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IUFRO 3.08.00
SMALL-SCALE FORESTRY
2019 CONFERENCE
JULY 8-10, 2019DULUTH, MN USA
Sunday July 7
Monday July 8
Tuesday July 9
Wednesday July 10
08:00 Conference check in
08:30 Concurrent
sessions 7, 8, 9
Concurrent sessions
13, 14, 15 09:00 Welcome and
introductions 09:30 Plenary
presentations 10:00 Break Break
10:30 Break Concurrent sessions
10, 11, 12
Concurrent sessions
16, 17, 18 11:00 Plenary
presentations 11:30
12:00 Lunch
Break and load tour
buses Lunch
12:30
In-conference tours
13:00 Poster session (12:45)
Climate change
workshop
13:30 Concurrent
sessions 1, 2, 3
14:00
14:30
15:00 Break Break
15:30 Concurrent
sessions 4, 5, 6
Conference closing
16:00
16:30
17:00 IUFRO Small-scale Forestry Business and
Journal Editorial meeting
17:30
18:00
Reception
18:30
19:00
Conference check in and
welcome reception
Conference dinner and
cruise aboard the Vista Star
19:30
20:00
20:30
21:00
IUFRO 3.08.00 Small-scale Forestry
2019 Conference
July 8-10, 2019 Duluth, MN USA
iufrossf.umn.edu
Fitger’s Complex 600 E Superior St, Duluth, MN 55802
Table of Contents
Conference Welcome ....................................................................................... 1 Welcome from IUFRO 3.08 Coordinator ...................................................... 2 Conference Organizers .................................................................................... 3 Conference Sponsors....................................................................................... 4 History, Themes, and People of IUFRO Group 3.08.00 Small-Scale Forestry................................................................................................................ 5
Key people of the group: ............................................................................. 5 Meetings and workshops of IUFRO 3.08.00: .......................................... 6
Brandl Award ...................................................................................................... 8 Past Brandl Award Recipients: ................................................................... 8
Small-scale Forestry .......................................................................................... 9 Venue information ......................................................................................... 10 At-a-glance Schedule ..................................................................................... 11
Sunday July 7: .............................................................................................. 11 Monday July 8: ............................................................................................. 11 Tuesday July 9: ............................................................................................ 11 Wednesday July 10: .................................................................................... 12 Thursday July 11: ........................................................................................ 12 Friday July 12: .............................................................................................. 12
Scientific Program .......................................................................................... 13 Monday July 8: ............................................................................................. 13
Welcome and Introductions ................................................................ 13 Plenary Speakers ................................................................................... 13 Poster Session ........................................................................................ 13 Concurrent Session 1 ........................................................................... 14 Concurrent Session 2 ........................................................................... 14 Concurrent Session 3 ........................................................................... 15
Concurrent Session 4 ........................................................................... 15 Concurrent Session 5 ........................................................................... 16 Concurrent Session 6 ........................................................................... 16
Tuesday July 9: ............................................................................................ 17 Concurrent Session 7 ........................................................................... 17 Concurrent Session 8 ........................................................................... 17 Concurrent Session 9 ........................................................................... 17 Concurrent Session 10 ......................................................................... 18 Concurrent Session 11 ......................................................................... 18 Concurrent Session 12 ......................................................................... 18
Wednesday July 10: .................................................................................... 19 Concurrent Session 13 ......................................................................... 19 Concurrent Session 14 ......................................................................... 19 Concurrent Session 15 ......................................................................... 19 Concurrent Session 16 ......................................................................... 20 Concurrent Session 17 ......................................................................... 20 Concurrent Session 18 ......................................................................... 20 Workshop ................................................................................................ 21
Plenary Presentations ................................................................................... 22 Poster Presentations ..................................................................................... 25 Oral Presentations ......................................................................................... 31 In-conference Tour Information ................................................................. 85 Post-conference Tour Information ............................................................ 86 Reception and Dinner Information ............................................................ 87
Welcome Reception................................................................................... 87 Conference Reception .............................................................................. 87 Conference Dinner on the Vista Star .................................................... 87
Conference participants ............................................................................... 88
1
Conference Welcome
We are pleased to welcome you to Duluth for the 2019 conference of the IUFRO 3.08 Small-scale Forestry Unit. This year we gather on the shore of the world’s largest freshwater lake, Lake Superior. This is a natural place to come together. Ships and people from the world over pass through Duluth’s famous aerial lift bridge, shepherding a dizzying array of cargo through the world’s largest inland shipping port in the St Louis River Harbor.
Like them, each of us carries with us a unique collection of experiences, insights, and questions that we’ve gathered and shaped through our interactions and engagement with small-scale forest owners. This conference is our annual opportunity to come together to exchange those stories, build and rekindle relationships, and explore new ideas from all over the world. You all bring stories and experiences with small-scale forests and their owners in 16 countries, hundreds of communities, and countless perspectives to inform our time together.
Our short conference includes plenary sessions to orient you to this place and set the stage for the conversations that follow; posters and oral presentations describing questions, insights, and stories; in-conference field tours to bring you closer to the local land and people; receptions and meals to get to know one another and reflect on what we’re learning; an evening on the water of Lake Superior; and for some, a two-day post-conference tour through Minnesota’s wild north woods. We hope you will find these activities enjoyable and fulfilling, and that you’ll return home with new energy, insights, and memories.
Thank you for joining us this week. Again, welcome.
Conference co-chairs Mike Kilgore, Eli Sagor, and Stephanie Snyder
2
Welcome from IUFRO 3.08 Coordinator
Dear Colleagues,
Fifteen years ago, the first conference of our group in the US was held in Morgantown. Since that time two more very successful and exciting meetings took place in this great country, which has also a strong small scale forestry tradition. It was always important for this group, which is seen as a role model for IUFRO groups in terms of internationality and frequency of the meetings, to be present in various continents to keep the contact between scientists from different parts of the world alive. So I am personally glad that we are able to be again here in the US. We all will benefit from the chance to refresh existing contacts and establish new links within our research community.
The number of submissions and number of papers, which exceeds the average of the past years showed both, a high interest in visiting this beautiful part of the world, but also a high interest in continuing our joint work on Small Scale Forestry. Consequently, we all can expect a week full of interesting new research findings as well as a unique opportunity to meet personally and get an idea of what and who is “behind the powerpoints”.
I want - also on behalf of the other board members - to thank the organizers for their efforts in organizing the meeting and the post conference tour and I am looking forward to an inspiring and interesting week.
Christoph Hartebrodt
Chairman of IUFRO Group 3.08
3
Conference Organizers
Conference Committee: • Mike Kilgore (co-chair), University of Minnesota, Department of
Forest Resources • Eli Sagor (co-chair), University of Minnesota, Cloquet Forestry
Center • Stephanie Snyder (co-chair), USDA Forest Service, Northern
Research Station • Brett Butler, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station • Mike Reichenbach, University of Minnesota Extension • Madison Rodman, University of Minnesota, Cloquet Forestry
Center
Scientific Committee: • Stephanie Snyder (co-chair), USDA Forest Service, Northern
Research Station • Brett Butler (co-chair), USDA Forest Service, Northern Research
Station • Christoph Hartebrodt, Forest Research Institute Baden-
Württemberg, Germany • John Herbohn, University of Sunshine Coast • Teppo Hujala, University of Eastern Finland • Áine Ní Dhubháin, University College Dublin • Špela Pezdevšek, Malovrh University of Ljubljana • Ikuo Ota, University of the Ryukyus • Yaoqi Zhang, Auburn University • Solange Nadeau, Natural Resources Canada • Jessica Leahy, University of Maine • Priit Põllumäe, Estonian University of Life Sciences
4
Conference Sponsors
The American Forest Foundation is an official sponsor of the conference. In addition the following institutions provided financial support to make the conference possible:
5
History, Themes, and People of IUFRO Group 3.08.00 Small-Scale Forestry
The group was officially founded and had its first meeting during the 1986 IUFRO World Congress in Ljubljana. For more than 30 years, motivation of the group has stemmed from the recognition that small-scale forestry has unique characteristics, which are worth studying in its own scientific community. Therefore, the purpose of the group is defined as: “to exchange information on research problems, ongoing research efforts and research results related to the management of small-scale non-industrial private forest woodlots”
(https://www.iufro.org/science/divisions/division-3/30000/30800/).
Key people of the group: Period Coordinator Deputy Coordinators
1986-1990 N. Heding (Denmark – till 1987) Helmut Brandl (Germany – since 1987)
W.H. Emmingham (USA) Helmut Brandl (Germany – till 1987)
1990-1995 Helmut Brandl (Germany) J. Militon (France) J. Swartström (Sweden)
1995-2000 Pentti Hyttinen (Finland) Y. Murashima (Japan) H.U. Sinner (Germany)
2000-2005 Pentti Hyttinen (Finland) John Herbohn (Australia) Ikuo Ota (Japan)
2005-2010 John Herbohn (Australia) Ikuo Ota (Japan) Anssi Niskanen (Finland) David Baumgartner (USA)
2010-2015 John Herbohn (Australia)
David Baumgartner (USA) Christoph Hartebrodt (Germany) Heimo Karppinen (Finland)
2015-2019 Christoph Hartebrodt (Germany) Brett J. Butler (USA) Heimo Karppinen (Finland) Jessica Leahy (USA)
2019-2024 (proposed)
Christoph Hartebrodt (Germany)
Brett Butler (USA) Teppo Hujala (Finland) Špela Pezdevšek Malovrh (Slovenia) Ryoko Ishizaki (Japan)
6
Meetings and workshops of IUFRO 3.08.00: Year Place (country) General topic or theme
1986 Ljubljana (Slovenia – former Yugoslavia)
Foundation of the Small-scale Forestry group during the XVIII IUFRO World Conference
1988 Freiburg (Germany) Economic and Political Aspects of Farm Forestry
1989 Helsinki (Finland) Profitability of Private Forestry (workshop)
1990 Montreal (Canada) XIX IUFRO World Conference
1991 Freiburg (Germany) History of Small-scale Forestry; History of Farm Forestry. Joint meeting with group IUFRO S 6.07 Forest History
1992 Berlin/Eberswalde (Germany)
Economic results from private forests in international comparison and adapted forest machinery for the work in Small-scale forest units. IUFRO 100-years anniversary
1993 Fredericton (Canada)
Forestry and Rural Development in industrialized countries; Where are We Going? Joint meeting with group 6.11.02 Forestry and Rural Development in Industrialized Countries
1994 Krakow (Poland) Private Forestry: Changes and Challenges of Countries in Transition
1995 Tampere (Finland) Small-scale Forestry: Present problems and prospects for the Future. XX IUFRO World Conference
1997 Kyoto (Japan) Sustainable Management of Small-scale Forestry
1998 Vancouver (Canada) Integrating Environmental Values into Small-scale Forestry
2000 Cairns (Australia) Developing Policies to Encourage Small-Scale Forestry
2000 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)
XXI IUFRO World Conference
2001 Joensuu (Finland) Economic Sustainability of Small-scale Forestry
2002 Gengenbach (Germany)
Contributions of Family-Farm Enterprises to Sustainable Rural Development. Joint meeting with group 6.11.02 Forestry and Rural Development in Industrialized Countries
2004 Pullman (USA) Human Dimensions of Family, Farm and Community Forestry
2005 Vilnius (Lithuania) Small-scale Forestry in a Changing Environment
2005 Brisbane (Australia) XXII IUFRO World Conference
2006 Galway (Ireland) Multipurpose Small-scale Forestry
2007 Ormoc (Philippines) Improving the triple bottom line returns from small-scale forestry
7
Year Place (country) General topic or theme
2007 Ormoc (Philippines) Training workshop - Qualitative Methods and Systems Modelling
2008 Gérardmer (France) Small-scale Rural Forest Use and Management: Global policies versus local knowledge
2008 Nancy (France) Training workshop – Systems analysis as applied to forest policy and management issues
2008 Freiburg (Germany)
Figures for Forests – Accountancy Networks and Data Collection Technologies as Tools for Monitoring, Explaining and Supporting Economic Forest (workshop)
2009 Morgantown (USA) Seeing the Forest Beyond the Trees: New possibilities and expectations for products and services from small-scale forestry
2010 Bled (Slovenia)
Small Scale Forestry in a Changing World: Opportunities and Challenges and the Role of Extension and Technology Transfer. Joint meeting with Extension Working Party (currently 9.01.03)
2011 Kuusamo (Finland) Recent advances in landowner extension, with a special focus on peer-to-peer learning among landowners (symposium)
2011 Freiburg (Germany) Small-scale forestry: Synergies and conflicts in social, ecological and economic interactions
2011 Freiburg (Germany) Figures for Forests II (workshop)
2012 Amherst, Massachusetts (USA)
Science for Solutions
2013 Fukuoka (Japan) Future Directions of Small-Scale and Community-Based Forestry. Joint meeting with group 6.08 Gender and Forestry
2014 Sopron (Hungary)
Adaptation in Forest Management Under Changing Framework Conditions. Joint meeting with group 4.05 Managerial Economics and Accounting
2015 Sunshine Coast (Australia)
Small-scale and Community Forestry and the Changing Nature of Forest Landscapes
2016 Foz do Iguacu (Brazil)
Between Tradition and Increasing Challenges: Future Development of Small-scale and Community Forestry in Times of Global Change. Joint meeting with groups 9.03 Forest History and Traditional Knowledge, and 9.05.06 Community Forestry
8
Year Place (country) General topic or theme
2017 Freiburg (Germany) Small-Scale Forestry: Most Recent Findings; Side Event at the IUFRO 125th Anniversary Conference
2018 Vaasa (Finland) Transformations towards a new era in small scale forestry
Brandl Award
In 2008, the IUFRO group 3.08.00 established an award that is granted for outstanding contribution to the field of small-scale forestry research. The award is named after professor Helmut Brandl, one of the group’s founders, who significantly impacted the evolvement of the group, its themes, activities, and spirit over decades. The most recent Brandl Awardees and the coordinators of the group consider potential candidates and decide upon awards.
