r e n g t h .

T h e t r o u b l e c o n t i n u e s a n d g e t s w o r s e w h e n s u c h a

m a n d i e s a n d l e a v e s h i s p o w e r , i n t h e s h a p e o f a c c u m u -

l a t e d w e a l t h o r p o s i t i o n , t o a s o n w h o h a s n e i t h e r t h e

e x c e p t i o n a l i n t e l l i g e n c e n o r t h e s t r e n g t h t o j u s t i f y h i s

h a v i n g i t , b u t w h o n e v e r t h e l e s s s e e k s t o u s e h i s i n h e r i t e d



14IT'S UP TO US

p o w e r f o r h i s o w n a d v a n t a g e . T h e n w e h a v e a n o b v i o u s

i n j u s t i c e - b u t n o t a d e f e c t i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t i c p h i l o s o p h y .

W e h a v e a d e f e c t i n t h e s y s t e m u s e d t o c a r r y o u t t h e

p h i l o s o p h y . T o m y m i n d , i t i s s i m p l y t h e n e g l e c t o f t h e

s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e d e f i n i t i o n ; s u c h a m a n n e e d s " t o b e

g o v e r n e d " more and " t o g o v e r n " l e s s . . . .

T h e e s s e n c e o f o u r p r e s e n t o r d e r i s t h a t m e n w o r k , o r

t a k e r i s k s , o r g o w i t h o u t t h i n g s t h e y w a n t , i n o r d e r t o

a c q u i r e , i n t h e e n d , s o m e t h i n g m o r e t h a n t h e y h a d b e -

f o r e . T h e t h i n g t h e y s e e k t o a c q u i r e m a y b e p u r e l y m a -

t e r i a l - s u c h a s f o o d f o r t h e m s e l v e s a n d t h e i r f a m i l i e s , a

p a i r o f s h o e s , o r a n e a s y - c h a i r ; i t m a y b e i n t e l l e c t u a l -

s u c h a s a c h a n c e t o a c q u i r e a n e d u c a t i o n o r t o t r a v e l ; i t

m a y b e p s y c h o l o g i c a l - s u c h a s a s e n s e o f a c h i e v e m e n t

t o s a t i s f y t h e c r e a t i v e i m p u l s e ; i t m a y b e a n y o n e o f m a n y

c o m b i n a t i o n s o f m o t i v e a n d d e s i r e ; b u t t h e t h i n g t h a t

m a k e s m e n w o r k i s t h e h o p e o f s a t i s f y i n g t h a t d e s i r e . I t

i s d e s i r e - w h i c h i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y m a t e r i a l - t h a t m a k e s

t h e w h e e l s g o r o u n d i n o u r p r e s e n t o r d e r .

W h e n t h e d e s i r e t o e a t b e c o m e s t h e f e a r o f n o t b e i n g

a b l e t o e a t , w o r k t e n d s t o l o s e i t s v o l u n t a r y q u a l i t y a n d

b e c o m e s t o i l .

T h u s , s o l o n g a s w e h a v e a c a p i t a l i s t i c s y s t e m , a n y t h i n g

t h a t d i m s t h e h o p e o f r e w a r d r e d u c e s t h e w i l l i n g n e s s o f

m e n t o w o r k , r e d u c e s t h e i r w i l l i n g n e s s t o s u f f e r p r i v a -

t i o n , a n d r e d u c e s t h e i r w i l l i n g n e s s t o r u n r i s k s . A n y t h i n g

t h a t a d d s t o t h e h o p e o f r e a s o n a b l e g a i n s t i m u l a t e s e f -

f o r t f u l a c t i v i t y .



CHOOSE YOUR ISM NOW1 5

T h a t s e e m s t o m e t h e b a s i s o f o u r e c o n o m i c o r d e r . I t

f o l l o w s t h a t a n y t h i n g w e d o t o o b s c u r e t h e h o p e o f r e -

w a r d i s a n a c t i o n t e n d i n g t o w a r d s t h e a b a n d o n m e n t o f

o u r p r e s e n t s y s t e m . W e h a v e , i t s e em s t o m e , d o n e s e v e r a l

t h i n g s t h a t w i l l , i f c o n t i n u e d , s p e l l a n a b a n d o n m e n t o f

o u r p r e s e n t o r d e r a n d n e c e s s i t a t e t h e a d o p t i o n o f o n e o f

t h e " i s m s "

i . W e a r e p u r s u i n g a m o n e t a r y p o l i c y w h i c h m a k e s

t h e f u t u r e c h a r a c t e r a n d v a l u e o f m o n e y a m a t t e r o f

c o n j e c t u r e r a t h e r t h a n c e r t a i n t y . We ha ve e mbar ked

u p o n a t h e o r y o f d e p r e c i a t i n g t h e c u r r e n c y i n o r d e r t o

r a i s e p r i c e s , w i t h o u t d e f i n i n g h o w f a r w e a r e p r e p a r e d

t o g o i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n , a n d w i t h o u t a n y c l e a r l y s t a t e d

o b j e c t i v e . O u r G o v e r n m e n t h a s i n d i c a t e d a b e l i e f i n i t s

a b i l i t y t o m a n a g e t h e p r ic e - l e ve l b y m e a n s o f a r b i t r a r i l y

r a i s i n g a n d l o w e r i n g t h e v a l u e o f m o n e y .

When peopl e begin to wonder abo ut mone y, they

w o n d e r a b o u t t h e f u t u r e v a l u e o f w a g e s a n d s a l a r i e s ,

a n d t h e y w o n d e r w h e t h e r i t w i l l b e p o s s i b l e t o m a k e

a n y p r o f i t s . T h a t r e d u c e s t h e i r w i l l i n g n e s s t o w o r k o r

t a k e r i s k s , a n d r e m o v e s o n e o f t h e m a i n i n c e n t i v e s

t o w a r d s s a v i n g .

2 . W e h a v e b e e n s o s h o c k e d b y o u r p a s t e x p e r i e n c e

w i t h t h e i n v e s t m e n t m a r k e t t h a t i n o u r a n x i e t y t o p r e -

v e n t i t s a b u s e w e h a v e p r a c t i c a l l y d e s t r o y e d i t . That

m e a n s t h a t w e h a v e d e s t r o y e d t h e m e c h a n i s m b y w h i c h

i n t h e p a s t s a v i n g s h a v e f o u n d t h e i r w a y i n t o e m p l o y -

m e n t i n s u p p l y i n g t h e c a p i t a l n e e d s o f b u s i n e s s . A s a



1 1 6 IT'S UP TO US

r e s u l t , b u s i n e s s w i l l h a v e t o g o t o t h e G o v e r n m e n t f o r

c a p i t a l , o r e l s e c u t d o w n i t s p r o d u c t i v e a c t i v i t y . I f i t

g o e s t o t h e G o v e r n m e n t f o r c a p i t a l , w e h a v e G o v e r n -

m e n t i n b u s i n e s s , w h i c h i s S t a t e C a p i t a l i s m - o n e o f t h e

" i s m s . " I f b u s i n e s s c u t s d o w n i t s p r o d u c t i v e a c t i v i t y , o u r

s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g w i l l b e r e d u c e d .

3 . W e h a v e b e g u n t o r e g u l a t e i n d u s t r y t o s u c h a n

e x t e n t t h a t i t t a k e s a s o o t h s a y e r t o f o r e c a s t w h e t h e r a

g i v e n i n d u s t r y w i l l b e m a k i n g s u f f i c i e n t p r o f i t s n e x t

y e a r t o p a y w a g e s , l e t a l o n e d i v i d e n d s .

4 . W e h a v e b e g u n t o p r a c t i c e b i r t h - c o n t r o l o n t h e

s o i l - p a y i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c e r s t o p r o d u c e l e s s , n o t

t o p r o d u c e s o m e t h i n g e l s e . I f w e k e e p o n w i t h t h a t

t h e o r y , w e s h a l l e n d u p a l o n g w a y f r o m t h e b a s i c i d e a

o f o u r p r e s e n t o r d e r .

5 . We ar e emba rked upo n a pr ogra m of Gover nmen t

e x p e n d i t u r e w h i c h w i l l i m p o s e a b u r d e n o f t a x a t i o n o n

f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s t h a t c a n o n l y b e c a r r i e d i f G o v e r n -

m e n t e x p e n d i t u r e i s v e r y s o o n s u p p l a n t e d b y p r i v a t e

e x p e n d i t u r e . I f t h e G o v e r n m e n t i s t o b e c o m e t h e o n e

g r e a t e m p l o y e r , w e s h a l l h a v e a b a n d o n e d o u r p r e s e n t

o r d e r . I f t h e G o v e r n m e n t i s n o t t o b e c o m e t h e o n e g r e a t

e m p l o y e r , p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e w il l h a v e t o b e r e b o r n ; a n d

i t s e e m s t o m e t h a t p r i v a te e n t e r p r is e c a n n o t b e r e b o r n i n

a n a t m o s p h e r e o f G o v e r n m e n t r e g u l a t i o n , a n d u p o n a

b a s i s o f G o v e r n m e n t f i n a n c i n g o f c a p i t a l r e q u i r e m e n t s .

6 . W e a r e e d u c a t i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l a n d t h e b a n k e r

a n d t h e f a r m e r a n d t h e b u s i n e s s c o r p o r a t i o n t o t a k e a l l



CHOOSE YOUR ISM NOW 1 1 7

t r o u b l e s t o W a s h i n g t o n a n d l a y t h e m o n t h e l a p o f t h e

G o v e r n m e n t , i n s t e a d o f t r y i n g t o s o l v e t h e m a t h o m e .

T h a t s e e m s t o m e a p h i l o s o p h y b a s e d u p o n a s k i n g t h e

G o v e r n m e n t t o s u p p o r t u s , a s o p p o s e d t o t h e p h i l o s o p h y

o f o u r s u p p o r t i n g s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t .

T h e s e , I b e l i e v e , a r e s o m e o f t h e t h i n g s w e a r e d o i n g

i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f a n e w " i s m , " w i t h o u t e v e r h a v i n g

f a c e d t h e b a s i c q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r w e r e a l l y d e s i r e t o

a b a n d o n t h e s y s t e m f o u n d e d b y o u r f o r e f a t h e r s , i n o r d e r

t o t r y a n e w e x p e r i m e n t .

I t i s p e r f e c tl y t r u e t h at t h e s y s t e m b y w h i c h w e s ou g h t

t o c a r r y o u t o u r t r a d i t i o n a l p h i l o s o p h y i s i n n e e d o f

o v e r h a u l i n g ; b u t i t d o e s n o t f ol l o w t h a t o ur b a s i c p h i l os -

ophy must be change d .

T o m e e t a b u s e o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t i c p h i l o s o p h y , w e h a v e ,

a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , g r a d u a t e d i n c o m e - t a x e s , c o l l e c t i v e

b a r g a i n i n g f o r l a b o r , a n d l a w s a g a i n s t " c o m b i n a t i o n s

i n r e s t r a i n t o f t r a d e . " N o n e o f t h e s e d e v i c e s i s p e r f e c t .

O u r t a x l a w s a r e p a r t i a l l y i n e f f e c t i v e - l a r g e l y b e c a u s e

o f t a x - e x e m p t s e c u r i t i e s ; o u r c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g i s

p a r t i a l l y i n e f f e c t i v e - l a r g e l y b e c a u s e n e i t h e r e m p l o y e r s

n o r l a b o r l e a d e r s h a v e l e a r n e d t h a t i n t h e l o n g r u n a

p o l i c y o f f a i r n e s s i s t h e o n l y p o l i c y t h a t p a y s , i n w a g e s

o r d i v i d e n d s ; o u r a n t i - t r u s t l a w s a r e p a r t i a ll y i n e f f e ct i v e

- l a r g e l y b e c a u s e t h e y a r e t o o l i t e r a l , a n d s t a n d i n t h e

w a y o f g o o d a s w e l l a s b a d " c o m b i n a t i o n s . "

I n f a c t , a l l o u r l a w s a r e t o o l i t e r a l , a n d a r e t a k e n t o o

l i t e r a l l y . A s a n a t i o n w e a r e a m a z i n g l y s k i l f u l a t c i r c u m



1 8 IT'S UP TO US

v e n t i n g t h e s p i r i t o f o u r o w n r u l e s w h i l e o b e y i n g t h e

l e t t e r o f t h e m . A n d o u r c o u r t s h a v e f o s t e r e d t h i s n a t i o n a l

h a b i t . W e g o o n t h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t a n y t h i n g n o t e x -

p r e s s l y p r o h i b i t e d i s r i g h t , w i t h o u t s t o p p i n g t o c o n s i d e r

w h e t h e r w e m e a n " r i g h t " f o r o t h e r s t o d o t o u s , o r o n l y

" r i g h t " f o r u s t o d o t o o t h e r s . I n t h a t r e s p e c t w e a r e a

v e r y y o u n g n a t i o n .

W e a r e v e r y y o u n g a l s o i n a n o t h e r r e s p e c t . I f w e p i n c h

o u r f i n g e r s i n a d o o r , w e f l y i n t o a r a g e - n o t a t o u r s e l v e s ,

b u t a t t h e d o o r , an d t h e n h u r t o ur t o e s h o r r ib l y i n t r y i n g

t o k i c k d o w n t h e d o o r . S u c h a f e e l i n g i s , o f c o u r s e , p e r -

f e c t l y n a t u r a l a n d h u m a n , b u t i t i s c h i l d i s h . T h e u n -

f o r t u n a t e t h i n g a b o u t s u c h c h i l d i s h f e e l i n g s i s t h a t t h e y

c o n s t i t u t e t h e e a s i e s t e m o t i o n s u p o n w h i c h a d e m a g o g u e

c a n p l a y . A n d w e h a v e o u r s h a r e o f d e m a g o g u e s .

I n o u r p r e s e n t s t a t e o f c i v i l i z a t i o n f e w m e n p r o d u c e

d i r e c t l y t h e t h i n g s t h e y w a n t . M o s t o f u s c a n o n l y a t t a i n

o u r d e s i r e s b y e x c h a n g i n g o u r w o r k f o r t h e w o r k o f

o t h e r s . W e a r e a l l m o r e o r l e s s s p e c i a l i z e d p r o d u c e r s;

a n d w h a t w e t r y t o d o i s t o p r o d u c e s o m e t h i n g w h i c h

a l o t o f o t h e r p e o p l e w a n t , b e c a u s e t h e n w e s h a l l h a v e

n o d i f f i c u l t y i n d i s p o s i n g o f o u r p r o d u c t .

T h e m o r e h u m a n b e i n g s a r e a b l e t o p r o d u c e f o r e a c h

o t h e r t h e t h i n g s t h e y d e s i r e , t h e m o r e a l l m e n i n t h e

a g g r eg a t e a r e a b l e t o s a ti s f y t h e i r d es i r e s . I n o t h e r w o r d s ,

t h e m o r e p r o d u c t i v e a c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e s , t h e h i g h e r w i l l

b e t h e g e n e r a l s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g - u n l e s s s o m e t h i n g

goes wrong .



CHOOSE YOUR ISM NOW 19

W h a t u s u a l l y g o e s w r o n g i s a w a r , w h i c h c o m p l e t e l y

throws out of bala nce t he mechanism of demand a nd

s u p p l y . A w a r s t i m u l a t e s o v e r p r o d u c t i o n o f s o m e t h i n g s ,

k i l l s t h e d e m a n d f o r o t h e r s , c h a n g e s t h e c h a n n e l s o f

t r a d e , a n d c h a n g e s t h e o c c u p a t i o n s a n d d e s i r e s o f p e o -

p l e . W o r k m e n b e c o m e s o l d i e r s ; w o m e n t a k e t h e p l a c e s

o f m e n a t f a c t o r y b e n c h e s ; a n d t h e w h o l e m a c h i n e r y o f

p r o d u c t i o n i s c h a n g e d t o m e e t t h e e m e r g e n c y o f n a t i o n a l

d e f e n s e .

T h e r e s u l t o f w a r i s u n t o l d d e s t r u c t i o n o f p r o p e r t y ,

a n d a t t h e e n d t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r a g a i n r e a d j u s t i n g o u r

l i v e s , d e s i r e s , a n d o c c u p a t i o n s t o p e a c e . I t i s i n e v i ta b l e

t h a t f o r a t i m e t h e r e w i ll b e t o o m u c h p r o d u c t i on o f s o m e

t h i n g s a n d t o o l i t t l e o f o t h e r s ; t h a t m e a n s a d i s l o c a t e d

p r i c e - l e v e l , a d i s l o c a t e d w a g e - l e v e l , a n d g e n e r a l u n c e r -

t a i n t y w h e t h e r t h e r e w i l l b e a n y r e a s o n a b l e r e w a r d f o r

w o r k .

W h e n t h a t h a p p e n s , p e o p l e b e g i n t o t a l k a b o u t t h e

" b r e a k d o w n o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t i c s y s t e m . " T h a t i s t a l k i n g

l o o s e l y .

W h a t a c t u a l l y h a s h a p p e n e d - i t h a s h a p p e n e d t o u s

a s w e l l a s t o t h e r e s t o f t h e w o r l d s i n c e t h e r e c e n t w a r -

i s t h a t t h e s t a b i l i z e r o f t h e c a p i t a l i s t i c s y s t e m h a s g o t

s t u c k. The mechani sm of deman d an d supply, as e x-

p r e s s e d i n p r i c e s a n d t h e i r e f f e c t u p o n p r o d u c t i o n , h a s

broken down . N o r m a l l y , w h e n p r i c e s o f c e r t a i n t h i n g s

f a l l , p r o d u c t i o n o f t h o s e t h i n g s i s c u t d o w n a u t o m a t i -

c a l l y . A f t e r a g r e a t u p h e a v a l t h i s n o r m a l p r o c e s s i s i n t e r -





CHOOSE YOUR ISM NOW 21

t h i n g s a t a l o s s , w e g o b a n k r u p t - a n d a r e u n a b l e t o

make an y of them . T h a t i s w h e r e w e g e t i n t o t r o u b l e .

I n o r d e r t o m a k e o u r d e m a n d - a n d - s u p p l y m e c h a n i s m

a g a i n m o r e s e n s i t i v e t o p r i c e - c h a n g e s , i t i s p e r f e c t l y t r u e

t h a t w e n e e d m o r e i n t e l l i g e n t p l a n n i n g a p p l i e d t o o u r

e c o n o m i c o r d e r ; b u t i t d o e s n o t f o l l o w t h a t s u c h p l a n -

n i n g m u s t b e d o n e b y a c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t a l a u t h o r i t y ,

o r t h a t i t c a n n o t b e d o n e b y t h e i n d i v i d u a l e l e m e n t s t h a t

compose the economic community .

S o f a r a s I k n o w , w e h a v e n o t r e a c h e d a n y d e c i s i o n t o

a b a n d o n t h e c a p i t a l i s t i c s y s t e m . N e v e r t h e l e s s , a s I h a v e

p o i n t e d o u t , w e a r e a c t i n g i n m a n y r e s p e c t s a s i f w e h a d

r e a c h e d s u c h a d e c i s i o n . S u c h t h i n g s w e m u s t s t o p d o i n g

i f w e d o n o t w i s h t o g o i n f o r s o m e f o r m o f p l a n n e d

e c o n o m y , w h e t h e r i t b e C o m m u n i s m , o r S o c i a l i s m , o r

F a s c i s m .

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i f w e a r e g o i n g i n f o r a n e w o r d e r

- a n o r d e r i n w h i c h t h e G o v e r n m e n t i s t o d o t h e t h i n k -

i n g , a n d t h e p l a n n i n g , a n d t h e p a y i n g - t w o t h i n g s s e e m

t o m e t o b e w o r t h y o f s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n :

i . I t i s r e l a t i v e l y e a s y t o g i v e a g o v e r n m e n t o m n i p o -

t e n c e . I k n o w o f n o w a y t o g i v e i t t h e o m n i s c i e n c e i t

w o u l d r e q u i r e t o m a k e s u c h o m n i p o t e n c e o f a n y v a l u e -

e s p e c i a l l y i f i t i s a g o v e r n m e n t t h a t m u s t s u b m i t i t s e l f

o n c e e v e r y f e w y e a r s t o p o p u l a r e l e c t i o n . A g o v e r n m e n t

w h i c h d e p e n d s f o r i t s e x i s t e n c e u p o n p o p u l a r i t y c a n n o t ,

t o m y m i n d , b e e x p e c t e d t o p u r s u e t h e c l e a r , s t r a i g h t

r o a d o f e c o n o m i c p l a n n i n g t h a t a n y o f t h e " i s m s " d e -



22 IT'S UP TO US

m a n d . I t s e e m s t o m e i n e v i t ab l e t h a t if w e a r e t o a b a n d o n

o u r e c o n o m i c o r d e r , w e m u s t b e p r e p a r e d t o a b a n d o n

our present form of government . O t h e r w i s e w e s h a l l

h a v e a " p l a n n e d e c o n o m y , " t h e p l a n o f w h i c h c h a n g e s

w h e n e v e r a p o p u l a r e l e c t i o n a p p r o a c h e s .

2 . I f t h e G o v e r n m e n t i s t o d o t h e s p e n d i n g , t h e r e i s

o n l y o n e w a y f o r i t t o g e t t h e m o n e y - b y t a x i n g t h e p e o -

p l e . P e o p l e c a n p a y n o t a x e s i f t h e y h a v e n o i n c o m e s .

I f t h e h o p e o f r e w a r d f o r w o r k o r e n t e r p r i s e i s t o b e

r e m o v e d a s a n i n c e n t i v e , s o m e t h i n g e l s e w i l l h a v e t o

t a k e i t s p l a c e , o r w e s h a l l a l l b e r e d u c e d t o a d e a d l e v e l

of common slavery . T h a t " s o m e t h i n g e l s e " c o u l d be a

c o m m o n w i l l f o r m u t u a l s e r v i c e w i t h o u t r e w a r d o t h e r

t h a n t h e g r e a t e s t g o o d f o r t h e g r e a t e s t n u m b e r .

B u t a r e w e r e a d y f o r t h a t ?

I f w e a r e , w e l l a n d g o o d . L e t u s t h e n a t l e a s t s e e o u r

o b j e c t i v e a n d s t r iv e f o r i t .

I f w e a r e n o t r e a d y f o r i t , t h e n l e t u s s t o p w r e c k i n g

w h a t i s l e f t o f t h e o l d o r d e r , a n d r e b u i l d a s b e s t w e c a n.

L e t u s f a c e f a c t s a n d n o t w a s t e t i m e w i t h d r e a m s .

L e t u s s e e i f w e c a n n o t " b e g o v e r n ed " w i t h o u t f o r -

g e t t i n g h o w " t o g o v e r n " o u r s e l v e s - w i t h o u t l y i n g d o w n

a n d a s k i n g t h e G o v e r n m e n t , e l e c t e d b y u s f r o m a m o n g

o u r o w n n u m b e r , t o a c c o m p l i s h f e a t s o f l e g e r d e m a i n

t h a t n o t o n e o f u s t h i n k s h e c a n p e r f o r m h i m s e l f .

L e t u s c h o o s e o u r " i s m " a n d s t i c k t o i t !



CHAPTER II I

S e n a t o r P i t t m a n A n s w e r s

I f I w e r e t r y i n g t o m a k e a r e p u t a t i o n a s a n a u t h o r , I

s h o u l d c e r t a i n l y h e s i t a t e t o i n c l u d e i n t h i s b o o k t w o

a r t i c l e s t h a t h a d b e e n p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d i n a m a g a -

z i n e . F o r o n e t h i n g , i t l o o k s l i k e a l a z y m a n ' s d e v i c e ,

a n d , f o r a n o t h e r , i t d i s t u r b s s o m e w h a t t h e u n i t y o f a

b o o k . B u t I a m n o t a t t e m p t i n g t o e s t a b l i s h a l i t e r a r y

r e p u t a t i o n . M y e f f o r t s m a y q u i t e p r o p e r l y b e c l a s s i f i e d

a s p a m p h l e t e e r i n g , f o r I a m c o n c e r n e d w i t h o n l y o n e

t h i n g ; n a m e l y , t o d r i v e h o m e a m e s s a g e . F o r t h i s r e a s o n

I s h a l l n o t h e s i t a te t o l a y m y s e l f o p e n t o c r i t i ci s m a l o n g

t h e l i n e s o f l i t e r a r y t r a d i t i o n .

T h e a r t i c l e " C h o o s e Y o u r I s m Now," whic h I have

j u s t r e p r o d u c e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n g c h a p t e r , w a s a n s w e r e d

i n t h e s u c c e e d i n g i s s u e o f t h e s a m e m a g a z i n e ; i t i s t h e

o r i g i n o f t h i s a n s w e r , j u s t a s m u c h a s i t s s u b s t a n c e , w h i c h

l e a d s m e t o i n c l u d e i t h e r e . L e t m e t e l l y o u a l i tt l e a b o u t

i t s o r i g i n .

H a r d l y h a d I t u r n e d i n t h e m a n u s c r i p t o f " C h o o s e

Y o u r I s m N o w , " w h e n t h e e n t e r p r i s i n g e d i t o r o f t h e

R e d b o o k i n f o r m e d m e t h a t h e h a d s e n t i t d o w n t o t h e

P r e s i d e n t ' s S e c r e t a r y , M r . Louis McHen ry Howe, alo ng

2 3



2 4 IT'S UP TO US

w i t h t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t p e r h a p s M r . H o w e w o u l d l i k e

t o a n s w e r i t .

A w e e k o r s o l a t e r M r . B a l m e r w e n t t o W a s h i n g t o n ,

a n d s h o r t l y a f t e r t h a t h e s e n t m e t h e m a n u s c r i p t o f a n

a r t i c l e b y S e n a t o r K e y P i t t m a n , w h i c h a p p e a r e d u n d e r

t h e c a p t i o n : " T h e G o l d e n R u l e I s A m e r i c a ' s I s m . "

W e r e I a r e a l p a m p h l e t e e r a t h e a r t , I s u p p o s e I s h o u l d

q u o t e f r o m t h i s a r t i c l e o n l y s u c h p a s s a g e s a s b e s t s u i t e d

m y p u r p o s e , b u t I t h i n k i t i s f a i r e r t o p r i n t i t i n fu l l , a n d

l e t t h e r e a d e r d r a w h i s o r h e r o w n c o n c l u s i o n s .

