IUCN Pakistan Programme 2013–16 · 2016-05-19 · Development Index (HDI) 2010 with a score of 0.490 and average life expectancy of 67.2 years. Although there has been significant

IUCN Pakistan Programme 2013–16

International Union for Conservation of Nature, Pakistan

PK — Programme 2013–16 ii

Contents

INTRODUCTION 1

Pakistan: Diversity in Abundance 1

IUCN in Pakistan 3

IUCN’s approach and focus areas in Pakistan’s context 3

IUCN’s niche in Pakistan 5

IUCN members, partners and key stakeholders in Pakistan 6

IUCN PAKISTAN’S PROGRAMME 2013–2016 9

1. Valuing and conserving biodiversity {CPA 1} 9

1.1. Situation analysis 9

1.2. Justification for IUCN’s engagement 13

1.3. IUCN’s approach 13

1.4. Pakistan results 14

2. Sharing nature’s benefits fairly and equitably {CPA 2} 14





3. Nature based solutions to climate change {TPA 3} 18





4. Managing ecosystem to improve food security {TPA 4} 21





5. Greening the economy {TPA 5} 24

PK — Programme 2013–16 iii





Annex I: Programme Plan (TO BE DEVELOPED LATER) 27

Annex II: IUCN’s Value Proposition 36

Annex III: IUCN’s Global and Asia Regional Results 38

Annex IV: IUCN Members in Pakistan 41

PK — Programme 2013–16 1

INTRODUCTION

IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature envisioning a just world that values and conserves nature, strives to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. Every four years, IUCN shapes its global Programme for the period between two consecutive World Conservation Congresses. Articulating results and focus areas for the next four years, the Programme represents a solid commitment to deliver through the One Programme model involving joint efforts of the members, commissions and the Secretariat.

The new IUCN Programme framework for the period between the 5th and 6th World Conservation Congresses will begin in 2013 and last until 2016. Its implementation will be facilitated by IUCN global and regional programmes. As a country programme under Asia Region, IUCN Pakistan (IUCNP) will be contributing towards the IUCN Programme through its country specific results and targets.

IUCNP’s Programme 2013–16 is based on a situation analysis of the current development and environment scenario in Pakistan, discussions and consultations with members, partners and donors.

Pakistan: Diversity in Abundance

Pakistan, situated between the latitudes of 24° to 37° North and longitudes of 61° to 75° East, stretching over 1,600 kilometres from north to south and 885 kilometres from east to west with a total geographical area of 796,095 km², is bordered by India in the southeast, China in the east, Afghanistan in the north and Iran in the west. Due to its highly diverse physiography and climatic conditions, Pakistan is classified into 11 geographical, 10 agro‐ecological and nine major ecological zones (see geo‐political map below).


Boasting a rich cultural and historical heritage shared with neighbouring countries, an ethnically diverse population with roots in Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan and India and linguistic affinities with Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, India and the Arabian states, strains of which came together to form Urdu, its national language, Pakistan is truly cosmopolitan.

The country lies on the western margin of the monsoon region of South Asia and has an arid sub‐tropical climate. There is annual fluctuation in the amount and frequency of precipitation which peaks in July and August when much moisture is lost to evaporation, reducing its effectiveness for vegetative growth. Only the southern slopes of the Himalayas and the sub‐montane plateau regularly receive 700 to 1,000 mm of annual precipitation.

Much like its history and culture, Pakistan spans a remarkable variety of ecological zones ranging from mangrove forests fringing the Arabian Sea to spectacular mountain peaks that mark the confluence of the Western Himalayan, Hindu Kush and Karakorum ranges. The fact that Pakistan is located close to the interface of three major terrestrial eco‐regions — the Ethiopian or African Realm, the Palaearctic Realm and the Indo‐Malayan Realm — and also that it has the uniqueness of a wide range of elevation change within 14 degrees of latitude, makes it home to wide array of biological diversity. The presence of diverse ecological zones coupled with a hugely varied topography and terrain have resulted in the development of an exceptional range of ecosystems within the country, supporting a wide variety of species. These include plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates.

The harsh mountainous areas of Pakistan host a number of unique, hardy species that have evolved their capacity to survive in the extreme environment together with the local human population. Within these mountains medicinal plants renowned as antidotes for acute human and animal diseases are abundant while the high altitude meadows and pastures are covered with flowers and lush herbaceous vegetation during the brief summer period. In addition, the northern landscapes are home to some of the world’s most majestic raptor species, including vultures, eagles, hawks and falcons.

In contrast, southern Pakistan is characterised by coastal ecosystems and arid/desert habitats that are populated by a wide variety of species. These habitats function as sanctuaries for migrant wildlife, and winter breeding and roosting grounds for migratory birds. A 1,046 km long coast with an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of about 240,000 km² provides ample justification for designating Pakistan as a maritime nation. Blessed with coastal and marine resources, Pakistan is equally susceptible to coastal natural disasters, including tsunamis and cyclones. For its part, Central Pakistan is characterised by vast swathes of arid habitats dissected by lush riverine forests that depend on annual flooding for their existence, mainly in Sindh and parts of Punjab.

Pakistan has an estimated population of 184.8 million (6th highest in the world) with an annual growth rate of 2.2 per cent, of which 36 per cent is urban.1 Pakistan is ranked 125th on the Human Development Index (HDI) 2010 with a score of 0.490 and average life expectancy of 67.2 years. Although there has been significant upward mobility in HDI over the last 30 years, from 0.311 to 0.490, still 22.3 per cent population lives below US$ 1.25 a day mark. No doubt Pakistan has witnessed a consistent growth in its macro‐economic indicators — annual per capita GDP growth at 2.4 per cent over the last four decades; per capita GDP at 2,632 US$ (on PPP basis); and foreign exchange reserves at about 17 billion US$ — however, its net primary enrolment is still 66.1 per cent while 89 out of 1,000 children do not reach their 5th year of age.2

1 UNFPA (2010). State of World Population 2010. New York: UNFPA.

2 UNDP (2010). Human Development Report 2010. New York: UNDP.


With ecological footprints of consumption on 6.1 ha per capita, Pakistan has only 10.3 per cent of its terrestrial area designated under protected areas management regime. About 4 per cent of the population lives on degraded land while use of fossil fuel amounts to 62 per cent of the total fuel consumption. About one per cent of the population dies because of air and water pollution while every year, at an average, about 9 per cent of the population gets affected by natural disasters.3

A country with such diversity has a wide range of issues and requires pragmatic solutions to resolve the same. It is, hence, the reason that IUCN has its largest Country Programme in Pakistan.

IUCN in Pakistan

IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental network — a democratic membership union with more than 1,100 government and NGO member organizations, and almost 11,000 volunteer scientists in more than 160 countries.

IUCN helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. It supports scientific research, manages field projects all over the world and brings governments, non‐government organizations, United Nations agencies, companies and local communities together to develop and implement policy, laws and best practice.

IUCN’s work is supported by over 1,000 professional staff in 60 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. The Union’s headquarters are located in Gland, near Geneva, in Switzerland.

Following the formulation of the World Conservation Strategy in 1980, the Government of Pakistan requested IUCN to help develop a National Conservation Strategy (NCS). In 1982, an exploratory mission from IUCN Headquarters laid the foundation for the IUCN country programme in Pakistan (IUCNP), culminating in the establishment of IUCNP country office in Karachi. Since then, IUCNP has grown into the largest country programme with five programme offices as well as a number of field offices. After an extensive consultative process, the NCS was completed and approved by the Government of Pakistan in 1992. IUCN Pakistan also contributed to the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997, facilitated and participated in the development of key environmental policies including the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). IUCNP has also co‐designed and facilitated most of the post‐NCS environmental projects; helped develop the Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan and successfully advocated more space for civil society in public policy and decision making.

IUCNP's work on district and local strategies offers insights into the debates and possibilities that need to be explored to address the issue of good governance. Following NCS, geographically specific and contextually‐relevant strategies have been developed for the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly NWFP), Balochistan, Gilgit‐Baltistan (formerly Northern Areas), Sindh and Punjab, and the districts of Abbottabad, Chitral, Dera Ismail Khan, Badin, Gwadar, Qila Saifullah, Quetta, Mastung, Lasbela, Pishin and Ziarat.

IUCN’s approach and focus areas in Pakistan’s context

Sharing IUCN’s global vision of “a just world that values and conserves nature”, IUCN Pakistan has contextualised its mission as “to influence, encourage and assist the Pakistani society to conserve the integrity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.” While perusing this objective, IUCN offers a unique framework for coherent



international action dedicated to produce and use knowledge about the environment to benefit people and nature.4

IUCN’s strategy to achieve its planned results would be based upon its value proposition (see Annex II for details):

1. Bringing credible and trusted knowledge, particularly key biodiversity information and standards;

2. Convening and building partnerships for action, particularly as an honest mediator between conflicting interests of biodiversity conservation and economic development;

3. Bridging local, national and global policy and action, working for results on the ground that also influence international environmental governance; and

4. Developing standards, leading practice and building capacity.

In this context, IUCN Pakistan has developed a series of interlinked programmes and initiatives to direct its work for its Programme 2013–2016. With this perspective, IUCNP is aiming to be a knowledge‐based organization that facilitates decision‐making, ensures effective links between knowledge, practice and policy, and enables its constituency to make informed decisions. Since long IUCN Pakistan’s key thrust has been on:

� Environmental governance — institutional mechanisms and strengthening, policy advocacy, legal frameworks and tools, multilateral environmental agreements and integration of environmental imperatives into development planning.

4 IUCN (2007). Strengthening IUCN: Decisions and Recommendations on Organizational Change. Gland: IUCN.


� Landscape restoration, rehabilitation and management — community‐based integrated natural resource management, forests and protected areas system management and sustainable agricultural systems and practices for ensuring food security.

� Environment, peace and security — conservation for peace, conflict resolution and environmental security, gender and social policy, communication and education for sustainable development, multi‐stakeholder networks and alliances and rights‐based resource governance.