Past Brandl Award Recipients:
Year Recipient Country
2008 Professor Dr Helmut Brandl Germany
2008 Dr Steve Harrison Australia
2009 Professor David Baumgartner USA
2010 Dr Christoph Hartebrodt Germany
2011 Professor John Bliss USA
2012 Dr. Mirko Medved Slovenia
2013 Professor Heimo Karppinen Finland
2014 Dr. Brett Butler USA
2015 Professor John Herbohn Australia
2016 Professor David Kittredge USA
2018 Professor Teppo Hujala Finland
The 2019 Brandl award will presented at the conference dinner on Tuesday July 9, 2019.
9
Small-scale Forestry
The Official Publication of the IUFRO Small-scale Forestry Working Group
Small-scale Forestry is our working group’s own, peer-reviewed journal. It was started in 2002 by Steve Harrison, John Herbohn, and other founding members of our working group.
The goal of the journal is to provide an international forum for publishing high quality, peer-reviewed papers on pure and applied research into small-scale forestry. Topics include the social, economic and technical dimensions of:
• Farm forestry • Family forestry • Non-industrial • Agro-forestry • Community forestry
Empirical, theoretical, modeling, and methodological papers, using qualitative and/or quantitative approaches, are all welcome.
The journal is published quarterly by Springer and is indexed in most of the major scientific citation databases.
We are always seeking high quality articles on any of the broad topics of small-scale forestry. Review articles are of particular interest!
For more information visit: http://bit.ly/SmallScaleForestryJournal or contact Brett Butler ([email protected]).
For the research you are presenting in Duluth and for all of your future small-scale forestry work, we hope you consider submitting it to Small-scale Forestry!
And a special thanks to the editors and reviewers who help Small-scale Forestry happen!
10
Venue information
The conference will take place in the historic Fitger's Complex in Duluth, Minnesota (600 E Superior St, Duluth, MN 55802). The venue includes comfortable meeting rooms, shopping, dining, and historic indoor and outdoor spaces overlooking Lake Superior. It is located within easy walking distance of Duluth's tourism center.
The following rooms will be utilized for the conference:
• Spirit of the North Theater: plenary sessions, concurrent sessions, and conference open and close. Located on the 3rd level of the Fitger’s Complex.
• August Fitger Room: poster session, breaks, and lunches. Located on the 3rd level of the Fitger’s Complex.
• Harborview and Fireside Rooms: concurrent sessions, Sunday and Monday evening receptions, and Wednesday workshop. Located on the 1st level of the Fitger’s Complex within The Boat Club Restaurant & Bar.
• Boardroom: Monday IUFRO Small-scale Forestry Business and Journal Editorial meeting. Located behind the Fitger’s Inn front desk.
Conference check-in will occur in the hallway outside the Spirit of the North Theater and the August Fitger Room.
Free parking is available in the parking ramp southeast of the Fitger’s Complex. Take a ticket when you enter the ramp. When you depart, tell the agent that you are attending the IUFRO Small-scale Forestry conference and you will not be charged.
A full map of the Fitger’s Complex is located on the inside back cover of this book. Signs will be posted throughout the building to guide you to the conference spaces.
11
At-a-glance Schedule
Sunday July 7: Time Activity
19:00 Conference check in and welcome reception
21:00 Conference check in closes
Monday July 8: Time Activity
08:00 Conference check in
09:00 Welcome and introductions
09:30 Plenary presentations
10:30 Break
11:00 Plenary presentations
12:00 Lunch
12:45 Poster session
13:30 Concurrent sessions 1, 2, 3
15:00 Break
15:30 Concurrent sessions 4, 5, 6
17:00 IUFRO Small-scale Forestry Business and Journal Editorial meeting
18:00 Reception
Tuesday July 9: Time Activity
08:30 Concurrent sessions 7, 8, 9
10:00 Break
10:30 Concurrent sessions 10, 11, 12
12:00 Break and load buses for tour
12:30 In-conference tour buses depart
17:40 In-conference tour buses return
19:00 Conference dinner and cruise aboard the Vista Star
12
Wednesday July 10: Time Activity
08:30 Concurrent sessions 13, 14, 15
10:00 Break
10:30 Concurrent sessions 16, 17, 18
12:00 Lunch
13:00 Implications Wheel workshop
15:00 Break
15:30 Conference closing
Thursday July 11:
Time Activity
07:00 Load buses for post-conference tour
07:30 Post-conference tour departs Duluth, MN Post-conference tour
Friday July 12: Time Activity
Post-conference tour
19:30 Post-conference tour returns to Duluth, MN
13
Scientific Program
Monday July 8:
Welcome and Introductions 9:00-9:30, Spirit of the North Theater
Eli Sagor Local host welcome and introductions
Anna Tanski Welcome from the City of Duluth Christoph Hartebrodt
Welcome from IUFRO 3.08.00 Coordinator
Plenary Speakers 9:30-10:30, 11:00-12:00, Spirit of the North Theater
Moderators: Mike Kilgore and Stephanie Snyder
Brett Butler Family Forest Ownership Trends in the United States
Steven W. Koehn
Helping Family Forest Owners Provide Public Value from Private Lands
Connie Cummins
Bringing Private Landowners into Large Landscape Projects
Celie Borndal Helping People Help the Land
Alan Finifrock Counting the Rings
Poster Session 12:45-13:30, August Fitger Room
Gregory E. Frey
Perspectives of How Farm and System Size Affects Silvopasture Characteristics and Management From North Carolina and Virginia, USA
A. Gordon Holley
Maximizing Forest Health, Vigor, and Resiliency While Maintaining Positive Returns on Investment on Small-scale Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Forests in the Western Gulf Region
Elizabeth Laferriere
Trees as Rooted Security for Kenyan Farmers
14
Michelle Moore
A Web Based Platform Equipping Non-Industrial Private Landowners with Basic Forest Management Decision Support Tools that Aid in Answering Critical Land Forest Management Questions
Emma Sass Forest Ownership Distribution Across the Conterminous United States
Eric L. Taylor
A Newly-released Decision Support Tool Designed to Assist Small-scale Forest Landowners in the Western Gulf Region of the United States with Optimizing Proper Herbicide Selection and Use
Concurrent Session 1 13:30-15:00, Spirit of the North Theater
Climate change (Moderator: Digby Race) Christoph Hartebrodt
Does Climate Change Already Impact Profitability of Small-scale Forest Enterprises?
Teppo Hujala Finnish Forest Owners' Climate Attitudes: A Quantitative Exploration
Adena Rissman
Forest Management for Novelty, Persistence, and Restoration on Private Lands
Concurrent Session 2 13:30-15:00, Harborview Room
Community forestry (Moderator: Dean Current)
John Herbohn Family-based Community Forestry: A New Way of Implementing Reforestation in the Tropics
Megan Butler Facilitating Factors and Constraints to Replication of Successful Community Forestry Efforts
Gregory E. Frey
Financial Management, Development, and Improvement of FSC-certified Community-based Forest Management in Tanzania
15
Concurrent Session 3 13:30-15:00, Fireside Room
Economic analyses (Moderator: Jim Johnson)
Henry Eichman
Economic Contributions from Private Forestlands Enrolled in the USDA Forest Service's Forest Legacy Program
Jeffrey Jackson The New Bio-Economy, Hybrid Poplar and Woodland Owners in the Midwestern United States
Terhi Koskela Fixed-term Conservation Contracts in Family Forests: Income Losses, Compensation and Cost-Effectiveness
Concurrent Session 4 15:30-17:00, Spirit of the North Theater
FFO behaviors/characteristics (Moderator: John Herbohn) Marla Markowski-Lindsay
Bitten by the Bug: Family Forest Owner Harvesting Intentions Due to the Threat or Presence of Forest Insect Pests
Emily S. Huff Describing the Psychological Distance of Massachusetts and Colorado Family Forest Landowners to Fire and Invasive Pest Risks
Anne Matilainen
Passive or Independent? An Study Empirical of Different Reasons Behind Private Forest Owners: Passiveness in Finland
16
Concurrent Session 5 15:30-17:00, Harborview Room
Interfacing with FFOS/Extension/outreach (Moderator: Gregory Frey) Digby Race Farmer to Farmer Mentoring as an Approach
to Small-scale Forestry Extension: Lessons From Indonesia
Michelle Moore
A New, Web-Based Application Designed to Assist Small-scale Forest Landowners in the Western Gulf Region of the United States With Procuring Land Management Services on Small Parcels
Martha Sebald Identifying the Information and Assistance Needs of Minnesota's Private Forest Owners
Concurrent Session 6 15:30-17:00, Fireside Room
Economic analyses (Moderator: Dave McGill)
Tek Maraseni Timber Value Chain Analysis (VCA) in Vietnam and Lao PDR
Dean Current Craft Beers, Energy Bars and Super Foods: Exploring Markets for a Non-timber Forest Product
Milan Šinko The Market of Private Forest Land in Slovenia 2007-2018: Impact of Forest Stand Characteristics on the Price of Forest Land
17
Tuesday July 9:
Concurrent Session 7 8:30-10:00, Spirit of the North Theater
Concurrent Session 8 8:30-10:00, Harborview Room
Government assistance/ participation in landowner assistance programs (Moderator: Teppo Hujala)
Allen Pursell The Forest Bank, a Financial Incentive Program to Enhance Small-scale Forest Management at Significant Sites
Esa-Jussi Viitala The Potential of a "Forest Bank" in EU Environmental Contracts
Justin T. Meier A Comparison of Participants and Non-participants of State Forest Property Tax Programs in the United States
Concurrent Session 9 8:30-10:00, Fireside Room
Forest management practices, FFO behaviors/characteristics (Moderator Christoph Hartebrodt:)
Janean H. Creighton
What a Scoping Review of the Literature Reveals about Oregon's Woodland Owners and the Policy Issues that Affect Them
Erno Järvinen Finnish Forest Owners' Views on Protecting Biodiversity of Forests
Emily S. Huff A Systematic Map of Theory in Family Forest Owner Research
Collaboration/collaborative management (Moderator: Angela Gupta) Evelyn Stoettner
Social Influence in Small Forest Owner Knowledge Transfer Groups
Merja Lähdesmäki
Forest Owner Or Shareholder? Ownership Feelings in a Jointly-owned Forest
Paul Mitchell-Banks
The Intersection of Conventional and Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Land Use and Forestry Planning and Management British Columbia: A Government Perspective of Lessons Learnt and to be Learned
18
Concurrent Session 10 10:30-12:00, Spirit of the North Theater
FFO behaviors/characteristics (Moderator: Mikko Kurttila) Stephanie A. Snyder
Towards an Understanding of Small-scale Family Forest Ownerships in the United States
Brett J. Butler Size Matters: The Relevance of Size of Forest Holdings Among Private Forest Ownerships
Dave McGill Exploring Successful Timber Transactions Through the Eyes of West Virginia Foresters
Concurrent Session 11 10:30-12:00, Harborview Room
Services for and Outreach to Landowners (Moderator: Janean Creighton)
Marissa Schmitz
Woods-work in Transition: Exploring Changing Social and Economic Conditions Facing Minnesota Logging Operators
Thomas Kronholm
Characterization of Swedish Forestry Service Contractors: Business Models and Financial Performance
Angela Gupta
New Technologies for Education and Outreach: Augmented Reality, 360 Images and Virtual Reality, 3D Printing, and Crowdsourcing Project Funds and Media
Concurrent Session 12 10:30-12:00, Fireside Room
Economic analyses (Moderator Priit Põllumäe:)
Yaoqi Zhang Private Forests for Public Goods: The Family Forestry in the United States
Lawrence Damnyag
Determining Financial Values of Tree-level Lumber in Community Forests Plantation, Ghana
Michael Kilgore
Mapping of Forestland Value in the United States (U.S.A.) Using Locally Assessed Values and a Sampling Framework from the U.S. Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program
19
Wednesday July 10:
Concurrent Session 13 8:30-10:00, Spirit of the North Theater
Mechanics of FFO surveys/Economic analyses (Moderator: Yaoqi Zhang)
Brett J. Butler Survey Nonresponse Assessment and Adjustments
Heimo Karppinen
Forest Owners in the Spotlight: Five Decades of Landowner Surveys in Finland
Leidimari Neves do Prado
New Brazilian Forest Code, PES Programmes and Deforestation: What Are the Links?