Y o u w i l l n o t e t h a t c e r t a i n p a s s a g e s a r e i t a l i c i z e d .

T h e s e u n d e r l i n i n g s a r e m i n e - n o t t h e S e n a t o r ' s . T h e y

s e r v e a p u r p o s e t h a t w i l l b e c o m e e v i d e n t a t t h e e n d o f

t h i s c h a p t e r .

THE GOLDEN RULE IS AMERICA'S ISMBY SENATOR KEY PITTMAN(Redboo k, August 1934)

I f I w e r e t o g o t o t h e s a m e b a l l - g a m e t h a t M r . W a r -

b u r g s p e a k s o f i n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o h i s a r t i c l e w h i c h

a p p e a r e d i n t h e l a s t i s s u e o f R e d b o o k , a n d c h o o s e o n e

hundred men of the crowd at random, and ask these

o n e h u n d r e d m e n t h e s i m p l e q u e s t i o n ,

" D o y o u w a n t t o c h a n g e o u r f o r m o f g o v e r n m e n t a n d

have Soci ali sm or Fasci sm or Communi sm?"

I n m y o p i n i o n , t h e h u n d r e d m e n w o u l d t u r n b a c k t o

w a t c h t h e b a l l - g a m e , s a y i n g :

" W h a t d o t h e s e t h e o r e t i c a l q u e s t i o n s h a v e t o d o w i t h



SENATOR PITTMAN ANSWERS2 5

t h e p r a c t i c a l m a t t e r s t h a t a f f e c t o u r d a i l y l i v e s ? A s k u s

s o m e t h i n g r e a l l y i m p o r t a n t . "

T h e n , a f t e r w a t c h i n g t h e g a m e a w h i l e i n t h e i r f a s h i o n ,

p r o b a b l y n i n e t y - f i v e w o u l d t u r n a r o u n d a n d s a y :

" I f b y t h e s e q u e s t i o n s y o u m e a n t h a t w e a r e d o c t r i n a i r e

a n d w a n t t o g o t o t h e e x t r e m e o f a n y o n e o f t h e s e i d e a s ,

t h e w a y t h a t s o m e g o v e r n m e n t s h a v e d o n e , o u r a n s w e r

i s n o . B u t i f y o u m e a n t h a t b y c a l l i n g a t h i n g S o c i a l i s m

or Fasci sm or Communi sm you are go ing to sc are us

a w a y f r o m p r a c t i c a l a n d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s i n o u r e x -

i s t i n g s y s t e m , o u r a n s w e r i s t h a t w h e n p u t t i n g s u c h a

q u e s t i o n t o u s , y o u a r e t r y i n g t o c o n f u s e t h e i s s u e . Wes u s p e c t y o u d o n o t w a n t u s t o c o m e t o g r i p s a s i n d i v i d u a l s

w i t h t h e t h i n g s t h a t w i l l b e t t e r o u r s e l v e s ; y o u w a n t u s

t o s u r r e n d e r t o y o u , o r t o s o m e o n e e l s e l i k e y o u , t h e

p r o b l e m o f d e c i d i n g s p e c i f i c q u e s t i o n s a n d s p e c i f i c

h u m a n n e e d s , i n s t e a d o f h a v i n g u s d o i t i n o u r o w n

d e m o c r a t i c w a y . "

B u t i f , f o l l o w i n g M r . W a r b u r g ' s d i a l e c t i c m e t h o d , I

s h o u l d r e t u r n t o t h e s e o n e h u n d r e d m e n a n d a s k t h e m

t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s , t h e y w o u l d p r o b a b l y i n e a c h

c a s e a n s w e r i n t e r m s o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s a n d n e c e s s i t i e s

t h a t t h e i r k n o w l e d g e o f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l s i t u a t i o n j u s t i -

f i e s . I m a y a d d , w i t h o u t a t t e m p t i n g t o d i s p a r a g e M r .

W a r b u r g , t h a t I a m e n o u g h o f a n o l d - f a s h i o n e d D e m o -

c r a t t o b e l i e v e t h a t I w o u l d g e t m o r e w i s d o m f r o m t h e i r

answers than I would fro m a hundred men like Mr .

W a r b u r g , w h o , g r e a t i n t e c h n i c a l k n o w l e d g e , a r e s o



2. 6 IT'S UP TO US

w e d d e d t o t h e h a r d d o gm a t i c a n d s e l f i s h t h e o r y i n w h i c h

t h e i r t r a i n i n g h a s n u r t u r e d t h e m , t h a t t h e i r m i n d s t u r n

t o c o n f u s i n g a n d d e c e p t i v e t h e o r i e s r a t h e r t h a n t o s p e c i f i c

w r o n g s a n d s p e c i f i c r e m e d i e s .

I b e l i e v e t h a t o u r c i t i z e n s a r e o u r go v e r n m e n t , a n d t h a t

o f f i c e r s a r e b u t t h e i r a g e n t s . I h o l d t h a t s o u n d c o n t r o l

o v e r t h e i s s u e , c i r c u l a t i o n a n d s a f e g u a r d i n g o f m o n e y i s

a g o v e r n m e n t f u n c t i o n , a n d i s e s s e n t i a l t o t h e e x i s t e n c e

of democracy . I f b a n k e r s , t h r o u g h p r i v a t e i n i t i a t i v e a s

a n a g e n c y t o a i d i n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f s u c h f u n c t i o n s ,

u t t e r l y f a i l e d t o s a t i s f y t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s , a s t h e y h a v e ,

a n d a d m i t t e d l y s o i n t h e r e c e n t p a s t , a n d c o n t i n u e d

i m p o t e n t , t h e n t h e G o v e r n m e n t w o u l d b e c o m p e l l e d t o

t a k e o v e r i n t o t o t h e f u n c t i o n s o f b a n k i n g , a n d s u c h a n

a c t w o u l d n o t b e d e s t r u c t i v e t o o u r f o r m o f g o v e r n m e n t ,

b u t o n t h e c o n t r a r y w o u l d b e a n a c t o f p r e s e r v a t i o n .

I n s h o r t , I a m a b e l i e v e r i n t h e w i s d o m o f t h e a v e r a ge

m a n , b e c a u s e I a m a b e l i e v e r i n f u n d a m e n t a l o l d - f a s h -

i o n e d A m e r i c a n d o c t r i n e . I w o u l d l i k e , t h e r e f o r e , t o p u t

t o t h e h u n d r e d m e n t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s , a n d i n d i -

c a t e w h a t , i n m y j u d g m e n t , t h e i r a n s w e r s w o u l d b e .

W h e n t h e y h a v e a n s w e r e d t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s , I

w o u l d t h e n p o i n t o u t t o t h e m a n d t o M r . W a r b u r g c e r -

t a i n e s s e n t i a l f a c t s w h i c h d i s t i n g u i s h t h e c o u n t r y w h i c h

t h e s e q u e s t i o n s a n d a n s w e r s w o u l d d e s c r i b e . A t t h e v e r y

e n d , i t w o u l d n o t b e n e c e s s a r y f o r m e t o d i s c u s s w i t h

t h e m f u r t h e r t h e b u g a b o o s r a i s e d b y M r . W a r b u r g , b e -



SENATOR PITTMAN ANSWERS 27

c a u s e t h e e n t i r e r e a l i t y o f t h e s e b u g a b o o s w o u l d b e

d i s s i p a t e d i n t h e c l e a r a i r o f c o m m o n s e n s e .

S o l e t u s b e o n o u r w a y , a n d d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e

o n e h u n d r e d m e n h a v e p a i d t h e i r m o n e y t o s e e a b a l l -

g a m e , s e t t h e m t h e t a s k o f t h i n k i n g a l i t t l e a b o u t s o m e

t h i n gs t h a t h a v e a f f e c t e d t h ei r a b i l i t y t o g o t o b a l l - ga m e s

a t a l l .

M y q u e s t i o n s w o u l d b e :

i . " I f c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e r a i l r o a d b u s i n e s s , a n d i n

f i n a n c e a n d b u s i n e s s g e n e r a l l y , h a v e b r o u g h t t h e r a i l r o a d s

t o a p o i n t w h e r e t h e r e w a s g r a v e d a n g e r o f t h e i r b e c o m -

i n g b a n k r u p t ; a n d i f t h e o w n e r s a n d m a n a g e r s o f t h e s e

r a i l r o a d s w e r e t o c o m e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e U n i t e d

S t a t e s a n d s a y t h a t t h e y h a d f o u n d i t i m p o s s i b l e b y

p r i v a t e a c t i o n t o e f f e c t t h e e c o n o m i e s t h a t t h e y n e e d e d ,

a n d t h e y w e r e u n a b l e t o b o r r o w m o n e y t o m e e t t h e i r

d e b t c h a r g e s a n d t h e i r d e f i c i t s ; a n d i f t h e y a s k e d t h e

P r e s i d e n t t o l e n d t h e m m o n e y o u t o f t h e g r e a t c r e d i t

o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , a n d a l s o t o g i v e t h e m t h e m a c h i n e r y

n e c e s s a r y t o e f f e c t t h e i r e c o n o m i c s - w h a t w o u l d y o u , a s

a c i t i z e n , w a n t t h e P r e s i d e n t t o d o ? "

T h e c i t i z e n s w o u l d a n s w e r , I b e l i e v e , t h a t t r a n s p o r t a -

t i o n i s a n e s s e n t i a l o f c o m m e r c e ; t h a t t h e f r e e , e x p e d i -

tious and economic flow of commerce is absolutely

n e c e s s a r y t o t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f t h e h i g h e s t s t a n d a r d o f

d e v e l o p m e n t a n d p r o s p e r i t y e s t a b l i s h e d b y o u r c i t i z e n s ;

t h a t r a i l r o a d s a r e t h e r e f o r e p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s , a n d i f t h e y





SENATOR PITTMAN ANSWERS 29m e n i n t h e f i e l d o f b a n k i n g c a m e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t a n d

s a i d t h a t t h e y f e l t h e o u g h t t o e x e r c i s e p o w e r t o c l o s e

t h e m a l l , i n o r d e r t o p r o t e c t t h e s a v i n g s o f t h e p e o p l e

w h i l e t h e r e w a s w o r k e d o u t a s i n g l e c o m p r e h e n s i v e p l a n

f o r a l l b a n k s i n t h e c o u n t r y - w h a t s h o u l d t h e P r e s i d e n t

d o ? S h o u l d h e p e r c h a n c e t e l l t h e s e p e o p l e t h a t i t i s w r o n g

f o r t h e p u b l i c t o c o m e t o W a s h i n g t o n e v e r y t i m e t h e y

a r e i n t r o u b l e , t h a t t h e y o u g h t t o g o h o m e a n d w o r k o u t

t h e i r o w n s a l v a t i o n , t h a t t h e t h i n g s t h e y a r e a s k i n g f o r

a r e a l t o g e t h e r t o o g r e a t a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e p o w e r o f t h e

f e d e r a l e x e c u t i v e , a n d t h a t s u c h a n e x t e n s i o n w o u l d n o t

b e a p p r o v e d b y t h e b a n k e r s o f t h i s c o u n t r y ? "

I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e c i t i z e n s w o u l d a n s w e r t h a t n o r e a l

A m e r i c a n v e s t e d w i t h a u t h o r i t y i s i n t h e h a b i t o f a v o i d -

i n g t h a t a u t h o r i t y b y a n y c o w a r d l y p a s s i n g o f t h e b u c k

i n t h e n a m e o f s o m e t h e o r e t i c o b j e c t i v e . T h e P r e s i d e n t

w o u l d h a v e s a i d : " I a m a p r a c t i c a l m a n . I b e l i e v e t h e

p e o p l e t r u s t m e , a n d I a m g o i n g t o d o w h a t s e e m s t o b e

w i s e , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n a s m u c h a s t h e b a n k e r s t h e m s e l v e s

a n d t h e p e o p l e s e e m t o h a v e a g r e e d t h a t I a m t h e o n l y

a u t h o r i t y i n t h e c o u n t r y a b l e t o s o l v e t h i s p r o b l e m . " I

b e l i e v e t h e o n e h u n d r e d c i t i z e n s w o u l d s a y t h a t j u d g i n g

b y w h a t t h e y s a w h a p p e n i n t h e p a s t y e a r s , a p r e t t y

s e n s i b l e c o u r s e w a s f o l l o w e d , a n d t h a t t h e y c e r t a i n l y f e l t

t h a t t h e a c t i o n s t a k e n s a v e d s e r i o u s p u b l i c d i s o r d e r s ,

p e r h a p s a r e v o l u t i o n , a n d t h a t t h e t e s t t h a t h e m a d e

s h o w e d w h a t a d e m o c r a t i c c o u n t r y c o u l d d o i n a n e m e r -

gency .



30 IT'S UP TO US

3. "If the busine ss of agr icult ure t hroughout t he

c o u n t r y h a d b e c o m e s o d e p r e s s e d b e c a u s e o f l o w p r i c e s

t h a t t h e f a r m e r w a s r e d u c e d t o a s t a t e o f p o v e r t y a n d

n e e d s u c h a s t h e c o u n t r y h a d n e v e r s e e n b e f o r e ; a n d i f

t h e l e a d e r s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l s o c i e t i e s a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n s ,

the Senat ors and Represe ntat ives elec ted by farmin g

c o m m u n i t i e s , a n d o t h e r e x p e r t s , h a d m a d e i t c l e a r t h a t

t h e d e p r e s s i o n o f p r i c e s w a s c a u s e d b y t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f

m o r e a g r i c u l t u r a l c o m m o d i t i e s t h a n c o u l d b e c o n s u m e d

a n d e x p o r t e d , a n d t h a t a m e t h o d h a d b e e n f i n a l l y a g r e e d

u p o n a m o n g f a r m l e a d e r s t o r e d u c e t h i s s u r p l u s ; a n d i f

t h e y h a d a s k e d t h e P r e s i d e n t f o r a t r i a l o f t h i s p l a n ,

w h a t s h o u l d t h e P r e s i d e n t d o ? "

I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e a n s w e r w o u l d b e t h a t a p e o p l e ' s

P r e s i d e n t w o u l d g i v e t h i s p l a n a c h a n c e . He would n ot

condemn it out of hand . H e w o u l d g i v e i t a f a i r t r i a l ;

a n d i f i t d i d n o t w o r k , h e w o u l d c o m e b a c k a n d t e l l t h e

p e o p l e , a n d t h e y w o u l d t r y a n o t h e r p l a n , a l w a y s a g r e e -

i n g t h a t w h a t t h e y w a n t t o d o i s t o r a i s e t h e p r i c e s o f

farm products . I b e l i e v e f u r t h e r t h a t t h e o n e h u n d r e d

c i t i z e n s w o u l d s a y t h a t a s t h e y u n d e r s t o o d i t , t h e P r e s i -

d e n t h a d d o n e j u s t t h a t , a n d t h a t t h e y w e r e c o n f i d e n t

t h a t o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e c o m m o n s e n s e h e h a d s h o w n i n

m e e t i n g t h e s i t u a t i o n w i t h o u t e v a d i n g i t , h e w o u l d u s e

the same common sense in continuing t o work toward

t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m .

4 . " I f i t b e c a m e a p p a r e n t t h a t u n e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e

i n d u s t r i e s o f t h e c o u n t r y m i g h t b e c o m e s o s e r i o u s a s t o



SENATOR PITTMAN ANSWERS 31

t h r e a t e n t o s t r a i n t h e r e s o u r c e s o f t h e c o u n t r y i n e x t e n d -

i n g d i r e c t r e l i e f , a n d i f t h e r e a p p e a r e d t o b e a p r o c e s s ,

b y a w i s e s y s t e m o f c o - o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n b u s i n e s s a n d

g o v e r n m e n t , b y w h i c h c e r t a i n o f t h e r i g o r s o f t h e a n t i -

t r u s t l a w s m i g h t b e s u s p e n d e d , p r o v i d e d i n d u s t r y w o u l d

w o r k t o g e t h e r t o s e c u r e e m p l o y m e n t a n d t o e l i m i n a t e

t h e w a s t e s a t t e n d a n t u p o n u n r e s t r i c t e d c o m p e t i t i o n ,

w h a t , i n y o u r o p i n i o n , s h o u l d t h e P r e s i d e n t d o ? "

I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e c i t i z e n s w o u l d a n s w e r , a s I t h i n kMr. W a r b u r g w o u l d h a v e a n s w e r e d a t t h e t i m e , t h a t

w i t h d u e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f a l l t h e i n t e r e s t s i n v o l v e d , b u s i -

n e s s w o u l d b e h e l p e d i n t h e w o r k i n g o u t o f s u c h a p l a n .

I b e l i e v e t h e a n s w e r w o u l d b e t h a t , c o n s i d e r i n g t h e

o r i g i n s a n d s u p p o r t t h a t t h e N . R . A . h a d , a n d c o n s i d e r i n g

t h e d i s p o s i t i o n o n t h e p a r t o f m o s t o f t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s

t h a t h a v e p r o f i t e d b y i t a n d w a n t t o r e t a i n t h e i r c o d e s ,

a n d c o n s i d e r i n g t h e d i s p o s i t i o n o f l a b o r t o r e c o g n i z e

t h a t t h e y h a v e g a i n e d c e r t a i n r i g h t s f o r w h i c h t h e y h a v e

f o u g h t f o r m a n y y e a r s , a n d c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t g r e a t s o c i a l

o b j e c t i v e s s u c h a s t h e a b o l i t i o n o f c hi l d l a b o r h a v e b e e n

a t t a i n e d - t h e c i t i z e n s w o u l d s a y t h a t t h o s e b u s i n e s s m e n

a n d o t h e r s w h o a s k e d t h e P r e s i d e n t t o e s t a b l i s h s u c h a

m e t h o d o f c o - o p e r a t i o n w e r e w i s e , a n d t h e P r e s i d e n t w i s e

i n l i s t e n i n g t o t h e m .

5 . " D o y o u a s a v e r a g e c i t i z e n s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s

f e e l t h a t b e c a u s e o f t he m o n e t a r y p o l i c i e s o f t h e P r e s i -

d e n t , y o u h a v e b e e n d e p r i v e d o f o n e o f t h e m a i n i n c e n -

t i v e s t o w a r d s a v i n g ? I f s o , h o w d o y o u e x p l a i n t h e



32IT'S UP TO US

t r e m e n d o u s i n t e r e s t w h i c h y o u h a v e m a n i f e s t e d i n y o u r

l i f e - i n s u r a n c e p o l i c i e s i n t h e l a s t f e w m o n t h s ? W h y h a v e

y o u b e e n p u t t i n g m o r e m o n e y i n t o s a v i n g s - b a n k s ? W h y

h a v e y o u b e e n s o w i l l i n g t o g o b a c k t o w o r k w h e n w o r k

h a s b e e n o f f e r e d t o y o u ? D o y o u s e e a n y t h i n g w r o n g

w i t h t h e p o l i c y o f t h e P r e s i d e n t i n g o i n g o f f t h e g o l d

s t a n d a r d w h e n t h a t a c t b e c a m e n e c e s s a r y , a n d o f a t -

t e m p t i n g t o r e s t o r e p r i c e s t h r o u g h a m a n a g e d c u r r e n c y ? "

I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e a n s w e r o f t h e s e a v e r a g e c i t i z e n s

w o u l d b e t h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t , o n t h e b a s i s o f h i s r e c o r d ,

c a n b e t r u s t e d t o a v o i d t h e d a n g e r s o f i n f l a t i o n . T h i s

r e c o r d h a s b e e n a s t o u t r e s i s t a n c e t o u n w i s e i n f l a t i o n a r y

m e t h o d s , a n d a w i l l i n g n e s s t o r e c o g n i z e t h e n e e d o f

c u r i n g t h e i n j u s t i c e s o c c a s i o n e d b y a r a p i d d e f l a t i o n i n

t h e c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n c y a n d c r e d i t o f t h e c o u n t r y , b y

d e f i n i t e m e t h o d s t o c h e c k t h e d e f l a t i o n a n d r e s t o r e

m o n e t a r y c o n d i t i o n s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e p r i c e s o f c o m -

m o d i t i e s . Any one of these citi zens who bo rro wed

m one y from Mr . W a r b u r g ' s b a n k t e n y e a r s a g o o n t h e

b a s i s o f c u r r e n c y w h i c h i n r e l a t i o n t o d e b t s a n d p u r -

c h a s i n g p o w e r h a s s i n c e s h r u n k t o o n e - h a l f i t s v a l u e ,

a n d f i n d s t h a t i t n o w t a k e s n e a r l y t w i c e a s m u c h o f h i s

p r o d u c t s a n d l a b o r t o p a y s u c h l o a n s a s i t d i d w h e n t h e

l o a n w a s m a d e , i s h a r d l y d i s p o s e d t o a g r e e w i t h M r .

W a r b u r g ' s m o n e t a r y i d e a s .

6 . " D o y o u a s c i t i z e n s o b j e c t t o t h e s t i m u l a t i o n o f

e m p l o y m e n t t h r o u g h p u b l i c w o r k s t o t h e l i m i t e d e x t e n t

t h a t h a s b e e n a u t h o r i z e d , o r t o t h e r e l i e f o f s u f f e r i n g ,



SENATOR PITTMAN ANSWERS 33o r t o t h e C i v i l W o r k s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , o r t o t h e C i v i l i a n

C o n s e r v a t i o n C o r p s ? R e a l i z i n g , a s y o u d o , t h a t t h e

F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t w a s t h e o n l y a g e n c y a b l e t o a s s u m e

t h e s e b u r d e n s , d o y o u t h i n k t h a t o u r a s s u m p t i o n o f t h e m

i n v o l v e s a n y d i s p o s i t i o n , a s M r . W a r b u r g s a y s , ` t o a b a n -

d o n o u r p r e s e n t o r d e r ' ? "

I think the average man of co mmon sense would

a n s w e r t h a t t h i s a s s u m p t i o n o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s b y b o r -

r o w i n g m o n e y f r o m t h o s e w i l l i n g t o l e n d i t , i n o r d e r t o

c a r r y o t h e r p e o p l e t h r o u g h a n e m e r g e n c y , i s n o m o r e

t h a n t h e a v e r a g e m a n d o e s i n h i s d a i l y l i f e o v e r a n d

o v e r a g a i n . I t h a s n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h c h a n g i n g t h e p r e s -

e n t o r d e r , ' o r a n y o t h e r o r d e r . I n fa c t , i f th e w o r d o r d e r

w o u l d b e u s e d a t a l l , i t w o u l d b e i n t h e s e n s e t h a t

we have spent money to maint ain or der, to protec t

h u m a n l i v e s , a n d t o g u a r d a g a i n s t r e v o l u t i o n . M r . W a r -

b u r g i s f o r g e t t i n g t h a t A m e r i c a n s a r e p e o p l e w h o a r e

d i s p o s e d t o h e l p t h o s e i n n e e d e v e n t o t h e e x t e n t o f

u s i n g t h e i r r e s o u r c e s t o d o i t . Per haps Mr . War bur g

w o u l d c a l l t h e G o l d e n R u l e a n " i s m . "

7 . " D o y o u a v e r a g e c i t i z e n s f e e l t ha t t h e p e o p l e o f t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s w o u l d h a v e s u r r e n d e r e d t h e i r i n d e p e n d -

e n c e a n d c a p a c i t y o f s e l f - s u p p o r t a n d s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t

b y a s k i n g M r . W a r b u r g t o d o t h e s e v a r i o u s t h i n g s ? "

I b e l i e v e t h e a v e r a g e m a n w o u l d a n s w e r t h a t h e k n o w s

a s a f a c t t h a t f o r m a n y g e n e r a t i o n s c e r t a i n b u s i n e s s i n -

t e r e s t s h a v e b e e n i n t h e h a b i t o f c o m i n g t o W a s h i n g t o n

v e r y f r e q u e n t l y f o r a l l s o r t s o f r e a s o n s , a n d i n m o s t



3 4IT'S UP TO US

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s t h e y h a v e n o t g o n e a w a y e m p t y - h a n d e d .

T h e s e a v e r a g e c i t i z e n s wo u l d b e a b l e t o s a y f u r t h e r t h a t

t h e y a r e g l a d t o h a v e a n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n W a s h i n g t o n

t o w h i c h a l l s o r t s o f p e o p l e c a n l o o k f o r s y m p a t h e t i c

h e l p a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g ; t h a t t h e y a r e g l a d t o f e e l t h a t

s u c h s y m p a t h e t i c h e l p a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g d o e s n o t m e a n

t h e e n d o f p e r s o n a l i n i t i a t i v e . I t h i n k t h a t t h e y w o u l d

s a y f u r t h e r t h a t t h e r e h a s b e e n n o d i s p o s i t i o n o n t h e

p a r t o f t h e W a l l S t r e e t f r a t e r n i t y o f w h i c h M r . War burg

i s a m e m b e r , t o l o s e a ny o f i t s i n i t ia t i v e o r a c ti v e i n d i -

v i d u a l i t y e v e n a f t e r a h u n d r e d y e a r s o f c o m i n g t o W a s h -

i n g t o n f o r h e l p ; a n d t h a t t h e a v e r a g e m a n i s w i l l i n g t o

t a k e a c h a n c e w i t h t h e t h e o r e t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f h i s

s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y i f h e k n o w s t h a t h e h a s a p e o p l e ' s g o v -

ernment .

8 . " D o y o u a s a v e r a g e A m e r i c a n c i t i z e n s k n o w o f a n y

r e a s o n t o i n d i c a t e t h a t y o u a r e l o s i n g y o u r p o w e r t o

g o v e r n y o u r s e l f ? H a v e y o u h e a r d o f a n y d i s p o s i t i o n t o

t a k e a w a y y o u r p o w e r , y o u r r i g h t t o v o t e , y o u r c o n t r o l

o v e r y o u r p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s f r o m h i g h t o l o w ? Have you

h e a r d o f a n y n e w s p a p e r b e i n g s u p p r e s s e d b y t h e G o v -

e r n m e n t , a s i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s ? H a v e y o u h e a r d o f a n y

s u g g e s t i o n t o a b o l i s h C o n g r e s s , S t a t e l e g i s l a t u r e s , c o u r t s ,

or any other fundamental parts of t he Government ?