� Development, economic growth and environment — payment for environmental services, environmental fiscal reforms and valuation, strategic and environmental impact assessment, corporate social and environmental responsibility, poverty reduction strategies and furthering Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

� Climate change, energy and ecosystems — impact assessments, adaptation, resilience and mitigation strategies, policies and plans, sustainable energy, and clean air.

IUCN’s niche in Pakistan

IUCN Pakistan’s niche is determined by its history, experience, influence and expectations of its constituency who want IUCN to continue generating knowledge and ensuring that it is used in practical ways by bringing together scientists, policy makers, business leaders and NGOs. IUCN Pakistan’s programme is characterised by a mix of policy and fieldwork at the federal, provincial and local levels bringing together government, civil society and private sector institutions.

Briefly, IUCN Pakistan is seen as:

� Mainstreaming environment into policy‐making.

� Building partnerships and encouraging dialogue with stakeholders.

� Encouraging donor agencies to provide flexible but focused grants for the development of the environment sector in Pakistan.

� Facilitating government in conducting periodic reviews and updating existing environmental policies.

� Encouraging and supporting environmental impact assessments of development projects

� Supporting introduction of strategic environmental assessment in development planning.

� Raising awareness, especially in collaboration with media organizations, to apprise people about the current environmental issues.

� Enhancing capacity of its members, partner organizations and government institutions in sustainable development.

� Demonstrating/piloting sustainable and replicable approaches and models for communities and member organizations.

Within Pakistan and relating to the core strengths of IUCN globally and within the Asia region, IUCNP will continue playing the following key roles:

� Linking global and regional knowledge to the Pakistani context, IUCN draws on its wide global network of members, scientists and affiliates to extend current natural resource management and sustainable development knowledge in Pakistan. Pakistan needs to be drawn into global and regional dialogues in order to benefit from wider thinking on natural resource management with


a view to promote regional cooperation through sharing and collaboration. Also, IUCN needs to enhance its own understanding of managing degraded ecosystems and landscapes as well as economic and social development.

� Advocating and testing cutting edge ideas and approaches in conservation from across the globe, especially Asia, in Pakistan. IUCN has tested various new approaches, including sustainable use of natural resources, integrated water resource management and community‐managed forest resources through participatory development planning. IUCNP has already piloted approaches for environmental fiscal reforms, payment for environmental services, collaborative forest management and livelihood security in the state‐owned juniper forests of Balochistan.

� To facilitate and promote good governance, IUCN has encouraged the civil society and the private sector, in engaging with government departments and institutions through consultative mechanisms such as thematic roundtables in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and valley conservation committees in the Gilgit‐Baltistan and Balochistan. These mechanisms create space for constructive dialogue and exchange of views and opinions amongst a diverse range of stakeholders. As it shifts its work towards understanding poverty and promoting sustainable livelihoods, IUCN will continue to make conscious efforts for increasing participation of marginalised segments in decision‐making processes.

� As an international organization with a mix of state, government agencies and NGO members, IUCN is able to bring together a wide range of stakeholders on issues of mutual interest on neutral ground. In this capacity, IUCN will continue promoting dialogue on natural resource management issues between stakeholders from various sectors and governance tiers.

� Advocating for the environment, particularly when attention and interest of governments and development agencies shift to other more immediate and pressing concerns such as security, water and sanitation, education and health sectors, IUCN will continue to highlight environmental issues in Pakistan.

IUCN members, partners and key stakeholders in Pakistan

IUCN's core strength is a united membership of governments, NGOs, experts and other stakeholders since it believes that partnership is pivotal to achieve greater impact and “deep change”. In keeping with this mind‐set, IUCN will continue to explore and forge effective relationships by building on the strengths of development partners.

IUCN Pakistan’s membership has grown from eight in 1990 to 29 in 2011. This includes the Government of Pakistan as a state member, 7 government organisations and 21 NGOs (see the box below). About 100 volunteers from Pakistan are members of six IUCN Commissions. The collaboration entails participation in program planning, joint projects, correlating initiatives, collaborative advocacy on key issues and support in fund raising. Relations with members have evolved following the formation of Pakistan National Committee of IUCN Members (see Annex IV for a complete list of IUCN members in Pakistan).


In addition to members, IUCN works with a variety of other partners. These include research and teaching institutions, government departments, chambers of commerce and industry, legal networks, media and NGOs. Crucial to the success of the programme is the development of synergies with key stakeholders. IUCN will continue to implement activities in close collaboration with the following key stakeholder groups through various partnership approaches.

Government agencies are key players in delivering the change that is needed to address challenges of poverty and environment. IUCN will develop and implement new and innovative ways to address these challenges in close collaboration with different government agencies from the national to the local level. Through a joint learning approach, IUCN will spearhead knowledge generation, skills development and capacity enhancement.

Civil society organizations play a crucial role in furthering the sustainable development agenda. Through advocacy and interventions, these organizations have successfully reoriented the development agenda of implementing agencies in favour of the environment. International NGOs, many of whom are part of the IUCN family, have an important role of assisting IUCN with advocacy work and provision of networks, knowledge and technical capacity.

A free, accountable and independent media is an increasingly important element in environmental governance. Availability of information is a prerequisite for the creation of informed stakeholders, empowered to participate meaningfully in negotiations and serve as watch dogs. IUCN will work with the media in strengthening their role in addressing emerging environmental challenges, their repercussions on core sectors and possible solutions.

Managing global challenges requires investment in scientific research, learning processes and adaptive management. Governments need access to international expertise and relevant networks to adopt and use new knowledge and skills to address environmental challenges. IUCNP will collaborate with universities, research institutes and researchers to develop innovative solutions through research grants, scholarship programmes and other partnership mechanisms.

With the increasing realisation of corporate social and environmental responsibility, the private sector is another key partner in implementing the environmental agenda. This partnership would not only compliment the efforts of environmental constituency but would also help advance environmental assessment processes in Pakistan.


IUCN being a not for profit organization relies upon membership contribution and donor support. From IUCN’s perspective, some of the significant bilateral donors include the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (EKN), the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation (SDC), the Department for International Development (DfID), the Royal Norwegian Embassy, the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGCS), German International Cooperation (GIZ), the French Development Agency (AFD), the Government of Finland, and the US Agency for International Development (USAID). The key multilateral donors include the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the European Union, the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). IUCN has recently received public sector funding from the Government of the Punjab in Pakistan.


IUCN PAKISTAN’S PROGRAMME 2013–2016

As part of the global union, IUCN Pakistan’s Programme (2013–16) is aligned with the global and regional programmes for 2013–2016 while being firmly ingrained in ground realities of Pakistan. As such, IUCNP’s Programme adapts the core and thematic priority areas of the Union’s global programme for 2013–16, and subsequent results for the four‐year period5. It targets issues that need to be addressed to tackle conservation challenges identified in the situation analysis for each of the core and thematic priority areas, as given below and reflects lessons learnt in the implementation of earlier programmes. The globally defined core and thematic priority areas are shown below while a detailed description of the global and the Asia regional results has been given in Annex III.

Core

1. Valuing and conserving biodiversity

2. Sharing nature’s benefits fairly and equitably

Thematic

3. Nature based solutions to climate change

4. Managing ecosystems to improve food security

5. Greening the economy

The results hierarchy in this section trickles down from the global results to the regional results and then to the country results. This section describes the Pakistan specific trends and challenges, IUCN Pakistan’s relevance and approach, and Pakistan specific results contributing to the Union’s global and Asia results.

1. Valuing and conserving biodiversity {CPA 1}

1.1. Situation analysis

Pakistan is a country of diverse landscapes and ecosystems, housing a wide range of biodiversity. With ecological footprint of consumption at 6.1 ha per capita and protected areas as low as 10.3 per cent of the terrestrial area6, Pakistan’s biodiversity is facing new challenges of climate change and resultant natural disasters. For example, drylands in Pakistan are increasingly threatened by declining soil fertility and flash floods.7

IUCN’s Red List™ lists a total of 1,258 animals and plants species, of which three species of mammals (out of which 2 are threatened), and one each of amphibians and freshwater crabs are endemic to Pakistan. Though none of the species is in the categories of extinct, 9 species are critically endangered, 21 endangered and 79 vulnerable. Given the fact that a number of species may be

5 The global core and thematic priority areas, and subsequent results, as given in the Nature+ draft IUCN Programme 2013–2016 have been adapted for IUCN Pakistan Programme.


7 UNDP and GEF (2004). Reclaiming the Land Sustaining Livelihoods. New York: UNDP & GEF.


unlisted as the red listing process could not be completed in Pakistan; 45 out of the known species fall under data deficient category.8 Distribution of endangered species is given in Figure 1.

Pakistan has 225 protected areas9, covering 10.3 per cent of the country’s total area10. Ecologically, many of the protected areas were also created haphazardly without referring to comprehensive ecological criteria where boundaries, areas and shapes are not in accordance with effective PA management requirements. As a result, ecosystems, migration patterns, corridors, spawning beds and water recharge systems are poorly represented. Meanwhile, most protected areas lack essential baseline data on resources, threats and other factors required for effective monitoring and therefore have no management plans. In addition, many protected areas are under pressure for oil and natural gas exploration which is further exacerbated by unclear communal rights, absence of integrated management mechanisms and technical expertise as well as encroachment. Given that protected areas in Pakistan are culturally sensitive and communal dependency on available resources is well recognised, any approach that circumvents traditional community rights is simply unfeasible in the long run.

Legislatively, the restricted range of only three PA categories is currently too limiting to realise the full potential of protected areas in biodiversity conservation and sustainable development land use designation. A standardised, integrated and enabling policy is required to broaden the scope of protected areas as true conservation and sustainable use management systems. The lack of a comprehensive national policy for protected areas results in rendering them under low priority at the federal level.

The split responsibilities for protected areas between the federal and provincial governments, lack of financial and human resources, equipment and infrastructure, effective long‐term monitoring mechanisms and poor enforcement impairs effective management, undermining the strong realisation of the objectives for which protected areas were created in the first place.