Concurrent Session 14 8:30-10:00, Harborview Room
Interfacing with FFOS/Extension/outreach (Moderator: Andrej Ficko)
Angela Gupta EmpowerU! Empowering Citizens to Engage Decision Makers
John Punches Small-scale Forestry is Essential to Landscape-scale Forest Restoration
Shoana Humphries
Simplified Financial Monitoring and Analysis of Small-scale Forestry Initiatives with the Green Value Tool
Concurrent Session 15 8:30-10:00, Fireside Room
NTFPs and governance (Moderator: Megan Butler)
Anne Matilainen
Seeking Social Acceptance? Private Forest Owners Legitimizing their Opinions Towards Commercial Berry Picking
Mikko Kurttila Cultivating Specialty Mushrooms in Boreal Birch Stands: High Profits with High Risks
Tek Maraseni
An Assessment of Governance Quality for Community-based Forest Management Systems in Asia: Prioritisation of Governance Indicators at Various Scales
20
Concurrent Session 16 10:30-12:00, Spirit of the North Theater
Demographics of FFOs (Moderator: Terhi Koskela)
Diana Lukmine Structural Changes of Forest Ownership in Lithuania
Dianne Staal Wästerlund
Young Swedish Forest Owners to Large Forest Estates: Characteristics and Forest Interests
Teppo Hujala Young Forest Owners in Finland: Basic Demographics and Relationship to their Own Land
Concurrent Session 17 10:30-12:00, Harborview Room
Community forestry (Moderator: Heimo Karppinen)
Megan Butler Organizational Governance and Community Forestry in Northern Guatemala
Xie Yi Conflict Resolution: Empirical Studies of Community Owned Forests and Natural Reserves in China
Dorin Kusumawardani
Factors Affecting Adoption in Indonesian Social Forestry Program
Concurrent Session 18 10:30-12:00, Fireside Room
Economic analyses (Moderator: Emily Huff)
Masahiko Ota
Analyzing Frontline Forest Bureaucrats: Regulatory and Facilitation Practices in the Political Economic Context: a Case Study From Teak Plantation Areas of Java, Indonesia
Walter Sekot Peculiarities of Ratio Analysis in Small-scale Farm Forestry: A Comparative Analysis
Andrej Ficko
Environmentalism of Private Forest Owners and the General Public in the Most Developed Countries: The Environmental Concern Kuznets Curve Theory
21
Workshop 13:00-15:00, Fireside Room/Harborview Room
Abrupt Climate Change: An Implications Wheel Exercise for Small-scale Forestry David N. Bengston, Jason Crabtree, and Teppo Hujala We tend to think of climate change as slow and incremental. So far, the effects of climate change have been accelerating but still gradual for the most part. But what if one or several climate tipping points are reached and climate change accelerates abruptly? In this workshop, participants will work in small groups to explore possible direct and indirect implications of abrupt climate change using a structured brainstorming method called the Implications Wheel.
22
Plenary Presentations
Family Forest Ownership Trends in the United States
Brett Butler, USDA Forest Service, Director, National Woodland Owner Survey
Dr. Butler will discuss recent results from the United States’ National Woodland Owner Survey, the largest survey of the large and diverse population of US family woodland owners. These results inform policy, outreach, and a variety of investments in the nation’s private forests.
Helping Family Forest Owners Provide Public Value from Private Lands
Steven W. Koehn, USDA Forest Service, Director, Cooperative Forestry
There are nearly 500 million acres of non-Federal forest land in the United States, comprising about 20 percent of the nation, and two-thirds of the nation's forests. Mr. Koehn will discuss how the US Forest Service’s Cooperative Forestry unit works with States, private landowners, and other partners to promote healthy forests and livable communities throughout the United States.
23
Bringing Private Landowners into Large Landscape Projects
Connie Cummins, USDA Forest Service Supervisor, Superior National Forest
Comprising about 3 million acres (1.25 million ha.), the Superior National Forest is home to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, over 2,000 lakes, and thriving populations of timber wolves, loons, and numerous other wildlife species. These lands are interspersed with other ownerships. Ms. Cummins will discuss the Superior National Forest's efforts, through the All Lands Initiative, to increase the
impact and benefits of land management by engaging and coordinating with adjacent and nearby landowners.
Helping People Help the Land
Celie Borndal, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, NRCS State Forester for Minnesota
The Natural Resources Conservation Service administers a number of important conservation programs serving family woodland owners nationwide. As Minnesota’s NRCS state forester, Ms. Borndal will discuss how these programs advance conservation and sustainable management on the state’s private forest lands.
24
Counting the Rings
Alan Finifrock, Family Woodland Owner
Mr. Finifrock grew up in Minnesota, spent years as a teacher in remote Alaska, and has since returned to Minnesota to care for his family’s woodland. As an active land manager and member of the Minnesota Forestry Association, Mr. Finifrock will tell his personal story of caring for and managing his land.
25
Poster Presentations
Poster Session Perspectives of How Farm and System Size Affects Silvopasture Characteristics and Management From North Carolina and Virginia, USA
Gregory E. Frey, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station
Economies and diseconomies of size may impact the profitability of firms and farms. These may be due to various factors such as the fixed costs of operation, inputs that improve productivity but are large and expensive, or limited management capacity. Silvopasture, the intentional and managed combination of trees, forage, and livestock on a single parcel of land, has been advocated as a potential way for small and medium farms to diversify and increase profitability; however, economies of size could limit applicability and profitability for them. Past research on silvopasture in the United States has rarely considered effects of size on profitability, characteristics, and management, implicitly assuming constant returns to scale. Because silvopasture is not widely adopted among producers in the southeastern states of North Carolina and Virginia, we used diverse methods to explore and understand the potential effects of farm and system size on silvopasture establishment, management, and profitability. This included mixed methods interview of key informants, surveys of extension agents and producers, and case studies of silvopasture practitioners. We found that farm and system size seemed correlated with underlying motivations, and that both size and motivation affected adoption and establishment, management, and product marketing. We present a typology for better understanding silvopasture characteristics and decision-making.
Co-authors: John H. Fike, John F. Munsell ; Virginia Tech, Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation
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Poster Session Maximizing Forest Health, Vigor, and Resiliency While Maintaining Positive Returns on Investment on Small-scale Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Forests in the Western Gulf Region
A. Gordon Holley, Louisiana Tech University
Loblolly pine growing in southern pine forests throughout the western Gulf region of the southern US are a significant source of forest products and revenue. Demand for this resource is projected to increase over the next 30 years. As forests in this region come under increasing pressure from parcelization, urbanization, and climate variability it is important to develop silvicultural practices and strategies to minimize the risk of catastrophic loss from these growing pressures. This is especially true for small-scale forest landowners who are not able to economically weather financial loss. A decision support tool has been developed to model loblolly pine plantations with lower densities and genetic gain to determine thinning and harvesting regimes that minimum risk of loss and maintain attractive rates of return. The novelty of this approach is in the methodology for how risk abatement is quantified due to improved management strategies and to determine it's economic value for the rotation. Results and their implications for incorporating risk abatement in the financial aspects of loblolly pine forests will be discussed.
Co-authors: Eric L. Taylor, Michael A. Blazier; Texas A&M Forest Service, Louisiana State University Ag Center
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Poster Session Trees as Rooted Security for Kenyan Farmers
Elizabeth Laferriere, University of Minnesota - Humphrey School of Public Affairs
In Kenya, deforestation is a pervasive phenomenon. Deforestation results from the vicious cycle of poverty in which smallholder farmers find themselves. Farmers participate in the informal markets for timber and charcoal, by cutting down trees and selling the wood for two main reasons. First, in order to create a source of living for themselves. Second, in order to fill the supply vacuum under the government sanctioned moratorium. The recognition of this gap drew a company named Komaza to launch its agroforestry program in Kenya in 2006. Komaza's agroforestry model empowers marginalized farmers to make the most out of their family-owned land. The model is designed to establish collaborations with farmers to build more resilient agroecosystems that are able to withstand the ecological effects of climate change and contribute to Kenya's 10% tree cover goal by 2030. The model's theory of change is based on trees as rooted security, an investment that helps farmers develop a habit of saving. The model involves intercropping multifunctional trees with cash crops that not only produce ecosystem services, such as nitrogen fixation, but also many products, such as leaves, fodder, and wood, that can be used for various purposes. The goal is for farmers to earn an additional source of income from the agroecological diversified farming system offered by the model.
Through our research with Komaza to understand farmers' local knowledge on agroforestry and their preferred practices, the climate, soil suitability, demand for timber, demographics, and socio-economic conditions there, we learned that low-income farmers face higher risks and vulnerabilities (both fluctuations and shocks) because they are affected much more by market variability, climate, and other uncertainties. Something like Komaza's agroforestry model and the approach of using trees as an investment not only increases the overall health of the farmlands but also encourages more farmers to adopt this diversified farming practice that farmers need to maintain productivity and earn a profit. To this end, agroforestry in Kenya seems promising in not only increasing tree cover but also providing low-income farmers with better ways of coping with shocks, and reducing vulnerabilities and uncertainties they grapple with in their everyday lives.