H a v e y o u h e a r d o f a n y s u g g e s t i o n s t o a m e n d t h e C o n -

s t i t u t i o n ? "

I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e a v e r a g e A m e r i c a n w o u l d a n s w e r

t h e s e q u e s t i o n s i n t h e n e g a t i v e e x c e p t f o r t h e l a s t o n e .



SENATOR PITTMAN ANSWERS 35He would per haps answer : " O h y e s , I h a v e h e a r d o f

two attempts that the Administrati on is making to

c h a n g e t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n , a n d I a m m i g h t y w e l l p l e a s e d

with them . T h e f i r s t h a s a l r e a d y b e e n a c c o m p l i s h e d -

t h e r e p e a l o f t h e E i g h t e e n t h A m e n d m e n t ; t h e o t h e r - a

c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a m e n d m e n t t o a b o l i s h c h i l d l a b o r . I f y o u

d o t h a t k i n d o f c h a n g i n g o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n , y o u c a n

c o u n t u s f o r i t o n e h u n d r e d p e r c e n t . " T h e c i t i z e n s

w o u l d p r o b a b l y f u r t h e r a n s w e r : " W e l l , M r. War burg,

i f t h e r e i s a n y c h a n g e i n o u r s y s t e m a n d f o r m o f g o v e r n -

ment, then you and o thers like you who have bee n

i n t r u s t e d w i t h g r e a t a u t h o r i t y a n d p o w e r m u s t b e a r t h e

s o l e r e sp o n s i b i l i t y b y r e a s o n of y o u r f a i lu r e t o a d m i n i s t e r

t h a t t r u s t f a i r l y a n d e f f i c i e n t l y . And n ow go away a nd

l e t u s w a t c h t h e b a l l - g a m e . . . . You kn ow, we di dn't

h a v e t h e p r i c e o f a d m i s s i o n a y e a r a g o . "

And now we come to t he signific anc e of the i t a l -

i c i z e d p a s s a g e s .

B e a r i n g i n m i n d t h a t S e n a t o r P i t t m a n ' s a r t i c l e w a s

w r i t t e n i n l a t e M a y , i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e c e r t a i n

p h r a s e s i n i t , w h i c h b e a r a s t r i k i n g r e s e m b l a n c e t o c e r -

t a i n o t h e r p h r a s e s t h a t o c c u r r e d a m o n t h l a t e r i n t h e

P r e s i d e n t ' s r a d i o a d d r e s s o f J u n e 2 8 ,19 3 4

.

I r e f e r i n p a r t i c u l a r t o t h e f o l l o w i n g :

" H a v e y o u a s a n i n d i v i d u a l p a i d t o o h i g h a p r i c e f o r

t h e s e g a i n s ? P l a u s i b l e s e l f - s e e k e r s a n d t h e o r e t i c a l d i e -



3 6 IT'S UP TO US

h a r d s w i l l t e l l y o u o f t h e l o s s o f i n d i v i d u a l l i b e r t y . . . .

H a v e y o u l o s t a n y o f y o u r r i g h t s o r l i b e r t y o r c o n s t i t u -

t i o n a l f r e e d o m o f a c t i o n a n d c h o i c e ? . . . "

" I n o t h e r w o r d s i t i s n o t t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y

o f t h e f a r m e r s o r m a n u f a c t u r e r s o r w o r k e r s w h o d e n y

t h e s u b s t a n t i a l g a i n s o f t h e p a s t y e a r . T h e m o s t v o c i f -

e r o u s o f t h e D o u b t i n g T h o m a s e s m a y b e d i v i d e d r o u g h l y

i n t o t w o g r o u p s

" F i r s t , t h o s e w h o s e e k s p e c i a l p o l i t i c a l p r i v i l e g e , a n d ,

s e c o n d , t h o s e w h o s e e k s p e c i a l f i n a n c i a l p r i v i l e g e . . . . "

" A f e w t i m i d p e o p l e , w h o f e a r p r o g r e s s , w i l l t r y t o

g i v e y o u n e w a n d s t r a n g e n a m e s f o r w h a t w e a r e d o i n g .

S o m e t i m e s t h e y w i l l c a l l i t ` F a s c i s m , ' s o m e t i m e s ` C o m -

m u n i s m , ' s o m e t i m e s ` R e g i m e n t a t i o n , ' s o m e t i m e s ` S o -

c i a l i s m : B u t i n s o d o i n g t h e y a r e t r y i n g t o m a k e v e r y

c o m p l e x a n d t h e o r e t i c a l s o m e t h i n g t h a t i s r e a l l y v e r y

s i m p l e a n d p r a c t i c a l. . .

: '

D o y o u s e e w h a t I m e a n ?

D o e s i t n o t s e e m t o y o u , a s i t se e m s t o m e , t h a t i t i s

f a i r t o a s s u m e t h a t S e n a t o r P i t t m a n ' s a r t i c l e w a s w r i t t e n

a f t e r a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f d i s c u s s i o n i n W a s h i n g t o n , a n d

t h a t i t m a y b e t a k e n a s a t l e a s t a n i n d i r e c t r e f l e c t i o n o f

t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s p o i n t o f v i e w ?

T h a t i s w h y I t h i n k i t m e r i t s m o r e t h a n a c a s u a l

r e a d i n g , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e s e d a y s w h e n w e h a v e s o l i t t l e



SENATOR PITTMAN ANSWERS 37i n t h e w a y o f o f f i c i a l u t t e r a n c e t o g o b y .

T h a t i s w h y I s h a l l n o w a n a l y z e S e n a t o r P i t t m a n ' s

a r t i c l e a n d s e e k t o a n s w e r i t .

I t s e e m s t o m e t h a t w h e n a m a n r e s p o n d s t o a s t r a i g h t -

f o r w a r d a r g u m e n t o n o n e s i d e o f a d e b a t a b l e s u b j e c t b y

i n s i n u a t i o n s w h i c h a t t e m p t t o d i s c r e d i t h i s o p p o n e n t

r a t h e r t h a n b y m e e t i n g t h e a r g u m e n t o n i t s o w n g r o u n d ,

t h a t m a n c o n f e s s e s t o t h e w e a k n e s s o f h i s c a s e .

S e n a t o r P i t t m a n h a s c h o s e n a m e t h o d w i t h w h i c h t h e

N e w D e a l h a s m a d e u s a l l t o o f a m i l i a r .

I t i s n o t a n e w m e t h o d , n o r i s i t s p r e s e n t - d a y u s e c o n -

f i n e d t o t h e N e w D e a l e r s i n t h i s c o u n t r y . Those who

c r i t i c i z e t h e N e w D e a l a r e " T o r i e s , " " D o u b t i n g T h o m -

a s e s , " a n d " p o l i t i c a l o r f i n a n c i a l s e l f - s e e k e r s , " o r e l s e

t h e y a r e j u s t " d i e - h a r d t h e o r i s t s . " T h o s e w h o c r i t i c i z e

t h e H i t l e r r e g i m e i n G e r m a n y a r e g r u m b l e r s , c a r p e r s ,

a n d o t h e r l e s s p o l i t e t e r m s . I a m n o t f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e

R u s s i an o r I t a l i a n t er m i n o l o g y , b u t I d a r e s a y i t i s m u c h

t h e s a m e .

N o r i s t h e d i s p a r a g e m e n t o f a n o p p o n e n t i n t h e p u b -

l i c m i n d a d i f f i c u l t t h i n g t o a c c o m p l i s h - p a r t i c u l a r l y

t o d a y i n t h i s c o u n t r y , i f t h e o p p o n e n t h a p p e n s t o b e a

W a l l S t r e e t b a n k e r . T h a t a l o n e i s e n o u g h r e a s o n f o r t h e

S e n a t o r t o s a y :

" P a y n o a t te n t i o n t o t h i s f e l l o w . H e i s ` w e d d e d t o t h e

h a r d , d o g m a t i c , a n d s e l f i s h t h e o r y i n w h i c h h i s t r a i n i n g

h a s n u r t u r e d h i m . ' H e i s t h i n k i n g o n l y o f h i s o w n i n -

t e r e s t s a n d t h o s e o f h i s k i n d . "











4 2IT'S UP TO US

p r a c t i c e b i r t h - c o n t r o l o n t h e s o i l , w h i l e o t h e r n a t i o n s

t a k e o u r f o r m e r m a r k e t s .

I I . CONCERNING INDUSTRYT h e S e n a t o r d e f e n d s t h e o r i g i n a n d c o n c e p t i o n o f t h eN. R . A . o n m u c h t h e s a m e l i n e s a s h e d e f e n d s t h e a g r i -

c u l t u r a l p r o g r a m ; t h a t i s , t h a t b u s i n e s s l e a d e r s w a n t e d

i t . H e s a y s a l s o :

" . . . t h e c i t i z e n w o u l d a n s w e r , a s I t h i n k M r . W a r -

b u r g w o u l d h a v e a n s w e r e d a t t h e t i m e . . . t h a t t h o s e

b u s i n e s s m e n a n d o t h e r s , w h o a s k e d t h e P r e s i d e n t t o

e s t a b l i s h s u c h a m e t h o d o f c o - o p e r a t i o n w e r e w i s e , a n d

t h e P r e s i d e n t w i s e i n l i s t e n i n g t o t h e m . "

N o w , a s a m a t t e r o f r e c o r d ( w h i c h i s u n i m p o r t a n t ) ,

I f a v o r e d , a n d p l e a d e d i n M a r c h a n d A p r i l 1 9 3 3 ,f o r

q u i t e a d i f f e r e n t k i n d o f r e c o v e r y a c t - a n a c t w h i c h

w o u l d h a v e h a d i n i t n o b u r e a u c r a t i c G o v e r n m e n t c o n -

t r o l a n d r e g u l a t i o n o f i n d u s t r y , a n d w h i c h w o u l d h a v e

c o n c e n t r a t e d i t s e f f o r t s o n s t i m u l a t i n g t h e " d u r a b l e

g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s . " S e n a t o r W a g n e r a n d S e n a t o r L a F o l -

l e t t e w o u l d d o u b t l e s s r e m e m b e r o u r c o n v e r s a t i o n s o n

t h e s u b j e c t . Raymon d Mol ey no t o nl y knew my vie ws,

b u t a p p a r e n t l y s h a r e d t h e m a t t h e t i m e .

F u r t h e r m o r e I o p p o s e d t h e l i c e n s i n g f e a t u r e a n d a r -

t i c l e 7 a ( t h e l a b o r u n i o n c l a u s e ) o f t h e N . I . R . A . whe n

I f i r s t h e a r d t h e m d i s c u s s e d .

A n d , f i n a l l y , I d i d n o t a t t a c k i n m y a r t i c l e , t o w h i c h

t h e S e n a t o r m a k e s h i s " r e p l y , " t h e o r i g i n o r b a s i c c o n -



THE ANSWER ANALYZED4 3

c e p t i o n o f t h e l a w , w h i c h t h e S e n a t o r s e e k s t o d e f e n d .

I a t t a c k e d t h e w a y i n w h i c h i t h a s b e e n a d m i n i s t e r e d .

F o r t h i s t h e S e n a t o r h a s a p p a r e n t l y n o d e f e n s e - a t l e a s t

he makes non e .

I have a t t a c k e d t h e b a s i c c o n c e p t o f t h e l a w i n t h e

f i r s t c h a p t e r o f t h i s b o o k , a n d I s h a l l a t t a c k i t f u r t h e r

s h o r t l y , b u t f i r s t l e t u s d e a l w i t h t h e S e n a t o r ' s d e f e n s e

o f i t s o r i g i n .

H e s a y s t h a t b u s i n e s s l e a d e r s w a n t e d i t . U n d o u b t e d l y

some of them did . Undoubt edly ot hers wante d the

G o v e r n m e n t t o d o s o m e t h i n g , b u t n o t n e c e s s a r i l y w h a t

i t d i d d o u n d e r N . R . A . A n d u n d o u b t e d l y t h e r e w e r e a

g r e a t n u m b e r o f b u s i n e s s m e n w h o w o u l d h a v e g r e a t l y

p r e f e r r e d n o g o v e r n m e n t i n t e r f e r e n c e a t a l l .

U n d o u b t e d l y a l s o t h e A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n o f L a b o r

w a n t e d c o m p u l s o r y r e c o g n i t i o n , b u t t h a t d o e s n o t m e a n

t h a t t h e n i n e t y p e r c e n t o f A m e r i c a n l a b o r e r s w h o d i d

n o t b e l o n g t o t h e A . F . o f L . w a n t e d s u c h f o r c e d r e c o g -

n i t i o n . O r t h a t t h e y w o u l d w a n t i t t o d a y .

I c a n n o t a g r e e w i t h S e n a t o r P i t t m a n ' s p r e m i s e .

I f I g r a n t h i s p r e m i s e a n d a s s u m e t h a t a m a j o r i t y o f

b u s i n e s s m e n a n d a m a j o r i t y o f l a b o r i n g m e n w a n t e d

the N . R . A . - w h i c h i s , I b e l i e v e , a n e n t i r el y u n w a r r a n t e d

a s s u m p t i o n - t h e n I a g r e e e v e n l e s s w i t h S e n a t o r P i t t -

m a n ' s c o n c l u s i o n f r o m h i s p r e m i s e .

Y o u d o n ' t g i v e a m a n w i t h a s t o m a c h - a c h e w h a t e v e r

m e d i c i n e h e h a p p e n s t o a s k f o r - t h a t i s , n o t i f y o u a r e

a g o o d d o c t o r .



4 4 IT'S UP TO USA n d e v e n i f y o u a r e o n l y a d r u g g i s t - w h i c h i s p e r -

h a p s m o r e w h a t a d e m o c r a t i c g o v e r n m e n t i s s u p p o s e d

t o b e t h a n a d o c t o r - y o u d o n ' t s e l l h i m a m e d i c i n e t h a t

c o n t a i n s a r s e n i c i n l a r g e q u a n t i t y , i f y o u k n o w y o u r

b u s i n e s s .

How many of the business l eader s who wante d anN. R . A . now li ke what they have got? How do c on-

s u m e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y f a r m e r s , l i k e i t ?

G r a n t e d t h a t i t h a s p u t m i l l i o n s o f m e n a n d w o m e n

b a c k t o w o r k i n t h e " c o n s u m e r s ' g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s , " h o w

m a n y h a s i t t h r o w n o u t o f w o r k o r p r e v e n t e d f r o m f i n d -

i n g e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e " d u r a b l e g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s , " b y

d i s c o u r a g i n g a n d i n s o m e c o d e s e v e n p r o h i b i t i n g r e -

p l a c e m e n t o f m a c h i n e r y ?

T o w h a t e x t e n t h a s i t s o w n t h e s e e d s o f f u t u r e l a b o r

t r o u b l e ?

How much has t he N . R . A . r e a l l y d o n e t o e l i m i n a t e

u n f a i r p r a c t i c e , a n d h o w m u c h h a s i t i n c r e a s e d m o n o p -

o l i s t i c e x p l o i t a t i o n b y b i g b u s i n e s s a t t h e e x p e n s e o f

s m a l l b u s i n e s s a n d a t t h e e x p e n s e o f t h e c o n s u m e r ?

W e h e a r a g r e a t d e a l a b o u t t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f c h i l d

l a b o r , t h a t b e i n g t h e m o s t v a u n t e d a c c o m p l i s h m e n t o f

the N . R . A . T h e f a c t i s t h a t t h e C h i l d L a b o r M o v e m e n t

h a d p r e v i o u s l y r e m o v e d f r o m w o r k s o m e t w o m i l l i o n s

o f c h i l d r e n , a n d t h a t t h e N . R .A. h a s m e r e l y r e m o v e d

a n o t h e r s e v e n t y t h o u s a n d .

T h e f a c t i s t h a t t h e N . R . A . h a s a r b i t r a r i ly s e t o u t to



THE ANSWER ANALYZED 4 5

o r d a i n h i g h e r w a g e s a n d s h o r t e r h o u r s u p o n a l l i n d u s t r y

w i t h o u t d u e r e g a r d t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r c o n d i t i o n s p r e -

v a i l i n g i n a n y g i v e n i n d u s t r y .

T h e f a c t i s t h a t i t r a i s e d w a g e s a n d h e n c e p r i c e s o f

m a n u f a c t u r e d g o o d s o n t h e t h e o r y t h a t t h e g r e a t e r p u r -

c h a s i n g p o w e r i n t h e h a n d s o f l a b o r w o u l d i n c r e a s e t h e

v o l u m e o f b u s i n e s s , w i t h o u t r e g a r d t o t h e f a c t t h a t i n

s o m e i n d u s t r i e s v o l u m e w o u l d h a v e t o f a l l o f f i f p r i c e s

w e r e r a i s e d .

T h e f a c t i s t h a t a s a r e c o v e r y m e a s u r e t h e N a t i o n a l

R e c o v e r y A c t , t h o u g h i t h a s d o n e m u c h g o o d i n c e r -

t a i n i n d u s t r i e s , h a s , c o n s i d e r i n g i n d u s t r y a s a w h o l e ,

b e e n a d i s m a l f a i l u r e . B u t t h a t i s n o t t h e b a s i c q u e s t i o n .

T h e b a s i c q u e s t i o n i s n o t w h e t h e r t h e m a j o r i t y o f

business men wanted an N . R . A . a s a h e l p t o w a r d s r e -

c o v e r y , o r w h e t h e r i t h a s t u r n e d o u t t o b e a h e l p t o w a r d s

r e c o v e r y . T h e b a s i c q u e s t i o n i s w h e t h e r A m e r i c a n b u s i -

n e s s e v e r w a n t e d o r w a n t s n o w t o b e r u n b y a p e r m a n e n t

Government bureaucracy .

I t w o u l d h a v e b e e n o n e t h i n g t o v e s t d i s c r e ti o n a r y a n d

d i c t a t o r i a l p o w e r o v e r b u s i n e s s i n a h i g h l y e f f i c i e n t C i v i l

S e r v i c e b u r e a u c r a c y , o p e r a t i n g i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h l a w s

e n f o r c e d b y t h e c o u r t s . T h a t w o u l d s t i l l m e a n p l a n n e d

e c o n o m y a n d t h e e n d o f a d e m o c r a t i c f r e e p e o p l e , b u t

a t l e a s t i t m i g h t p r e s e r v e s o m e s e m b l a n c e o f i n d i v i d u a l

l i b e r t y . B u t t h e b u r e a u c r a c y o f t h e N . R . A . i s n o t e l e c t e d

b y t h e p e o p l e , n o r i s i t s e l e c t e d f r o m a n y C i v i l S e r v i c e



4 6 IT'S UP TO USl i s t . I t i s a b o d y o f m e n s e l e c t e d f r o m o n h i g h - a n d t h i s

i s n o c r i t i c i s m o f t h e s e m e n - a b o d y o f m e n a p p o i n t e d

b y o r t h r o u g h t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e P r e s i d e n t , a n d r e -

s p o n s i b l e s o l e l y t o h i m .

This body of men ca n make rule s and regulat ions

w h i c h c u t s t r a i g h t a c r o s s e x i s t i n g l a w s , r i g h t s , a n d p r i v i -

l e g e s. A n d t h i s s a m e b o d y o f m e n i s t h e s o l e c o u r t o f

a p p e a l t o w h i c h b u s i n e s s m a y h a v e r e c o u r s e f o r r e l i e f

f r o m s u c h r u l e s o r r e g u l a t i o n s .

W h a t e v e r t h e A m e r i c a n b u s i n e s s m a n a n d t h e A m e r i -

c a n l a b o r e r m a y h a v e w a n t e d b y w a y o f e m e r g e n c y h e l p

i n o r d e r t o g e t s t a r t e d a g a i n , b a c k i n t h e d e s p a i r i n g

d a y s o f e a r l y 1 9 3 3 , I a m c o n v i n c e d t h a t h e d i d n o t w a n t

t o s e t u p a p e r m a n e n t d i c t a t o r i a l p o w e r d e s i g n e d t o o v e r -

r i d e n o t o n l y t h e l a w s l a i d d o w n b y t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n b u t

t h e l a w s o f n a t u r e , w h i c h h a v e d e f i e d a l l m o r t a l a s s a u l t

s i n c e t h e w o r l d w a s c r e a t e d .

I am convinc ed that he had no idea of emulati ng

t h o s e e x p e r i m e n t s a c r o s s t h e w a t e r a b o u t w h i c h I s h a l l

h a v e m o r e t o s a y i n a l a t e r c h a p t e r .

A l l I s a i d i n m y a r t i c le w a s : " W e h a v e b e g u n t o r e g u -

l a t e i n d u s t r y t o s u c h a n e x t e n t t h a t i t t a k e s a s o o t h s a y e r

t o f o r e c a s t w h e t h e r a g i v e n i n d u s t r y w i l l b e m a k i n g

s u f f i c i e n t p r o f i t s n e x t y e a r t o p a y w a g e s , l e t a l o n e d i v i -

dends . " A n d n o w I h a v e s a i d a g o o d d e a l m o r e .

I n a w o r d , I s a y t h a t t h e N . R . A . i s s t r a n g l i n g p r i v a t e

e n t e r p r i s e i n b u s i n e s s , t o w h i c h S e n a t o r P i t t m a n m a k e s

n o a n s w e r w h a t s o e v e r , p o s s i b l y b e c a u s e h e k n o w s t h a t ,




i n s p i t e o f p r o te s t a ti o n s t o t h e c on t r a r y , t h e N . R . A . h a s

f o r s e v e r a l m o n t h s b e e n i n t h e p r o c e s s o f r e t r e a t .

I I I . CONCERNING BANKING

I n h i s s e r i e s o f q u e s t i o n s t o t h e h y p o t h e t i c a l c i t i z e n ,

t h e S e n a t o r , u n d e r q u e s t i o n t w o , d e f i n i t e l y d e f e n d s , s o

f a r a s I c a n s e e , o n l y t h e c l o s i n g o f a l l t h e b a n k s i n

Ma r c h 193 3-which I h a v e n e v e r a t t a c k e d . Then he

s o m e w h a t v a g u e l y g i v e s h i s b l e s s i n g t o a l l t h e A d m i n -

i s t r a t i o n ' s s u b s e q u e n t a c t s i n t h e b a n k i n g f i e l d , a n d s a y s

n o t h i n g a b o u t t h e t h i n g s t h a t w e r e l e f t u n d o n e .

I h a v e a t t a c k e d t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s b a n k i n g p o l i c i e s

s p e c i f i c a l l y a n d d e f i n i t e l y - n o t s o m u c h i n t h e a r t i c l e

"Choo se You r Ism Now," a s i n The Mon e y Mudd le .

H a d t h e S e n a t o r r e a d t h i s b o o k , o f w h i c h I s e n t h i m a n

a d v a n c e c o p y a s a s o u v e n i r o f o u r l a s t s u m m e r ' s L o n d o n

a d v e n t u r e , I d o u b t w h e t h e r h e h i m s e l f w o u l d t h i n k t h a t

h e m a d e m u c h o f a d e f e n s e .

I t i s n o t e n o u g h t o s a y t h a t t h e r e w a s a n e m e r g e n c y i n

M a r c h 1 9 3 3 a n d t h a t s o m e t h i n g h a d t o b e d o n e . T h a t i s

a d m i t t e d .

I t i s n o t e n o u g h t o s a y t h a t o u r b a n k i n g s y s t e m h a d

f a i l e d . T h a t , t o o , i s e v i d e n t t o e v e r y m a n , w o m a n , a n d

c h i l d .

W h a t I h a v e r e p e a t e d l y c o n t e n d e d i s :

I . T h a t w e n e e d a r e a l r e f o r m o f o u r b a n k i n g s y s t e m ,

w h i c h w e h a v e n o t h a d , a n d s h o u l d h a v e h a d b y t h i s

time .



4 8 IT'S UP TO US2 . T h a t w e n e e d a b a n k i n g s y s t e m o p e r a t e d b y p r i v a t e

e n t e r p r i s e u n d e r s t r i c t l y e n f o r c e d , i n t e l l i g e n t , a n d u n i -

f o r m l a w s .

3 . T h a t w e a r e o n t h e r o a d t o w a r d s a s o c i a l i z e d a n d

p o l i t i c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d b a n k i n g s y s t e m , w h i c h i s i n c o n -

s i s t e n t w i t h o u r f o r m o f p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c l i f e .

4 . T h a t w e n e e d b a n k e r s w i t h t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l v i e w -

p o i n t o f t h e d o c t o r , a n d n o t t h e s e l f - s e e k i n g v i e w p o i n t

o f t h e m o n e y - l e n d e r a n d g a m b l e r , n o r t h e e q u a l l y s e l f -

s e e k i n g a n d l e s s i n t e l l i g e n t v i e w p o i n t o f t h e p o l i t i c a l

a p p o i n t e e .

5 . T h a t o u r p r e s e n t t e n d e n c y i s t o d r i v e o u t t h e m a n y

g o o d b a n k e r s a l o n g w i t h t h e b a d , a n d l e a v e t h e f i e l d t o

a p o l i t i c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d b u r e a u c r a c y .

T h a t i s w h a t I h a v e s a i d a b o u t b a n k i n g , a n d i t c a n n o t

b e a n s w e r e d b y t a l k i n g a b o u t p a s t e m e r g e n c i e s o r f a i l -

u r e s o f p a s t l e a d e r s .

T h e b a n k i n g s y s t e m f a i l e d b e c a u s e i t w a s a b a d s y s t e m .

T h e b a n k i n g s y s t e m f a i l e d b e c a u s e i t w a s e x p e c t e d t o

w i t h s t a n d t h e s t r a i n o f a n o r g y o f n a t i o n a l s p e c u l a t i o n

and st upid Gover nmen t pol icy, under which even a

good banki ng system would have broken do wn .

T h e b a n k i n g s y s t e m f a i l e d b e c a u s e o u r b a n k e r s w e r e

n o t a s a w h o l e p r o p e r l y t r a i n e d f o r t h e i r j o b s .