To date, no systematic attempt has been made to define the ecological zones of Pakistan. Roberts (1991)11 has provided an initial classification of natural terrestrial ecosystems. These range from the permanent snowfields and cold deserts of the mountainous north to the arid sub‐tropical zones of Sindh and Balochistan; from the dry temperate coniferous forests of the inner Himalayas to the tropical deciduous forests of the Himalayan foothills, from the steppe forests of the Sulaiman Range

8 IUCN (2010). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [website], (2010.4). www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 24 May 2011.

9 GoP (2010). Pakistan’s Fourth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Islamabad: Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan.


11 Roberts, T. J. (1991). The Birds of Pakistan (2 vol.). Karachi: Oxford University Press.

Mammals23

Birds26

Reptiles10

Fishes33

Other Invertebra

tes15

Plants2

Figure 1: Endangered species in Pakistan

Source: IUCN Red List 2010


to the thorn forests of the Indus plains; and from the swamps and riverine communities of the Indus and its tributaries to the mangrove forests lining the Indus Delta and Arabian Sea.12

The forests, scrub and trees on farmlands cover 4.73 million hectares or 5.014 per cent of the country. The total area of natural and modified coniferous, scrub, riverine and mangrove forests is less than 3.5 million hectares.13 However, FAO (200) acknowledges only 1.902 million hectare as forest area with an increasing annual change rate (‐1.8% in 1990‐2000 and ‐2.1% in 2000‐2005).14 Through the conversion of natural habitats to agricultural use, a number of distinct agro‐ecosystems have been created in Pakistan. The 1992 Forestry Sector Master Plan identifies nine main agro‐ecological zones.15

While the direct causes of deforestation include excessive exploitation, encroachment and fires, indirect causes include lack of equity in benefit sharing, an inadequate marketing system, insecure land tenure, increasing poverty, absence or lack of enabling policies, laws and institutional arrangements and implementation as well as improper valuation of goods and services.

Pakistan is endowed with rich wetlands and freshwater resources. The Indus Basin irrigation system and the large demands placed on freshwater make water management in Pakistan a challenging task. Salinity, over‐abstraction, pollution and dysfunctional infrastructure, from the catchments in the Gilgit‐Baltistan to the plateaus, irrigated lands, deltaic and coastal zones, have resulted in massive loss of habitats, arable land and freshwater reservoirs.

Rendering multiple ecological services and functions such as the production of woody plants, food, spawning grounds, habitat for marine and terrestrial animals and protection of the shoreline, mangrove stands are a prominent feature of our coastline. Despite its many benefits, the mangrove ecosystem is being degraded at an alarming rate due to natural and anthropogenic stresses. IUCN Pakistan initiated a mangrove rehabilitation programme in 1987. Since then, over 10,000 hectares have been replanted in collaboration with the help of government, non‐governmental organizations and coastal communities. Every year, mangrove degradation in Pakistan causes loss of US$ 20 million in fishing, US$ 500,000 in timber, and US$ 1.5 million in feed and pasture.16

Despite increasing demand by the stakeholders, encouraging policy response by the government and affirmative action by the relevant organizations, Pakistan’s biodiversity faces serious threats warranting sound conservation measures. Some of these threats include:

� Habitat destruction, degradation and fragmentation which results in isolating small populations rendering them unable to enlarge the gene pool. This, in turn, leads to inbreeding and loss of biological fitness, population decline and eventually extinction.

� Deforestation due to over‐consumption of timber and, to a lesser extent, fuel wood.

12 GoP, WWF‐P and IUCN (2000). Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan. Islamabad: Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan.

13 GoP (2010). Pakistan’s Fourth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Islamabad: Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan.

14 FAO (2009). State of the World’s Forests 2009. Rome: FAO.


16 UNEP (2007). Global Environment Outlook 4. Malta: UNDP.


� Grazing and fodder collection because of increase in domestic livestock populations which in turn negatively impact the rangelands and grazing pastures, especially in fragile ecosystems such as high altitude pastures and persistently over‐grazed areas.

� Soil erosion and reduction of vegetation cover due to deforestation, poor agricultural practices and over‐grazing resulting in water and wind erosions. Soil loss endangers soil organisms, plant diversity and associated fauna alike.

� Water diversion and drainage due to unsustainable demands placed on water for irrigation is one of the major factors responsible for wetlands’ degradation in Pakistan. In addition, discharge of saline water into wetlands and falling groundwater levels are causing irreparable damage to fragile and valuable aquatic ecosystems.

� Over‐exploitation of certain species, especially through hunting for sport and meat, and illegal trade. A list of animals, populations of which are believed to have been reduced to alarming levels because of extensive human exploitation, is given below17:

Human exploitation Affected species

Illegal hunting Most ungulates, game birds, waterfowl and fish

Persecution (in response

to livestock/crop losses)

All predators, including brown and black bear, grey wolf, snow

leopard, common leopard, leopard cat and rhesus macaque

Falconry Saker, lagger and peregrine falcons

Domestication Cranes, rhesus macaque, parrot and bear (dancing and baiting)

Medicinal purposes Rhesus macaque, bear, musk deer, dolphin, pelican and lizard

Decoration (ornamental

use)

Most felids and mustelids (fur), ungulates (trophies), crocodiles and

snakes (skins), turtles (shells and oil), and monal pheasant (feathers)

Over‐fishing Mostly among marine species. Data for freshwater fishing is lacking

� In addition to declining marine fish stocks due to introduction of larger and more sophisticated fishing vessels, incidental take of turtles due to the use of mechanised nets by commercial shrimp trawlers is seriously threatening native species.

� Over‐harvesting of medicinal plants because of consistent increase in demand for plant‐based drugs in recent years together with a poorly enforced legal framework has led to large‐scale exploitation of medicinal plants and habitat degradation in many, especially mountainous, areas of Pakistan.

� The rapid increase in discharge of sewage and industrial effluent into both freshwater and marine ecosystems has resulted in an increase of organic load, dangerous microbes, heavy metals and toxic chemicals, adversely impacting marine and freshwater biodiversity as well as the livelihood of communities dependant on these ecosystems for food, water and income generation.



These factors and many others such as agricultural intensification, prevalence of invasive species, climate change and increasing demand for natural resources continue to contribute to biodiversity loss.

The Government of Pakistan has tried to respond to this challenge through legislation in wildlife and biodiversity, however, enforcement of such legislation remains a grey area. A few efforts of legislation, for example on CITES, have hit a snag due to devolution of environment to the provinces.

1.2. Justification for IUCN’s engagement

As discussed earlier, habitat change and degradation, invasive species, overexploitation of natural resources, pollution of land and sea, and climate change are all direct threats to environmental health and human well‐being. In addition, a set of socio‐economic factors such as population demographics, global economy, politics, institutions and cultural values indirectly impact on the environment in Pakistan. To be effective, IUCN needs to address both direct and indirect causes of unsustainable development in the country.

IUCN creates knowledge and understanding of the complex relationship between biodiversity and the key processes driving biodiversity loss by providing key indicators on biodiversity status and trends and developing effective tools and methods for sustainable management based on its huge repository of information. Subsequently, IUCN seeks to empower people to use this knowledge in order to influence governance mechanisms that address the challenges of sustainable development.

IUCN is the leading organization in Pakistan generating and disseminating knowledge on biodiversity status, issues and pragmatic solutions. Its policy work related to biodiversity conservation is well acknowledged and IUCNP is continuously engaged with the Government of Pakistan and other relevant stakeholders in devising policies and legislation for biodiversity conservation.

This core priority is the foundation of IUCN’s work and entails the delivery of knowledge on the status of biodiversity, ecosystem goods and services and sustainable management of landscapes. This, in turn, means converting knowledge into pragmatic solutions to achieve results in the other four priority areas.

1.3. IUCN’s approach

Pakistan is a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) that obligates the Government of Pakistan (GoP) to devise policies and plans to protect biodiversity. IUCNP assisted GoP in developing the Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan and has been a key player in applying the full range of its knowledge in developing, providing advice to government and implementing CBD related policies and plans at the national and provincial levels. One growing concern is governance of natural resources, especially at the local level which require concerted and collective action for effective management. IUCN Pakistan will continue to influence a broad range of national, provincial and local processes and institutions to support more efficient, effective and equitable biodiversity conservation and sustainable development practices in Pakistan.

IUCN Pakistan would continue its role of neutral facilitator, bringing together its members and partners to add to the body of knowledge in the form of a country Red List and aligning the protected areas management system in Pakistan with IUCN’s revised PA categories. IUCN Pakistan will also facilitate the relevant academic institutions and academicians to contribute towards this result. Establishing the economic value of biodiversity would be another approach to highlight importance of biodiversity along with on‐ground demonstration of biodiversity conservation principles.


1.4. Pakistan results

Since IUCN Pakistan has been helping the Government of Pakistan in fulfilling its obligations as a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), it has now planned to help GoP in revising the Biodiversity Action Plan which was developed in 2000, and incorporate emerging challenges in the revised plan. Accordingly, IUCN will keep advocating for enactment of CITES law which has already been approved by the lower legislature (National Assembly of Pakistan), or through the provincial legislature, as the case may be.

IUCNP has undertaken considerable work on introducing protected areas management system in Pakistan which was greatly influenced by IUCN PA categories. However, with the new changes in the PA categories, it is important that relevant legislation and systems in Pakistan align with the revised PA categories so that the protected area management system in Pakistan is in sync with global approaches and trends.

IUCN Pakistan had initiated Red Listing (of mammals and freshwater fish) process in 2003–04 which could not be completed. IUCN will facilitate the relevant academic and research institutions to complete this process.

IUCN Pakistan is also planning to undertake economic valuation of its biodiversity conservation initiatives under its Balochistan Partnerships for Sustainable Development programme. Additionally, IUCNP will apply IUCN’s knowledge on biodiversity conservation through on‐ground demonstration in establishing the Murree Biodiversity Park — the first of its kind in Pakistan.