Co-authors: Nayera El Husseiny, Surabhi Singh; University of Minnesota - Humphrey School of Public Affairs
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Poster Session A Web Based Platform Equipping Non-Industrial Private Landowners with Basic Forest Management Decision Support Tools that Aid in Answering Critical Land Forest Management Questions
Michelle Moore, Texas A&M Forest Service
Forest landowners are faced with a variety of tough decisions when managing their forest. To maximize economic and ecologic outcomes, forest management decision support tools (FMDST's) providing scenario based information and economic projections are often used by professional land managers when managing large scale acreage. Properly managed forests provide valuable ecological and economic benefits. While powerful FMDST's are available, accessibility and functionality to small scale forest landowners may vary depending on landowner needs and experience level. A small forest landowner likely require economically practical tools that answer basic land management questions in less detail that required of professional land managers. In the Western Gulf Region, 57% of forest land is privately owned. With over half of the forest land in the region being privately owned, it is imperative that proper forest management is taking place to ensure sustainable forest resources for generations to come. Currently, there is a great need for more easily accessible, economically feasible, user friendly tools that meet the informational needs of the non-professional forest landowner for use in answering forest management questions that arise throughout each stage of forest management. To assist landowners in making well informed land management decisions for small scale forests, the Texas A&M Forest Service has developed the Texas Forest Info (texasforestinfo.tamu.edu) web-based platform. This platform provides a variety of user friendly tools catering to private landowners by providing information based on the latest science displayed in an easily understood format for a variety of land management questions. We will showcase a few of the free, user-friendly tools available on Texas Forest Info and demonstrate how they can be used to assist small-scale landowners in answering forest management questions.
Co-authors: Eric Taylor, Fernando Vara, Bard Barber; Texas A&M Forest Service
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Poster Session Forest Ownership Distribution Across the Conterminous United States
Emma Sass, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
The distribution of forest ownership types varies across the United States. Family forest owners own a plurality of forest land, with especially high concentrations in the southern and northeastern parts of the country. We used U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data from 2012-2017 to model ownership types at 30-meter resolution across forested areas of the conterminous United States. This builds on previous work by updating the distribution of seven ownership categories – public ownerships including federal, state, and local; private ownerships including family, corporate, and other private; and Native American tribal lands. Additionally, Timber Investment Management Organizations (TIMOs) and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) were also classified. The map and underlying dataset are intended to support national- and regional-scale planning and are not recommended for use at the sub-regional or local level.
Co-author: Brett J. Butler, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
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Poster Session A Newly-released Decision Support Tool Designed to Assist Small-scale Forest Landowners in the Western Gulf Region of the United States with Optimizing Proper Herbicide Selection and Use
Eric L. Taylor, Texas A&M Forest Service,
The process of making proper herbicide recommendations in the Western Gulf Region (WGR) of the United States is an important and complex aspect of successful silvicultural practices in both conifer and hardwood forests. This is especially true for small-scale forest landowners, who may lack the available information of larger entities. The decision of selecting effective treatments can be based on factors that include: competing vegetation types, problematic native species, invasive species, crop species, site conditions, season of application, environmental concerns, and associated costs. Ultimately application cost and associated protocol efficacy drive herbicide recommendations. Although many resources are currently available that list potential herbicide prescriptions, none rate prescriptions by associated cost and efficacy. Nor do these resources present the information as clearly as a web-based decision support system that is designed to eliminate confusion and uncertainties with application rates. A herbicide decision support tool (DST) was developed for the WGR that delineates recommended prescription by site conditions, silvicultural context, stand establishment protocol, associated costs, efficacy ratings, and many other factors to better aid the process of selecting a proper protocol for specific scenarios. We will present the newly-release Herbicide DST that has been developed for the WGR including a description of categorical herbicide protocols based on specific site conditions, silvicultural methods and the incorporated cost and efficacy rating system. The presentation will also include a brief tutorial of the web-based application and the accompanied written manual.
Co-authors: A. Gordon Holley, Michael A. Blazier, Kyle Cunningham, Brad Barber; Louisiana Tech University, Louisiana State University Ag Center, University of Arkansas, Texas A&M Forest Service
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Oral Presentations
Concurrent Session 1 Does Climate Change Already Impact Profitability of Small-scale Forest Enterprises?
Christoph Hartebrodt, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg
Since 1970 the annual average temperature in south-west Germany increased by more than 1°C. During that period three major large-scale storm disasters have hit the federal state of Baden-Württemberg, resulting in a high amount of unplanned fellings. At present, following a severe summer drought in 2018, one of the largest bark beetle calamities is to be expected.
The presented paper highlights long-term trends of profitability as well as other economic and silvicultural factors, which potentially can be related to the effects of climate change. The relationship between climate change and the economic dimensions of small scale forestry are assessed by juxtaposing climate data and long-term time series from an accountancy network. The latter date back till the early 1970s, thus prove very suitable for such an analysis.
The analysis showed that previous extreme weather events were of limited spatial extension in terms of amount and share of unplanned fellings. Moreover, a wide variety in the degree of affectedness of individual enterprises was recorded. Within the affected regions the amount of harvested and marketed timber volume increased sharply one or two years after the event and was generally followed by a period of reduced fellings. However, timber prices were affected throughout the whole state of Baden-Württemberg. This led to a loss of profitability even for forest enterprises that have not been directly affected by the primary damages. Thus, it can be stated that short- term effects of natural disturbances on the profitability of small-scale forestry due to climate change are already visible. The expected increase in frequency and severity of extreme weather events may further challenge the profitability of small-scale forest enterprises. Additionally, it is noteworthy that consequences are not limited to small-scale forest owners, which are directly affected, but also to the forestry sector as whole as well as further downstream industries.
On the other hand, the analysis shows that up to now almost no long-term economic effects are visible. Almost all economic key indicators showed a comparatively fast recovery following a calamity and allowed the return to ex-ante situations. Consequently, it can be stated that the "buffering"� capacity of small-scale forestry has not been exceeded thus far.
From the findings a set of conclusions and recommendations are derived on how the economic resilience towards future events can be increased.
Co-author: Katrin Dännart, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg (Germany)
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Concurrent Session 1 Finnish Forest Owners' Climate Attitudes: A Quantitative Exploration
Teppo Hujala, University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences
The nexus of climate and forest research has identified several likely consequences of climate change on boreal forests. For Finland, climate scenarios show increased probabilities for storms, less snow damages in the south but more in the north, increased risk for forest wildfires, and shorter periods of ground frost. These patterns mean remarkable changes in the operating environment of small-scale forest management in Finland. Since family forests provide some 80% of industrial roundwood supply to industries, the ways how family forest owners approach climate change has high national economic and ecological relevance. This study aimed to discover forest owners' general perceptions of climate change and compare those with the views of non-owners. Further, the study sought to figure out the popularity of those forest owners' climate attitudes that an earlier qualitative study by Laakkonen et al. (2018) identified. The present researchers designed a questionnaire using examples from earlier climate attitude surveys. Quantitative data (n=1030) were gathered in Taloustutkimus market research company's Internet panel in November 2018 and weighted to represent the demographics of Finnish citizens, 16-80 years of age. Of citizens who do not own forest, 66.5% considered using forests for climate sequestration/storage as very important (high end on 5-point Likert scale); among forest owners, the proportion was 63.1%. Of non-owners, 61.6% fully and 25.1% somewhat agreed that global warming is real; the comparative figures among forest owners were 52.3% and 30.7%, respectively. Of forest owners, 33.2% had observed signs of climate change in their forests, and 49.8% anticipated climate change effects in their forests in 10 years. Proportion of 12.9% indicated having already adapted their forest management, and 24.2% reported having received enough information on how to adapt their forest management and mitigate climate change. These preliminary results indicate that i) forest owners are generally a bit more skeptical towards climate change than non-owners, and ii) the earlier qualitative observations on the insufficiency of guidance are valid. Forest owners seem to be aware of climate change but are rather uncertain on how they should adapt their own forest management practices. Thus, we recommend capacity-building type of forest policy interventions, e.g. developing a network of climate-smart model forests and easy-to-buy education and consultancy services.
Co-authors: Sara Kirsikka-aho, Sari K. Pitkänen, Anu Laakkonen, Jukka Tikkanen; University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences
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Concurrent Session 1 Forest Management for Novelty, Persistence, and Restoration on Private Lands
Adena Rissman, University of Wisconsin, Madison
The science of steady-state, equilibrium ecosystems that guided 20th century resource and environmental policy is not sufficient for forest management given rapid changes and the rise of novelty, yet it remains ingrained in private lands forest policy, management, and public expectations. Forests face more frequent megafires, insect outbreaks, diseases, storms, droughts, invasive species, fragmentation, and parcelization. The research literature offers many conflicting recommendations for how managers should respond to ecosystem change and novelty on small-scale private lands. We propose a management framework in which a forest manager may combine strategies to achieve desired forest characteristics through 1) restoration of historic conditions, 2) persistence of current conditions, and 3) transition toward novel conditions. Drawing on ecological science, social science, and policy literatures, we synthesize research on factors that shape forest management responses to ecosystem novelty and change on small-scale private forests. Although the ecological literature suggests increasing transitions to novelty, we found a management focus on restoration and persistence strategies in private forest policy. Some private landowners prefer passive management to achieve short-term persistence of current forests despite the potential for longer-term forest transitions. We examine the framework in the oak woodlands and black ash wetlands of the Great Lakes states and develop expectations for a future survey of foresters working on small-scale private lands. In this era of unprecedented change, managers and policymakers need to address novelty without eroding the policy and psychological support for forest conservation as they define desired forest conditions and attempt to avoid undesirable tradeoffs on small private forestland.
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Concurrent Session 2 Family-based Community Forestry: A New Way of Implementing Reforestation in the Tropics
John Herbohn, University of the Sunshine Coast
In many tropical countries, community and smallholder forestry are the most important vehicles through which reforestation initiatives are implemented, including Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR). Organising smallholders into community groups to undertake reforestation offers many advantages, including economies of scale, reduced program overheads and the ability to take a landscape approach to reforestation. As such, appropriate design of community forestry programs, including recognition of the importance of good governance, is critical to achieving successful policy, social, economic and biophysical outcomes. Many community-based reforestation programs however ignore the social landscape in which reforestation is undertaken, including the requirement to recognise the private needs of the smallholder families that comprise the membership of community forestry groups. We propose a new conceptual model of ‘family-based community forestry' which incorporates aspects of private smallholder forestry which is family based and community forestry in which smallholders are organised in community groups but retain the rights and benefits usually associated with small-scale forestry. We draw on a conceptual framework developed to discuss key drivers for the success of community forestry groups and how a family-based approach in implementing community forestry may increase the likelihood of success. Key aspects are then discussed in the context of experienc in designing and implementing community forestry pilot projects in the Philippines and Papua New Guinea. In particular, we focus on the importance of family-based approaches that recognise the key role of families as the main implementers of community-based forestry programs. In the Philippines we found that while community organisations were the mechanism through which reforestation was implemented by the DENR, community members preferred to have individual or family-based forests over which they had direct control. A focus on family-based reforestation overcame many of the problems associated with a lack of bonding social capital within upland communities. We conclude that a combination of a family focused approach to reforestation whereby families have direct control over the trees that they plant, combined with the use of a community-based approach where family-based reforestation is coordinated across a community landscape is an ideal approach to implement reforestation in many tropical countries.
Co-authors: Nestor Gregorio, Jack Baynes; University of the Sunshine Coast
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Concurrent Session 2 Facilitating Factors and Constraints to Replication of Successful Community Forestry Efforts
Megan Butler, Center for Integrated Natural Resource and Agricultural Management (CINRAM), University of Minnesota; Natural Resources Science and Management Program, and Masters of Development Practice Program, Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota
Internationally, community-based forest management through forest decentralization programs has gained popularity as a means of promoting forest protection while addressing rural poverty. However, while there are examples of communities that have been able to successfully manage forests under these supportive national policies for decades, there are also cases of community groups that have been unable to access forest rights. This paper looks at factors that facilitate or impede the replicability of community forestry success focusing upon two specific case studies in India and Guatemala.