A l l t h e s e t h i n g s a r e t h e f a u l t o f t h e p e o p l e a s a w h o l e ,

t h e f a u l t o f t h e G o v e r h d n e n t , t h e f a u l t o f e a c h a n d e v e r y

o n e o f u s , j u s t a s m u c h a s t h e y a r e t h e f a u l t o f t h e m u c h -

a b u s e d b a n k e r s .




I n t w o s e n t e n c e s , w h i c h f o r s o m e r e a s o n a r e n o t u n d e r

t h e h e a d i n g o f h i s s e c o n d q u e s t i o n , b u t w h i c h a r e i n t h e

g e n e r a l i n t r o d u c t i o n t o h i s a r t i c l e , S e n a t o r P i t t m a n g i v e s

the show away . I s h a l l r e p e at t h e m h e r e

" I h o l d t h a t s o u n d c o n t r o l o v e r t h e i s s u e , c i r c u l a t i o n

a n d s a f e g u a r d i n g o f m o n e y i s a g o v e r n m e n t f u n c t i o n ,

a n d i s e s s e n t i a l t o t h e e x i s t e n c e o f d e m o c r a c y . I f b a n k er s ,

t h r o u g h p r i v a t e i n i t i a t i v e a s a n a g e n c y t o a i d i n t h e

p e r f o r m a n c e o f s u c h f u n c t i o n s , u t t e r l y f a i l e d t o s a t i s f y

t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s , a s t h e y h a v e , a n d a d m i t t e d l y s o i n t h e

r e c e n t p a s t , a n d c o n t i n u e d i m p o t e n t , t h e n t h e G o v e r n -

m e n t w o u l d b e c o m p e l l e d t o t a k e o v e r i n t o t o t h e f u n c -

t i o n s o f b a n k i n g , a n d s u c h a n a c t w o u l d n o t b e d e s t r u c -

t i v e t o o u r f o r m o f g o v e r n m e n t , b u t o n t h e c o n t r a r y

w o u l d b e a n a c t o f p r e s e r v a t i o n . "

S e n a t o r P i t t m a n b e l i e v e s i n a G o v e r n m e n t - c o n t r o l l e d

a n d o p e r a t e d b a n k i n g s y s t e m . B a n k e r s , h e t h i n k s , h a v e

s h o w n t h e m s e l v e s u n w o r t h y o f t h e t r u s t .

W h e n S e n a t o r P i t t m a n m a k e s t h i s s t a t e m e n t h e a n -

s w e r s a q u e s t i o n w h i c h t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n h a s s o f a r

r e f u s e d t o a n s w e r . I f t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a g r e e s w i t h

S e n a t o r P i t t m a n , a n d i f i t i n t e n d s t o e s t a b l i s h G o v e r n -

m e n t c o n t r o l o f t h e b a n k i n g m a c h i n e r y , w h y n o t s a y

s o a n d s e t a b o u t d o i n g i t ?

I f t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n d o e s n o t w a n t t o s e t u p G o v e r n -

m e n t b a n k i n g , w h y n o t s a y t h a t , a n d s e t a b o u t r e f o r m i n g

t h e p r i v a t e b a n k i n g s y s t e m s o t h a t i t c a n w o r k ?

A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e w e h a v e a n a n c i e n t a n d o u t w o r n



50 IT'S UP TO US

s y s t e m o f b a n k s o p e r a t i n g u n d e r f o r t y - n i n e d i f f e r e n t

l a w s a n d a u t h o r i t i e s . I n a d d i t i o n w e h a v e t h e G o v e r n -

m e n t h e a v i l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e c a p i t a l o f s o m e s i x t h o u -

sand banks ; a n d w e h a v e o v e r h a n g i n g u s a s o - c a l l e d

p e r m a n e n t g u a r a n t e e o f d e p o s i t s , w h i c h i s s c h e d u l e d t o

g o i n t o e f fe c t o n J u l y i ,1 9 3 5 , a n d w h i c h , w h e n i t g o e s

i n t o e f f ec t , w i l l m a k e a l l b a n k s l i a b l e w i t h o u t l i m i t f o r

e a c h o t h e r .

O n e c a n f e e l a s S e n a t o r P i t t m a n f e e l s , t h a t b a n k i n g

s h o u l d b e t a k e n o v e r i n t o t o b y t h e S t a t e .

O n e c a n f e e l a s I f e e l , t h a t b a n k i n g s h o u l d r e m a i n a

m a t t e r o f p r i v a t e i n i t i a t i v e a n d c a p i t a l , b u t t h a t t h e

b a n k i n g l a w s s h o u l d b e r e v i s e d a n d m o d e r n i z e d , a n d

t h a t b a n k e r s s h o u l d b e p r o p e r l y t r a i n e d . O n e c a n f e e l ,

a s I f e e l , t h a t i f b a n k i n g b e c o m e s a G o v e r n m e n t f u n c -

t i o n , i n d u s t r y t o o w i l l b e c o m e a G o v e r n m e n t f u n c t i o n ,

a n d t h a t p o l i t i c a l c o n t r o l o f b a n k i n g a n d i n d u s t r y w o u l d

b e a c a t a s t r o p h e . I s h a l l d e v e l o p t h i s l a t e r .

B u t i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o s e e h o w o n e c a n s t r a d d l e b e t w e e n

t h o s e t w o p o i n t s o f v i e w . T h a t i s w h a t t h e A d m i n i s t r a -

t i o n i s d o i n g s o f a r .

Conc ern ing an other phase o f bankin g-name ly, the

investment machinery-Senato r Pittman re mains c om-

p l e t e l y s i l e n t .

I t i s t r u e e n o u g h t h a t t h e S e c u r i t i e s A c t h a s b e e n

a m e n d e d i n s u c h a w a y t h a t i t w i l l p r o b a b l y n o l o n g e r

a c t a s a c o m p l e t e d a m t o t h e f r e e f l o w o f s a v i n g s i n t o

e m p l o y m e n t i n p r o v i d i n g t h e c a p i t a l n e e d s o f b u s i n e s s .





5 2 IT'S UP TO US

u l t i m a t e d a n g e r , e v e n t h o u g h " t h e r e c o r d " t o w h i c h

S e n a t o r P i t t m a n r e f e r s i s n o t a n a l t o g e t h e r r e a s s u r i n g

one .

B u t t h e i s s u e d o e s n o t r e s t i n h i s h a n d s a l o n e , l a r g e l y

b e c a u s e h e b e l i e v e s i n c o m p r o m i s i n g r a t h e r t h a n i n a s -

s e r t i n g a n u n e q u i v o c a l l e a d e r s h i p , a n d b e c a u s e C o n g r e s s

h a s b e c o m e a c c u s t o m e d t o t h i s f a c t . O n l y r e c e n t l y w e

h a v e s e e n C o n g r e s s o v e r r i d e o n e h a l f - h e a r t e d v e t o . O n l y

r e c e n t l y , a s n o o n e k n o w s b e t t e r t h a n S e n a t o r P i t t m a n ,

w e h a v e s e e n a n o t h e r c o m p r o m i s e w i t h t h e e v e r - a c t i v e

s i l v e r - t o n g u e d d e s c e n d a n t s o f W i l l i a m J e n n i n g s B r y a n .

O n e c o m p r o m i s e u s u a l l y b e g e t s a n o t h e r .

I f t h e a v e r a g e c i t i z e n u n d e r s t o o d t h e d a n g e r - i f h e

k n e w w h a t w o u l d h a p p e n t o h i m i n t h e e v e n t t h a t t h e

P r e s i d e n t s h o u l d l o s e h i s p r e c a r i o u s c o n t r o l o v e r t h e

i n f l a t i o n i s t s i n C o n g r e s s - h e w o u l d v e r y s o o n m a k e i t

c l e a r t o h i s o w n S e n a t o r s a n d R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s w h a t

w o u l d g e t t h e m r e - e l e c t e d t h i s a u t u m n a n d w h a t w o u l d

n o t .

H e w o u l d n o t o n l y " t r u s t " t h e P r e s i d e n t . He wou ld

t u r n t o a n d h e l p h i m . I t w a s i n o r d e r t o h e l p t h e a v e r a g e

c i t i z e n u n d e r s t a n d t h e p r o b l e m t h a t I w r o t e The Mon ey

Muddl e .

T h a t S e n a t o r P i t t m a n d o e s n o t u n d e r s t a n d i s o b v i o u s

f r o m t h i s s e n t e n c e

"Any . . . citi zen who borrowed mon ey from Mr .

W a r b u r g ' s b a n k t e n y e a r s a g o o n t h e b a s i s o f c u r r e n c y

w h i c h i n r e l a t i o n t o d e b t s a n d p u r c h a s i n g p o w e r h a s








d e n t ' s o w n h a n d , i f t a k e n l i t e r a l l y , i s t o m e t h e l e a s t

r e a s s u r i n g o f a l l . I n h i s r a d i o a d d r e s s o f J u n e a 8 , w h e n

summing up the acco mplishments o f the Administra-

t i o n s i n c e J a n u a r y , h e s a i d :

" F i n a l l y , a n d I b e l i e v e m o s t i m p o r t a n t , i t [ C o n g r e s s ]

r e c o g n i z e d , s i m p l i f i e d , a n d m a d e m o r e f a i r a n d j u s t o u r

m o n e t a r y s y s t e m , s e t t i n g u p s t a n d a r d s a n d p o l i c i e s a d e -

q u a t e t o m e e t t h e n e c e s s i t i e s o f m o d e r n e c o n o m i c l i f e ,

d o i n g j u s t i c e t o b o t h g o l d a n d s i l v e r a s t h e m e t a l b a s e s

b e h i n d t h e c u r r e n c y o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . "

O n e m a y a g r e e o r d i s a g r e e w i t h t h e m o n e t a r y p o l i c i e s

o f t h e R o o s e v e l t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . One may or may no t

b e l i e v e t h a t s u c h t h i n g s a s t h e a b r o g a t i o n o f t h e g o l d

c l a u s e i n o u r G o v e r n m e n t ' s o b l i g a t i o n s w e r e j u s t i f i e d

b y t h e e m e r g e n c y . O n e m a y t h i n k t h a t r e c o v e r y h a s b e e n

h a s t e n e d o r r e t a r d e d b y t h e e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n w i t h t h e

W a r r e n - C o m m i t t e e - f o r - t h e - N a t i o n g o l d t h e o r i e s . But

h o w a n y o n e - e v e n t h e m o s t e n t h u s i a s t i c s u p p o r t e r o f

t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s p o l i c i e s - c o u l d f i n d t h a t w e h a d s e t u p

" s t a n d a r d s a n d p o l i c i e s a d e q u a t e t o m e e t t h e n e c e s s i t i e s

o f m o d e r n e c o n o m i c l i f e " p a s s e s m y l i m i t e d c o m p r e -

h e n s i o n .

W h a t s t a n d a r d s h a v e w e s e t u p ? W h a t p o l i c i e s h a v e

w e ? W h a t m o r e h a v e w e d o n e t h a n t o a b a n d o n t h e g o l d

s t a n d a r d , r e p u d i a t e o u r g o l d o b l i g a t i o n s , p a s s a l a w

a u t h o r i z i n g t h e P r e s i d e n t t o p r i n t t h r e e b i l l i o n g r e e n -

b a c k s a n d t o a d o p t b i m e t a l l i s m i f h e w a n t s t o , a n d p a s s



5 6 IT'S UP TO USa n o t h e r l a w v e s t i n g i n t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y a l l

t h e p o w e r t h a t i s u s u a l l y v e s t e d i n a c a r e f u l l y s e l e c t e d

a n d c i r c u m s c r i b e d m o n e t a r y a u t h o r i t y ?

A r e w e g o i n g t o h a v e a d o l l a r o f v a r i a b l e g o l d c o n -

t e n t , " m a n a g e d " i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h a p r i c e i n d e x , a s

o u r m o n e y o f t h e f u t u r e ? O r a r e w e e v e n t u a l l y g o i n g t o

r e s t o r e a f i x e d r a t i o t o g o l d ?

A r e w e g o i n g t o h a v e a n o n - p o l i t i c a l m o n e t a r y a u -

t h o r i t y , s u c h a s t h e F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B o a r d w a s i n t e n d e d

t o b e ? O r a r e w e g o i n g t o h a v e a p o l i t i c a l o n e - m a n c u r -

r e n c y d i c t a t o r s h i p ?

A r e w e g o i n g t o d e b a s e t h e c u r r e n c y f u r t h e r , a s t h e

C o m m i t t e e f o r t h e N a t i o n s o s t r i d e n t l y u r g e s ? O r h a v e

w e h a d e n o u g h o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r m e d i c i n e ?

I a m n o t s a y i n g t h a t , w i t h w h a t h a s g o n e b e f o r e , i t

w o u l d b e p o s s i b l e t o a n s w e r a l l t h e s e q u e s t i o n s d e f i n i t e l y

t o d a y . I a m n o t s a y i n g t h a t w e c o u l d i n s t a n t l y s e t u p

" s t a n d a r d s a n d p o l i c i e s a d e q u a t e t o m e e t t h e n e c e s s i t i e s

o f m o d e r n e c o n o m i c l i f e . " B u t I a m s a y i n g t h a t w e m o s t

e m p h a t i c a l l y h a v e n o t d o n e s o a s y e t . I a m s a y i n g t h a t

f a r f r o m " r e c o g n i z i n g " o u r m o n e t a r y s y s t e m , w e h a v e

d e s t r o y e d t h e m o n e t a r y s y s t e m w e h a d w i t h o u t a s y e t

s e t t i n g u p a n o t h e r ; t h a t f a r f r o m " s i m p l i f y i n g " i t , w e

h a v e a d d e d t o i t s c o m p l i c a t i o n s a n d u n c e r t a i n t i e s ; a n d

t h a t , f a r f r o m m a k i n g i t " m o r e f a i r a n d j u s t , " w e h a v e

p l a c e d o u rs e l v e s on t r i a l b e f o r e h i s t o r y t o j u s t i f y b y w h a t

w e m a y e v e n t u a l l y s u c c e e d i n w o r k i n g o u t t h e i n j u s t i c e s

w e h a v e s o f a r c o m m i t t e d . ( S e e A p p e n d i x , p a g e 1 8 7 . )




T h e r e c o r d s h o w s , I t h i n k , c o u r a g e a n d o p e n - m i n d e d -

n e s s . I t s h o w s a d e s i r e t o f i n d t h e r i g h t a n s w e r - i f n e c e s -

s a r y , b y e x p e r i m e n t . I t s h o w s a l s o a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f

c a u t i o n a n d r e s t r a i n t i n u s i n g t h e w i d e p o w e r s o b t a i n e d

from Congre ss . B u t i t d o e s n o t , i f w e a r e t o j u d g e b y

t h e r a d i o a d d r e s s o f J u n e 2 8 , s h o w a n y r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t

w h a t h a s b e e n d o n e s o f a r i s a t b e s t e m e r g e n c y p a t c h -

w o r k , a n d t h a t t h e r e a l j o b o f s e t t i n g u p a m o n e t a r y

s y s t e m s t i l l r e m a i n s t o b e d o n e .

V. CONCERNING GOVERNMENTEXPENDITURE

F i n a l l y , I h a v e n o t a t t a c k e d - a s o n e m i g h t b e l e d t o

suppose fr om Sena tor Pitt man's "re ply"-the use of

G o v e r n m e n t f u n d s t o r e l i e v e s u f f e r i n g . N o r h a v e I s a i d

o r i m p l i e d t h a t s u c h r e l i e f e x p e n d i t u r e i n v o l v e d t h e

a b a n d o n m e n t o f o u r t r a d i t i o n a l A m e r i c a n o r d e r .

I h a v e c o n s i s t e n t l y a d v o c a t e d t h e u s e o f G o v e r n m e n t

f u n d s t o r e l i e v e d i s t r e s s a n d t o s t a r t t h e w h e e l s o f r e -

c o v e r y , b u t I h a v e a l s o p o i n t e d o u t t h a t w h e n a g o v e r n -

m e n t s e t s o u t t o s p e n d m o r e m o n e y t h a n i t c a n u l t i -

m a t e l y r a i s e o u t of b e a r a b l e t a x a t i o n , i t d el i b e r a t e ly s e t s

o u t t o r e n d e r v o i d w h a t e v e r c o n s t r u c t i v e m e a s u r e s i t

may otherwise have undert aken . I h a v e s a i d - a n d s a y

aga in-that Publi c Works, Civi l Works, and simi la r

e x p e n d i t u r e m u s t s o m e d a y c o m e t o a n e n d , a n d t h a t i f

b y t h a t t i m e p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e h a s n o t t a k e n o v e r t h e

b u r d e n o f p r o v i d i n g e m p l o y m e n t f o r t h e m a j o r i t y o f



5 8 IT'S UP TO USt h o s e s t i l l o u t o f w o r k , w e s h a l l b e w o r s e o f f t h a n w e

w e r e b e f o r e t h e e x p e n d i t u r e w a s b e g u n .

T h a t i s w h y i t i s s o i m p o r t a n t t o s t i m u l a t e p r i v a t e

e n t e r p r i s e , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e " d u r a b l e g o o d s i n d u s t r i e s , "

t o f r e e t h e c a p i t a l m a r k e t s , t o r e m o v e u n c e r t a i n t y i n

r e g a r d t o t h e f u t u r e c h a r a c t e r a n d v a l u e o f o u r m o n e y ,

a n d t o f i n d t h e p r o p e r b a l a n c e b e t w e e n i n d u s t r y a n d

a g r i cu l t u r e b y r e v i s in g o u r t a r i f f, a n d b y h e l p i n g t o f r ee

t h e f l o w o f g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s b e t w e e n n a t i o n s .

T h a t i s w h y i t i s s o i m p o r t a n t t h a t w h a t e v e r o u r G o v -

e r n m e n t d o e s , i t s h o u l d d o w i t h a v i e w t o w a r d s s t i m u l a t -

i n g a n d n o t t o w a r d s s u p p l a n t i n g p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e .

B e c a u s e - u n l e s s p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e i s r e b o r n , a n d r e b o r n

s o o n , t h e s o - c a l l e d " e x t r a o r d i n a r y e x p e n d i t u r e s " w i l l

b e c o m e o r d i n a r y r e c u r r i n g e x p e n d i t u r e s , a n d w e s h a l l

run the twofold danger of slipping into per manent

p l a n n e d e c o n o m y - t h a t i s , G o v e r n m e n t - c o n t r o l l e d a n d

d i r e c t e d l i f e - a n d o f b a n k r u p t i n g o u r n a t i o n a l c r e d i t

i n t h e p r o c e s s .

T h a t i s w h y t h e d a n g e r o f a b a n d o n i n g o u r t r a d i t i o n a l

A m e r i c a n o r d e r i s m o r e t h a n a " b u g a b o o . "

N o t b e c a u s e a n y o n e i s p l o t t i n g i t s o v e r t h r o w - t h a t t o

my mind is a bugabo o-but bec ause, unle ss we guard

a g a i n s t i t , w e s h a l l d r i f t w i l l y - n i l l y i n t o a c o n d i t i o n o f

permanent en slavement to our own weakness .

T h a t i s a l l t h a t a n a u t h o r i t a r i a n s t a t e a m o u n t s t o : a

s t a t e c o m p o s e d o f p e o p l e u n a b l e t o g o v e r n t h e m s e l v e s ,




a n d t h e r e f o r e s u r r e n d e r i n g t h e i r l i b e r t y t o a p o l i t i c a l ,

e c o n o m i c , a n d s o c i a l t y r a n n y o f t h e i r o w n m a k i n g .

B y t h e a w a k e n i n g o f i n d i v i d u a l e n t e r p r i s e w e c a m e

o u t o f t h e D a r k A g e s . B y o u r f a i l u r e t o k e e p i t a l i v e w e

r u n t h e r i s k o f s l i p p i n g b a c k i n t o a f o r m o f l i f e w h e r e

m a n m u s t o f n e c e s s i t y e x i s t f o r t h e S t a t e - i n s t e a d o f t h e

S t a t e e x i s t i n g f o r m a n .

T h e b a t t l e i s n o t l o s t . I n f a c t , i t h a s s c a r c el y b e g u n ,

f o r w e a r e a p e o p l e w h o , o n c e w e s e e t h e d a n g e r , w i l l

n o t r e a d i l y g i v e u p t h e l i b e r t y t h a t i s o u r b i r t h r i g h t .

B u t it i s n o t a b a t t l e t h a t c an b e w o n b y s a y i n g :

" A n d n o w g o a w a y a n d l e t u s w a t c h t h e b a l l - g a m e ! "





PRICE OF PLANNED ECONOMY 6iJun e 1 9 3 4 , C o l o n e l K n o x w r o t e a n u m b e r o f e d i t o r i a l s

f o r h i s n e w s p a p e r i n w h i c h h e p r e s e n t e d i n p l a i n l a n -

g u a g e , a n d , t o m y w a y o f t h i n k i n g , w i t h g r e a t f o r c e f u l -

n e s s , w h a t s o r t o f b u z z - s a w i t i s w i t h w h i c h w e a r e

m o n k e y i n g .

I a m q u o t i n g s o m e o f t h e s e e d i t o r i a l s i n t o t o , b e c a u s e

I k n o w o f n o b e t t e r w a y t o b r i n g o u t t h e p o i n t I a m

t r y i n g t o m a k e i n t hi s c ha pt er . I h a v e n o t a t t e m p t e d t o

c h e c k t h e c o r r e c t n e s s o f a l l t h e s t a t e m e n t s o r f i g u r e s

c o n t a i n e d i n t h e s e e d i t o r i a l s , b u t - i f a n y o f t h e m s h o u l d

b e i n c o r r e c t - I k n o w t h a t n o o n e w o u l d b e m o r e a n x i o u s

t o h a v e t h e m c o r r e c t e d t h a n t h e i r a u t h o r .

H e r e i s t h e f i r s t i n s t a l m e n t t h a t C o l o n e l K n o x s e n t

h o m e f r o m I t a l y , o n M a y 1 2 , 1 9 3 4

WHAT PRICE REGIMENTATION?

I t a l y , o n e o f t h e f i r s t c o u n t r i e s t o r e s o r t t o m a n -

a g e d e c o n o m y , a n d w i t h p e r h a p s g r e a t e r e x p e r i e n c e

i n i t s p r a c t i c e t h a n a n y o t h e r c o u n t r y , s u p p l i e s t o t h e

r e s t o f t h e w o r l d e x c e p t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r s t u d y

o f t h e e f f e c t o f s u c h a s y s t e m u p o n p o p u l a r d e m o -

c r a t i c i n s t i t u t i o n s , u p o n i n d i v i d u a l l i b e r t y , u p o n e c o -

nomic freedom of actio n for both employer and

e m p l o y e e , a n d f i n a l l y u p o n t h e c o s t o f g o v e r n m e n t

a n d t h e c o n s e q u e n t t a x b u r d e n .

W h a t h a s b e e n t h e c o s t o f t h e m a n a g e d e c o n o m y

i m p o s e d u p o n I t a l y u n d e r t h e M u s s o l i n i d i c t a t o r -

s h i p ?





PRICE OF PLANNED ECONOMY 63o t h e r 5 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 l i r e o f d e b t s n o t i n c l u d e d i n

t h e g o v e r n m e n t ' s f i g u r e s . T h u s , t h e t o t a l d e b t o f

I t a l y t o d a y i s o v e r 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 l i r e , o r a b o u t

$ 1 3 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 . F i v e y e a r s a g o i t w a s i i 1 , o o o , o o o ;

o o o l i r e , or a b o u t $ 9 , 50 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 o .

T h e b u d g e t f o r g o v e r n m e n t a l e x p e n s e s i n 1 9 2 8

s h o w e d a s u r p l u s o f i n c o m e o v e r e x p e n s e s o f5 5 5

o o o , o o o l i r e . T h e b u d g e t f o r 1 9 3 3 s h o w e d a d e f i c i t

o f 3 , 6 6 3 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 l i r e .

B o t h t h e d e b t a n d t h e b u d g e t f i g u r e s d i s c l o s e a

disquieting tenden cy toward u l t i m a t e n a t i o n a l

bankruptcy .

L a s t y e a r t a x e s i n I t a l y c o n s u m e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y

t h i r t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l n a t i o n a l i n c o m e .

T h i s i s f a r b e y o n d t h e d a n g e r l i n e . I t s p e l l s d i s a s t e r

u n l e s s t a x e s a r e s h a r p l y r e d u c e d .

And what has mana ged eco nomy done fo r em-

p l o y m e n t ? I n J a n u a r y , 1 9 3 0 , t h e r e w e r e a p p r o x i -

m a t e l y 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 unemployed . B u t i n J a n u a r y ,1 9 3 4 ,

t h e r e w e r e m o r e t h a n 1 , 1 50 , 0 0 0 o u t o f w o r k .

C a n a n y o n e o u t s i d e o f t h e c i r c l e o f t h e b r a i n

t r u s t i n W a s h i n g t o n f i n d a n y t h i n g i n t h i s r e c o r d

f o r A m e r i c a t o i m i t a t e ?

H e r e i s t h e s e c o n d o n e s e n t a f e w d a y s l a t e r . S e e w h a t

C o l o n e l K n o x h a s t o s a y a b o u t t h e I t a l i a n w o r k i n g m a n .



6 4 IT'S UP TO US" MANAGING " CAPITAL AND LABOR

T h e A m e r i c a n t y p e o f p o p u l a r d e m o c r a c y i s b u i l t

u p o n c e r t a i n i n a l i e n a b l e r i g h t s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l , i n -

c l u d i n g t h e r i g h t t o c o n t r o l o n e ' s o w n l a b o r , a n d

t h e s i m i l a r r i g h t t o c o n t r o l o n e ' s o w n p r o p e r t y .

Compulso ry labor is for bidden i n Ameri ca, and

s e c u r i t y o f p e r s o n a l p r o p e r t y i s g u a r a n t e e d . T h e s e

r i g h t s w e r e d e a r l y b o u g h t a n d h a v e b e e n p r e c i o u s l y

p r e s e r v e d .

I t a l i a n s a l s o o n c e e n j o y e d t h e s e r i g h t s . W h a t h a s

b e c o m e o f t h e m u n d e r h a l f a d o z e n y e a r s o f m a n -

a g e d e c o n o m y ? H o w h a s t h e r e g i m e n t a t i o n o f i n -

d u s t r y a f f e c t e d I t a l y ' s w o r k i n g c l a s s es ?