Keeping in view these actions, IUCN Pakistan has defined the following results under CPA 1:

Global Results Pakistan Results

1.1 Tools and knowledge for

biodiversity conservation

1.1.1.1 Protected areas management system in Pakistan is

aligned with IUCN’s protected areas categories

1.1.1.2 The governments at the federal and provincial level

incorporate the findings and results of the Red List into

their wildlife protection legislation

1.2 Policies in support of


1.2.1.1 Government of Pakistan’s capacity on implementing the

Strategic Plan enhanced at federal, provincial and local

levels

2. Sharing nature’s benefits fairly and equitably {CPA 2}


Pakistan is predominantly a rural country where the livelihood of most of its population is dependent on natural resources. The magnitude of benefits accruing from natural resource management varies from one region to the other and also from one stratum of the population to another. Environmental governance is the key determinant in how benefits from nature are accrued, accessed and distributed by and amongst beneficiary communities. Various public consultations have confirmed this hypothesis which in turn has made governance the lynchpin of sustainable development strategies.


Mountainous communities, being upper riparian, rarely benefit from enormous amount of water which flows down from glaciers and springs. Instead it may affect them adversely in the form of glacial lakes outburst flooding (GLOF) or flash floods but these communities are unable to channelize even a small fraction of this natural resource for agriculture, energy and human needs. The emerging challenge of climate change is expected to bring more uncertainties in their lives, though increasing the yield of grain crops to some extent.

Upper lower riparian issues both within the country and across the borders have greatly affected the water resource governance, resulting in perceived threats and conflicts marginalising the communities already at the lower rung of the development ladder. The political dynamics aside, lack of appropriate data and confidence has further aggravated the issue.

Communities in plains, in most cases, lack entitlements and spend their entire life tilling the lands owned by a few. Despite the fact that these communities provide food to the entire population, and in some cases foreign exchange as well, their own life remains below the subsistence level. Land degradation, a consequence of soil erosion, unsustainable use of fertilisers and pesticides, and erratic patterns of precipitation, is making equitable and fair distribution of nature’s benefits even more elusive.

The communities who depend on coastal ecosystems are increasingly vulnerable to direct shocks from extreme weather events such as droughts, cyclones, cloud bursts and flash floods. The frequency and intensity of such events are expected to increase due to global warming and climate change. This, combined with the continued degradation of the natural resource base and lack of freshwater, will increase pressure on people, especially the poor, living in the coastal areas. Coastal degradation is also linked to more localised conditions including the ambiguous coastal tenure and alienation of land, use of unsustainable fishing techniques, unplanned settlements and their associated stresses, a lack of access to sanitation and solid waste disposal services, limited opportunities for education and localised political patronage systems.

Conservation practices that take into account equity, equality, rights and vulnerability issues and promote stakeholder dialogue and conflict management can contribute to cooperation and conflict prevention. In post‐conflict situations, restoration of ecosystems and livelihoods and landscape management planning become key priorities. Environmental and human insecurity and rural poverty are intimately linked and unless tackled together to reduce poverty and conserve, biodiversity will fail in the long run.

Gender disparity in access to and benefits from natural resources is well acknowledged but seldom addressed due to sociocultural norms. Irrespective of the official count on their participation in labour force (21.8%)18, women play a pivotal role in natural resource management especially in rural Pakistan, but they hardly have any say in decision making regarding NRM and the benefits accruing from it.

There have been numerous policy and legislative efforts to ensure equity in entitlement and access to natural resources; however enforcement and implementation of such regimes has always been below the mark. One recent effort is to develop the draft legislation on access benefit sharing (ABS), which would help protecting the traditional knowledge and communities’ rights to genetic resources. It will build upon past experiences of community based natural resource management and community led conservation efforts in mountainous areas of Gilgit‐Baltistan and Khyber

18 UNDP (2010). Power, Voice and Rights: A Turning Point for Gender Equality in Asia and the Pacific. New Delhi: Macmillan Publishers India Ltd.


Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, some of which have been acknowledged internationally19. Post 18th Amendment scenario has shifted a great extent of responsibility for environmental governance from the federal to the provincial governments, who at the moment lack adequate resources and capacities to handle these issues. This would get further complicated in the absence of clarity about the revised roles and responsibilities, and further weaken the environmental governance in Pakistan.


Environmental governance has long been a focus of IUCN Pakistan, ranging from its work on conservation and sustainable development strategies covering national, provincial and local tiers to the demonstration initiatives showcasing women’s role in natural resource management. The foremost principles in IUCN’s work on governance, derived from its vision, have been justice, equity, rights, fairness and transparency.

In this domain, IUCN Pakistan has played a role of motivator, neutral facilitator and an advocate providing a continuous thrust to the conservation efforts to both public and civil society institutions. By aligning human wellbeing objectives with the conservation ones, IUCN Pakistan has positioned itself as the lead organization in environmental governance.

Poverty in Pakistan can be defined by low levels of income, poor health, inadequate medical and education facilities, lack of access to information, high vulnerability, limited influence on decision‐making and lack of rights and opportunities to access resources, financing and other economic assets. Approaches to reduce poverty must provide the tools and means for people to enhance and secure their economic assets besides considering the special needs of indigenous people and other marginalized groups. These approaches should also incorporate gender equity and ensure that women and children are direct beneficiaries of poverty reduction measures. This involves increasing their capacity and participation in decision‐making and equitable access to and control over natural assets.

Since integrated nature of ecosystems necessitates a holistic approach to address ecological and livelihood issues, IUCNP in the past has developed effective and strategic interventions to address key issues on the global agenda for sustainable development while strengthening its core work of conserving biodiversity. Likewise, IUCNP’s Programme 2013–16 seeks to tackle insufficient progress toward sustainability and the ever‐growing threat to environmental health and human well‐being.


IUCN Pakistan’s work in the domain of environmental governance is aligned thematically as well as sectorally. Whereas IUCNP plans to work with the government ministries, provincial departments and line agencies on policy formulation and legislation issues, it would work with the civil society organizations to strengthen their capacity for facilitating policy implementation and law enforcement. The role of private sector in complying with the environment policies and legislation, and supporting these efforts by providing resources would also be encouraged. On upper lower riparian issues, IUCN Pakistan will engage with its regional programmes, members and partners to create avenues for information sharing and confidence building.

19 One such initiative by the Society for Torghar Environmental Protection, Balochistan has been honoured with the Markhor Award by the International Council for Game and Wild Conservation at the Conference of Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity at Nagoya, Japan in 2010.


Building upon its work during 2009‐12, IUCN Pakistan will:20

facilitate the national and provincial/sub‐national governments in formulating environmental policies and legislation;

convene stakeholders at local, national and regional levels to facilitate governance that ensures fair, equitable and gender‐sensitive conservation outcomes;

continue facilitating participatory processes to convene and empower all stakeholder groups, particularly the most vulnerable;

demonstrate how governance, and in particular rights and equity, underpins biodiversity conservation and human well‐being;

generate measurable evidence and lessons to support the global Union in elaborating the principles and toolkits promoting rights‐based approaches and emphasising the links among governance, conservation and human wellbeing; and

work with the national and provincial governments, and other stakeholders to implement the Nagoya Protocol at the national and sub‐national levels.


IUCN Pakistan plans to support the Government of Pakistan and the provincial governments in drafting ABS related legislation which would be required at both layers of governance. At the same time, traditional knowledge would be inventoried to provide fair basis of communities’ rights to genetic resources.

Before the 18th Amendment, all provinces had an umbrella legislative cover in the form of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 but now all of them will have to have their province specific environmental legislation. IUCNP will support the provinces in formulating provincial legislation and relevant rules through its National Impact Assessment Programme.

Water policy and governance would be another area of intervention for IUCN Pakistan. Upper lower riparian issues within Pakistan and across the borders would be highlighted, debated and shared apolitically keeping in view scientific perspectives in order to provide shared space for information dissemination and confidence building.

Enforcement of environmental law through strengthened adjudication and prosecution would be facilitated working closely with the superior and subordinate judiciary in Pakistan. The relevant executive, prosecution and academic institutions would be engaged in this process to provide sustainability to the initiative.

Keeping in view these actions, IUCN Pakistan has defined the following results under CPA 2:


2.1 Tools and knowledge for

better decision making for


2.1.1.1 Enhanced livelihood security options and biodiversity

conservation values in 1‐2 river basins by highlighting

upper and lower riparian issues

2.1.1.2 Enhanced capacity of judiciary leading to efficient and

proactive decisions in addressing conservation

challenges

20 Adapted from IUCN Asia Programme 2013–16.



2.2 Policies and governance for


that recognize and respect

rights

2.2.1.1 Government of Pakistan enacts ABS legislation at

national and provincial levels

2.2.1.2 Provincial governments formulate provincial

environmental laws

3. Nature based solutions to climate change {TPA 3}


Although Pakistan’s contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions is less than one per cent, the impact of climate change on the country’s population and economy is expected to be significant, evinced by Pakistan’s 16th position on the climate change vulnerability index21. The adverse impacts of climate change are already apparent in the form of increased glacial melt, prolonged droughts, abnormal temperature fluctuations and precipitation variability. The effects of these phenomena on food production, water supply, biodiversity, natural ecosystems and human health not only threaten the integrity of the country’s primarily natural resource‐based economy but also jeopardise the livelihoods of those who depend on the natural environment and the valuable goods and services that they provide.