Mendha lekha is a village that claimed India's first Community Forest Right (CFR) under the Forest Rights Act of 2006. Mendha lekha has a strong community collective and has been supplying bamboo to a nearby paper industry earning handsome income. However, even with such a potent success story, only 3% of the CFR claims have been recognized by the government. In Guatemala, community forest concessions protect the Maya Biosphere Reserve and harvest forest products. The concessions are internationally recognized for both the ecological and social benefits that they have achieved. However, despite the demonstrated success of the concession model, additional community groups have been in the process of soliciting concessions for over a decade with little success.
This research looks that the interconnection between community resources, government agencies and policies, and markets to understand factors that have impacted replication of successful community forest management in India and Northern Guatemala. Understanding factors that have contributed to these delays in replication is the first step in resolving this problem. Using these cases, we describe and compare the barriers to replication that exist at both the institutional scale and community scale utilizing both the community-capitals framework, market value chain analysis, and institutional analysis. For example, some of the factors that impede replication of success stories are: lack of political will in ensuring community rights, bureaucracy reluctant to relinquish control over forest administration, community collectives unable to influence bureaucracy to claim forest rights, and lack of market connections. Based upon this analysis we then provide suggestions for improving the replication of these success stories.
Co-authors: Dean Current, Vishal Jamkar; CINRAM, University of Minnesota; Natural Resources Science and Management Program, and Masters of Development Practice Program, Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota
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Concurrent Session 2 Financial Management, Development, and Improvement of FSC-certified Community-based Forest Management in Tanzania
Gregory E. Frey, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station
Community-based forest management (CBFM) has received increased attention in many parts of the world over the past few decades among policy-makers, international donors, and researchers. Also, forest certification by international organizations such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has been advocated as a way to generate financial returns, improve administration, and increase social awareness. However, relatively little research worldwide, and particularly in Africa, has been conducted to understand if and how certified community forestry can operate in a financially competitive manner over time. For example, are community forests able to support management and certification costs under the FSC system without external support, and if not, do they show improvement in reducing costs over time such that they may eventually reach financial self-sufficiency?
Tanzania's 2002 Forest Act allowed villages to directly manage and receive benefits from forests within village lands through CBFM. Since 2004, the Mpingo Conservation & Development Initiative (MCDI) has facilitated CBFM in villages in Southeastern Tanzania, and in 2009 was the first CBFM initiative managing natural forests in Africa to achieve FSC certification for responsible forest management. Fourteen village forests encompassing 190,552 hectares facilitated by MCDI have been FSC-certified; however, the high cost of maintaining the certificate has made some question whether it is feasible to continue.
We compiled financial data on annual expenses and income from the FSC-certified villages, including activities supported by MCDI, for a five-year period (2013-18). Expenses included activities related to security, monitoring, maintenance, management, and timber sales. Income included primarily timber sales, but also other sources such as fines and fees. These data were input into the Green Value Tool, a method for simplified financial analysis (www.green-value.org). We observed areas where costs seemed high compared to international benchmarks, trends over time in losses or profits, and total costs per unit of timber volume produced to evaluate management efficiency and improvement over time. Preliminary results show that CBFM under FSC certification currently is not financially feasible in most villages in MCDI's group unless subsidized by external partners; however, understanding drivers of positive outcomes in certain villages, and changes over time, can help pave the way for an improved future.
Co-authors: Susan Charnley, Jasper Makala, Shoana Humphries; USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; Mpingo Conservation and Development Initiative, Independent Consultant
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Concurrent Session 3 Economic Contributions from Private Forestlands Enrolled in the USDA Forest Service's Forest Legacy Program
Henry Eichman, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USDA Forest Service
This work quantified economic activities on private forestlands enrolled in the USDA Forest Service’s Forest Legacy Program (FLP) in four areas across the U.S., and modeled how these activities contributed to the economies of the regions where FLP lands are located. The Forest Legacy Program is a USDA Forest Service conservation program that seeks to protect traditional forest uses and intact working forest landscapes by awarding grants that help pay for conservation easements and fee-simple land purchases.
FLP grant recipients are primarily private forest owners and often family or small-scale forest owners.
Funding not only provides environmental benefits but also must be managed to provide tangible economic and social benefits to the public. Small-scale forest owners and others benefit from traditional uses and activities on FLP lands. In addition, these uses and activities contribute jobs and labor-income to local economies that include small-scale forestry operations.
This presentation focuses on economic contributions from timber harvest, recreation use, maple syrup production and tree planting for FLP lands in the four study areas (Northern Forest of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and New York; the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and Wisconsin; Idaho and Montana, and Georgia and South Carolina). Economic contributions from these activities on FLP lands are modeled using IMPLAN (Impact Analysis for Planning). IMPLAN is type of Input-output analysis that examines the relationships between industries within an economy; creating a picture of a regional economy that describes the flow of goods and service to and from industries and institutions.
The presentation will cover 1) estimates of economic activity including: annual timber harvest volumes and wood utilization; recreation use and trip spending for fishing, hunting, bird watching, snowmobiling; maple syrup production; and tree planting, 2) application of the IMPLAN models, and 3) results and discussion.
Co-authors: Helena Murray, Paul Catanzaro, Marla Markowski-Lindsay, Brett Butler; University of Massachusetts Amherst
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Concurrent Session 3 The New Bio-Economy, Hybrid Poplar and Woodland Owners in the Midwestern United States
Jeffrey Jackson, University of Minnesota Extension, Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota-Duluth
Widespread adoption of hybrid poplar by small scale woodland owners in the United States Midwest has been limited by a number of factors. Included in these are low commodity prices for competing aspen wood, lack of a substantial market for mature product, and high investment risk for woodland owners.
The University of Minnesota Extension and Natural Resources Research Institute have partnered under a grant from the USDA- NIFA Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program Sustainable Bioenergy and Bioproducts Challenge Area grant (#2018-68005-27635) to address several of these barriers. The work is broadly grouped into two categories: hybrid poplar breeding and extension activities.
The University of Minnesota had conducted a successful hybrid poplar breeding program since 1987. Current emphasis of the program is to identify broadly-adapted clones of P. deltoides x P. nigra that will perform well in multiple climates. Field trials, monitoring disease-resistance and growth, are being conducted in Minnesota, Iowa, and Indiana. The goal is to reduce investment risk for growers through selection of fast-growing, adaptable, and disease-resistant clones.
Extension activities are multi-pronged. Knowing the varied track record of previous hybrid poplar plantations in the region, much of the focus is on developing a regional demand for hybrid poplar. Research is showing new applications for hybrid poplar lignin to produce high-value bioplastics and other chemicals. Integrated biorefineries could be profitable as they produce ethanol from hybrid poplar cellulose and bioplastics from the remaining lignin. As well, a process for heat-treating (torrefaction) hybrid poplar to produce a coal substitute is showing promise for regional consumption.
An economic analysis modelling tool has been created to help small scale woodland owners understand the economics of planting hybrid poplar, as well as the associated financial risks. This tool is being used in education efforts to help potential growers understand the opportunities and risks associated with hybrid poplar as market conditions change. A network of potential growers, transporters, and users of hybrid poplar is being created. Sophisticated network analysis tools are being used to help build this network. This network is of individuals and companies ready to respond to favorable market conditions and advances in research.
Co-authors: D. Buchman, M. Reichenbach, N. Meyer, W. Lazarus; University of Minnesota Extension, Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota-Duluth
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Concurrent Session 3 Fixed-term Conservation Contracts in Family Forests: Income Losses, Compensation and Cost-Effectiveness
Terhi Koskela, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)
Biodiversity conservation in private forests in Finland is currently implemented mainly through voluntary measures of the Forest Biodiversity Programme for Southern Finland (METSO). The program offers family forest owners an option to protect ecologically valuable forest sites either with a fixed-term contract or permanently, and receive compensation for that.
We examined family forest owners' income losses due to delaying the clearcut of a forest site during fixed-term conservation contract periods. The income losses were compared to the situation where the forest site is managed following the best practice guidelines of ordinary commercial forest (i.e. business as usual, BAU). The stand level data were gathered from 30 forest stands including both ecologically valuable forest sites and ordinary commercial forests. The stand development as well as the amount of decaying wood was predicted by Motti stand simulator for the BAU management and for the different lengths of conservation periods. Motti utilizes several site-specific models for predicting stand growth, and mortality and the effects of various silvicultural treatments. The income losses were also compared to the compensation that the forest owner would receive if the site would be protected with a fixed-term contract in the METSO Programme. The development of the biodiversity value of the sites during the conservation contract periods was calculated to examine the impact of site characteristics to cost-effectiveness of conservation.
The results indicated that the site characteristics, e.g. initial stand volume of the forest site, had considerable influence to the income losses. The compensation that forest owner would receive in the METSO Programme was on average higher than the income losses, but varied depending on the characteristics of the site. The results can be utilized in developing criteria and compensation mechanisms for conservation contracts. Forest owners can use the results as support in assessing their interest to offer a forest site for fixed-term conservation.
Co-authors: Juha Siitonen, Anssi Ahtikoski, Jari Hynynen, Riitta Hänninen, Soili Kojola, Jouni Siipilehto, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)
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Concurrent Session 4 Bitten by the Bug: Family Forest Owner Harvesting Intentions Due to the Threat or Presence of Forest Insect Pests
Marla Markowski-Lindsay, University of Massachusetts
Forest insect pests (FIPs) affect forest ecosystems worldwide by changing structure, function, and ecosystem services. The presence or threat of FIPs may trigger individuals to make management decisions about their forest that contribute changes to forest ecosystems and structure. While landscape models of forest change have improved substantially, there remains an urgent need for better representation of social systems within ecological models, like that of FIP disturbances. A first step towards this is to understand the human dimensions component of FIP-induced behavior. Our research sought to better understand the types of forest owners who are likely to manage their forests in response to FIPs. In the U.S., private forest owners own the plurality of forests, and family forest owners (FFOs) own 36% of all forestland. In the U.S., private forest owners can manage, sell, convert their land to non-forest as they see fit. In 2017, we conducted a mail survey of FFOs with 4 or more hectares of land within study areas of four northeastern U.S. states. To assess the likely landowner response to FIPs, we constructed a series of contingent behavior questions based on four key FIP attributes at various levels: arrival time, mortality effect, rate of mortality, and value of timber loss. Using a modified Dillman method, we sent out 2,000 surveys, obtained a 37% cooperation rate and detected no nonresponse bias based on follow-up analyses. Incorporating respondent uncertainty, we fit the data using a logistic multilevel regression model. We found that respondents are more likely to intend to cut the greater the mortality effect and tree value loss, and less likely the longer it takes for the FIP to kill the trees, but the magnitude of impact is low compared with that of landowner characteristics. Numerous landowner factors influence FIP-induced cut intention, and the ones of greatest impact describe landowners who have demonstrated hands-on involvement with their land. FIPs offer a potentially coordinating event among FFOs who intend to harvest upon their arrival. Ecosystem impacts from FIPs may be exacerbated by such synchronicity. We suggest an important next step would be to integrate these results into simulation models linking land-use regime shifts resulting from landowner behavior and FIP dynamics.