T h e t y p e o f l a b o r u n i o n f o u n d i n A m e r i c a , a n d

f o r m e r l y i n I t a l y , n o lo n g e r e x i s t s h e r e . I t h a s b e e n

s u p p l a n t e d . T h e r e i s o n l y o n e s y n d i c a t e , o r u n i o n ,

f o r e a c h . t r a d e . A w o r k e r i s f r e e t o j o i n o r n o t , b u t

h e m u s t p a y d u e s t o t h e s y n d i c a t e w h e t h e r h e j o i n s

i t o r n o t . H i s w o r k i s c o m p l e t e l y r e g u l a t e d b y i t ,

a n d m e m b e r s o f t h e u n i o n a r e a l w a y s g i v e n p r e f e r -

e n c e i n t h e a w a r d i n g o f j o b s . S o t h i s a l l e g e d r i g h t

t o a b s t a i n f r o m u n i o n m e m b e r s h i p i s m e r e l y f r e e -

d o m t o s t a r v e . M e m b e r s h i p i s , i n ef f e c t , co m p u l s or y .

C o n d i t i o n s o f w o r k a n d w a g e s f o r a l l I t a l i a n

w o r k e r s a r e f i x e d b y c o l l e c t i v e c o n t r a c t s n e go t i a t e d

b e t w e e n t h e e m p l o y e r s a n d g o v e r n m e n t - a p p o i n t e d

o f f i c i a ls o f t h e s y n d i c a t e . A w o r k e r h a s n o v o i c e i n



PRICE OF PLANNED ECONOMY 65t h e c h o i c e o f h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , a n d n o c o n t r o l o v e r

t h e d e c i s i o n s r e a c h e d . T h e r i g h t t o s t r i k e h a s b e e n

a b o l i s h e d . L a b o r c o n t r o v e r s i e s a n d d i s p u t e s a r e

h a n d l e d o n b e h a l f o f t h e w o r k e r s b y g o v e r n m e n t -

a p p o i n t e d o f f i c i a l s o f t h e s y n d i c a t e . T h e y d e t e r m i n e

w h e t h e r t h e d i s p u t e s c a n b e r e f e r r e d t o a r b i t r a t i o n .

T h e a r b i t r a t o r s a r e g o v e r n m e n t o f f i c i a l s .

I f o u t o f a j o b , a n I t a l i a n w o r k e r c a n n o t s e e k

employment on his own . H e m u s t d o s o t h r o u g h t h e

o f f i c i a l e m p l o y m e n t b u r e a u , w h i c h i s b e i n g r a p i d l y

e x t e n d e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y , a n d w h i c h w i l l

e x e r c i s e a c o m p l e t e m o n o p o l y o f e m p l o y m e n t . An

i d l e w o r k e r m a y a p p l y f o r a j o b o n l y i n t h e t r a d e

o r c r a f t t o w h i ch h e b e l o n g s , a n d j o b s a r e f i l l e d b y

a s t r i c t r u l e o f s e n i o r i t y . The une mplo yed worke r

i s p r e v e n t e d a l s o f r o m m o v i n g f r o m o n e p l a c e t o

a n o t h e r i n s e a r c h o f w o r k ; e s p e c i a l l y f r o m t h e s m a l l

t o w n s an d v i l l ag e s t o th e l a r ge c i t i e s . I f h e i s f o u n d

without work in some t own other than his own,

h e m a y b e s e n t b a c k h o m e . H e i s d e p r i v e d o f c h o i c e

o f m o v e m e n t i n h i s s e a r c h f o r w o r k .

So much for the Italia n workingman . What o f

t h e e m p l o y e r s o f l a b o r ? I s c a p i t a l l e s s f r e e t o c r e at e

em ployment?

C r e d i t , t h e l i f e b l o o d o f i n d u s t r y , i s n o w m o n o p o -

l i z e d b y g o v e r n m e n t - c o n t r o l l e d h o l d i n g c o m p a n i e s ,

o r i n v e s t m e n t t r u s t s . T h e s e tr u s t s a r e su p p l i e d w i t h

c a p i t a l b y t h e g o v e r n m e n t , w h i c h l e n d s m o n e y t o



6 6 IT'S UP TO USi n d u s t r y ; t h e t r u s t s s e l l t h e i r o w n t r u s t c e r t i f i c a t e s

t o t h e p u b l i c . T h e i r f i n a n c i a l p o l i c i e s a r e s t r i c t l y

r e g u l a t e d b y t h e s t a t e . No busi ness c an bo rro w

money from these trusts without governme nt ap-

p r o v a l .

A defini te check is put upon the expan sion of

e v e r y p l a n t a n d e v e r y i n d u s t r y . Gove rnme nt per-

m i s s i o n i s r e q u i r e d f or t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f b r a n c h e s

o f a n e s t a b l i s h e d c o n c e r n , o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f

n e w f a c t o r i e s .

A n e m p l o y e r h a s n o c h o i c e i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f h i s

o p e r a t i n g p e r s o n n e l . He must a cce pt the pe ople

sent to him by the official emplo yment burea u .

P r e f e r e n c e i s g i v e n t o m e m b e r s o f t h e F a s c i s t p a r t y .

I f b u s i n e s s f a l l s of f , a n e m p l o y e r c a n n o t r e d u ce t h e

n u m b e r o f h i s e m p l o y e e s w i t h o u t i n c u r r i n g l i a b i l i t y

f o r o n e r o u s l i q u i d a t i o n p a y m e n t s t o h i s e m p l o y e s

p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e i r l e n g t h o f s e r v i c e . A l l c o n d i -

t i o n s o f e m p l o y m e n t a r e c o n t r o l l e d b y c o l l e c t i v e

c o n t r a c t s i n w h i c h t h e g o v e r n m e n t a l w a y s h a s t h e

d e c i s i v e v o t e . N o u n p r o f i t a b l e i n d u s t r y m a y b e d i s -

c o n t i n u e d w i t h o u t t h e c o n s e n t o f t h e s t a t e .

E v e r y t r a d e a n d e v e r y i n d u s t r y h a s i t s o w n C h a m -

b e r o f C o m m e r c e , o r s y n d i c a t e . T h e y a r e a l l u n d e r

s t r i c t s t a t e c o n t r o l . A b u s i n e s s m a n i s f r e e t o j o i n

o r n o t , b u t , w h e t h e r h e b e c o m e s a m e m b e r o r n o t ,

h i s b u s i n e s s i s c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e s y n d i c a t e o f h i s



PRICE OF PLANNED ECONOMY 67c r a f t , a n d h e m u s t p a y h i s d u e s . T h u s , i n e f f e c t ,

membership is compulsory . A c o r p o r a t i v e i n s p e c -

t o r a t e , w i t h q u a s i - p o l i c e p o w e r , s u p e r v i s e s t h e e x -

e c u t i o n o f a l l e c o n o m i c l e g i s l a t i o n .

T h u s , i n I t a l y , b o t h l a b o r a n d c a p i t a l , u n d e r a

m a n a g e d e c o n o m y , h a v e l o s t t h e i r f r e e d o m . T h e r e

i s n o l o n g e r f r e e l a b o r o r f r e e c a p i t a l . B o t h h a v e

b e e n s w a l l o w e d u p i n t h e " c o r p o r a t i v e s t a t e . "

F r o m I t a l y C o l o n e l K n o x w e n t t o A u s t r i a , t h e y o u n g -

e s t o f t h e F a s c i s t c o u n t r i e s , a n d f r o m t h e r e w r o t e t h e

f o l l o w i n g i l l u m i n a t i n g a c c o u n t o f w h a t w a s h a p p e n -

i n g t h e r e :

THE NEW ORDER IN AUSTRIA

Born of t he Februa ry riot s which mark ed the

o v e r t h r o w , a s a l e g a l p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n , o f t h e

S o c i a l i s t p a r t y , t h e p r e s e n t A u s t r i a n g o v e r n m e n t

c o n s u m e d b u t a f e w w e e k s i n d r a f t i n g a n d a d o p t i n g

a n e w c o n s t i t u t i o n , w h i c h h a s c r e a t e d E u r o p e ' s n e w -

e s t " c o r p o r a t i v e s t a t e . " B y g o v e rn m e n t f i a t , t h e t e r m s

o f t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n w e r e m a d e e f f e c t i v e . S u f f i c i e n t

t i m e h a s n o t y e t e l a p s e d t o g i v e e f f e c t t o d e c r e e s

w h i c h a r e n o w i n t h e m a k i n g a n d w h i c h w i l l p r o -

v i d e f o r a n A u s t r i a n " m a n a g e d e c o n o m y , " b u t , i m -

m a t u r e a s t h e s e p l a n s n o w a r e , t h e p r e s e n t p o s t u r e



6 8 IT'S UP TO USo f A u s t r i a n a f f a i r s i s h i g h l y u s e f u l t o A m e r i c a n

s t u d e n t s o f t h e c o r p o r a t i v e - s t a t e p r i n c i p l e . F o r h e r e

o n e f i n d s u n c o n c e a l e d a n d u n d e n i e d t h e i n s p i r a t i o n

f o r t h i s c o r p o r a t i v e p h a s e o f e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n w i t h

a n e c o n o m i c " n e w d e a l . "

A u s t r i a i n m e d i e v a l t i m e s p r o v i d e d E u r o p e w i t h

t h e m o s t h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d f o r m o f t h e g u i l d - o r

t r a d e o r g a n i z a t i o n , c o m p r i s i n g b o t h e m p l o y e r s a n d

w o r k e r s i n e a c h i n d u s t r y - w h i c h s e r v e d a s a m o d e l

a n d a n i n s p i r a t i o n f o r " n e w d e a l e r s " i n b o t h E u r o p e

a n d A m e r i c a i n t h e i r e f f o r t s t o s e t u p a " n e w " e c o -

n o m i c o r d e r . B o t h M u s s o l i n i i n I t a l y a n d t h e B r a i n

T r u s t i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s d e n y t h a t t h e i r f o r m u l a

for a new order was borro wed from the guild

p r i n c i p l e o f t h e M i d d l e A g e s , b u t h e r e i n A u s t r i a

C h a n c e l l o r D o l l f u s s a n d hi s c o l l a b o r a t o r s b o a s t t h a t

e c o n o m i c w o r k e r s r e t u r n i n g t o A u s t r i a d e v e l o p e d

t h e g u i l d i d e a , w h i c h i s n o w t o b e r e a s s e r t e d i n t h e

l a n d o f i t s h i g h e s t e a r l i e r d e v e l o p m e n t .

U n d e r t h e n e w c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l A u s t r i a n s w i l l b e

d i v i d e d i n t o s e v e n g u i l d s . T h e f a r m e r s a n d a l l o t h -

e r s e m p l o y e d i n a g r i c u l t u r e a n d f o r e s t r y c o m p r i s e

t h e f i r s t o f t h e s e g u i l d s ; t h e s e c o nd i s m a d e u p o f a l l

t h o s e e n g a g e d i n i n d u s t r y a n d m i n i n g ; t h e t h i r d

i n c l u d e s a l l s t o r e k e e p e r s a n d o t h e r s e n g a g e d i n

t r a d e ; t h e f o u r t h a l l t h o s e e n g a g e d i n c o m m e r c e ,

t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n ; t h e f i f t h b a n k -



PRICE OF PLANNED ECONOMY 69e r s a n d a l l t h o s e e m p l o y e d i n b a n k i n g a n d i n s u r -

ance ; t h e s i x t h m e m b e r s o f t h e f r e e p r o f e s s i o n s ,

s u c h a s t e a c h e r s , p r i e s t s , s c i e n t i s t s , a r t i s t s , d o c t o r s

and l awyers ; t h e s e v e n t h c i v i l s e r v a n t s a n d s t a t e

o f f i c i a l s .

T h e a p p o i n t m e n t o f l e a d e r s f o r a l l o f t h e s e s e v e n

g u i l d s w i l l b e d i c t a t e d b y t h e g o v e r n m e n t , w h i c h

w i l l a l s o e x e r c i s e t h e r i g h t o f f i n a l d e c i s i o n i n p r i c e -

f i x i n g , w a g e s , w o r k i n g h o u r s , t h e s c a l e o f p r o d u c -

t i o n a n d t h e l i m i t s o f c o m p e t i t i o n . B o t h t h e s t r i k e

a n d t h e l o c k o u t w i l l b e f o r b i d d e n . T h e r e g i m e n t a -

t i o n o f b o t h i n d u s t r y a n d a g r i c u l t u r e w i l l b e c o m -

p l e t e . T h u s , a s i n I t a l y , t h e l o s s o f i n d i v i d u al f r e e d o m

w i l l b e c o m p l e t e .

L i k e w i s e t h e r e w i l l b e a s c o m p l e t e a l o s s o f p o l i t -

i c a l f r e e d o m . F o r t h e s c h e m e o f p o l i t i c a l g o v e r n -

m e n t w h i c h i s t o b e i m p o s e d u n d e r t h i s r e s t o r a t i o n

o f t h e g u i l d s y s t e m h a s e v e n l e s s o f h u m a n l i b e r t y

i n i t t h a n n t h e p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m o f t h e M i d d l e A g e s

u n d e r w h i c h i t f i r s t f l o u r i s h e d . Unde r this "n ew

e c o n o m i c o r d e r " A u s t r i a w i l l b e g o v e r n e d b y a m o r e

a b s o l u t e d i c t a t o r s h i p t h a n p o s t w a r E u r o p e h a s y e t

produced .

F i r s t , t h e r e i s t o b e a S t a t e C o u n c i l m a d e u p o f

f r o m f o r t y t o f i f t y " e l d e r s t a t e s m e n " a p p o i n t e d b y

t h e p r e si d e n t f or t e n y e a r s . T o t h i s i s t o b e a d d e d a

Cultura l Counc il whose membership, number ing



7 0 IT'S UP TO USf r o m t h i r t y t o f o r t y , w i l l i n c l u d e a p p o i n t e d t e a c h er s ,

p r i e s t s a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f s c i e n c e a n d a r t . T h e

t h i r d o f t h e s e c o u n c i l s , t h e E c o n o m i c C o u n c i l , w i l l

i n c l u d e s e v e n t y t o e i g h t y m e m b e r s t o b e e l e c t e d b y

t h e g u i l d s . T h e f o u r t h , o r P r o v i n c i a l , c o u n c i l w i l l

b e m a d e u p o f e i g h t e e n d e l e g a t e s , t w o f r o m e a c h o f

t h e n i n e p r o v i n c e s . T h e s e f o u r c o u n c i l s w i l l h a v e

o n l y a d v i s o r y d u t i e s . T h e y w i l l m e e t i n s e c r e t a n d

m a y o n l y s u g g e s t c h a n g e s i n t h e l a w s . T h e y w i l l

n o t o r i g i n a t e l e g i s l a t i o n .

A b o v e t h e s e c o u n c i l s w i l l b e a F e d e r a l D i e t o f

f i f t y - n i n e m e m b e r s a p p o i n t e d f r o m t h e f o u r a d v i s -

o r y c o u n c i l s . T w e n t y o f t h e f i f t y - n i n e w i l l c o m e

f r o m t h e g u i l d s . T h e D i e t m a y o n l y s a y " y e s " o r

" n o " t o p r o p o s a l s , a n d t h e r e w i l l b e n o d e b a t e . T h e s e

b o d i e s , u n d e r a d i c t a t o r p r o v i d e d w i t h a m p l e p o w e r

t o m a i n t a i n h i m s e l f i n o f f i c e , c o n s t i t u t e t h e " c o r p o -

r a t i v e s t a t e " o f A u s t r i a .

U n d e r t h e b a n n e r o f " m a n a g e d e c o n o m y " d e m o c -

r a c y h a s b e e n t h r o t t l e d . P a r l i a m e n t a r y g o v e r n m e n t

h a s b e e n d e s t r o y e d . P o l i t i c al p a r t i e s a r e f or b i d d e n .

F r e e s p e e c h a n d a f r e e p r e s s , t h e r i g h t o f a s s e m b l y

a n d t h e r i g h t o f p e t i t i o n a r e a l l a b o l i s h e d .

T h u s t h e N e w O r d e r i n A u s t r i a .

H a v i n g s e e n w h a t F a s c i s m l o o k e d l i k e , C o l o n e l K n o x

n e x t w e n t t o R u s s i a i n o r d e r t o o b s e r v e a t f i r s t h a n d t h e



PRICE OF PLANNED ECONOMY 71

e f f e c t s o f t h e o t h e r v a r i a t i o n o f p l a n n e d e c o n o m y -

na m el y, Commu n ism . H i s f i r s t o b s e r v a t i o n s , se n t h o m e

t h e f i r s t w e e k i n J u n e , a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g :

RUSSIA ' S PLANS NOT FOR USR u s s i a , f r o m w h i c h c o u n t r y I h a v e j u s t c o m e , i s

u n d o u b t e d l y e n g a g e d i n a m o n u m e n t a l e x p e r i m e n t

i n t h e f i e l d o f m a n a g e d e c o n o m y a n d p l a n n e d s o -

c i e t y . T h e e x p e r i m e n t m a y , o r m a y n o t , b e s u i t e d t o

t h e R u s s i a n t e m p e r a m e n t a n d t o R u s s i a n c o n d i t i o n s .

T i m e a l o n e w i l l d e t e r m i n e t h a t .

C e r t a i n l y m y v i s i t w a s t o o s h o r t t o w a r r a n t m y

e x p r e s s i n g a n y d o g m a t i c v i e w s o n R u s s i a ' s d e s t i n y .

I d i d s t a y l o n g e n o u g h , h o w e v e r , t o l e a r n t h a t t h e

R u s s i a n e x p e r i m e n t o f f e r s n o t h i n g w h a t e v e r f o r

A m e r i c a t o i m i t a t e . O n l y a n u t t e r l y d i s t o r t e d c o n -

c e p t i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a n s p i r i t a n d o f t h e p e c u l i a r

A m e r i c a n g e n i u s f o r s e l f - h e l p a n d s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t

c o u l d f i n d i n M o s c o w a n y i n s p i r a t i o n o r s u g g e s t i o n

t h a t w o u l d b e h e l p f u l i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

O f t h e i d e a l s o f a f r e e , d e m o c r a t i c s t a t e w h i c h m a y

b e f o u n d i n t h e o r y i n t h e M a r x - L e n i n s c h o o l o f p o -

l i t i c a l p h i l o s o p h y , i t c a n b e s a i d w i t h t r u t h t h a t o u r

f o r e b e a r s s o u g h t a n e w w o r l d i n w h i c h t o g i v e t h e m

e x p r e s s i o n l o n g b e f o r e M a r x o r L e n i n w a s b o r n ,

w h e n R u s s i a w a s s t i l l w a l l o w i n g i n a s t a t e o f b a r -

b a r i c f e u d a l i s m , s h o t t h r o u g h w i t h t h e T a r t a r g e n i u s

f o r e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e w e a k b y t h e s t r o n g . O f t h e



72 IT'S UP TO US

r e m a i n d e r o f t h e s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c t e n e t s o f R u s -

s i a n S o v i et i s m , i t m a y b e s a i d t h a t t h ey a r e u n s u it e d

t o o u r u s e b e c a u s e :

i . T h e y m u s t o p e r a t e w i t h i n t h e f r a m e o f a p o l i t -

i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n r e p u g n a n t t o e v e r y p r i n c i p l e u n -

d e r l y i n g a f r e e d e m o c r a c y .

2 . T h e y m u s t h a v e f o r t h e i r t h e a t r e o f a c t i v i t y a

c o u n t r y s u f f e r i n g f r o m a s h o r t a g e o f a l m o s t e v e r y

c o m m o d i t y e s s e n t i a l t o a b a r e l i v i n g, t o t a l l y l a c k i ng

n o t o n l y i n t h e l u x u r i e s o f l i f e b u t e v e n i n t h o s e

t h i n g s w h i c h c o n t r i b u t e t o m o d e r a t e c o m f o r t .

3 . T h e y m u s t h a v e a s t h e i r a d h e r e n t s a n d b e n e -

f i c i a r i e s p e o p l e w h o s e h i s t o r y h a s k n o w n n o f r e e -

d o m , w h o s e t r a i n i n g a n d e x p e r i e n c e i n l o c a l a n d

n a t i o n a l s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t h a v e b e e n n i l , p e o p l e w h o

a r e a c c u s t o m e d t o a s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g o n l y a s t e p

a b o v e t h a t o f t h e b e a s t s t h a t f r e q u e n t l y a r e h o u s e d

w i t h t h e m u n d e r t h e s a m e r o o f t r e e .

4 . T h e i r p r a c t i c e m u s t b e a c c o m p a n i e d b y a m i l i -

t a r y d i s c i p l i n e w h i c h , w i t h o u t r e s o r t t o t r i a l o r c o u r t ,

w i l l e n f o r c e l a w s f o r b i d d i n g f r e e d o m o f s p e e c h ,

f r e e d om o f t h e p r e s s , th e r i g h t o f a ss e m b l y a n d p e t i -

t i o n a n d m a n d a t o r y t r i a l b y j u r y .

T h e i r s u c c e s s f u l m a i n t e n a n c e d e m a n d s c o m p u l -

s o r y m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e , d e n i a l o f t h e r i g h t o f p a r t i c i -

p a t i o n i n g o v e r n m e n t b y a n y b u t m e m b e r s o f t h e

o n e p o l i t i c a l p a r t y t h a t i s a l l o w e d t o e x i s t , s u p e r v i -

s i o n o f a l l s o c i a l a n d , p a r t i c u l a r l y , a l l p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t y



PRICE OF PLANNED ECONOMY 73b y a s e c r e t p o l i c e w h i c h s t r i k e s i n t h e d a r k , a n d f r o m

w h o s e a r b i t r a r y a c t i o n t h e r e i s n o a p p e a l .

H o w c a n y o u f i t s u c h a s y s t e m i n t o t h e p a t t e r n

o f a f r e e d e m o c r a c y ?

The next insta lment c oncerni ng Russia is to my

m i n d a s s i g n i f i c a n t a d o c u m e n t a s a n y I h a v e r e a d f o r

some time . M o s t o f u s t h i n k t h a t C o m m u n i s m a t l e a s t

h a s t h e v i r t u e t h a t a l l s h a r e a l i k e . T h a t b e a u t i f u l d r e a m

i s c o m p l e t e l y d i s p e l l e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g :

DEMOCRACY OR TERRORISM?A t a l u n c h e o n g i v e n b y t h e f o r e i g n o f f i c e o f t h e

Russian gover nmen t i n Mosco w, I was t old by a

h i g h o f f i c i a l t h a t R u s s i a w a s c o n d u c t i n g a g r e a t e x -

p e r i m e n t i n d e m o c r a c y . I h a v e n o r i g h t t o c h a l l e n g e

t h e s in c er i t y o f t h a t o b s e r va t io n . I r e p li e d b y a s ki n g

w h a t w a s t h e t o t a l m e m b e r s h i p o f t h e C o m m u n i s t

p a r t y i n R u s s i a , a n d w a s t o l d t h a t i t n u m b e r e d a b o u t

3 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 . T h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o f s o v i e t R u s s i a i s

I 6 5 , o o 0 , o o o . O n l y C o m m u n i s t s a r e p e r m i t t e d a c t i v e

p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e g o v e r n m e n t .

M y r e f e r e n c e t o t h e d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n t h e t o t a l

n u m b e r o f t h e r u l i n g c l a s s a n d t h e n u m b e r r u l e d

m a d e l i t t l e o r n o i m p r e s s i o n u p o n m y R u s s i a n h o s t .

H e v i g o r o u s l y c h a l l e n g e d m y d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e i r

f o r m o f g o v e r n m e n t a s a n a u t o c r a c y d o m i n a t e d b y



7 4 IT'S UP TO USa d i c t a t o r s h i p w h i c h , h o w e v e r w e l l i n t e n t i o n e d a n d

b e n e v o l e n t , w a s a b s o l u t e i n i t s s u m m a r y d e n i a l o f

t h e d e m o c r a t i c p r i n c i p l e o f s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t . J u d g e d

b y A m e r i c a n d e m o c r a t i c s t a n d a r d s , t h e r e i s n o q u e s -

t i o n a s t o t h e c o r r e c t n es s o f m y d e f i n i t i o n .

T h e a c t u a l g o v e r n m e n t i n R u s s i a i s v e s t e d i n t h e

Communist party, which in cludes onl y 1 1 . 2 p e r c e n t

o f t h e e n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n . The Communi st p ar ty in

t u r n i s c o n t r o l l e d b y a s m a l l g r o u p o f h i g h o f f i c i a l s

w h o m a i n t a i n t h e m s e l v e s i n o f f i c e b y a c o m b i n a t i o n

o f s h a m e l e s s p r o p a g a n d a , p o l i t i c a l i n t r i g u e a n d a

p o l i c e - e n f o r c e d t e r r o r , b a c k e d b y t h e s t a n d i n g a r m y

o f 6 o o , o o o s o l d i e r s .

The basic unit of the Communist govern ment i s

t h e y a c h i e k a , c o m p o s e d o f a l l t h e C o m m u n i s t p a r t y

m e m b e r s i n e v e r y f a c t o r y , o f f i c e , v i ll a g e o r m i l i t a r y

u n i t . O f t h e s e t h e r e a r e a b o u t 50,000 . T h e s e u n i t s a c t

u n d e r t h e o r d e r s a n d i n s t r u c t i o n s o f t h e n e x t h i g h e r

u n i t , w h i c h , t h e o r e t i c a l l y , t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e y a -

c h i e k a h e l p t o c h o o s e . T h u s t h e v i l l a g e c o m m i t t e e

t a k e s i t s o r d e r s f r o m t h e c o u n t y c o m m i t t e e a n d t h e

c o u n t y c o m m i t t e e r e c e i v e s i t s i n s t r u c t i o n s f r o m t h e

p r o v i n c i a l c o m m i t t e e .