The vulnerability and impact assessment studies of key sectors undertaken for the Pakistan’s Initial National Communication on Climate Change (2003)22 indicate water resources and agriculture as high priority sectors for extensive climate change impacts with implications on the livelihoods of the population and the national economy. Other sectors expected to be significantly affected are biodiversity, forestry and the coastal zone. Climate change may also increase the incidence of extreme events to which the poor are more vulnerable. These disasters may include increased incidence of flooding, droughts, cyclones and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF) in the short term. In the long term, they could have potentially serious effects on available water resources and current cropping patterns. Pakistan being an agrarian society is highly susceptible to unpredictable climate patterns. The studies based on the ensemble outputs of several Global Circulation Models (GCMs) project that the average temperature in Pakistan will increase in the range 1.3‐1.5 °C by 2020s, 2.5‐2.8 °C by 2050s, and 3.9‐4.4 °C by 2080s, corresponding to an increase in average global surface temperature by 2.8‐3.4 °C by the turn of the 21st century.23

The most critical manifestation is in the shape of natural disasters to which management and preparedness in Pakistan has been extremely poor. Over the last decade, the country faced persistent droughts and then heavy monsoons causing floods. Heavy snowfall and land slid are common in the mountainous areas. The immediate human and material losses resulting from these disasters aside, the lack of preparedness, capacity and coordination, and mismanagement of available resources have been further aggravating the problem. Not only do these events cause

21 ‘Big economies of the future — Bangladesh, India, Philippines, Vietnam and Pakistan — most at risk from climate change’ [website]. http://www.maplecroft.com/about/news/ccvi.html. Accessed 27 May 2011.

22 GoP (2003). Pakistan’s Initial National Communication on Climate Change. Islamabad: Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan.

23 Sheikh, M. Munir, Naeem Manzoor, Muhammad Adnan, Javeria Ashraf and Arshad M. Khan (2009). Climate Profile and Past Climate Change in Pakistan. Islamabad: GCISC.


environmental hazards but also further degrade the fragile ecosystems, which are natural source of livelihoods for the majority of the population in Pakistan.

The Government of Pakistan signed and ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol while the Instrument of Accession to the Kyoto Protocol was deposited in January 2005. Pakistan’s Initial National Communication on Climate Change was submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2003 and the 2nd National Communication is under preparation.

At the institutional level, the Prime Minister’s Committee on Climate Change has been established within the Prime Minister’s Secretariat. In addition to this, the Global Change Impacts Study Centre (GCISC), an autonomous research body, has been instituted to undertake research on climate change related issues and their impact in addition to serving as the secretariat for the Prime Minister’s Committee. A Task Force on Climate Change has also been set up at the Planning Commission of Pakistan. The National Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Strategy has been approved and a CDM Cell has been established at MoE to serve as a clearinghouse. At the same time a Technical Advisory Panel on Climate Change has also been set‐up with its Secretariat at IUCN. Under its auspices, Government of Pakistan and IUCN organised a South Asian Conference on Climate Change in 2009. Some measures taken by the government to respond to the current national energy crisis such as a shift towards developing renewable energy generation capacities also contribute to furthering the climate change response agenda in the country. The Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) has also been established and departments of environment and alternative energy have been formed at the provincial level. In order to cope with natural disaster the disaster management authorities have been set‐up at national and provincial levels. However, these institutional mechanisms have not been fully functional and effective.


Global climate change is the most pressing concern of the 21st century. Increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events and rise in sea levels are already being observed and have serious implications for society and the environment. Improving the capacity of the country’s ecosystems and communities to adapt to the inevitable climate change impacts is one of the key challenges of IUCNP’s work. Responding to the challenge, IUCNP has undertaken community perception studies, policy gap analysis and geography specific climate change studies, and has developed factsheets on interaction of climate change and agriculture, water and disasters.

IUCNP is concerned with the impact of climate change on biodiversity and livelihoods of people as well as that of actual or proposed mitigation and adaptation measures. Poor and vulnerable communities and others, including women, without access to information and decision‐making will not only be most affected but also least able to cope with climate change. Their vulnerability is exacerbated by the fact that rapid environmental changes often aggravate existing discrimination and further limit access to resources. Mitigation and adaptation are two sets of strategies currently available to face the impact of climate change. Through its scientific knowledge and expertise, IUCN has a major role to play in influencing policies, developing scenarios and making sure that the best information and capacity is available for people and nature.

IUCN has well established global and regional programmes on climate change. IUCN’s Climate Change Initiative assists countries in putting in place policies that effectively combat climate change highlighting the importance of ecosystems as natural infrastructure. IUCN harnesses the knowledge of its 1,100 plus members and draws upon its network of more than 11,000 experts in environmental science, natural resource management, policy, law and education to provide


technical advice on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adapting to climate risk and impacts on nature and society. This international expertise can be drawn upon for work in Pakistan.

Over the last decade, IUCN has been very active in internalising challenges of climate change, and in forming links with policy and information networks across the globe. In particular, IUCN has supported the UNFCCC COP Secretariat, supporting policy position papers, preparing inputs from experts, and stimulating and supporting IUCN Regional Programmes to work with their respective governments and engage in the global dialogue.

IUCN’s well‐established convening capacity positions it favourably to coordinate multi‐stakeholder process of information sharing and deliberations; already evinced by its designation as the Secretariat for the Technical Advisory Panel on Climate Change in Pakistan.


Being a country that is not required to maintain greenhouse gas emissions within certain limits as yet, Pakistan would have to be cognizant of rapidly increasing industrialisation and urbanisation. Also, effective and efficient sustainable development in Pakistan would in the long run depend on climate change mitigation becoming a part of natural resource policy and practice. Against this backdrop, IUCNP will contribute by facilitating integration of biodiversity considerations into climate change policies and plans.

This frequency and incidence of natural disasters calls for enhanced capacity building to undertake and effectively conduct Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REA), as part of the response to such disasters on the one hand and support disaster assessment operations on the other.

In situations of unimaginable misery and human suffering caused by natural disasters, it is crucial to focus on sustainable recovery and prevent environmental hazards that may leave survivors all the more vulnerable.

In close liaison with the relevant stakeholders, IUCN will work for enhancing Pakistan’s role not only in mitigating carbon emissions; but also in increasing the country’s resilience to adverse impacts of climate change through adoption of an ecosystem‐based adaptation approach, better communicating climate change, gender considerations, and poverty reduction and mitigation strategies that are environmentally sound and co‐dependent and also ensure effective and equitable governance. Promoting better air quality, energy conservation and alternate energy sources would be the mitigation aspect of IUCNP’s work on climate change.


Keeping in view gravity of the situation, IUCN has planned a national climate change programme in close coordination with all relevant public and private sector stakeholders. Through this programme, the focus would be on projecting Pakistan’s diplomatic stance, supporting policy development and implementation, institutional strengthening, networking and coordination, knowledge management, and advocacy. Forging research alliances, IUCN will work closely with the Global Change Impact Studies Centre, the National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) and other academic institutions to provide more science based advice on climate change challenges. IUCN will work towards making climate change research and information available in the public domain. This programme would provide ample avenues to connecting learning from the field to the policy realms and strengthening Pakistan’s diplomatic stance at international forums. Additionally, IUCN Pakistan would enhance its own understanding of emerging climate change mechanisms, including CDM and REDD+, and would build capacities of the partners in these mechanisms.


While more aggressive reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are undoubtedly needed, the challenge facing the nature conservation community is less about dealing with specific projected impacts and more about managing the uncertainties caused by climate change. A precautionary approach that reduces current risk, plans for movement of species and keeps future management options open is the need of the day. This means opting for a more dynamic approach that tests assumptions, monitors results, develops scenarios and adapts management actions accordingly. Through its Balochistan Partnerships for Sustainable Development programme, IUCN will field‐test ecosystem based adaptation strategies in close collaboration with local organizations and communities. At the same time, climate change impact studies would also be conducted in Balochistan.

IUCNP will work closely with the National Energy Conservation Centre (ENERCON) and other relevant stakeholders to promote clean fuels and vehicles, mass transit systems and creating awareness regarding sustainable transport options.

Keeping in view these actions, IUCN Pakistan has defined the following results under TPA 3:


3.1 Policy for mitigation and

adaptation

3.1.1.1 Government of Pakistan formulates the national

climate change policy incorporating biodiversity

considerations

3.2 Practice for mitigation and

adaptation

3.2.1.1 Relevant stakeholders demonstrate adaptation

strategies, including REDD+ in Sindh and Balochistan

3.2.1.2 Relevant stakeholders address climate change

challenge though better air quality management and

co‐benefit approach

3.3 Assessing the impact of

climate change on

biodiversity and promoting

action

3.3.1.1 Community resilience towards climate change

enhanced in at least 2 districts of Balochistan

4. Managing ecosystem to improve food security {TPA 4}


Pakistani society, being predominantly rural and agrarian, is heavily dependent on natural resources which have so far been supporting livelihoods. However, with the increasing degradation of ecosystems and depletion of natural resources, the ecosystems’ capacity to sustain livelihoods has reduced to alarming levels.

Agriculture, livestock and fisheries play an important role in Pakistan’s economy and contribute significantly towards the food security. Agriculture sector, which includes livestock, fisheries and forestry, contributes 21.5 per cent to GDP, employs 45 per cent of the country’s labour force and provides livelihoods to 62 per cent of the country’s rural population.24 Agriculture sector is a primary supplier of raw materials to downstream industry, contributing substantially to Pakistan’s exports,

24 GoP (2011). Pakistan Economic Survey 2010‐11. Islamabad: Finance Division, Government of Pakistan.


and as well as it is a large market for industrial products such as fertilizer, pesticides, tractors and agricultural implements. Over the last two decades, despite an average of about 4 per cent per annum, the growth rate in the agriculture sector has been wildly fluctuating (see Figure 2) which can be attributed to shortage of water, water pollution, scarcity of feed and poverty; all manifestations of persistent drought in Southern Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. On the other hand, during the past 60 years, the total cultivated area has increased by just 40 per cent while there has been more than a quadruple increase in population with urban expansion of over sevenfold.25 This gap is widening fast in the absence of viable strategies to control population explosion and increasing higher yield from the existing cultivable lands.

Water is the most critical prerequisite for ensuring food security. China, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan together account for almost half the world’s irrigated area and they rely on irrigation for more than half their domestic food production.26 On the other hand, Pakistan is heading very rapidly towards being declared a water scarce country. Water availability has plummeted from about 5,000 m³ per capita in the early 1950s to less than 1,500 m³ per capita today.27 The current water management practices, in most cases, are unsustainable, hence, increasing the water deficit in the country.