Co-authors: Brett J. Butler, David B. Kittredge, Jonathan R. Thompson; University of Massachusetts, U.S. Forest Service, University of Massachusetts, Harvard University/Harvard Forest
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Concurrent Session 4 Describing the Psychological Distance of Massachusetts and Colorado Family Forest Landowners to Fire and Invasive Pest Risks
Emily S. Huff, Michigan State University
In our increasingly inter-connected society, many of the daily decisions individuals make can create, contribute to, or alter the risks that other people face. Perhaps more than in any other setting, individuals' decisions to prepare (or not) for hazards and natural disasters, such as wildfires, and invasive pests, can hugely impact the severity and likelihood of risks faced by others, including their neighbors. This presentation will describe some of the key factors that shape whether people are willing to invest in personally costly but mutually beneficial efforts to reduce the risks that wildfire and invasive insects pose not only to their woods but also to the woods around them. In particular, we will explore how the physical and psychological distance people feel and perceive between themselves and others who could be affected by their actions influences how much risk-reducing action individuals are willing to take. Using a mail survey, we tested how these feelings of distance influence the decisions people make in a sample of counties Colorado, and Massachusetts hat had a history of fire and insect outbreaks, respectively. The majority of landowners in Colorado had witnessed a fire on their property or nearby in the last five years, while a majority of Massachusetts landowners had not experienced an invasive pest. Colorado landowners expressed elevated levels of effort taken to reduce wildfire risk, perhaps a consequence of the greater severity fire presents to oneself and neighbors, compared to invasive pests. Landowners in the two states exhibited different communication preferences and had undertaken different risk mitigation strategies. Overall, dimensions of psychological distance seemed to influence the extent to which landowners engaged in risk mitigation actions. The results of this study demonstrate ways in which landowner familiarity and abstractness of a natural resource hazard may influence behavior. This knowledge can be used to improve outreach and inform policies and programs that encourage cross-boundary collaboration.
Co-authors: Angela De Oliveira, Ezra Markowitz, Meaghan Guckian; University of Massachusetts- Amherst
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Concurrent Session 4 Passive or Independent? An Empirical Study of Different Reasons Behind Private Forest Owners: Passiveness in Finland
Anne Matilainen, University of Helsinki, Ruralia Institute
The structural changes among private non-industrial forest owners (NIPF) at the European level have entailed the threat of forest owners becoming more passive in their forest management. As the forest owners classified as passive or indifferent typically do not pursue explicit goals in forest management and put less weight on externalities demanded from the forest resources by society, they often represent a challenge for policy-makers. At the national level, an increasing number of indifferent or passive forest owners can actually be constructed as a waste of forest resources. Still, the deeper reasons for passivity are not yet thoroughly examined. Previous studies show that certain technical reasons, e.g. small forest holding size, lack of forest related knowledge and long distance to the forest, may increase the passive forest management behavior. However, in many countries there are various forest management services available to overcome these obstacles. This raises a question: do we actually understand the deeply rooted motivational reasons behind passive forest management behavior? Without understanding these reasons, no advisory services can truly solve the problem.
This study presents the results of 273 qualitative phone interviews targeted to Finnish private forest owners, classified as passive in the forest owner statistics. The passiveness is understood in this study as forest owners passive regarding forest management and timber/wood sales. The results firstly revile that all forest owners classified as passive according to the national statistics, are not passive at all in relation to forest management. Secondly, the results show that the passive forest owners are a heterogenous group and reasons behind the passive forest management are various. To further analyse this, the reasons for passiveness in forestry are described by constructing a qualitative typology of passive forest owners illustrating the different reasons that lead to the passive forest management behavior. As a practical contribution, the results provide tools for communicating on the forest management with different forest owner groups.
Co-author: Merja Lähdesmäki, University of Helsinki, Ruralia Institute
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Concurrent Session 5 Farmer to Farmer Mentoring as an Approach to Small-scale Forestry Extension: Lessons From Indonesia
Digby Race, The Tropical Forests & People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast
Small-scale forestry, as managed by millions of smallholders in developing countries, is characterised by a reliance on traditional practices, a narrow range of silvicultural techniques and little focus on commercial markets. The often-heard quote from farmers is: "just plant the trees and come again when I want to harvest them for my own use"�. This approach has been described as "a pre-modern and inefficient style of ownership which is likely to disappear under the market economy"� (IUFRO). There is great potential to 'modernise' agroforestry, the production of timber and non-timber products on farms alongside agricultural products, to enhance the livelihoods of small-scale farmers and others in their community, when farmers adopt a market-focused approach to the selection and management of their trees and the marketing of their agroforestry products. To explore this potential, an action research project in Indonesia has tested two different approaches to extension and training aimed at improving the outcomes from small-scale forestry: the Master TreeGrower (MTG) training course and the Farmer to Farmer Mentoring (F2FM) extension program. The MTG training courses have be delivered since 2014 and has involved over 200 farmers and a smaller number of local government and forest industry members, with courses conducted at five project sites in Indonesia (Sumbawa, Pati, Gunungkidul, Bulukumba, Konawe). On-going evaluation of the courses confirms its effectiveness in improving the knowledge and skills of farmers in tree growing and marketing of forest products, and creating a more positive attitude within the village community towards community-based forestry as a reliable farm enterprise. As the confidence grew among some of the MTG participants about forestry, they tended to share their knowledge and skills with interested neighbours. At the same time, government agencies traditionally responsible for forestry extension to rural communities were facing declining resources. Supporting confident farmers to share their knowledge with their neighbours (peers) was seen by the project team as an alternate approach to extension worth developing. The Farmer to Farmer Mentoring (F2FM) extension program began in mid-2018 as a trial and has recently concluded, with evaluation results providing key insights about the conditions and extent the F2FM extension model has been successful in Indonesia. This presentation will also discuss how the F2FM model may be scaled-out.
Co-authors: A. Muktasam, Rowan Reid, et al., The Tropical Forests & People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast
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Concurrent Session 5 A New, Web-Based Application Designed to Assist Small-scale Forest Landowners in the Western Gulf Region of the United States With Procuring Land Management Services on Small Parcels
Michelle Moore, Texas A&M Forest Service
With land remaining a finite resource and land development trends increasing, the average parcel size of family forest ownerships continues to decrease as the number of small-scale forest ownerships increases. In the western Gulf region of the United States, approximately 70 percent of family forest landowners own less than 50 acres (20.23 hectares). Due to increasing trends in large equipment mechanization, insurance costs, labor costs, permitting fees and other business costs, 50 acres is below the threshold required by most service providers. As a result, small-scale forest landowners, even those with sound management plans, are often unable to procure land management service providers required to conduct the necessary silvicultural practices (e.g., prescribed burning, thinning) either in a timely manner, at a fair cost, or at all. This negatively impacts the long-term health, vigor and resiliency of forest resources in the region because many family forest landowners owning less than 50 acres must delay or completely forgo important silvicultural activities that could have immediate and long-term ecological benefits as well as long term economic benefits for their forest. To assist small-acreage family forest landowners, the Texas A&M Forest Service has developed the My Land Management Connector (MLMC) web-based application. We will demonstrate how the MLMC application is used to connect small-scale forest landowners with all common service providers, other small-scale landowners, state agencies, and web-based resources. We will also discuss its impact to date.
Co-authors: Eric Taylor, A. Gordon Holley, Michael Blazier, Brad Barber, Fernando Vara; Texas A&M Forest Service, Louisiana Tech University, Louisiana State University AgCenter
45
Concurrent Session 5 Identifying the Information and Assistance Needs of Minnesota's Private Forest Owners
Martha Sebald, University of Minnesota
There is increasing interest in expanding management on family forest land in Minnesota to enhance their productivity, health, and contribution of wood to the marketplace, as well as help landowners better meet their management goals. Family forest landowners contact forestry professionals for a variety of reasons when seeking advice and assistance regarding the management and stewardship on their land. They include a general interest in learning more about land management practices that can help them achieve specific ownership objectives (e.g., improved wildlife habitat), obtaining a forest stewardship (management) plan, participating in a technical or financial assistance program (e.g., forest property tax program), or receiving professional assistance in carrying out a specific land management practice such as a commercial timber harvest. It is this latter reason for inquiry that is of particular interest to this study, as Minnesota's family forest owners are expressing a growing interest in receiving timber-harvesting assistance from forestry professionals. University of Minnesota researchers along with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources - Forestry Division (MN DNR) seek to identify and understand the factors that motivate woodland owners to manage their land(s).
The survey is administered through an 8-page, 16-item questionnaire mailed to individuals who contacted the MN DNR over the period of a year. These woodland owners represent a unique cohort of the state's family forest owners; namely those who have expressed some level of interest in land management but may not have implemented the practice(s) yet. The study will provide a better understanding of the extent of private land forest stewardship activities and factors that influence a family forest owner's decision to implement various land management practices.
Co-authors: Mike Kilgore, Charlie Blinn, Stephanie Snyder, Eli Sagor, Matt Russell; University of Minnesota, USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station
46
Concurrent Session 6 Timber Value Chain Analysis (VCA) in Vietnam and Lao PDR
Tek Maraseni, University of Southern Queensland (USQ)
The Vietnam and Lao PDR governments have several policies to support the expansion of tree plantations to meet economic development, poverty alleviation and landscape restoration goals. As a result, the area of plantations in Vietnam has increased from 1.7 million hectares in 2006 to 3.8 million hectares in 2015, and in Laos, from 5,000 ha in 1990 to 446,000 ha in 2015. There are however, limited studies of the structures, operations and effects of policies on, value chains in both countries. The objectives of this study are to: (1) understand the activities and actors along a sample of forestry value chains in Lao PDR and Vietnam; (2) identify where and how value accumulates and is distributed along the chain; and (3) identify opportunities to develop policy responses.
In order to do a VCA, we: (1) identified the knowledge networks; (2) mapped the timber value chains; (3) developed semi-structure questionnaires for each of the chain actors; (4) conducted snowball sampling for each value chain; and (5) triangulated and supplemented the data by formal and informal interviews with several other key stakeholders.
Results suggest that all value chain actors have positive returns from their investment assuming standard interest rates. However, the returns for the processing company per cubic metre of final product is much higher than that of the other actors. Prices are largely controlled by the manufacturer and collaboration and co-innovation between the actors is unlikely in the current environment. Detailed information is available in three published papers in international journals (Maraseni et al., 2017a, 2017b &2018).
Each chain actor is aiming to maximize their profit at the expense of other in the chain. There is no strategic alignment between the actors and the relationships among actors and information flow in the timber value chain are ineffective. Building partnerships among the chain actors, along with code of conduct, could generate greater benefits to them by creating conducive environment for collaborative, interdependent, trustworthy, and co-innovative value chains.
In both countries, middlemen are necessary parts of a value chain. Therefore, policies intended to eliminate middlemen could be counterproductive. Instead, their positive roles in the supply chains should be acknowledged and support provided to improve their knowledge and skills, for example in harvesting and transportation process.
Co-authors: Hoang L. Son, Somvang Phimmavong, Geoff Cockfield, Rodney J. Keenan, Vongvilay Vongkhamsao, Tran D. Nghia, Hung V. Duy, Hilary Smith, University of Southern Queensland (USQ); Vietnam Academy of Forest Science (VAFS); The University of Melbourne; National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI); Institute of Policy and Strategy for Agriculture & Rural Development (IPSARD); Australian National University (ANU)
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Concurrent Session 6 Craft Beers, Energy Bars and Super Foods: Exploring Markets for a Non-timber Forest Product
Dean Current, University of Minnesota Center for Integrated Natural Resources and Agricultural Management
Guatemala's Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) is an expansive forested landscape characterized by community forest concessions managed by small-scale forest user groups. The University of Minnesota has been working with the MBR's Community Forest Concessions, the Association of Community Forests of Petén, and Rainforest Alliance in Northern Guatemala since 2003. The focus has been exploring and developing markets for the FSC certified selective timber and non-timber forest products harvests, markets that support local livelihoods while remaining consistent with sustainable management objectives. This work included developing a market for sustainably managed, fairly traded palm fronds used by Christian congregations for Palm Sunday. This market generates a US$50,000 annual premium payment that the communities dedicate to programs supporting health, education and forest conservation strategies.
More recently, this work has focused on market opportunities for the seed of the common forest tree Brosimum alicastrun, locally known as Ramón. Ramón seeds are nutritious and historically, an important foodstuff for the Maya people; today they are gathered by local women's cooperatives and used in local recipes and markets. Often referred to as a nut, Ramón is actually a seed and therefore does not have the allergy inducing problems of nuts. Although mentioned in the literature as a product with commercial potential, past efforts have had limited success.