T h e o r e t i c a l l y , t h e g o v e r n m e n t i s v e s t e d i n t h e a l l -

u n i o n s o v i e t c o n g r e s s , t h e b a s i s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n

w h i c h i s o n e d e l e g a t e f o r e a c h 1 25,oo o r u r a l v o t e r s ,

a n d o n e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f o r e a c h 25,000 c i t y v o t e r s .

A l l s l a t e s o f c a n d i d a t e s a r e c h o s e n b y p a r t y c o m m i t -



PRICE OF PLANNED ECONOMY 75tees and, there being no opposition party, the elec-

tions are by acclamation .

However, even this gesture in the direction of

democracy is empty . The congress meets but once in

two years, and has no real legislative functions . Leg-

islative authority is vested in the all-union central

soviet executive committee, known in Russia as the

Tsik. It is made up of about one-fourth of the mem-

bers of the congress, and all are hand-picked by the

cabinet, or, as it is known in Russia, the council of

people's commissars .

Paralleling this formal pattern of government,

and always superior to it, is the Communist party

organization, which heads up in the party central

committee of about i5o members, from which is

selected the all-powerful political bureau of only

ten men. These men are the autocrats of all Russia .

The political bureau is headed and dictated to by

Stalin, whose only office is that of secretary of the

party central committee .

The real underlying truth of the Russian situa-

tion is that this vast country, which includes between

one-sixth and one-seventh of the earth's surface,

which is probably the greatest storehouse of unde-

veloped natural resources in the world, and has a

population of i65,ooo,ooo, has merely changed its

exploiters. Formerly its people were exploited merci-

lessly by czars and the Russian nobility for their





PRICE OF PLANNED ECONOMY 77ducted Russian collective farms would provoke

armed resistance at once .

Sixty-five per cent of the Russian peasants, I

learned in Moscow, are now established on collec-

tive farms . The remaining 35 per cent are individual

farmers, nominally owning their farms and selling

for their own benefit such of their products as are

left after the tax collector has taken over the larger

part for the state .

The collective farms are of two types . T h e f i r s t i s

known as the "artel," in which only the land and

the horses are pooled, and the individual is permitted

to retain his house, garden, chickens, pigs and so on .

The second is the "commune" type, in which every-

thing is pooled and life is wholly communistic, with

common living quarters, common dining room and

common arrangements for the care of children.

The latter form has proved unsatisfactory and ulti-

mately all farms are to be of the "artel" model .

The foreman of each collective farm is appointed

by the political leader of the region. He lays out

all of the work of the farm, assisted by a so-called

expert from the nearest tractor station . At every

tractor station there is a "political section" of six

or seven men, appointed by the party leaders . They

determine the disposal of the land and how the

work shall be carried on. They supervise the harvest-



78 IT'S UP TO USing and enforce the collection of the state's share of

the crops . Every farmer has his work assigned to him

and at the end of the year is credited with the num-

ber of days of work he has done . Upon that basis

the peasant shares in the fruits of his year of toil .

After the government has taken its share, the re-

mainder of the crop is sold, either to the city co-oper-

atives or on the open market, and the proceeds are

divided, each peasant receiving a share proportion-

ate to the amount of work he has contributed . I f , i n

addition to his work on the collective farm, a farmer

has some garden produce, chickens or pigs to sell,

he must pay an additional heavy tax on those sales .

In the sustained effort to put all farming upon a

collective basis, the lot of the individual farmer is

made extremely hard . He is forced to pay taxes in

kind, and if he sells for cash he must pay part of the

proceeds to the state . The average individual farm

does not exceed two to four acres, and life is reduced

to the penury and squalor of peasant life in medieval

times . But such is the tenacity with which a Russian

clings to his own little farm that, even under such

incredibly harsh conditions, the extension of the

collective principle has been slow and difficult .

Many of the more active peasant opponents of the

collective-farm idea have been sent to the mines or

the forests for long terms at forced labor in order to

break down the home-loving instinct .



PRICE OF PLANNED ECONOMY 79If short crops are harvested, the government, in

order to feed the industrial workers in the cities,

takes virtually all, sometimes leaving not enough

food for the farmer to feed his family . Only last year,

because of widespread crop failure, from four to

seven million peasants died of starvation . This year

another short crop impends . The price of bread in

Moscow has been doubled and fresh hardships await

the peasant who must keep his family through the

winter on what the tax collector leaves .

This is the story of Russian regimentation of agri-

culture, applied to one of the richest agricultural

regions of the world . At best it provides the farmer a

bare subsistence ; at worst it is slow death through

forcible deprivation of those very means of sustain-

ing life which the farmer provides .

Perhaps in a way the plight of the Russian peasant is

not as surprising as it might be. I know it was not com-

pletely surprising to me, but what was surprising to me

is the condition of the Russian laborer as it is portrayed

in Colonel Knox's final editorial, which follows :

RUSSIAS VIRTUAL LABOR SLAVERY

The Russian revolution of 1917 was the work of a

small group of intellectuals, co-operating with the

mass of industrial workers of Leningrad and Mos-



8o IT'S UP TO UScow. The government those revolutionaries set up

was frankly and avowedly government by and for

the industrial workers of Russia . Consequently, if

there is any class in Russia which is a beneficiary

of the Communist type of managed economy, it is

the working class-a comparatively small percent-

age of Russia's whole population .

There has been some improvement in their stand-

ard of living, but even that statement is possible

only because of the incredibly low standard which

obtained before the revolution . If the Russian work-

ers' present conditions of life were imposed on

American workers, even in the depths of depression,

they would resist by armed revolt .

But, laying aside the question of living standards,

how has an ordered economy affected the freedom

and liberties of the workers of Russia?

It should always be remembered that Russia is

ruled with an iron hand by the Communist party,

made up of fewer than 3,000,000 of the entire popu-

lation of 165,000,000 . Not all the workers in facto-

ries, by any means, are admitted to the party . Con-

sequently, most of the workers, as well as most of

the farmers, have no voice whatever in their own

government. Government is imposed from above .

Each factory has its own trade union, but in each

plant the labor organization is paralleled by a Corn-



PRICE OF PLANNED ECONOMY 81

munist party organization to which only party mem-

bers can belong . Both are elected by the workers .

Each factory has a director and several assistants

appointed by the higher political authority, but the

actual operations within the plant are under the

direction of a committee of three-the factory direc-

tor (politically selected by higher authority), an

elected representative of the labor union and an

elected representative of the Communist party or-

ganization in the plant . Theoretically, these three

have equal powers-but only in theory . The direc-

tor's authority is final and supreme ; the powers of

the other two are only advisory . One-man rule was

found imperative in order to get production . The

director can hire and fire as he pleases, so long as

he does not offend the higher political authority

which gave him his job . Work is paid for almost

wholly on the piece scale. The minimum wage is

very low, and there is a sharp differential in the

wages paid to skilled and to unskilled labor . This

is producing class distinction . The workers have no

voice in questions of wages and hours, and member-

ship in a labor union is compulsory . On the other

hand, a worker can become a member of the Com-

munist party organization in his factory only by

election .

The seven-hour day and the five-day work week



82 IT'S UP TO USare decreed by law, but most plants are working

much longer hours, with overtime paid . The average

earnings of industrial workers are between 200 and

250 roubles a month . Employment in a factory pro-

vides a worker with a card, which guarantees him

full value of the rouble (about 7o cents) in payments

for rent, heat, light and water and for food at the co-

operative stores . For all other purchases the worker

must pay at the depreciated value of the rouble

(about 5 cents). This means substantial deprivation

of everything but the bare necessaries .

In both Moscow and Leningrad there is a frightful

congestion of living quarters . Whole families of

workers live in a single room, under utterly intol-

erable conditions .

It is estimated that the workers of Russia number

from 25,000,000 to 33,000,000, or from 15 to 20 per

cent of the total population . Of these not more than

2,000,000 are members of the Communist party .

For the rest of this industrial class, in whose behalf

the government is alleged to be operated, there is no

voice in the choice of their rulers, no control over

their own labor, no power to control working con-

ditions, no say as to what they shall be paid . But they

themselves must pay the prices fixed for necessaries,

and they are substantially denied any luxuries or

even comforts . If they quit their jobs without per-

mission they and their families are left to starve .







PRICE OF PLANNED ECONOMY 85to many of the substitutes used in the war days . The

gold reserve, used as a cover for the paper note

issues, is decreasing rapidly . It dropped 32,000,000

marks in April and recently reached a new all-time

low, with a gold coverage of only 3 .7 per cent .

In the security market sagging prices for both

bonds and stocks reflect the growing sense of inse-

curity . While no war blockade exists to interfere

with international trade, a peace-time blockade, the

direct result of Nazi treatment of the Jews, Catho-

lics and Protestants within Germany, is making it-

self felt in no uncertain manner . German export

figures are eloquent of the success of the anti-Nazi

campaign in foreign countries .

The wave of antagonism to democracy and demo-

cratic principles, and the substitution of the authori-

tative state, accompanied by the resort to planned

and managed economies, which swept the depres-

sion-racked peoples of Europe off their political and

economic balance, found its wildest and most ex-

treme climax in Germany. It is to Germany, there-

fore, that we may look for the first collapse, and the

beginnings of a return to sanity in both government

and economics .

Unless all present portents are misread, the hour

of repentance is not far off .



CHAPTER VI

"What Liberties Have You Lost?"

Whether or not the reader agrees with all of the observa-

tions and conclusions reached by Colonel Knox, I am

sure that no one could fail to be impressed with the co-

gency of his general conclusion : namely, that whatever

the benefits of a planned economy, the price of these

benefits is the loss of freedom. Having reached that point,

it would be only natural for the reader to want to hear

the other side of the argument. I shall not attempt to

present it, because I am not impartial enough to be even

reasonably effective as a "devil's advocate," but I refer

the reader to a book recently published by Mr . Walter

Lippmann. This book, The Method of Freedom, is the

most ingenious defense of planned economy that I have

seen .

I say "ingenious" because it seems to me that what

Mr. Lippmann does is first to set forth and admit theentire case against "planned economy ." Then he invents

something which he calls "compensated economy," for

which he claims that it will give us, without essential

sacrifice of freedom, the element of security for which

the planners are striving .

86



"WHAT LIBERTIES LOST?" 87

If I understand it correctly, Mr. Lippmann's "com-

pensated economy" is really nothing more than a defen-

sive rather than an offensive "planned economy" ; that

is, it is a scheme of things in which the government seeks

to offset by action of its own any exaggerated economic

trends that may arise in a free economy . This involves :

first, that the government must be able to recognize such

trends ; and, second, that it must find the proper means

to counteract them .

One hesitates to take issue with so careful a student of

these matters as Mr . Lippmann, but it seems to me that

while the theory of his "compensated economy" may be

perfectly sound, the suggestion, as applied to a demo-

cratic country and a government dependent upon popu-

lar election, will not work as a practical matter . I say

this because I do not believe that a government elected

on the basis of a political system such as ours will ever

be able to recognize economic trends with sufficient ac-

curacy ; and because I am even more convinced that if

it does recognize the trends, it will only act to offset

periods of contraction-that is, depression but will

never act to put on the brakes in periods of prosperity .

Moreover, I fear it is inevitable that any government

agency set up to run a "compensated economy" would

soon gather unto itself all the power necessary to run a

"planned economy." This is the historical evolution of

all government bureaus . The time to stop is before you

s t a r t .



88 IT'S UP TO USIt is quite possible that I have missed the point of Mr .

Lippmann's book. It is therefore no more than fair to

urge the reader who wishes to form an independent

judgment to study The Method of Freedom, if only be-

cause of the excellent analysis of what a "planned econ-

omy is .

And now let us seek to apply the microscope to our

own case and see how we should answer Mr . Roosevelt's

question .

I think we should begin by saying that we know that

in war it is necessary and right-in so far as anything

connected with war can be called right-that the rights

and liberties of the individual be submerged in the

greater interest of national safety . I think we should go

on to say that the emergency which existed in March

1933 was in many respects similar to a war and that it

therefore justified a similar attitude on the part of the

Government, and that we did not mind being good

soldiers until the enemy was repelled from our homes .

But I think we should say that America has never be-

lieved and does not now believe in compulsory military

training nor a large standing army, and that we think

it is dangerous to keep too many of us parading around

in uniforms too long after the emergency is over . I think

we should say that we think the acute emergency which

paralyzed our economic life is over, and that, while there

is still much suffering and hardship, we have to deal

from here on, not with a crisis, but with a recuperative





9o IT'S UP TO USAbraham Lincoln, in his Cooper Union speech of

i 8 6 o , s a i d :

"Now and here let me guard a little against being mis-

understood . I d o n o t m e a n t o s a y t h a t w e a r e b o u n d t o f o l l o w

i m p l i c i t l y i n w h a t e v e r o u r f a t h e r s d i d . To do so would be

t o d i s c a r d a l l t h e l i g h t s o f c u r r e n t e x p e r i e n c e - t o r e j e c t a l l

p r o g r e s s , a l l i m p r o v e m e n t . W h a t I d o s a y i s , t h a t i f w e w o u l d

s u p p l a n t t h e o p i n i o n s a n d p o l i c y o f o u r f a t h e r s in a n y c a s e ,

we should do so on evidence so conclusive, and argument

s o c l e a r , t h a t e v e n t h e i r g r e a t a u t h o r i t y , f a i r l y c o n s i d e r e d a n d

weighed, cannot stand . "

And again, in a message to Congress, on December 3,

1861, Lincoln said :

"Many independent men, everywhere in these states, a few

y e a r s b a c k i n t h e i r l i v e s w e r e h i r e d l a b o r e r s . The prudent,

penniless beginner in the world labors for wages a while,

s a v e s a s u r p l u s w i t h w h i c h t o b u y t o o l s o r l a n d f o r h i m s e l f ,

then labors on his own account for another while, and at

length hires another new beginner to help him . T h a t i s t h e

just and generous and prosperous system which opens the

way to all, gives hope to all, and consequent energy and

p r o g r e s s a n d i m p r o v e m e n t o f c o n d i t i o n t o a l l . No men living

are more worthy to be trusted than those who toil up from

p o v e r t y , n o n e l e s s i n c l i n e d t o t a k e o r t o u c h a u g h t w h i c h t h e y

have not honestly earned . Let them beware of surrendering

a p o l i t i c a l p o w e r w h i c h t h e y a l r e a d y p o s s e s s , a n d w h i c h , i f





92 IT'S 10P TO US

men who must be allowed, if necessary, to make our

own mistakes from time to time and suffer the con-

sequences .

Similarly, those of us who are industrial workers are

grateful for being protected against unfair exploitation,

but we do not like being told that we may only work a

given number of hours and under such and such condi-

tions, and that, irrespective of individual circumstances,

we must all conform to a general pattern . We want the

right to bargain collectively with our employers, but we

do not want to be compelled to do so ; nor do we want

to be compelled to belong to any organizations, unless

we are convinced that it is in our own interest to do so .

Those of us who are industrial employers and manu-

facturers are perfectly willing to co-operate with each

other, with our employees, and with the consumer to

eliminate unfair practice wherever it may exist . We are

willing to abide by such laws as may be enacted in order

to further this aim, provided that we have due recourse

to the courts to protect our rights within these laws . But

we do not want a Government bureaucracy to tell us

what to pay our employees, what to charge the consumer

for our products, and whether or not we may modernize

our plants .

Those of us who are shareholders, directors, or execu-

tives of railroads, public utilities, and banks want to

know whether we are going to be expected to continue

the operation of our respective enterprises under a better





94IT'S UP TO US

will have forty per cent of what we have saved taken

away. If that is really wise and necessary we can stand it,

but we should like to know whether that is all, or

whether there is worse to come . And we should like to

know what is going to raise our wages and incomes by

forty per cent so that they will continue to buy our neces-

s i t i e s . If the purchasing power of the dollars we receive

is to be reduced by forty per cent-which is the an-

nounced intention of the devaluation program-then we

shall need more of the cheaper dollars in order that we

may buy what we can buy today. Otherwise we shall

have suffered a very distinct invasion of our rights .

What is going to give us more dollars?

3. Thomas Jefferson, a great Democrat, said that the

best government was the government which governed

least. Abraham Lincoln, a great Republican, said : "In

great emergency moderation is generally safer than

radicalism. "

Granted that it may be wise and necessary in an emer-

gency to concentrate great power in the hands of the

executive, when will these powers be returned to Con-

gress? How long will it be before we can again look to

our Senators and Representatives to exercise the func-

tions we have delegated to them?

4 . It is a precious possession of a free people to have

their rights and liberties protected by a trained profes-

sional judiciary, which decides upon the rights of in-



"WHAT LIBERTIES LOST?"95

dividuals in specific circumstances within the frame-

work of the general principles laid down by the law .

Have we not lost a fundamental bulwark of our liberty

when many of these judicial functions are delegated to

administrative officials, untrained as judges, bound by

partisanship, and committed in advance to the philos-

ophy of their political superiors? Is it not contrary to

our rights under the Constitution that a single Govern-

ment bureau-such as an N.R.A. code authority-should

issue regulations which have all the binding quality of

law and can be enforced by penalties, while at the same

time it should act as the sole judicial tribunal to interpret

the rights of individuals under its own regulations?

In conclusion, I think we should say that we have lost

quite a little of our liberty, quite a few of our Constitu-

tional rights and privileges, for the time being . We

should say that this would not particularly worry us-

although perhaps it ought to-if we felt certain that we

should get them back, once the emergency is declared

over ; but that we are worried because we see no sign of

a diminishing encroachment by the Federal Govern-

ment upon the rights of states and individuals, now that

the emergency is beginning to subside . On the contrary,

we see indications that many of the powers conferred

upon the central Government as emergency powers are

being regarded more and more as permanent powers,

and that a great central bureaucracy has come into being



96 IT'S UP TO USwith all the ear-marks of intending to stay .

We should say that we are worried, not so much by

what has happened, as by what may be in store for us

in the future .







WHAT SHOULD WE CONCLUDE? 99ertyless man is to be sure of a job that pays him a decent

wage .

Recognizing that the accumulation of capital is essen-

tial to any economic structure, if only to replace the out-

worn tools and machinery of production, those who

would seek "security" by government planning would

let the Government be the one to accumulate the capital

of the community, and likewise the one to spend it .

I for one do not believe we should attempt to acquire

this hypothetical "security" by government capitalism

for three very simple reasons :

i . I do not believe that it is possible to create a state

of being-that is, a condition of life-which human

beings would be satisfied to accept in perpetuity . I b e l i e v e

that a static condition-no matter what condition-is

the very thing that most quickly destroys what, for want

of a better name, we call happiness .

2 . I do not believe that it is possible by any human

agency to guarantee that any state of happiness or un-

happiness shall remain static . And

3 . Even if it were possible to make us all reasonably

"happy" and to guarantee that we should remain so, I

do not believe that the American people would or should

be willing to pay the price, because that price is not only

the sacrifice of freedom, but the sacrifice of progress .

I shall take up each of these three points in order, but

first, so that we may realize that the alternative to govern-

ment-planned "security" does not involve going back to



zoo IT'S UP TO USthe evils that we have suffered in the past, and to show

that under a system of free economy we have moved far

and rapidly towards the protection of the weak against

the strong, let us glance for a moment at a document

which shows clearly, I think, the wake of the vessel in

which we have been sailing .

This document is the platform of the Socialist party,

on which Eugene V. Debs ran for President in19112 .

I t

contained the following planks :

z. A separate Department o f Labor .

This was set up in 1 913-

2 . Old-age pensions .

These are established in many states of the Union

and are now being considered by the Federal Govern-

ment .

3. Higher income and inheritance taxes .

These are in effect .

4. Woman suffrage .

This was granted in 1920 .

5. Reforestation and reclamation o f waste land .

Both have been undertaken by the Federal Gov-

ernment on a large scale .

6. A public works program .

(See P.W.A . )

7 . Government employment bureaus .

These have been established for some time .

8. Shorter hours and minimum wage scales .

(See NR.A . )







WHAT SHOULD WE CONCLUDE? 103

sume that such a government could prevent floods,

droughts, and earthquakes . We have learned to build

dikes so as to prevent some of the worst ravages of floods .

We have learned to irrigate arid lands . We have learned

to make fire-extinguishers . Undoubtedly we can learn

more along the lines of protecting ourselves against the

violence of nature . But I for one cannot assume that any

group of human beings can so control human activity

and natural activity as to offer any reasonable guarantee

of perpetuating any given distribution of wealth or

"happiness . "

More specifically, we have seen the efforts that our

Government has made to control both the production of

things and the prices at which the things produced are

to be sold . If such a plan is to be successful, it seems to

me that it must necessarily involve not only the control

of supply, but also the control of demand .

A government which sets out to control demand sets

out to control human desires, and that again I cannot

consider as a practical possibility .

3. Finally, assuming that I am wrong about both the

two preceding reasons for not believing in a planned

economy-that is, assuming that an all-wise and a l l -

powerful government could, first, redistribute "happi-

ness" in such a way as to make us all satisfied to perpet-

uate the condition achieved, and, second, that it could as

a practical matter accomplish the perpetuation-then I

should still reject a government-planned economy on





WHAT SHOULD WE CONCLUDE?10 5

It may be claimed that this is not true because it would

still be possible under such a system to increase the ag-

gregate wealth or happiness, as you may choose to call

it, and thereby increase pro rata the wealth or happiness

of all of us . In theory this may be true . In practice I do

not believe it is true, because such progress as the human

race has achieved has been made through the exercise

of that very mechanism of the human desire to have, and

the human will to create, which is to be superseded under

planned economy by the mathematical calculations and

plotted curves of a dictatorial management .

It is a mistake to assume that the idea of planned econ-

omy originated with the New Deal or even with the

various European nations which have embarked upon

similar experiments . Planned economy is a reversion to

the old feudal system, under which we had centuries so

devoid of human progress, so stagnant, and so, if you

like, "secure" in the sense that there was no change, that

this period is still referred to as the period of the Dark

Ages .

In saying what I have said, I am not attacking the

present Administration for starting a trend towards

planned economy. That trend was started when planned

economy was forced upon all nations which participated

in the War. For a time after the War it looked as if we

at least had shaken off the tendency in this direction, but

when the depression set in, planning certainly became



i o 6 IT'S UP TO US

just as much a part of the Republican philosophy under

Hoover as it is now part of the Democratic philosophy

under Roosevelt. The Hoover Administration thought

it could maintain high wages and high prices by Gov-

ernment intervention contrary to natural economic laws .

It failed, because it was attempting the impossible . I t

would have failed in any case because its efforts were

too timid and too inconsistent . The Roosevelt Adminis-

tration has tried to do the same thing more courageously,

though scarcely more consistently . Probably any govern-

ment that would have found itself in power from 1929

on would have attempted to do much the same thing .

It all goes back to what I said in the first chapter of

this book : namely, that we, the American people, have

demanded of our Government, ever since the depression

began, that it should perform miracles .

If we demand miracles, we must be prepared for quack

remedies .

If we confess our inability to govern ourselves, we

must not be surprised if a Government that depends

for its life upon being popular with us tries to exercise

the authority that we ourselves have abdicated .

With the state of mind of the American people as it

was in March 1933 and as it still is very largely today,

a government in Washington would have to be some-

thing more than human if it did not come to the con-

clusion that recovery could only be brought about by its

own actions .



WHAT SHOULD WE CONCLUDE? 107

That is why it is so important that we, the people,

should face the fundamental issue that confronts us and,

having faced the issue and made our choice, that we

should then realize that if we want security we must not

shed tears about our lost freedom or rail at a government

which is encroaching upon our liberties .

I am convinced that if the issue can be presented to

the American people with sufficient clarity and simplic-

ity, there is no question that they will choose "freedom"

rather than "security" ; that they will choose democracy

rather than dictatorship ; that they will choose the op-

portunity for progress rather than an insurance policy

of doubtful value against retrogression .



CHAPTER VIII

If Not Inflation or Planned Economy-

Then What?

Those who ardently support the New Deal are impatient

of all criticism unless it offers an alternative. John W.

Davis, speaking of this habit of mind, recently remarked

with great aptitude : "It is not quite clear why one who

sees his friend driving towards a precipice must wait

to warn him until he can produce a road map of the

district . "

That seems to me an extraordinarily sound common-

sense observation . In the summer of 1933, when a few of

us were vainly opposing the adoption of the Warren

gold theory and the whole inflationary trend which it

served to cloak, we were constantly confronted with the

statement : "Well, then, what have you got to suggest

that will raise farm prices and lighten the burden of

debt ?"

If one answered quite honestly that one had no alterna-

tive rabbit to pull out of the hat, and did not believe

that there was any such animal, the effect was that one's

criticism of the Warren plan was more or less brushed

aside . In other words, the New Deal is so wedded to the

idea that there is always a way to short-circuit the natural

I o 8



-THEN WHAT? 109

forces, always a way to avoid natural consequences, that

one cannot successfully expose a "miracle" unless one is

willing to peddle a "counter-miracle ."

It is not because I disagree with Mr . Davis that I am

going to attempt to develop what seem to me the basic

outlines of a course that we might pursue, if we decided

to abandon both the idea of seeking a monetary cure

through inflation and the idea of planned economy .

In other words, it is not because I feel that what I have

said about the Roosevelt monetary policies in my pre-

vious book, or what I have said in this one about planned

economy, requires the justification of presenting an

alternative . It is because I have the hope that by exposing

my own ideas to criticism I may perhaps stimulate other

and more competent minds towards the constructive

thought which our problem so urgently requires .

If our basic trouble is not a monetary trouble, and if

we cannot therefore cure our ills by monetary means-

if planned economy means the sacrifice of freedom and

the sacrifice of progress, and if this price is too great a

price to pay-what, then, are the elements of the course

that we should follow?

It seems to me that in outlining such an alternative,

one must first of all state the basic principles in which

one believes, and upon which one intends to build the

structure of an economic and social policy . For my part

these principles can be stated very simply and very

briefly



IIO IT'S UP TO US

i . I believe that this country should seek to maintain

its traditional form of constitutional representative gov-

ernment, within the framework of which there is ample

room for improvement .

2 . I believe that we should maintain an economic

order based upon the freedom of all individuals to think,

to work, and to express themselves as they desire-an

order in which each individual is free to improve his

own circumstances through his own efforts so long as

he does not in so doing transgress the rules of fair play

or encroach upon the similar right of others .