Increasing desertification, loss of soil fertility, waterlogging and salinity, changing climatic conditions, depletion of fisheries, deforestation and other environmental changes in Pakistan will contribute to the declining capacity of ecosystems to meet human needs; resulting in increasing poverty and declining food security.

SDPI reported28 that, based on a composite index of food security, the conditions for food security are inadequate in 61 per cent districts of Pakistan whereas almost half of the population of Pakistan

25 Ahmad, Munir and Umar Farooq (2010). ‘The State of Food Security in Pakistan: Future Challenges and Coping Strategies’, paper presented at 26th AGM and Conference of PSDE, Islamabad, 28‐30 December 2010.

26 UNCTED (2011). Water for Food: Innovative water management technologies for food security and poverty alleviation. New York: UN.

27 Kugelman, Michael and Robert M. Hathaway (eds) (2009). Running on Empty: Pakistan’s Water Crisis. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.

28 SDPI (2009). Food Security in Pakistan. Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute.

‐8.0

‐6.0

‐4.0

‐2.0

‐

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

1991‐92

1992‐93

1993‐94

1994‐95

1995‐96

1996‐97

1997‐98

1998‐99

1999‐00

2000‐01

2001‐02

2002‐03

2003‐04

2004‐05

2005‐06

2006‐07

2007‐08

2008‐09

2009‐10

2010‐11

% Figure 2: Agricultural growth

Source: Pakistan Economic Surveys


(48.6%) does not have access to sufficient food for active and healthy life at all times. Most recently, FAO29 has estimated the proportion of undernourishment as 26 per cent.

Basic food security and livelihood security are critical to long‐term human well‐being and sustainable conservation outcomes. Increasing demands on natural resources are likely to spawn human conflicts at the local, national, and international levels. Climate change is also expected to expose human populations in vulnerable locations to an increase in extreme weather conditions.

Natural resource governance systems need to enhance effectiveness and equity in order to deal with the range of issues involved in the links between ecosystems, human well‐being and environmental security. Greater effectiveness and equity are achievable through rights‐based approaches and democratic decision‐making on the use of and access to ecosystem goods and services, market technology and capital critical for sustainable livelihoods. Environmental decision‐making needs to maximize the contributions of ecosystem services towards poverty reduction while minimizing adverse impacts of conservation on livelihoods.

Unfortunately, the policy response to the food security issue has not been coherent with natural resource management. As a result, the efforts made so far have been focused on increasing productivity through introduction of genetically modified crop species, extensive use of fertilisers and pesticides, and increasing cultivable land. All these efforts have badly deteriorated the agro‐biodiversity and degraded the ecosystems.


Despite the fact that IUCN has been playing a leading role in integrating environmental concerns into development strategies, significant gaps still remain. For instance, the link between conservation and human well‐being is not yet fully accepted by decision makers. The concept of ecosystem goods and services provides a new perspective to express and implement IUCN’s commitment to both conservation and development, including post‐disaster rehabilitation and interventions in the event of environmental emergencies.

IUCN in Pakistan has long been advocating sustainable natural resource management to ensure livelihood security which is directly dependent on ecosystems health. IUCNP has not only supported the relevant government institutions and other stakeholders in policy formulation but has also demonstrated on ground an integrated approach to sustainably manage the natural resources through community participation. IUCNP’s work in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit‐Baltistan and Balochistan, in specific, places it in a position to take this work forward to support Pakistan’s effort for food security.


Enhanced livelihood security will be achieved through innovative approaches that facilitate effective management of ecosystems and create new opportunities; increasing the availability and quality of productive assets for women and men in rural communities and urban contexts. However, this requires an approach that combines tools needed to address the four dimensions of poverty — assets and opportunities, power and voice, security and capabilities — that includes considerations of gender equity and cultural pertinence.

Water, being the most crucial natural resource affecting food security, will be the centre point of IUCN Pakistan efforts to promote integrated natural resource management. Ecosystem conservation

29 FAO (2011). Pakistan Food Security Country Brief [website], (Jan‐Apr 2011). www.foodsec.org. Accessed 28 May 2011.


and restoration through sustainable agriculture, rangelands and forest management practices would be additional focus for IUCNP’s strategy.


IUCNP would continue introducing integrated water resource management (IWRM) approach in water deficient province of Balochistan in addition to promoting crop diversification, rangelands rehabilitation and sustainable livestock management. The learning from field demonstrations would be advocated to be made part of water and agricultural policies.

Sustainable management of non‐timber forest products, including medicinal and aromatic plants, and alternate livelihood techniques would be promoted to conserve depleting forest ecosystems, especially in juniper areas.



4.1 Policy linking ecosystem

management and food

security

4.1.1.1 Integration of ecosystem approach into water and

agriculture sector policies facilitated

4.2 Practice linking ecosystem

management and food

security

4.2.1.1 IWRM approach demonstrated in at least 2 sub‐river

basins of Balochistan as a measure for enhancing food

security

4.3 Broader conservation

movement working for

food security

4.3.1.1 Lessons learned from IWRM and crop optimisation and

diversification efforts shared for broader understanding

on ecosystem management and food security

5. Greening the economy {TPA 5}


The Government of Pakistan’s economic policies, in common with many other developing countries in the world, are formulated and revised under pressures from a number of interest groups, including international financial institutions (IFIs), business and political elite, trading partners and a number of other stakeholders with an interest and stake in Pakistan’s economy. Mostly, economic growth policies promoted by IFIs lack a holistic approach towards integration of ecosystem based resource management into economic development planning.

Pakistan’s real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth has not been stable over the last decade (see Figure 3)30 with the added dimension that, every year, environmental degradation costs the country at least 6 per cent of GDP; and these costs fall disproportionately upon the poor. The most significant causes of environmental damage are (i) illness and premature mortality caused by indoor and outdoor air pollution (almost 50% of the total damage cost); (ii) diarrhoeal diseases and typhoid

30 GoP (2011). Pakistan Economic Survey 2010‐11. Islamabad: Finance Division, Government of Pakistan.


due to inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene (about 30% of the total), and (iii) reduced agricultural productivity due to soil degradation (about 20% of the total).31

Since economic decisions have environmental and social consequences and environmental and social policies in turn have economic consequences, it is crucial for economic planners to properly weave, build, expand and strengthen connections between economic, environmental and social policies through innovative measures such as environmental fiscal reforms that aim to reduce poverty as well as conserve natural resources.

The role of private sector in the country’s economy is well established but has become even more crucial in the backdrop of constrained service delivery and investment into conservation efforts by the public sector. For example, where public schools are inadequate, many families, even poor families, have turned to private schools, e.g., in Lahore 37 per cent of children in the lowest income group attend private schools.32

Contrary to the common perception about the private sector being the most responsible for environmental degradation in the country, there have been numerous examples of private sector investing into conservation efforts. Notwithstanding the fact that in most cases compliance to the environmental regulations, especially EIA, is driven by export related pressures, the private sector is increasingly becoming conscious of its crucial role in promoting sustainable development. In this regard, consumer industry has been in the forefront to reduce its ecological footprint.


So far, Pakistan’s economy has failed to support sustainable management of ecosystems primarily because the full value of biodiversity is not taken into account. There is a lot to be done to widen and deepen the integration of environmental values and related livelihood concerns in economic policy, markets and finance, particularly with respect to biodiversity, intangible ecosystem services and poverty alleviation. A related priority in Pakistan is to develop new sources of finance for biodiversity conservation together with improved allocation mechanisms to ensure more cost‐effective and equitable conservation. IUCN Pakistan, having the experience of designing and implementing projects like Environmental Fiscal Reforms (EFR), undertaking number of economic valuation studies and establishing number of conservation and sustainable development funds is rightly placed to spearhead the campaign to green the economy.

The challenge of creating awareness and persuading the policy‐makers and the public for their support towards ecosystem conservation is not conceptual or technical but political. The starting point is to build capacity within government agencies and private business to assess and reduce adverse environmental impacts. Further steps may involve efforts to internalise environmental costs

31 WB (2006). Pakistan Strategic Country Environmental Assessment. Islamabad: The World Bank.


‐

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

2000‐01

2001‐02

2002‐03

2003‐04

2004‐05

2005‐06

2006‐07

2007‐08

2008‐09

2009‐10

2010‐11

% Figure 3: GDP growth


and values in economic policy and markets through the use of economic incentives. IUCN Pakistan, managing the National Impact Assessment Programme, is leading the efforts to strengthen EIA processes and the introduction of strategic environmental assessment in Pakistan. IUCNP, being secretariat to the Clean Air Initiative (CAI) in Pakistan and an implementation partner to the Pakistan Sustainable Transport Project (PSTP), enjoys yet another niche to play its role in greening the economy through introducing the desired ambient air quality standards.


The rapid growth in economic outputs, driven largely by the economic growth paradigm, is putting increasing pressure on Pakistan’s natural resource base and atrophying the already limited capacity of local and national governments and multinational corporations to monitor and regulate markets in light of public interest. IUCNP will help by providing information and analytical tools for assessing the impacts of trade and investment flows on natural resource use, establishing economic value of biodiversity conservation and offering alternative policy proposals, which can help ensure that trade and finance support rather than undermine biodiversity conservation and sustainable use.

IUCN Pakistan will continue building upon its work with the economic decision makers and the private sector of the country, including the Pakistan chapter of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) and the Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FPCC&I), to ensure that biodiversity’s value is factored into their policies, plans and initiatives. IUCNP’s business and biodiversity programme would play a crucial role in establishing linkages and fostering relationships with the corporate sector to find avenues of collaboration and investment opportunities in the ecosystems’ rehabilitation.


Taking advantage of on‐going initiatives, IUCN will promote voluntary compliance to environmental impact assessment through awareness‐raising and reforming the relevant regulations. At the same time, SEA would be introduced at the development planning level. The transport sector in particular and other urban service delivery sectors in general would be sensitised to the concept of ambient air quality and would be strengthened through capacity building measures.