We will explain our journey in exploring markets for the Ramon seed, one that has expanded to include craft beer, energy bars and the super food market. We will share lessons learned and how we have adapted our approach along the way. The New Year came with a commitment from a Minnesota brewery to can Ramón beer for wider distribution and another from the national brewery in Guatemala to start producing a Ramón craft beer.
All of this work has been done through partnerships in the public and private sector, interdisciplinary work at the University of Minnesota, and a methodology which combines market and product development research and enterprise development options working closely with our Guatemalan partners. The overall goal of these efforts is to promote forest conservation in the globally important MBR and livelihood improvement in the participating communities.
Co-authors: David Wilsey, Collin Motschke, University of Minnesota Center for Integrated Natural Resources and Agricultural Management, Humphrey School of Public Affairs, Natural Resource Science and Management Graduate Program
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Concurrent Session 6 The Market of Private Forest Land in Slovenia 2007-2018: Impact of Forest Stand Characteristics on the Price of Forest Land
Milan Šinko, University of Ljubljana Biotechnical Faculty Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Slovenia
The forest land market in Slovenia can be regarded as highly regulated. The price of forest land is not defined through negotiations between sellers and buyers, but is set by the seller and the buyer can only accept the given price. We dedicated our attention to two theoretical factors that should affect the price of the forest land: general economic situation and forest characteristics. Our study tested the hypothesis that, when setting the price, forest owners take into account those characteristics of the forest which affect the revenues and costs of forest production
The study combined the data on forest land transactions between 2007 and 2018 (The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia) with data on forest stands (Public forestry service). We observed the effect of factors influencing revenues (wood stock, annual increment, available cut) and the cost of forest production (forest area, inclination, accessibility, skidding distance, development area). Regression analysis and non-parametric tests were used to analyze the influence of physical characteristics of the forest.
In Slovenia, forest transactions for the 2007 - 2008 period involved less than 0.3% of private forest land annually. The largest share of transactions was made with forests smaller than 1 ha. The average annual price of forests in the period under observation was stable and has stood at approx. 0,5 €/m2 since year 2014 for Slovenia as a whole. The contractual prices of forests have dropped after the onset of financial crisis in 2008 and remained stable between 2010 and 2014. At that point a minor slump of contractual prices can be observed again, most likely due to the freezing rain which caused forest damage in many regions. The contractual price of forest land was not affected by the price of timber.
We rejected the hypothesis that contractual prices are significantly affected by forest characteristics with the only exception being that the prices per forest area unit are higher for smaller parcels. The relationship between the wood stock, annual increment and annual available cut with the contractual price of the forest was not found to be significant. However, in some regions contractual prices were affected by the presence of forest roads and skidding tracks.
The contractual prices of forests are mainly determined by the general economic situation. We estimate that a regulated forest land market cannot contribute to modifying the current forest structure.
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Concurrent Session 7 Social Influence in Small Forest Owner Knowledge Transfer Groups
Evelyn Stoettner, University College Dublin
Internationally, participation of forest owners in owner groups is being encouraged to address, inter alia, the challenges posed by declining forestry knowledge amongst forest owners and studies suggest a key role for peer-to-peer learning in such groups. Yet, research on how exactly membership of a woodland organisation influences behaviour is rare; some of the limited research undertaken in this regard has used social network analysis, however, the conclusions on influence were constrained as owners' self-reported influence was used and the network investigated at only one point in time. In this study the co-evolution of a social network and network members' opinion over time was examined to understand whether and how membership of owner groups indeed influences opinion. To do this social network analysis was applied to two recently established Forest Owner Knowledge Transfer Groups in Ireland. First, it was investigated whether there were key players in the groups. To identify key players centrality scores were generated for each group member. The results show that knowledge transfer centralizes around one key player in group 1 and three key players in group 2. These key players were significantly more likely to be approached for knowledge transfer than non-key players because of their knowledge, confidence and their understanding of other people's concerns. Second, it was investigated whether knowledge transfer among group members influenced the members' opinions on aspects of forest management. Additionally, the role of key players in the group in influencing opinion was explored. The statistical tool used was Stochastic Actor-Oriented Modelling, a tool in Social Network Analysis that enables an examination of longitudinal data. The network data investigated captured the knowledge transfer connections among group members within two years; the behaviour data reflected the change of members' forestry-related opinions in the same period. The results show, that (a) on one of eight aspects, members significantly tended to influence the opinion of others (i.e. make it similar to their own) whom they were connected with; and (b) on another aspect, the most central key player in each group significantly tended to influence the opinion of others s/he was connected with. The statistical limitations in the trade-off with regard to the size of the network and the quality of the network data when using Stochastic Actor-Oriented Modelling will also be discussed.
Co-authors: Aine Ni Dhubhain, Thomas Grund; University College Dublin
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Concurrent Session 7 Forest Owner Or Shareholder? Ownership Feelings in a Jointly-owned Forest
Merja Lähdesmäki, University of Helsinki, Ruralia Institute
Recent demographic changes in the forest-owner structure are suspected to have led to the increasing number of owners with no specific objectives for their forests (e.g. Leppänen 2010). In addition, the continuous fragmentation of the forest holdings has increased the threat of the passiveness related to forest management. To decrease the tendency towards passiveness, policy tools and initiatives have been suggested. In the Finnish context, the idea of an investor-based jointly-owned forest (JOF) has been introduced as facilitating the effective utilization of the forest resource. A JOF can be defined as an area of combined holdings intended for the practice of sustainable forestry for the benefit of the shareholders. The inherent aim of JOFs is to make forest management easier for the forest owners and simultaneously create more efficient and larger areas in order to increase the profitability of the forest economy.
Previous research has suggested that even though joining a JOF means that the control of forest management decisions is transferred to a selected group of trustees, the feelings of ownership towards a forest may still remain strong. In this paper, we examine these ownership feelings more closely by asking what kind of forest owner identities can be distinguished in a JOF. The theoretical framework of our study is based on the literature of psychological ownership (e.g. Pierce et al. 2001; 2003). Psychological ownership can be defined as the state in which individuals perceive the object of ownership ‛an entity or idea’ to be ‛theirs’ (Mattila and Ikävalko 2003; Pierce et al. 2003). It thus reflects the relationship between an individual and an object in which the object is experienced as having a close connection with the self (Mattila and Ikävalko 2003). The empirical data consists of interviews with 30 private forest owners. The interviews are made in two different JOFs; one that has been recently established and the other being 20 years old. In this manner, we are also able to deliberate whether and how temporality may affect the construction of a forest owner identity.
Based on the qualitative analysis of our data, we show what kind of forest owning identities are constructed in a JOF and further discuss on their meaning for the successful operation of a JOF. Results of our study add to the understanding of the very nature of JOFs as forest-owning practice from the perspective of private forest owners.
Co-author: Anne Matilainen, University of Helsinki, Ruralia Institute
51
Concurrent Session 7 The Intersection of Conventional and Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Land Use and Forestry Planning and Management British Columbia: A Government Perspective of Lessons Learnt and to be Learned
Paul Mitchell-Banks, UBC Land and Water, Principal Central Coast Consulting, Esh-kn-am Cultural Resources Management Services
This paper focuses on the challenges faced by provincial (state) managers in addressing the needs and desires of indigenous people within the larger public land management domain. Any decisions about land and resource management use on crown (public) land is in turn influenced by global political and economic drivers, and this is especially true for a jurisdiction with a significant commodities economy. The paper will draw on lessons from British Columbia, which has 203 First Nations (Indigenous) Bands at this time - all dealt with on a government-to-government basis by the provincial (state) government. This government-to-government interaction results from a constitutional requirement as well as a number of significant legal decisions.
The provincial government holds the majority of authority over land and resource governance under the Canadian Constitution. The Federal Government holds ultimate legal authority over indigenous issues and laws - so there is a natural tension with the provincial governments and their resource planning and management.
After introducing the study area, the paper will first address the policy and legal framework within which the various governments operate and broadly outline their primary objectives. These contexts are driven by global, national, provincial and local issues and originate from a spectrum of social, cultural, economic, and environmental arenas. A matrix overview is provided of the often conflicting drivers.
Next, the paper will address the particular challenges that the state faces in trying to address the stated (and often unstated) needs of the indigenous peoples, with examples of successful and unsuccessful strategies carried out. This will include the ongoing Cultural Survival Areas work that the author is leading with eight First Nations (Indian) communities, industry and the BC Government. The author presents a balanced perspective as he has experience working for the provincial government, industry and First Nation governments.
The paper finishes with a focus on 'next steps' (both applied and directed research) that need to be carried to support the diverse needs of both the provincial and indigenous governments and their staff.
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Concurrent Session 8 The Forest Bank, a Financial Incentive Program to Enhance Small-scale Forest Management at Significant Sites
Allen Pursell, The Nature Conservancy
For over 10 years The Nature Conservancy (TNC) in Indiana USA, has offered a financial incentive program to small forestland owners in exchange for legally-binding commitments to safeguard and sustainably manage their woodlands. Designed specifically to advance the land and water conservation objectives of The Nature Conservancy over 3,200 ha of forestland within or near ecologically-significant sites are now part of the program. Certified by the Forest Stewardship Council and the Sustainable Forestry Initiative The Forest Bank has been harvesting timber under the direction of TNC foresters to generate income necessary to operate the program. Adjustments to the incentive structure and restrictions were necessary as the program developed and insights into landowner values were better refined. Financial mechanisms, outcomes, and lessons learned are presented.
Co-author: Dan Shaver
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Concurrent Session 8 The Potential of a "Forest Bank" in EU Environmental Contracts
Esa-Jussi Viitala, Natural Resources Institute Finland
The idea of promoting sustainable forest management and forest conservation through "forest banking" emerged in the mid-1990s. The arrangement is based on land tenure contracts where a Forest Bank, typically a nonprofit organization, would lease forests from private owners in areas of ecological importance and allocate leased lands between conservation and careful timber management. The latter would involve timber sales and generate modest annual revenue for the landowner, typically 4 % of the value of standing timber, in exchange of development and timber rights. The contracts were usually made for a long time period, even for perpetuity, and contained options to sell the land to Forest Bank at some latter point of time. Based on the experiences in the US, we explore the potential and applicability of the Forest Bank -type land tenure contracts in Finland as means to provide environmental public goods and enhance collective action in fragmented forests and landscapes. The study also examines different types of performance (such as longevity, acceptance and effectiveness) of existing and possible novel Forest Bank contract designs and specifications in Finland confined by EU agri-environmental policy, as well as their enabling and hindering factors.
Co-authors: Teppo Hujala, Harri Hänninen, Mikko Kurttila, Jussi Leppänen; Natural Resources Institute Finland
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Concurrent Session 8 A Comparison of Participants and Non-participants of State Forest Property Tax Programs in the United States
Justin T. Meier, University of Minnesota Department of Forest Resources
A national analysis of forest property tax program participants and non-participants was completed using land and landowner characteristics collected by the National Woodland Owner Survey and supplemented with state forest property tax program, land use, and socio-economic information. This analysis is specific to the family forest ownership group and reflects owners who owned a single parcel of forest land, were at least slightly familiar with their state’s forest property tax program, and whose forest land qualified to participate in their state’s program. Based on a review of the forest property tax program literature, available landowner and land characteristics were organized into eight primary categories to facilitate a comparison of participants and non-participants. This analytical structure yielded interesting results including enrolled lands are larger and more likely found in predominantly forested landscapes. Enrollment was found to be positively correlated with population density but was not correlated with other metrics for development pressure defined in this analysis. No correlation with enrollment was found with landowner concern for the property tax levied on their forestland or the stated likelihood of divesting their forest land in the future. The results of this analysis may help facilitate new ideas for program marketing and design.