3 . I believe that it is incompatible with such a sys-

tem to vest in a central government the arbitrary author-

ity to regulate in its discretion production, prices, hours

of work, and all the various details of our economic life .

4 . I believe that the collective intelligence, expressed

by a large number of transactions entered into for reason-

able profit by a great number of people, is greater than

the collected intelligence which can be assembled in any

group of human beings composing a government bu-

reaucracy .

5. Since the adoption of a planned economy must

involve the abandonment of a democratic form of gov-

ernment, the abandonment of individual thought and

expression, and the abandonment of freedom, I believe

that if planned economy is to be adopted, it should be

done only after the people have directly expressed them-

selves in favor of such a change . (I do not believe that





112 IT'S UP TO US

we must guard against excessive government regulation

which will impede the free flow of the savings of the

people into legitimate requirements of business enter-

prise .

( c) We need certain reforms in our industrial sys-

tem, such as the adoption of a satisfactory system of col-

lective bargaining, and such as a system of old-age and

unemployment insurance. On the other hand, we must

be on our guard to see that private enterprise and not

government enterprise remains the motive power, and

that the free play of the forces of demand and supply

as expressed in the price mechanism be not unduly inter-

fered with .

io . I believe that the regulations that must undoubt-

edly be imposed upon a highly organized society should

be in the nature of laws and established customs-pref-

erably laws which express a general purpose to be inter-

preted by the courts rather than laws, of which we have

all too many, which attempt to be over-specific and are

therefore subject to technical evasion . I believe in regu-

lation by laws and custom ; I do not believe in regulation

by discretionary authority vested in men .

Those are the general ideas upon which I believe our

future course should be predicated .

Before proceeding to specific application, let me pause

for a moment to make sure that we shall not fail to



-THEN WHAT? 113

understand each other for want of a clear definition of

terms .

Anyone who opposes government planning and regi-

mentation is always confronted with the argument that

under a free capitalistic system there is just as much regi-

mentation-for instance, of the industrial workers-as

there is under a government-directed economy . The only

difference, it is claimed, is in the matter of who does the

regimenting.

The answer, which is by now probably self-evident to

the reader, is that one kind of regimentation arises from

too much individual liberty-namely, the liberty of the

strong to exploit the weak-whereas the other kind of

regimentation destroys individual liberty and initiative,

and therefore changes the whole basis of the economic

and social structure .

The point that I am particularly anxious to make plain

i s

That to oppose a government-directed economy does

not mean to favor laissez-faire .

On the contrary, I for one should regret a typical lais-

sez-faire reaction from the present tendencies almost as

much as I should regret their unmodified continuation .

As conditions change, it is absurd to think that social

and economic behavior can remain unaltered . My quar-

rel with the present trend is not that it seeks to modern-

ize and improve the pattern of our lives, but that it seeks



114 IT'S UP TO US

to accomplish this end in blind disregard of the realities

of human nature and without a full understanding of

what the system is that is to be improved .

Thus, if our system is faulty in that it permits too

easily the concentration of great power in the hands of

a few, we should seek to cure the defect by intelligent

alterations in our laws . In doing this we must remem-

ber that no law can be effective if it lacks the support of

public opinion .

No law can force people to be clean or honest if they

don't want to be, but a wise law, wisely enforced and

interpreted, can help people to maintain a standard

of cleanliness or honesty upon which they have agreed .

Thus even a wise reform of the laws-if it is too far

in advance of public opinion-may prove not only inef-

fective but actually may do a great deal of harm . For

example, whether or not we should be better off without

alcoholic beverages, the attempt to enforce prohibition

when public opinion was not ready for it not only proved

ineffective in carrying out its purpose, but contributed

to a serious state of lawlessness throughout the country .

In addition to better laws we need also to improve and

safeguard our judiciary system, so that all laws may be

more intelligently interpreted and enforced . This will

lead to a better understanding of our laws and their basic

purposes .

Above all we must try to educate public opinion-that

is, ourselves-away from the idea that every boy must



-THEN WHAT? 1 1 5

have the ambition to become a millionaire, and every

girl the ambition to marry one .

We must learn to respect work and right living-not

power .

We must enlighten self-interest-not delude ourselves

into thinking that we can kill it .

Most of us keep our own homes reasonably clean and

neat . Most of us have learned that manners-little mutual

concessions in our daily lives-make life more pleasant

for all of us .

We must learn the same thing as citizens of a com-

munity, of a state, and of a country . And our country

must learn the same thing in its relations with other

countries .

There is no very great difference between personal

manners and the duties of citizenship, nor between the

rules of civilized conduct among individuals and the

rules of civilized conduct among nations . The essence

of civilization is the willingness to agree upon certain

mutual concessions in the common interest of law and

order ; which means, in homely language, that if we go

on picnics we must pick up our paper bags and bottles

and not leave the rubbish of our daily lives to litter up

the lives of others .

That end cannot be accomplished if, instead of making

an effort ourselves, we hire a sort of combination gar-

bage-man and policeman to pick up for us-unless we

are willing to give this hired man the power to tell us



116 IT'S UP TO US

where and when we may picnic, whom we may invite to

come, and what we may have to eat and drink .

But it can be accomplished if we agree with each other

not to leave things lying around and pay the policeman

only to see that we live up to our agreements .

That is the essence of a democracy .

When the citizens of a democratic country become too

weak or indolent to pick up things themselves, and com-

plain about the resulting disorder, then the government

begins to do the cleaning up instead of seeing that the

citizens themselves do it . Once that begins, the hired man

becomes the master .

That is the essence of bureaucracy and despotism .



CHAPTER IX

Let's Be Specific-Where We Can

I am no great believer in generalities . On the other hand,

I am only too well aware that a great deal of harm is

done by well-meaning persons who attempt to suggest

specific plans and remedies for conditions concerning

which they lack any real knowledge .

It is therefore only by way of presenting tentative sug-

gestions designed to stimulate thought that I shall now

attempt to make a few specific applications of the gen-

eral philosophy outlined in the preceding chapter . In so

doing I shall follow the outline of Chapter IV, in

which I analyzed Senator Pittman's answer, rather than

the ten general points laid down under the heading of

basic principles .

The suggestions I have to offer fall under the headings

of agriculture, industry, banking (which includes

money), land and taxes, and foreign trade .

I . AGRICULTURE

In dealing with the farm problem the first thing to

do is to make up our minds what that problem really is,

and what it is that we want to do in order to cure it .

II7



ii8 IT'S UP TO US

The farmer suffers, I think, not from any strange

malady that has to do with our money or credit mecha-

nism, but from the fact that he has lost a large part of his

former market. Therefore his products have had to be

forced upon an unwilling market at painfully low prices .

The farmer does not suffer primarily because the

whole price level is lower than it was, let us say in 1926 .

The farmer suffers from the fact that the price level

for agricultural products has fallen further than the price

level for other things . This means that the farmer gets

less for his crops in terms of overalls, gasoline, farm im-

plements, and so forth than he used to get .

Why has this happened?

For one thing it is because other nations will no longer

buy our agricultural products in anything like the quan-

tity they used to .

For another thing it is because our domestic purchas-

ing power has declined on account of the depression .

And, finally, it is because the prices of manufactured

goods and of services-such as transportation-are more

rigid than the prices of primary raw materials, and there-

fore declined less rapidly under the impact of the de-

pression .

Why did these three things happen?

The first two happened for a great many reasons,

which I have tried to set forth briefly in the last chapter

of my previous book . Boiled down, they happened for

just one reason :



LET'S BE SPECIFIC 119

The fact that our present-day civilization has reached

a point where we can no longer indulge in the waste of

war without getting ourselves into a hopeless economic

tangle .

I have pointed out briefly why this is so in the chapter

entitled "Choose Your Ism Now ." (See also Appendix,

pages 181-. )

The third thing happened because the prices of manu-

factured goods and of services contain a very large ele-

ment of labor cost, and because the wages of labor never

decline in a depression-nor rise in a boom-as fast as

the prices of basic raw commodities . For that reason

prices which contain a large element of labor cost, such

as the price of building materials, always tend to lag

behind the prices of raw or semi-raw materials .

Now then, if these are the things that ail the farmer,

what can be done to remedy them?

i . We can set about regaining some of our lost for-

eign markets .

Bearing in mind that half the cotton, more than a

third of the tobacco, and nearly one-fifth of the wheat

produced in the United States have in the past been sold

abroad, as well as a large part of the products of the

fruit, dairy, and livestock industries, it is not difficult to

see what the permanent loss of our export markets

would mean to agriculture .

Nor is the agricultural population alone affected .

Thirty per cent of our lubricating oil goes abroad, as well






ployment. For that reason I shall not dwell upon them

here, but I shall touch upon industrial recovery in the

next section .

3 . We can help the farmer by revising our antiquated

method of taxing land. This, too, I shall treat in a sepa-

rate section, because it concerns urban real estate as well

as farm lands .

4 . We can provide our farmers with better informa-

tion as to their markets at home and abroad . We can try

to help them overcome their disadvantage as against in-

dustry-not by having Government order them what

to plant, how much to plant, and how to plant it-but

by helping them reach their own conclusions on the basis

of greater knowledge of their problem .

Those are the things that I think we can do for our

farmers .

"But," you may say, "isn't there yet another way to

help the farmer : namely, by helping him to cut down his

production?"

My answer is : "No. Not in the long run . "

In the long run you cannot have more by making less .

In the long run cutting down production means that all

farmers must share a smaller market than they have had

in the past, or that a lot of farmers will have to stop be-

ing farmers and become something else .

My answer is further that, while it may seem imme-

diately helpful to raise prices by cutting production, such

a course is loaded with danger-not because it may pro-






a matter of foreign trade policy . What he needs beyond

that is advice and information rather than instructions

from a supreme command. He needs to be helped to see

beyond the limits of his own fence-posts into the problem

of the nation as a whole .

Nor does that apply only to the farmer . It applies to

all of us.

What we need from our Government is a clear defini-

tion of our major problems, along with the demand that

we think them out and express our views . What we need

from our Government is a presentation of the facts that

confront us, so that we ourselves, acting on the basis of

enlightened self-interest-rather than stupid self-interest

-may shape our common course in the future .

Then we shall not be asking our Government to per-

form miracles .

Then we shall not add to our distress by swallowing

quack remedies .

Then also we shall learn, perhaps, not to eat green

apples .

II . INDUSTRY

Just as in the case of agriculture, so with regard to in-

dustry I cannot attempt to do more than apply the gen-

eral principles of a basic philosophy . I cannot offer any

detailed plan for industrial recovery or for the future

management of industry ; I can only outline what seem

to me a few essentials that must underlie any plan or






activity by the Government . I shall touch upon future

management-that is, reform-but first let me express

this conviction in regard to the restoration of domestic

purchasing power :

The less business has to wonder from here on how

many new uncertainties it will have to surmount, the

quicker will it regain its courage and its spirit of enter-

prise . And the sooner that happens, the sooner will pri-

vate enterprise take off the Government's shoulders the

major part of the unemployment burden .

As previously stated, over sixty per cent of the indus-

trial unemployment is in those industries which make

so-called durable goods-that is, goods which require

the investment of savings, and which are purchased to

use over a period of time, rather than to consume imme-

diately . These industries cannot revive,

i . Until people have enough confidence in the future

to want to invest their savings in new tools, new plants,

new houses, and new mechanical equipment, and

2 . Until the manufacturing industries themselves

can obtain sufficient capital with which to make invest-

ments in plants and machinery . At present they cannot

even obtain capital to replace obsolete and worn-out

equipment .

Under the first heading we must remove, if we are to

achieve recovery, such elements of uncertainty as :

(a) The large question-mark which pertains at pres-



126 IT'S UP TO US

ent to the future character and value of our money

-not only because of an uncertain and experimental

monetary policy, but because of the doubt which arises

in the mind of any thinking citizens as to the ultimate

effect of our vast Government expenditures .

(b) The equally large question-mark which pertains

to future taxation .

(c) The uncertainty as to whether this Government

really believes in Federal regulation and control of all

business, all profits, and all incomes, or has only taken

the steps it has taken in this direction because it felt they

were necessary to induce recovery .

There are many other minor uncertainties, but these

three seem to me the most important .

Under the second heading-that is, the ability of in-

dustry to acquire capital from the investment market-

we find ourselves confronted with much the same ele-

ments of retardation . The same unknown factors that

prevent a man from buying a new ice-box militate even

more strongly against his investing his savings in bonds

or mortgages .

In addition there are the new Securities Act, the Stock

Exchange Act, and the general disruption of the ma-

chinery by which seekers of capital formerly obtained

it from the investment market . This, however, is largely

water over the dam, for better or worse-and on the

whole, I think, for better . But the fact that a basically

sound reform was rushed through hastily and without





128 IT'S UP TO US

the constitutionality of this Act . For another thing, the

Act as it stands at present may easily result in the up-

setting of existing pension plans and in consequent hard-

ship upon the present beneficiaries of such plans .

As to old-age insurance, a basic question which must

be decided is whether such pensions are a matter for Fed-

eral legislation or state legislation .

Another basic question is whether old-age pensions are

to be entirely at government expense or partly on a con-

tributory basis .

Still another question is how the Federal or state gov-

ernments, as the case may be, are to raise the funds out

of which old-age pensions are to be paid . This requires a

revision of the Federal income and inheritance taxes in

so far as the Federal Government is concerned, and re-

vision of the general property tax in so far as the state

governments are concerned. I shall touch upon the latter

briefly in a subsequent section of this chapter .

As to unemployment insurance-or, more properly,

unemployment compensation-this problem is even

more complicated. There are various systems now

in use in various European countries . There is one state in

this country-namely, Wisconsin-which has a plan in

use, other states are studying it, and there are various

industrial concerns which have plans of their own, such

as, for example, the General Electric Co .

Some of the questions which must be studied and de-

cided are :








lines of social insurance to bring about a greater stability

of employment and purchasing power, and to avoid the

excessive hardships inflicted upon the working classes

by a depression. And

2 . To stress the fact that the problem is an exceed-

ingly complicated one, which requires the most ex-

haustive study and is ill suited to hasty legislative action.

B. I do not pretend to a knowledge of labor ques-tions, but it seems to me to require no particular knowl-

edge to see-although many think otherwise-that the

interests of the employer and of labor are fundamentally

the same, whereas the elements of conflict between them

are largely a matter of insufficient understanding on

both sides .

It seems to me that the chief objective should be to

develop machinery for reaching a better understanding

of the facts of the co-operative enterprise, such as its

profits, business, and prospects, for the purpose of see-

ing : whether there is a fair division of earnings between

capital and labor ; whether such earnings could be in-

creased by the more effective use of capital or labor ; and,

if so, how the increased earnings should be divided . The

character of the machinery should be such as to insure

that the initial approach will be a study of common

problems rather than a settling of antagonistic disputes .

In a large modern industrial corporation the manage-

ment occupies a twofold fiduciary capacity :



132 IT'S UP TO USIt represents the interests of those who provide the

tools and machinery of production-that is, those who

provide the capital for the enterprise, and

It represents the interests of those who use these tools

and devote their physical and mental energies to the

turning out of the finished product-that is, the em-

ployees .

In this twofold capacity the management must there-

fore protect capital to the extent of giving it safety and

a reasonable return . Unless it does this, more capital

will not be forthcoming when needed to supply new

plants and new tools . On the other hand, the manage-

ment must pay its employees, not as little as it can, but

as much as it can without raising the cost of production

to such an extent that it cannot compete with other

similar enterprises .

The recognition of this twofold responsibility is a

comparatively recent development . O bviously, when the

manager of a business is also its proprietor, he is likely

to overlook his responsibility towards labor because,

instead of being in a fiduciary relationship towards cap-

ital, he, himself, provides the capital and represents his

own self-interest . The labor problem is therefore usually

more difficult to deal with in a proprietary business than

in a concern which is owned by a large number of share-

holders .

In recent years much progress has been made, particu-

larly in the large corporations, along the line of develop-



LET'S BE SPECIFIC 1 33

ing the idea of employee representation in the manage-

ment, and it seems to me that in the further development

of this thought lies the solution of the whole problem .

The chief difficulty with most employee-representation

plans today is that there is no element of finality for

settling disputes . Granted that there cannot be complete

finality-such as would be achieved if all disputes were

submitted to a labor tribunal whose decisions would be

compulsorily enforced, because that in effect would be

an interference with the freedom of labor-it seems to

me that much could be accomplished by enacting a law

to prohibit strikes until after a dispute had been taken

before an impartial body and both sides of the case had

been thoroughly aired in the light of public opinion .

I'am not sure that such a law should not, in addition,

completely outlaw sympathetic strikes and general

strikes, which harm the whole community, and harm

labor most of all .

In any case, if we were to provide the machinery by

which such disputes as may occur would first be thor-

oughly ventilated before an impartial body, we should

have taken a long step in preventing strikes of all kinds .

We must guard against anything that creates or stresses

the cleavage between industrial management and in-

dustrial labor . Such cleavages force industrial manage-

ment into the position of representing only capital,

instead of stressing its twofold and equal responsibility .



134 IT'S UP TO USC I have probably made it clear that I do not believe

in an attempt to fix wages, hours, or prices by Govern-

ment intervention . (There is much to be said for a min-

imum wage from the social point of view, even though

it is economically unsound for the Government to inter-

fere even to this extent . But there is nothing to be said

for fixing wages other than declaring a minimum . )

I have just as little faith in an attempt to fix wages,

hours, or prices by vesting power over industry in some

central body of its own choosing . So long as human na-

ture remains what it is, I have more faith in the aggregate

of free human intelligence than in the collected intelli-

gence of any given group-no matter how that group is

chosen .

But there are, I think, many things that can be done

by trade associations that will make for better industrial

management. There are things that can be done to elim-

inate unfair competition, without eliminating healthy

competition and thus fostering monopolies .

The question of what constitutes unfair competition

should not be decided by Government bureaus and offi-

c i a l s . It should be decided by the real parties at interest .

Unfair practices by industry are, broadly speaking, of

three kinds : taking advantage of competitors, taking

advantage of labor, and taking advantage of the con-

sumer. In the long run none of them pays . Once that is

understood the major part of the problem will be solved .

Until it is understood, the consumer must be protected
















popular with the community, will not make satisfactory

earnings, and again the officer will be called to account

by his directors .

That is the basic theory of "checks and balances"

which is inherent in a private banking system . I t i s n o t

a perfect system, because human nature is not perfect .

In this country, moreover, the system has always oper-

ated under a twofold handicap, in that we have had, not

one system, but forty-nine uncorrelated systems, and in

that we have made it too easy for anybody to become a

banker .

But now we see what happens when you substitute

the Government for the interests of the shareholders .

The loaning officer is responsible-not to a board of

directors representing the owners of the capital-but to

a political superior . His job and his chief's job are to

please the public . If they make bad loans, that does not

matter much, because it will take months before the vast

Government machinery makes anyone aware of thefact that a bank, let us say in Kankakee, is losing money .

But if the bank in Kankakee exercises due caution and

turns down a few would-be borrowers that are not en-

titled to credit, what happens?

Wires and letters begin to go to the Senators and

Representatives from Illinois, complaining that the

bank in Kankakee won't give reasonable credit to Joe

Doaks, who has always been a staunch voter of the X

ticket, while Joe Zilch, who contributed to the Z cam-







1144 IT'S UP TO USIf we are to retain a private banking system, two things

must be undone :

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation must grad-

ually be taken out of its investment in the capital struc-

ture of some six thousand banks . (Which does not mean

that it was wrong to make such investments to tide over

the emergency.) And

The so-called deposit insurance plan must, if there

has to be such a plan at all, become an insurance plan

and not simply an unlimited guarantee of all banks for

each other. It must become a plan under which each

bank may know for what it is liable, and under which

the depositor, who wants to be insured, pays at least a

part of the premium. Otherwise there will be no differ-

ence between good banks and bad, and no incentive to

the development of banking as a profession .

Besides undoing these two steps, there is a great deal

of positive action required, in order to modernize our

hopelessly antiquated system. I shall not attempt here

to state what this action should be . I shall merely list a

few of the many matters that seem to me to need atten-

tion .

Nor is this list intended to be a full summary of all

the questions that should be studied . It is intended only

to make the reader aware of the great mass of material

that must be digested if we are ever really to set up a

money mechanism "adequate to meet the necessities of

modern economic life. "




No one person can or should attempt to work out a

complete plan of banking reform and then seek to get

it adopted . What should be done is that a commission

should be appointed by the Government to study the

whole question of money and banking, to conduct open

hearings, and, having ventilated every possible angle of

the question, to submit its findings to the President and

to Congress . On the basis of such a report the President

would then be in a position to submit to Congress the

necessary draft legislation, and Congress would be in a

position to act upon it .

Here are some of the things that such a commission

would have to consider :

I . MONEYI . Is the power over the issuance of currency to be vested

a . in a non-political authority on which both Gov-

ernment and private business are represented,

(such as the Federal Reserve System was in-

tended to be) or

b. in the Secretary of the Treasury (as it now is) or

c. in a non-political privately owned but Govern-

ment-chartered Central Bank (Bank of Eng-

land), or

d. in a Government-owned and operated Central

Bank?

2. Is the currency to be redeemable

a . in gold, or



146 IT'S UP TO USb . i n s i l v e r , o r

c . in both, or a combination of both?

3 . If the currency is to be redeemable, is it to be redeem-

able

a . in coin, or

b. in bars of bullion, or

c . in bullion for export only?

4 . Is a fixed ratio to gold to be re-established, and, if so,

under what conditions?

5 . If not, under what conditions and by whom is the

ratio to gold to be changed from time to time?

6 . Should one uniform currency be established for the

country in place of the various kinds now circulating,

and, if so, what should it be?

7 . If the currency is to be irredeemable "managed" cur-

rency, upon what terms is it to be issued and how

managed?

II . RE-DISCOUNT BANK

I . Is the re-discount function of the Federal Reserve

System to remain as it is, or to be changed? If changed,

how?

2 . Is the ownership of the Federal Reserve Banks to re-

main where it is, or to be transferred? If transferred,

to whom?

3 . Is the composition of the Federal Reserve Board to

remain as it is or be changed? If changed, how?

4. Are any other changes to be made in the Federal Re-





148 IT'S UP TO USnew securities which they are permitted by law to own?

G. Are savings banks to be compelled to mutualize ?

H Must savings banks belong to the Federal Reserve

System? If not, may they belong to it?

I . Is there to be a plan of deposit insurance? If so,

what plan? What banks are compelled to belong to it?

J . Can anyone become a bank officer? If not, what

qualifications are to be demanded?

The reader will agree, I think, that it would be of

little value if I were to set forth my own answers to the

various questions enumerated. If a commission were

appointed, and if I were summoned before that com-

mission as a witness, I should be glad to state my views

and argue for them, knowing that whatever I might say

would be weighed in the balance against the testimony

of other witnesses, and that, when I had heard or read

the testimony of others, I might easily change my own

views in this or that particular. Without such a test of

mind against mind, and idea against idea, I do not feel

warranted in assuming that such views as I hold at the

present moment are of any particular value .

There is one phase of the problem on which, how-

ever, I should like to state a personal conviction, without

being very sure where that conviction leads as a practical

matter. This has to do with the last question enumerated

in the preceding list :

"Can anyone become a bank officer? If not, what quali-

fications are to be demanded?"




On June 26, 1934 I was asked to address a group of

some fifteen hundred college seniors, assembled in

Newark, N. J ., at a "Choosing-A-Career Conference . "

My subject was to be the "banking business . "

Almost the first thing I said in my address was that

in my judgment there no longer was any "banking busi-

ness" ; that, on the other hand, there was a banking pro-

fession, which was still so much in its infancy that one

might almost say that it had not yet been born .

Of this I am firmly convinced. Not that we have not

had many bankers in the past who have conformed to

the true professional standard of public service-we have

had, and have today many of them-but, on the whole,

those who go into banking still -go into it with the pri-

mary idea of making money, instead of with the philos-

ophy of the professional public servant .

And, on the whole, our bankers are insufficiently

trained in those very subjects which should form the

background of their activity .

I have included the full text of my address on this

subject in the Appendix (page 196) ; again, not so much

because it offers any concrete solution as because it may

suggest to others how we should proceed along these

lines .

Bankers are human beings just like other human be-

ings. As such they will always be motivated by self-

interest. I have no such beautiful idealism as might lead

me to think that human nature will change in this re-







152 IT'S UP TO US

estate terms of capital appreciation, instead of in terms

of fixed income .

That is why people buy land and try to sell it off in

subdivisions to other people, who do not realize that they

are paying a price which will never justify itself in terms

of income .

That is why we had a Florida land boom . No one

thought he could derive a return from an investment in

Florida real estate that would pay for carrying it . Every-

one thought he could make money by selling to someone

else at a higher price .

The general property tax as applied in this country

does two things

i. It promotes real-estate speculation and forces the

premature development of land, and

2 It accentuates and protracts a depression by forcing

the property-owner who loses his income to sell his prop-

erty because he can no longer pay the taxes . Such forced

liquidation destroys the real-estate market, makes real-

estate loans unsound, and endangers the safety of banks,

savings banks, and insurance companies .

We are about the only major survival in this respect .

Most European countries have long ago recognized the

evils of a general property tax and now levy taxes upon

real estate in proportion to the income it produces . The

British, for example, who certainly do not spare their

taxpayers, have worked out a system to protect their

real-property-owners. So have the French . So have the

















16o IT'S UP TO US

2. Congress should delegate the power to apply the

general principles of the policy it has determined only

after the fullest possible investigation and report by a

modernized Tariff Commission.

And Congress should require an annual detailed re-

port from the Executive and the Commission, on the

basis of which it would re-determine the policy for

the succeeding year .

The limited tariff-bargaining power delegated to the

President at the last session of Congress was a step in

this direction, but two things must be observed about

that piece of legislation :

i . It conveyed only a limited power for a limited time .

2 . It did not provide that Congress should itself de-

termine the general framework of the policy, nor attempt

to safeguard the executive power delegated as above out-

lined .

As a result the major question remains unanswered .