Economic valuation of natural resources and assessment of their contribution to the national economy would be undertaken, for example in Balochistan, and would be shared widely with the policy and decision makers as well as the private sector. The private sector would be encouraged to invest in the collaborative efforts to conserve biodiversity and restore ecosystem balance.



5.1 Integrating nature into

economic risk management

5.1.1.1 Ecological considerations are incorporated in the

business model of economic development in Pakistan

5.1.1.2 Capacity of the relevant stakeholders enhanced in

enforcement of impact assessment regimes

5.2 Building biodiversity based

economic opportunities

5.2.1.1 At least 2‐3 private sector entities in Pakistan invest in

biodiversity conservation initiatives


Annex I: Programme Plan

Asia Result 1.1.1

IUCN knowledge, standards and tools for valuing, conserving and sustainably using biodiversity are accessible and widely adopted for effective and efficient management of biodiversity at local and national levels in at least eight countries in Asia, as well as at transboundary and regional levels.

Main assumption

Approach (means) Targets Indicators Assumptions (if required) Being neutral facilitator, bringing

together its members, partners, academic institutions and academicians.

Facilitating the relevant institutions to contribute towards this result.

Influencing a broad range of national, provincial and local processes and institutions to support more efficient, effective and equitable biodiversity conservation and sustainable development practices in Pakistan.

PK 1.1.1.1

Protected areas management system in Pakistan is aligned with IUCN’s protected areas categories

Revised PA management system notified

PK 1.1.1.2

The governments at the federal and provincial level incorporate the findings and results of the Red List into their wildlife protection legislation

Country Red List available and referred to in the wildlife protection legislation

Asia Result 1.2.1

Governance systems recognize the full values of biodiversity and enable actions for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity at local and national levels in at least eight countries and at the regional level in Asia.

Approach (means) Targets Indicators Assumptions (if required)


Assistance in devising policies and plans to protect biodiversity at the national and provincial levels.

Establishing the economic value of biodiversity.

On‐ground demonstration of biodiversity conservation principles.

PK 1.2.1.1

Government of Pakistan’s capacity on implementing the Strategic Plan enhanced at federal, provincial and local levels

Government of Pakistan takes tangible measure towards implementation of the Strategic Plan.

Asia Result 2.1.1

IUCN standards, tools and knowledge for valuing, conserving and sustainably using nature and natural resources contribute to equitable and efficient decision‐making and are accessible and widely adopted in at least eight countries in Asia

Approach (means) Targets Indicators Assumptions (if required) Working with the government

ministries, provincial departments and line agencies on policy formulation and legislation issues

PK 2.1.1.1

Enhanced livelihood security options and biodiversity conservation values in 1‐2 river basins by highlighting upper and lower riparian issues

Livelihood options increased for communities in 1‐2 river basins.


Working with the civil society organizations to strengthen their capacity for facilitating policy implementation and law enforcement.

Engaging with its regional programmes, members and partners to create avenues for information sharing and confidence building in the context of upper lower riparian issues.

Convening stakeholders at local, national and regional levels to facilitate governance that ensures fair, equitable and gender‐sensitive conservation outcomes.

Facilitating participatory processes to convene and empower all stakeholder groups, particularly the most vulnerable.

PK 2.1.1.2

Enhanced capacity of judiciary leading to efficient and proactive decisions in addressing conservation challenges

Environmental law curriculum integrated into professional training system of judiciary.

Asia Result 2.2.1

Governance systems in at least six countries and in transboundary contexts in Asia recognize and respect the rights of local communities and indigenous peoples, and effectively empower vulnerable stakeholders, especially women, the poor and other marginalized groups to value, conserve and sustainably manage natural resources, and to share equitably in the benefits from their use



Facilitating the national and provincial/sub‐national governments in formulating environmental policies and legislation.

Work with the national and provincial governments, and other stakeholders to implement the Nagoya Protocol at the national and sub‐national levels.

Engaging the private sector in complying with the environment policies and legislation, and supporting these efforts by providing resources.

PK 2.2.1.1

Government of Pakistan enacts ABS legislation at national and provincial levels

ABS legislation notified.

PK 2.2.1.2

Provincial governments formulate provincial environmental laws

Provincial environmental protection legislation notified.

Asia Result 3.1.1

National climate change policies and funding optimize ecosystem‐based adaptation and mitigation solutions with appropriate social and environmental safeguards that improve natural resource governance and increase the resilience of vulnerable livelihoods in at least eight countries in Asia

Approach (means) Targets Indicators Assumptions (if required) Facilitating integration of

biodiversity considerations into climate change policies and plans.

PK 3.1.1.1

Government of Pakistan formulates the national climate change policy incorporating biodiversity considerations

National Climate Change Policy is notified.


Asia Result 3.2.1

Governance systems, standards and tools that enable the equitable and efficient implementation of ecosystem‐based adaptation and mitigation solutions are available and widely adopted at local and national level, with particular emphasis on the participation of and benefits for natural resource dependent communities in at least 8 countries in Asia

Approach (means) Targets Indicators Assumptions (if required) Enhancing capacity to undertake

and effectively conduct Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REA), as part of the response to natural disasters.

Enhancing Pakistan’s role in mitigating carbon emissions.

PK 3.2.1.1

Relevant stakeholders demonstrate adaptation strategies, including REDD+ in Sindh and Balochistan

Successful 1‐2 demonstrations of adaptation strategies.

Promoting better air quality, energy conservation and alternate energy sources would be the mitigation aspect of IUCNP’s work on climate change.

PK 3.2.1.2

Relevant stakeholders address climate change challenge though better air quality management and co‐benefit approach

At least one pilot initiative on co‐benefit approach in place.

Asia Result 3.3.1/3.4.1

Knowledge, standards and tools to assess the impacts of climate change on biodiversity continue to be improved and are widely available to support conservation, adaptation and mitigation at local and national levels in at least eight countries in Asia.



Increasing the country’s resilience to adverse impacts of climate change through adoption of an ecosystem‐based adaptation approach, better communicating climate change, gender considerations, and poverty reduction and mitigation strategies that are environmentally sound and co‐dependent and also ensure effective and equitable governance.

3.3.1.1 Community resilience towards climate change enhanced in at least 2 districts of Balochistan

Community resilience mechanisms functional in at least 2 districts of Balochistan.

Asia Result 4.1.1

The role of governance and the role of economics in making decisions on agro‐ecosystems and agro‐biodiversity are better understood in at least six countries in Asia

Approach (means) Targets Indicators Assumptions (if required) Promoting innovative approaches

that facilitate effective management of ecosystems and create new opportunities

Increasing the availability and quality of productive assets for women and men in rural communities and urban contexts.

4.1.1.1 Integration of ecosystem approach into water and agriculture sector policies facilitated

Water and agriculture sector policies consider ecosystem approach as a viable option.

Asia Result 4.2.1

Critical gaps identified in the knowledge of functions, processes and species interactions in agro‐ecosystems and in marine ecosystems as well as risks and vulnerability in relation to the impacts of natural disasters including climate change in at least six countries in Asia


Approach (means) Targets Indicators Assumptions (if required) Promoting integrated water

resource management approach. 4.2.1.1 IWRM approach demonstrated in at least 2 sub‐river basins of Balochistan as a measure for enhancing food security

At least 2 IWRM demonstration initiatives fully operational.

Asia Result 4.3.1

Food security considerations integrated into national level conservation policies and practices in at least five countries in Asia

Approach (means) Targets Indicators Assumptions (if required) Promoting integrated natural

resource management, ecosystem conservation and restoration through sustainable agriculture, rangelands and forest management practices.

4.3.1.1 Lessons learned from IWRM and crop optimisation and diversification efforts shared for broader understanding on ecosystem management and food security

Lessons from demonstration projects shared widely.

Asia Result 5.1.1

Conservation knowledge in general and the ecosystem approach in particular, is mainstreamed into economic development processes as well as in emerging policies and debates on climate adaptation and food security in at least 5 countries and in at least one sub‐region

Approach (means) Targets Indicators Assumptions (if required) Providing information and

analytical tools for assessing the impacts of trade and investment

5.1.1.1 Ecological considerations are incorporated in the business model of economic development in Pakistan

Economic planning takes the ecosystem approach into consideration.


flows on natural resource use, establishing economic value of biodiversity conservation and offering alternative policy proposals.

Building upon its work with the economic decision makers and the private sector of the country to ensure that biodiversity’s value is factored into their policies, plans and initiatives.

5.1.1.2 Capacity of the relevant stakeholders enhanced in enforcement of impact assessment regimes

The required changes in EIA rules and regulations notified.

Asia Result 5.1.2

Capacity of 4‐5 corporate sector entities in at least three countries is increased to enter into biodiversity and ecosystem services markets including PES [payment for environmental survives] mechanisms as well as green product markets


Asia Result 5.2.1

Biodiversity performance of at least 3‐4 corporate entities in 3‐4 countries in Asia enhanced by supporting integration of biodiversity strategies and developing market based tools

Approach (means) Targets Indicators Assumptions (if required) Establishing linkages and

fostering relationships with the corporate sector to find avenues of collaboration and investment opportunities in the ecosystems’ rehabilitation.

5.2.1.1 At least 2‐3 private sector entities in Pakistan invest in biodiversity conservation initiatives

At least 2‐3 private sector funded initiatives completed.


Asia Result 5.2.2

Business strategies and actions on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (BES) are integrated into wider corporate social responsibility initiatives with 2‐3 corporate entities each, in at least three Asian countries



Annex II: IUCN’s Value Proposition33

IUCN’s main assets are clearly its Members, its networks of experts organized through its Commissions, and its highly motivated and competent staff within its worldwide Secretariat. Since its inception, IUCN has been the world’s largest democratically‐run union of governments and non‐government organizations (NGOs) dedicated to nature conservation. Such “two‐house” membership provides a unique opportunity for deliberative democratic dialogue, policy formulation and practical implementation — setting the global conservation agenda.