Congress has not decided what our foreign policy is

to be ; it has merely, for the time being, passed the buck

to the President . And there has been no intimation from

the White House that any definite general policy is being

formulated there . The indications are more in the direc-

tion that we are to pursue a policy of tariff bargaining

with individual nations as opportunities arise-which

means a hit or miss procedure, with no clearly defined

purpose upon which either agriculture or industry can

base their calculations for the future .




It means also that we shall probably continue to ignore

the importance of triangular trade, and that, in seeking

to make bargains to our own advantage, we shall over-

look the importance of stimulating world trade as a

whole .

This is perhaps an unduly pessimistic appraisal of the

present situation . For all I know, a policy may be in the

process of formulation . For all I know, a study may be

in progress, to determine which industries are at present

over-protected, which special interest groups have in the

past been too successful at log-rolling .

But the fact remains that this is a basic question which,

as Secretary Wallace pointed out, concerns the American

people as a whole, and which should be decided by the

people as a whole through their duly elected represen-

tatives. It is a question which transcends all party and

sectional interests, because it goes to the root of our

whole social, political, and economic problem .

And the fact remains that the people as a whole are

not being stimulated to study and answer the question,

but rather are in the process of having it answered-or

left unanswered-for them.

NoTE. For some reason almost everyone who expresses

a view on the subject of foreign trade tends to become

slightly hysterical on one side or the other . I am fully

aware of the fact that my own point of view may be

biased in favor of the importance of world trade as a



1162 IT'S UP TO US

factor in domestic recovery . I have stated that I believe

we should set about reducing our trade barriers, so that,

by importing more, we shall be able to export more, and

so that we may contribute to the revival of world trade

as a whole .

If this view is held wrong, then I say this

It does not matter nearly so much whether we have

a high tariff or a low tariff, or even whether our dollar

is at par or at sixty per cent of par, as it matters that the

various barriers to trade should remain more or less fixed

over a reasonable period of time .

Trade can adjust itself pretty much to any set of cir-

cumstances .

What kills trade between nations is the constant alter-

ation of the obstacles which it must surmount . If we

decide against reducing our tariffs and choose to follow

the path of greater national self-sufficiency-which I

should regret-then it would still remain essential to

our own self-interest that we should attempt as soon as

possible to end the present period of tariff, quota, and

currency warfare between nations . And, since our pres-

ent system of tariff-making is a system which inherently

leads to constant upward revision of our tariff structure,

it would still remain essential to alter that system along

the lines suggested .

VI. SUMMARYWhat do these specific recommendations amount to?




i . They mean that we must apply to agriculture, in-

dustry, banking, foreign trade, and to all the aspects of

our economic life, the underlying principles of an eco-

nomic order based upon freedom to enter into trans-

actions in the hope of reasonable profit-this freedom to

be circumscribed only by such laws as we agree upon

with each other, in order to achieve a better balanced

structure, and in order to prevent abuse .

2. It follows that, whatever we do with respect to any

individual phase of our economic life, we must avoid

doing anything that obscures the hope of reasonable

reward for work or enterprise-which means that we

must avoid introducing elements of uncertainty by at-

tempting to impose discretionary control of economic

factors by a small group of human beings over the free

play of human activity and natural forces .

3. In dealing with any given problem or group of

problems we must seek the basic cause of present mal-

adjustments and not be satisfied with plausible false

premises such as, for example, that the capitalistic sys-

tem has failed .

In agriculture we must face the fact that for years we

have placed agriculture at a disadvantage with industry

by our protective tariff on manufactured goods .

In industry we must face the fact that, owing to in-

dustrial concentration and technological improvement,

we have made production less sensitive to the workings

of supply and demand as expressed in the price mecha-



164 IT'S UP TO USnism, and that we have rendered industrial employment

somewhat less stable .

In banking we must face the fact that we have never

had a proper banking reform nor insisted upon bankers

being properly qualified .

And in foreign trade we must 'face the fact that we

have had no policy other than a hit or miss policy of

opportunism.

4 . We must therefore make our endeavors in the fol-

lowing directions

(a) In agriculture we must remedy the basic diffi-

culty by attempting to regain some of our lost foreign

markets, and by adjusting our production to demand,

not by Government manipulation, but by enlightening

our agricultural producers as to the actualities of supply

and demand .

(b) In industry we must do much the same thing ;

that is, adjust production to demand, again, not by Gov-

ernment regulation, but by a better understanding of

markets and by attempting to react more quickly to

changes in demand as they occur .

Furthermore, we must seek to mitigate the effects of

periods of expansion and contraction by providing for

unemployment compensation out of the profits of

periods of prosperity .

(c) In banking we must reform our whole system so

that we may have a currency and a banking system

which shall not be subject to the vagaries of political









1 6 8 IT'S UP TO US

directed economy, do you believe that a "free economy,"

such as we have had, can and should be regulated to

prevent abuse?

4. If you believe in such regulation, do you think it

should be accomplished

(a) by the enactment of intelligent laws and their

enforcement by the courts? Or

(b) by the concentration of discretionary power in

the officials and bureaus of a central government?

5 . If it is necessary at times to vest certain administra-

tive powers in Federal boards or commissions, do you

believe that such boards or commissions should be ap-

pointed by the Executive alone, or that such appoint-

ments should be made from the Civil Service lists unless

especially confirmed by the Senate?

As to Government Relations with Agriculture and

Industry

i. Do you believe Government should go into business

in competition with

(a) Transportation companies?

(b) Power companies?

(c) Other industry?

2 . Do you believe Government should fix selling

prices for :

(a) Farm products?

(b) Factory products?





170 IT'S UP TO US

then do you favor contributions to such compensation

by :

(a) the employer?

(b) the employees?

(c) the Government?

5 . Do you favor old-age pensions at government ex-

pense?

6 . If so, should this be taken care of by the Federal

Government, or by the states?

As to Money and Wealth

(This ground was covered in my previous book . )

i . Do you favor the use by the Government of its

taxing power or other powers for the purpose of taking

away wealth or income from one group and giving it

to another?

2 . If not, do you favor Government's putting "a ceil-

ing" on wealth or income by graduated income and in-

heritance taxes? And, if so, do you believe that the

endeavor to accomplish this would be helped by the

elimination of tax-exempt securities and a general re-

vision of our tax laws?

3. Do you approve of reducing the value of savings,

life-insurance polices, and wages, in order to make it

easier for debtors to repay?

4. Do you think anyone really benefits from currency

debasement?





172 IT'S UP TO US

C.W.A . , or such agencies . )

2 . Do you favor a further increase in the national

debt?

3 . If yes, have you any limit in mind?

4 .If you do not favor a further increase in the national

debt, do you think the budget should be balanced by :

(a) increasing taxation?

(b) decreasing expenditure? Or

(c) a combination of both?

5 . Do you believe in the theory of spending your way

out of the depression ? If so, would you set limit on

(a) the total amount to be spent?

(b) the purposes for which it is to be spent?

6. If you do not believe in the spending theory, do you

think Government expenditure should from here on be

limited to the relief of suffering, and should not extend

into permanent or semi-permanent investments in agri-

culture, industry, and banking?

7. Do you think the national credit has already been

endangered ?

8 . Do you think that an unfair burden of taxation

will have to be imposed on future generations in order

to retire the debt now being created?

As to Foreign Trade

i . Do you think foreign trade is of no particular im-

portance to this country?





174 IT'S UP TO USAs to any question on which you are unclear, it may

be helpful to apply this formula :

z . What is the effect of this question upon the rebirth

of private initiative, without which we are doomed to

a course not very different from that which we have

seen abroad? And

2 . What is the real interest of the nation as a whole?

And now let us assume that you have become clear

in your mind just where you stand. What can you do

about it ?

Or, first-should you do anything about it?

The answer is to my mind unequivocal :

If you want to remain a free citizen in a free country,

you have got to do something about it . A government

can govern us if we refuse to govern ourselves .

But a government cannot save our freedom for us .

That is something we must do ourselves .

What then, can you do? What can I do? What can

any of us do?

We can do quite a lot of things. But, before I go into

that, let me make one thing just as clear as I can :

This book is not a political campaign document .

I am not interested-perhaps I should be-in either

the Republican party or the Democratic party . Both are

to me fairlymeaningless labels .

There are many Democrats with whom I find myself

in thorough sympathy. Likewise there are many Repub-









Appendix

A . AGAINST INFLATION

B. WHAT INJUSTICE?

C. BANKING AS A PROFESSION



A

Against Inflation

The following is an excerpt from an address made by

the author on April30,

1934, before the Wharton School

of Commerce, University of Pennsylvania, in which are

outlined more or less categorically the arguments against

the inflationary and experimental monetary policies that

have been pursued by the present administration .

The whole subject is more fully treated in The Money

Muddle.

Those who have advocated monetary manipulation

have done so in the belief that the depression was caused

by the breakdown of our monetary system . With this

premise to start from, which I think is a wrong premise,

they then embrace what to my mind are a number of

secondary fallacies .

As to the basic premise, I believe that the economic

condition from which we have been suffering is the

result of a great number of factors working in combina-

tion. Primarily it is the result of the War and of our

post-War failure to realize the changes that had taken

place .

x81



i82 IT'S UP TO US

The War resulted in a shifting of millions of people

from peace-time into war-time activities, the intense

stimulation of agriculture and certain industries in some

parts of the world, and the destruction of agriculture

and industry in others. When the War ended and the

armies came home, there was not only the problem of

re-employing the returning soldiers or the war-workers

whom the soldiers displaced, but there was the problem

of readjusting agriculture, trade, and industry to peace-

time conditions .

New nations and new frontiers had changed the old

channels of trade .

The idea of national self-sufficiency had been born

out of the bitter experience of war .

Governments were staggering under enormous debts

incurred mostly for purely destructive purposes, and at

the same time governments were faced with a greater

necessity for relief expenditure than ever before .

Unbalanced budgets threatened the safety of currencies

and made all the nations anxious to export as much and

import as little as possible .

Added to all this, the Treaty of Versailles imposed

reparations upon Germany which were economically

impossible .

None of these facts were fully realized, and when

they were realized, they were shoved aside because the

social implications of the indicated economic readjust-

ment were too serious to face .



AGAINST INFLATION 183

Consequently, there arose a network of artificial bar-

riers to trade in the form of tariffs, import quotas, ex-

change restrictions, etc . In addition, excessive foreign

lending operations, mostly by England and the United

States, served for a time to offset the drain of gold upon

the debtor nations, but in the end only made matters

worse .

What is more, our entire nation proceeded to indulge

in an orgy of speculation, with the result that a debt

structure was built up upon foreign and domestic values

which were largely fictitious .

When the inevitable collapse came, bank assets froze

and the gold-standard mechanism broke down, and that

accentuated the deflationary spiral and led to the acute

stage of the depression . In this connection it is essential

to remember that the gold-standard mechanism is a

mechanism for settling temporary disequilibria in the

balance of payment between nations. What happened

through the course of events which I have just briefly

indicated was that the gold-standard mechanism was

used not to settle temporary disequilibria, but in an at-

tempt to compensate permanent maladjustments. I t i s

obvious that such an attempt would have to lead first to

a maldistribution of gold, and then to a complete break-

down of the gold-standard mechanism .

To say that the entire depression was caused by the

breakdown of the monetary system is to my mind like

saying that measles are caused by a rash . Given the de-



1 8 4 IT'S UP TO US

struction and maladjustment of a great war, given the

failure of human intelligence to grapple with the post-

war problem, and the various other factors briefly

enumerated, it is hard to see how any monetary system

could have survived the strain .

So much for the premise . As to the secondary fallacies,

I have dealt with these at length in The Money Muddle .

Let me confine myself here to these assertions

i. It is not necessarily a good thing to raise prices .

On the contrary, unless incomes rise along with prices,

it is easy to see that the standard of living must go down .

It is therefore desirable to raise prices only to the extent

that incomes keep pace with them .

2 . It is not desirable to raise all prices, but rather to

bring about an adjustment between prices and costs of

production which will enable agriculture and industry

to produce at a profit but not necessarily at higher prices .

Some prices, notably those of agricultural products, fell

during the depression below the actual cost of produc-

tion, but this was by no means true of all manufactured

goods .

3. Depreciating a currency cannot remove discrepan-

cies in a price level, because if it raises prices, it raises all

prices .

4. To lighten the burden of debt by depreciating the

currency is to benefit a very small minority of the popu-

lation at the expense of a large majority . This is true

because the mass debts of the nation are one and the





z86 IT'S UP TO USrency and the nature of the circulating medium, but the

currency itself represents only a small part of our money

structure . By far the greatest part consists of bank money ;

that is, deposit money . Therefore, if a cure for our

troubles is to be found in monetary reform, such reform

must concern itself not only with the currency but with

the banking structure .

For these and other reasons it would appear to me

that a continuation of our present monetary policy not

only will fail to bring about recovery, but, as a matter

of fact, will retard recovery . Therefore, I should rule out

the first alternative-namely, more inflation, which is

being advocated by one wing of the administration forces

at the present time.





188 IT'S UP TO USand to demolish the threadbare blandishments of the

demagogue .

Today all too many of our economists are political

economists, with the accent on the political . Today our

commercial bankers are so intimidated by the criticism

and abuse that has been heaped upon them-so conscious

that some of it, though by no means all, is merited-that

scarcely a voice is heard .

Upon you, the savings bankers, who are immune from

popular disfavor, there rests all the more heavily, it seems

to me, the duty to make your voices heard, wherever and

whenever you see injustice being done to the interests of

the millions whom you disinterestedly represent .

Whether or not injustice is being done to the owners

of the forty million savings accounts in the savings banks

and banks of this country is, of course, a matter of opin-

ion . Very likely no two of us would completely agree .

I shall state my own views briefly, in the hope that by so

doing I may perhaps stimulate you to express yours, ir-

respective of whether they agree with mine or not .

Let me say quite simply and clearly at the outset that

I do believe an injustice-a great injustice-is being done

to every man and woman who has money deposited in

your care. That is a strong statement and requires a bill

of particulars. I cannot here attempt to go into all the

aspects of our Government's present policies .

But, in so far as the savings depositor is directly con-

cerned-not as a citizen in general, but as a savings de-



WHAT INJUSTICE? 189

positor-I tm prepared to state specifically why I believe

that he is suffering both harm and injustice .

I shall confine myself to two major reasons for this

statement :

i . Because the savings depositor is actually being de-

prived of a part of his savings, and

2 . Because the savings depositor is in the process of

being denied the opportunity of receiving a fair return

on his savings .

That is my personal opinion, with which some may

not agree. Let me see if I can substantiate it to your

satisfaction .

I say that the savings depositor is actually being de-

prived of a part of his savings because we have embarked

upon a monetary policy which, though in many ways

obscure, is quite clear in one respect at least, in that :

It is a policy of deliberately depreciating the dollar in

order to raise prices and lighten the so-called "burden

of debt. "

I do not hesitate to affirm my conviction that a savings

depositor is damaged directly and immediately to the

extent that such a policy is successful. Reducing the value

of one hundred dollars to sixty dollars is the same thing

as taking away forty dollars out of every one hundred

dollars .

I do not mean that the amount of the damage done at

present is forty per cent just because the gold content of

the dollar has been reduced by that amount, or because







192 IT'S UP TO US

purchased at the time they were deposited .

We do not know to what extent the Government in-

tends to proceed with this policy . Certainly it intends

to bring the internal purchasing power of the dollar

down to at least sixty per cent. Otherwise the whole

theory of devaluation would be meaningless . It therefore

seems fair to state that your depositors must look for-

ward to a certain shrinkage of forty per cent in the value

of their savings accounts if the Government is successful

in making the devaluation theory work .

Nor is that all . In a recently published book, Professor

Kemmerer has shown that in all likelihood the eventual

result of our raising the price of gold to thirty-five dollars

an ounce or more will actually raise prices-that is, depre-

ciate the purchasing power of the dollar-by much more

than the indicated forty per cent .

I am not going to tilt here at the straw man of uncon-

trolled inflation. A mismanagement of our present policy

may lead to uncontrolled inflation, but a mismanage-

ment of any policy leads to disaster . I am only concerned

here with pointing out that the probable effects of our

present policy, even if it does not break away from con-

trol, will be to depreciate the purchasing power of the

dollar to a point where the billions of savings entrusted

to your care will have shrunk more than fifty per cent

in value.

That is why I feel no hesitation in saying that our

present monetary policy deprives your depositors of a



WHAT INJUSTICE? 1 1 93

part of their savings . To some extent this is an accom-

plished fact. To a far greater extent it depends upon the

degree to which our present policy is pursued further,

and upon the extent to which we continue to retreat be-

fore the inflationists .

Now as to the second point . I believe that the savings

depositor is in the process of being deprived of the op-

portunity to receive a fair return on his savings in the

future . I say this because of a general philosophy which

is being pursued by our Government, and because of

certain specific legislation .

The general philosophy to which I refer is the philos-

ophy that government is the mainspring of national life

-a view which is being carried to its logical conclusion

in several European countries at the present time, and

which leads to the complete suppression of the individual

in favor of the all-powerful State . More than once in the

past few years we have heard from those fortunately

distant shores the echoes of the slogan that man exists

for the State and not the State for man . But here, so far

as I know, we as a people have not reached any decision

to abandon our accustomed type of life ; up to date we

have looked upon the officers of government not as mas-

ters but as servants of the people, and we have looked

upon ourselves, the people, as masters of our own des-

tiny. While, as I say, we have not reached any decision

to abandon this philosophy, it seems to me that we are

acting in many respects as if we had .



1 94 IT'S UP TO USIt seems to me that we are in danger of passing on to a

central authority, always ready to grow by what it feeds

on, problems which we have been in the habit of solving

individually by the application of what has been called

American ingenuity .

That is what I mean by saying that there is a general

philosophy in Washington today which seems to me to

obscure the hope of reward, and which, therefore, tends

to deprive the man who accumulates savings of the op-

portunity to invest these savings profitably .

Specifically, the Securities Act of 1933 and the pro-

posed National Securities Exchange Act of 1934 have

expressed this philosophy in a way which directly affects

the savings depositor . In its anxiety to prevent a recur-

rence of the unfortunate experience of investors in the

past, the Government has practically destroyed the in-

vestment machinery, and thereby destroyed the channels

through which the savings of the people have in the past

found their natural employment in supplying the capital

needs of business .

Probably all of us would agree that some sort of legis-

lation to prevent a recurrence of past abuse was necessary .

Probably all of us would agree that there is much in the

Securities Act and in the proposed National Securities

Exchange Act that is good and necessary . There is no

doubt that our system needed reform to prevent a specu-

lative mania from again seizing the country as it did in

the years preceding the 1929 crash . There is no doubt



WHAT INJUSTICE? 1 95

that it was necessary to impress upon investment bankers

the fact that they had a twofold responsibility : f i r s t , a

responsibility towards the investing public ; and second,

a responsibility to render sound advice to the business

interests which come to seek capital in the investment

market. Some of our investment bankers have always

been aware of this responsibility ; others have been guided

too much by their desire to make profits for themselves .

The trouble with the recent legislation is that it seeks

to meet the need for reform by purely mechanical means .

One cannot, as I have previously said, legislate intel-

ligence nor integrity . It is not necessary here to go into a

detailed criticism of the two Acts . You are all familiar

with them, and you are familiar with the objections that

have been raised against them .

If the Government is to be the one great spender, the

one great employer of men, the one great borrower of

funds-if private enterprise is to be unable to find capital

to replace outworn plant and machinery except by going

to the Government-if bankers are no longer to perform

their traditional function of bringing together the ac-

cumulators of savings with productive enterprise, which

legitimately requires capital, and if that function i s

henceforth to be exercised by the Government-

Then it is difficult to see how you gentlemen are going

to be able to find investments which will provide safety

for your depositors and at the same time enable you to

pay them a reasonable rate of return .











200 IT'S UP TO US

secondary sense material . The primary satisfaction is that

of a job well done, of having helped some people out of

trouble and kept others from getting into it, and so of

acquiring a reputation for being able to give the best

advice .

The field of banking and finance is a very wide one .

It has been suggested that I should attempt to cover here

a few of its major aspects . I do not see very much point

in attempting to do that, because what I have to say to

you applies to all the various executive phases of banking,

and because I assume that everyone here today would

consider banking only from the point of view of seeking

ultimately to attain an executive position . Nevertheless,

it may be useful to define the functions of the four major

classifications of bankers if only to show that the require-

ments for each of the four categories are basically the

same.

The four major categories are, as you know, the com-

mercial banker, the investment banker, the savings

banker, and the trust officer .

The job of the commercial banker is to provide a safe

refuge for the surplus short-term funds of his commu-

nity-and to satisfy the legitimate short-term borrowing

requirements of his community. In other words, he must

provide safety for the depositors of money which is

temporarily idle, and lend such money to others who

have a legitimate temporary need for it. To do that he

must be honest, careful, intelligent, well-trained, and



BANKING AS A PROFESSION 201

unbiased by personal interest .

The job of the investment banker is much the same,

except that he deals in long-term funds instead of short-

term. It is his function to provide safe and profitable em-

ployment for capital accumulated out of savings, and to

provide for business enterprise the long-term money

which it needs to finance its capital requirements . The

qualifications for the investment banker are much the

same. He must be honest, careful, intelligent, well-

trained-though differently trained from the commer-

cial banker-and he, too, must be unbiased by personal

interest.

The job of the trust officer is to manage the financial

affairs of people who are unable or unwilling to manage

them for themselves . He looks after the safety of princi-

pal and the obtaining of income for beneficiaries of

estates and trusts, just as the head of a family looks after

the financial welfare of his wife and children . He is a

professional investor for others, and as such he must

have the same qualifications-again with a slightly dif-

ferent background of specialized training-as the com-

mercial banker and the investment banker .

The function of the savings banker is very much like

that of the trust officer, except that where the trust officer

deals with a number of individual problems, each slightly

different from the others, the savings banker deals in the

aggregate with the savings of large masses of people .

These savings he must invest carefully and intelligently



202 IT'S UP TO US

so as to protect safety of principal and enable him to pay

a reasonable rate of interest . Furthermore, he must also

be prepared at all times to meet a certain number of with-

drawals. It is clear that his general qualifications must

be very similar to those of the other three categories .

Were I to discuss in detail the various functions and

opportunities contained within these four major cate-

gories, it would be necessary to point out certain essential

differences in the requirements of character and training,

but that would lead too far afield in a discussion of this

sort. Before leaving the subject of general philosophy

and discussing briefly the type of training which seems

to me desirable, I should like to stress the absolute neces-

sity in any kind of banker for lack of bias by reason of

personal interest.

The original concept of a banker was that of a money-

lender . Originally the money-lender probably loaned out

only his own funds. Then because he was rich, others

entrusted their funds to him for safekeeping and he pro-

ceeded to lend those out as well . His primary motive for

being in the banking business was the motive of making

profit. Upon that conception our whole modern banking

structure has been built up, but it is my belief that civili-

zation has advanced to a point now where that concep-

tion is no longer justifiable. A banker may no longer

regard himself as being in business for his own profit .

He is the custodian of the funds of the people, and it is

his function to supply credit so that the machinery of




production, distribution, and consumption can function

properly .

That does not mean that a bank as such should not be

entitled to make profits. Broadly speaking, a bank should

make profits which are analagous to insurance premiums

-that is, it should receive fair compensation for the

risks it undertakes in order that it may meet the losses

which it will inevitably encounter . Further than that it

should be entitled to show a fair margin of profit, because

otherwise no one would be willing to supply the capital

without which banks cannot operate .

This institutional profit, however, is a very different

thing from individual profit. A bank officer should be

paid liberally, but he should not have any personal finan-

cial interests which may tend to prejudice his judgment .

I am convinced that unless we come to this general

philosophy among bankers-not by law, but by a process

of education and public opinion-banking will pass alto-

gether out of the hands of private individuals and into

the hands of government . That, I think, would be a

catastrophe, because I believe that the evils of political

control and operation of the banking machinery, par-

ticularly in a democratic country, would be far greater

than the worst evils of an abused private banking system .

This is scarcely the place in which to advocate or

oppose reforms and changes in our banking structure,

and yet I cannot convey clearly to you what I mean by

the "necessary philosophy" without saying what I have






become a banker without any knowledge of these

subjects .

One of the chief defects of our present banking system

is that so few of our present-day bankers were properly

educated . You would probably be surprised at the num-

ber of bank presidents who have become heads of their

institutions for no other reason than that they were good

bond salesmen and go-getters . Then there is the other

kind of bank president who has come up through the

ranks without much education of any sort . As a rule,

however, these latter men have taken the trouble to

acquire a certain amount of background as they have

gone on, and, in any case, they have practical experience

and hard work behind them .

No matter what phase of banking you decide to enter,

I cannot urge you too strongly to acquire a basic knowl-

edge of economics and government . Without that you

will never understand your function in the community

or be able to give the right kind of advice .

Another thing that you need i s at least an elementary

training in the history of banking and the present bank-

ing law . You would again be surprised how few present-

day bankers have that .

Then I would urge you, before you specialize in any

particular type of banking, to acquire a certain amount

of practical experience in all of them .

After that the best advice I can give you is to pick your

job, not so much according to where the highest salary



zo6 IT'S UP TO UScan be obtained, but according to where you can work

under the ablest man . Most of the best knowledge of

banking cannot be found in textbooks and is only to be

found in the accumulated experience of a few individ-

uals. Therefore, the best education for a young banker

is to absorb experience as much as he can from the man

directly over him .

There is one more point I should like to stress in regard

to training . We are living in a time when what were

formerly watertight compartments between nations have

been so penetrated by the elimination of time and dis-

tance that no one can think intelligently about economic

matters if he confines his thinking to the things that are

happening in any one country. If you are going in for

foreign banking, it goes without saying that this implies

a special study of foreign countries and foreign banking

technique. But even if you are going to be a country

banker in the Middle West, you cannot be an intelligent

banker if you are totally unaware of the changes that

are constantly taking place in the different parts of the

world .

To sum up what I have said, there is no need for you

to deliberate whether or not to enter the banking busi-

ness. There is no banking business .

Whether or not it is wise for you to enter the banking

profession depends first upon your natural equipment ;

second, upon your ability to acquire the true professional





Documents

Its Up to Us-James P Warburg-Roosevelt New Deal-1934-256pgs-POL