The way in which an organization uses its assets to deliver added value through its products and services is called a ‘value proposition’ or comparative advantage. IUCN’s value proposition is:

IUCN brings credible, trusted knowledge and information

Credible knowledge and information on the status of the Earth’s natural resources, including species and changes in ecosystem goods and services, is essential to inform and influence policy and practice at all levels.

IUCN is well known for its sound scientific base and know‐how in conservation and sustainable natural resource management. In particular it has a track record on providing up‐to‐date knowledge on how biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management can support human well‐being. IUCN derives its value as a trusted source of knowledge and know‐how from its expert Commission networks, its Members, its partners and its staff.

IUCN convenes and builds partnerships for action

IUCN helps in building bridges between different actors and promoting joint actions and solutions. It uses its unique structure and credibility for establishing multi‐stakeholder platforms that bring divergent views together. IUCN is recognized as an ‘honest broker’ and a ‘provider’ of independent scientific advice on natural resource management issues. This has helped the Union to link to all stakeholders, including businesses, NGOs, governments and communities of scientists and practitioners. To further strengthen this role, IUCN tailors its knowledge, know‐how and tools to specific situations to find solutions for nature and people. In doing so, the Union empowers actors to make use of these so as to inform decision making and management.

IUCN bridges local and global policy and action

IUCN’s extensive network of Members, Commission Members, partners and Secretariat provides it with an unequalled opportunity to bridge local and global decision making and action. IUCN’s policy positions are underpinned by lessons from the field. Field interventions operate as learning centres that explore and find out what works in practice. Combining field‐level experience with expertise available through its global networks provides IUCN with the level of credibility it needs to influence national, regional and international policy making. As a driving force behind major global environmental treaties, policies and laws, IUCN translates international policies and opportunities into effective national and local governance arrangements. Through this it promotes sharing of knowledge and experience across political and cultural boundaries, in all regions and ecosystems. IUCN is the only environmental organization with Permanent Observer status at the UN General Assembly, which serves as a powerful conduit for bringing the concerns and knowledge of its Members and Commissions to bear on the international debate on environment and development.

33 IUCN (2011). Nature+ the draft IUCN Programme 2013–2016. Gland: IUCN.


IUCN develops standards and leading practice, and builds capacity

IUCN uses its knowledge, convening power and local‐to‐global reach to develop and influence global, regional and national standards and practices. In some cases, IUCN has developed the standards such as with The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ and the IUCN Protected Areas Category system. The IUCN approach to influencing standards and practices helps to ensure that decisions are based on best available science and know‐how, and have received the input from a wide set of stakeholders. The Union further assists stakeholders to scale up and adapt practices to local conditions and provides standards for quality control.

These four features of IUCN’s value proposition make the Union distinct from others in the conservation and sustainable development arena. They enable the Union to demonstrate leadership and ensure it has influence at many levels.


Annex III: IUCN’s Global and Asia Regional Results

Programme Area Global Results Asia Results

CPA 1:

Valuing and

conserving

biodiversity

1.1 IUCN standards, tools and knowledge for valuing,

conserving and sustainably using biodiversity are

accessible, widely adopted and result in action for

effective and efficient management of biodiversity

1.2 Policies and governance systems reflect the full

values of biodiversity to enable action at all levels

towards the achievement of the conservation and

sustainable use of biodiversity

1.1.1 IUCN knowledge, standards and tools for valuing, conserving

and sustainably using biodiversity are accessible and widely

adopted for effective and efficient management of biodiversity

at local and national levels in at least eight countries in Asia, as

well as at transboundary and regional levels.

1.2.1 Governance systems recognize the full values of biodiversity

and enable actions for conservation and sustainable use of

biodiversity at local and national levels in at least eight

countries and at the regional level in Asia.

CPA 2:

Sharing nature’s

benefits fairly and

equitably

2.1 IUCN standards, tools and knowledge for valuing,

conserving and sustainably using nature and natural

resources foster fair, equitable, just and efficient

decision‐making and are accessible and widely

adopted

2.2 Policies and governance systems recognize and

respect the rights of local communities and

indigenous peoples, and effectively empower

vulnerable and poor stakeholders, especially

women, to value, conserve, sustainably manage and

benefit from biodiversity

2.1.1 IUCN standards, tools and knowledge for valuing, conserving

and sustainably using nature and natural resources contribute

to equitable and efficient decision‐making and are accessible

and widely adopted in at least eight countries in Asia

2.2.1 Governance systems in at least six countries and in

transboundary contexts in Asia recognize and respect the rights

of local communities and indigenous peoples, and effectively

empower vulnerable stakeholders, especially women, the poor

and other marginalized groups to value, conserve and

sustainably manage natural resources, and to share equitably

in the benefits from their use.



TPA 3:

Nature Based

Solutions to Climate

Change

3.1 National and international climate change policies

and funding optimize ecosystem‐based adaptation

and mitigation solutions with appropriate social and

environmental safeguards that improve natural

resource governance and increase the resilience of

vulnerable livelihoods

3.2 Institutional arrangements, standards and tools that

enable the equitable and efficient implementation

of ecosystem‐based adaptation and mitigation

solutions are available and widely adopted at local

and national level, with particular emphasis on the

participation of and benefits for natural resource

dependent communities

3.3 Knowledge, standards and tools to assess the

impacts of climate change on biodiversity continue

to be improved and are widely available to support

conservation, adaptation and mitigation at local,

national and global levels

3.1.1 National climate change policies and funding optimize

ecosystem‐based adaptation and mitigation solutions with

appropriate social and environmental safeguards that improve

natural resource governance and increase the resilience of

vulnerable livelihoods in at least eight countries in Asia

3.2.1 Governance systems, standards and tools that enable the

equitable and efficient implementation of ecosystem‐based

adaptation and mitigation solutions are available and widely

adopted at local and national level, with particular emphasis on

the participation of and benefits for natural resource

dependent communities in at least 8 countries in Asia

3.3.1 3.4.1: Knowledge, standards and tools to assess the impacts of

climate change on biodiversity continue to be improved and

are widely available to support conservation, adaptation and

mitigation at local and national levels in at least eight countries

in Asia.

TPA 4:

Managing

Ecosystems to

Improve Food

Security

4.1 Global, regional and national food security policies

and strategies benefit from biodiversity

conservation and ecosystems management in

strengthening the resilience and sustainability of

small‐scale, community‐based production and wild‐

harvest food systems (terrestrial and

fisheries/marine)

4.2 Multifunctional landscape and seascape

management , incorporating the differentiated roles

of men and women, is recognised and widely

4.1.1 The role of governance and the role of economics in making

decisions on agro‐ecosystems and agro‐biodiversity are better

understood in at least six countries in Asia

4.2.1 Critical gaps identified in the knowledge of functions, processes

and species interactions in agro‐ecosystems and in marine

ecosystems as well as risks and vulnerability in relation to the

impacts of natural disasters including climate change in at least

six countries in Asia

4.3.1 Food security considerations integrated into national level



adopted as tools, standards and institutional

arrangements that contribute to the stability and

sustainability of food systems

4.3 International, national and local conservation

policies, practices and standards contribute to

improved food production systems, food security

and wider livelihood needs of both men and women

at the local level

conservation policies and practices in at least five countries in

Asia

TPA 5:

Greening the

Economy

5.1 Green economy policies and actions are enhanced

through a stronger integration of biodiversity and

ecosystem services in risk management at local,

national, and global scales

5.2 Opportunities to benefit from biodiversity

conservation and sustainable use are supported by

relevant public policies and private decision‐making

and contribute to greening the economy at local,

national, and global scales

5.1.1 Conservation knowledge in general and the ecosystem

approach in particular, is mainstreamed into economic

development processes as well as in emerging policies and

debates on climate adaptation and food security in at least 5

countries and in at least one sub‐region

5.1.2 Capacity of 4‐5 corporate sector entities in at least three

countries is increased to enter into biodiversity and ecosystem

services markets including PES [payment for environmental

survives] mechanisms as well as green product markets.

5.2.1 Biodiversity performance of at least 3‐4 corporate entities in 3‐

4 countries in Asia enhanced by supporting integration of

biodiversity strategies and developing market based tools

5.2.2 Business strategies and actions on Biodiversity and Ecosystem

Services (BES) are integrated into wider corporate social

responsibility initiatives with 2‐3 corporate entities each, in at

least three Asian countries


Annex IV: IUCN Members in Pakistan

State Member

1. National Council for Conservation of Wildlife, Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan.

Government Agencies

2. Government of Gilgit‐Baltistan 3. National Institute of Oceanography 4. Planning and Development Department, Civil Secretariat FATA 5. Planning and Development Department, Government of Balochistan 6. Planning and Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 7. Planning and Development Department, Government of the Punjab 8. Sindh Wildlife Department

Non‐Government Organizations

9. Aga Khan Rural Support Programme 10. Baanhn Beli 11. Belour Advisory and Social Development Organization 12. H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry 13. Haashar Association 14. Indus Earth Trust 15. Khwendo Kor 16. Leadership for Environment and Development 17. National Rural Support Programme 18. Pakistan Environmental Protection Foundation 19. Pakistan Institute of Labour Education & Research 20. Sarhad Rural Support Program 21. Scientific & Cultural Society of Pakistan 22. Shehri ‐ Citizens for a Better Environment 23. Shirkat Gah‐Women's Resource Centre 24. South Asia Partnership Pakistan 25. Strengthening Participatory Organization 26. Sungi Development Foundation 27. Sustainable Development Policy Institute 28. Taraqee Foundation 29. World Wide Fund for Nature‐Pakistan

INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE PAKISTAN PROGRAMME 1, Bath Island Road Clifton – 75500 Karachi, Pakistan Tel. +92 (21) 35861540 Fax +92 (21) 35861544 www.iucnp.org

Documents

IUCN Pakistan Programme 2013–16 · 2016-05-19 · Development Index (HDI) 2010 with a score of 0.490 and average life expectancy of 67.2 years. Although there has been significant