Co-authors: Michael A. Kilgore, Gregory E. Frey, Stephanie A. Snyder, Charles R. Blinn; University of Minnesota; USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station
55
Concurrent Session 9 What a Scoping Review of the Literature Reveals about Oregon's Woodland Owners and the Policy Issues that Affect Them
Janean H. Creighton, Oregon State University
Given the significance of family owned forests to the economic and environmental condition of Oregon, the provision of appropriate educational programs and services is of utmost importance. The priority policy issues affecting family owned forests, identified by the Oregon Department of Forestry (the primary state forestry agency), are key to ensuring that the economic and environmental values from family forests are realized. Disconnects between the goals of the state and those of family forest owners could impact the availability of resources like cost share assistance, educational program offerings, and the availability of technical assistance. We identified the following five priorities for family forests in Oregon: climate change, wildfire, ecosystem services, legacy (generational succession of land), and forest health (insects and diseases). Our study involved a scoping review of the recent literature (2000-2018) to determine the degree to which researchers were focusing on these issues in the state, and the current status of knowledge regarding these issues, as well as a direct, web-based survey of family forest owner educational service providers to determine if outreach programs were targeting these priorities. From a total of 52 literature citations identified during the review period, 19 met all of the search criteria to be included. Ten papers focused on ecosystem services, while eight focused on forest health. No papers focused on forest legacy. Our results indicate that the priority issues explored in this study are addressed in the literature focusing on family forestland owners in Oregon, albeit some issues more in depth than others, with forest legacy not being addressed at all. There is a need for a more focused allocation of resources to address some of the knowledge gaps and discrepancies identified here. All priority issues were considered somewhat or very important by educational service providers, with forest health dominating (92% very important) followed by wildfire (84% very important). Climate change was considered the lowest with 34% of service providers indicating it was very important. The top priority for future research based on the lack of literature and the importance (92% somewhat or very important) is forest legacy.
Co-authors: Carrie Berger, James E Johnson; Oregon State University
56
Concurrent Session 9 Finnish Forest Owners' Views on Protecting Biodiversity of Forests
Erno Järvinen, The Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (MTK)
There are more than 630 000 forest owners in Finland. The forests are managed with different kind of objectives. In addition to that, the structure of forest ownership is diversifying. Voluntary approach, property rights and independence in decision-making are key values for Finnish forest owners in all forestry related matters. The key aims of the Finnish forest policy during the last decade has been increasing forest owners' freedom of choice and the reduction of detailed regulation.
Strictly protected forest area in Finland has five folded since the beginning of 1980. The voluntary-based Forest Biodiversity Program for Southern Finland (METSO) has been in use since 2002, and it has been authorities' main policy tool and steering mechanism to activate forest owners in forest nature management. Metso program has offered three options for forest owner to conserve forests: 1. Permanent protection, 2. Temporary protection and 3. Nature management in forest habitats.
With permanent protection, the private forest owner's income from the site is tax free. Protected sites can also be used for nature-based tourism and recreation. In temporary protection, forest owners get full financial compensation equivalent to the value of timber at the protected site. According to METSO follow-up surveys, the program has clearly activated forest owners in nature conservation.
In addition to previously mentioned official forest protection programs and statistics, it seems that the forest owners are willing to protect biodiversity without any compensation. A significant number of forest owners have voluntarily set areas with biodiversity values aside. The forest owners are mainly also very satisfied with the current forest act.
Aim of the paper is to describe the attitudes and behavior of Finnish private forest owners to protection of forests' biodiversity. Furthermore, this paper seeks to analyze, how the recent changes in Finnish forest act has impacted in forest owners' silvicultural practices.
The data of this paper were collected in two telephone surveys, in March and September 2018, from 550 Finnish private forest owners. The error margin of the results is +/- 4,2 percent with confidence interval of 95 percent.
Co-author: Lea Jylhä, The Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (MTK)
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Concurrent Session 9 A Systematic Map of Theory in Family Forest Owner Research
Emily Huff, Michigan State University
Family forest owner (FFO) research is a field whose research and practice draw on various disciplines to understand landowner decision-making and behavior. In this respect, FFO research draws on concepts, measures, and theories from various scientific disciplines, commonly from those specializing in the explanation of human behavior like psychology and sociology.
Concepts and associated measures like attitude, value, identity, motivations, and norms are commonly used to understand drivers of behavior. The frameworks, theories, and models (FTMs) from the parent disciplines of social psychology like the theory of planned behavior, cognitive hierarchy, or new ecological paradigm are also used to frame research questions and interpret findings. However, little empirical data exists on the extent to which social-psychological concepts, measures, and FTMs are applied and published. Therefore, it is helpful and necessary to collate, describe, catalog, and assess the state of published FFO research.
This study uses a systematic map protocol to assess peer-reviewed FFO research using guidelines and standards established by the Center for Environmental Evidence. Our results yielded an initial return of 1,983 records. Evidence screening on title, keywords, and abstracts yielded 704 records. We identify and report standard scientific bibliometrics such as year published, journal, number of authors, author affiliations, etc. to understand the general scope and trends of published research. To understand the scope and trends associated with FTMs, we determined if any were used, the way in which it was used, which specific theory(ies), and the studies research design. We present standard systematic map results. We then discuss the identified research trends, gaps, and mainstream features alongside novel directions and research questions and recommendations to improve the actionability of theory-based FFO research.
Co-authors: Kenneth Wallen, Jesse Caputo, Marla Markowski-Lindsay, Stephanie Snyder; University of Arkansas System, Michigan State University, University of Massachusetts Amherst, University of Massachusetts Amherst, US Forest Service
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Concurrent Session 10 Towards an Understanding of Small-scale Family Forest Ownerships in the United States
Stephanie A. Snyder, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Sixty percent of family forest ownerships in the United States of America (USA) own between 0.4 and 4.0 ha (1-9 ac). Yet, little is known about this segment of family forest ownerships because they are often excluded from data collection or analyses. We utilized national data for the USA collected through the National Woodland Owner Survey to examine small-area ownerships, as well as compare attributes of this ownership group to larger-area ownerships. Small-area ownerships are less active than ownerships of greater than 4.0 ha, but not inactive. Approximately 60% of small-area ownerships have undertaken at least one of the following activities in the previous five years: harvesting for personal use, treating invasive plants, reducing fire hazards, and reducing unwanted insects/diseases. While 74% of small-area ownerships rate wildlife habitat protection as an important ownership objective, only 11% have undertaken a wildlife habitat improvement project in the previous five years. Both small- and large- (>4.0 ha) area ownership classes are most interested in the amenity aspects of woodland ownership, but small-area ownerships are significantly less interested in ownership for firewood, timber, recreation and hunting on their land than larger ownerships. Neither ownership class is very likely to have received professional advice about their forestland in the previous five years, but the percentage of small-area ownerships who have done so is half that of larger-area ownerships. Neither ownership area class reported high levels of participation in government-sponsored landowner assistance programs, although the percentage of participating small-area ownerships was significantly less than the percentage of larger-area ownerships for all of the programs. Fewer than three percent of small-area ownerships participated in any of the queried programs (preferential property tax program, cost share assistance, certification, easement). Both area ownership classes want their forestland to remain forested in the future. Our findings suggest needs and opportunities to engage small-area forest landowners, but likely in different ways and on different topics than when dealing with larger-area ownerships.
Co-authors: Brett J. Butler, Marla Markowski-Lindsay; University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Family Forest Research Center
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Concurrent Session 10 Size Matters: The Relevance of Size of Forest Holdings Among Private Forest Ownerships
Brett J. Butler, USDA Forest Service, University of Massachusetts
There are an estimated 11.5 M private forest ownerships in the United States. Their forested holdings range in size from 0.4 ha to nearly 5 M ha. The distribution of this forestland is very different in terms of ownerships versus acreage. In terms of ownerships, 63 percent of the family forest ownerships own between 0.4 and 3.9 ha of forestland, 37 percent own between 4 and 199 ha, less than 1 percent own between 200 and 3,999 ha, and less than 1 percent own 4,000 ha or more. In terms of acreage, the percentages are 5, 48, 21, and 26, respectively. This presentation will share results from the 2018 National Woodland Owner Survey that will explore the distribution of private forest ownerships in terms of size of forest holdings and how size is correlated with selected attitudes and behaviors. Preliminary analyses show that size of forest holdings is highly correlated with some attributes, such as forest management behaviors and timber production objectives, but there are no apparent correlations with other attributes, including many of the landowner demographics. We are proposing size of forest holdings as an alternative classification for private forest ownerships. This approach has some advantages over other classifications that focus on, for example, legal structure or ownership objectives. The size approach is much simpler and more transparent. But there are also some downsides to this approach. If discrete size categories are used, the demarcation of the boundaries will be somewhat arbitrary. Another downside is that this simplistic categorization fails to capture variation within size categories To overcome this shortcoming, a hybrid or ensemble approach may be warranted.
Co-authors: Jesse Caputo, Amanda Robillard, Emma Sass; University of Massachusetts
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Concurrent Session 10 Exploring Successful Timber Transactions Through the Eyes of West Virginia Foresters
Dave McGill, West Virginia University
Timber transactions are complex. They begin when a landowner decides to sell timber for one reason or another. That reason might be a child's tuition, a medical expense or someone just knocks at the door and offers to purchase it. In many situations, a landowner might only sell timber once in lifetime. And, the process of removing trees can be devastating to the aesthetics, access and future productivity of a property. So, what is it that makes some landowners satisfied with their timber transactions and others somewhat or very dissatisfied?
Literature can be found that documents various aspects about timber transactions. In order to assess the availability of wood, forest economists have asked landowners how willing might they be to harvest timber in the future. Forest operations specialists have evaluated financial and environmental efficiency in harvesting systems. Others have explored policy implications of local, state, and federal legislation on timber harvesting. Few however, have addressed landowner experiences with timber transactions and fewer yet have explored what constitutes a satisfactory or successful transaction.
In recent years, research conducted by the West Virginia University Extension Service has explored the idea of “successful” timber transactions, and the meaning it has to landowners, foresters, and loggers. Most recently we used a group of consulting foresters and state service foresters to help answer questions to this important question. In a group of 86 foresters, we carried out a modified Nominal Group Technique (NGT) session to explore the question, “Apart from money, what makes a timber sale successful?”
In this presentation the modified NGT session will be described, followed by the results of that session and those of an online follow-up confirmatory questionnaire. Furthermore, comparisons of these surveys will be made with results of a recent focus group that asked landowners a similar question about successful timber transactions.
Co-author: Ben Spong, West Virginia University
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Concurrent Session 11 Woods-work in Transition: Exploring Changing Social and Economic Conditions Facing Minnesota Logging Operators
Marissa Schmitz, University of Minnesota
This research seeks to understand how broad-scale changes in the worldwide forest economy over the previous quarter century – such as heightened global timber market competition and declining demand for wood products – impact on loggers within the Minnesota forestry supply chain. Using ethnographic methods, we document logger experiences with paradigmatic shifts in timber harvest, including mechanization and capitalization, the protracted decline of paper markets, and wide-scale mill closures. This research sheds important light on how loggers negotiate social and economic transition within a particular geographic and market context, while offering broader insights on how resource-dependent individuals and communities experience instability and change. One specific objective of this research is to explore logger demographic changes that may impact on small-scale forestry – including, for instance, reductions in the number of small logging operators who are willing to harvest timber on private woodlots– and to explore policy tools that can promote a diverse logger workforce that can meet a variety of forest management goals and operate on a range of property scales.
Co-author: Forrest Fleischman, University of Minnesota
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Concurrent Session 11 Characterization of Swedish Forestry Service Contractors: Business Models and Financial Performance
Thomas Kronholm, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
In Sweden, there are approximately 3 700 contractors offering forestry services. These play an important role in the forest industry's supply chain as they currently conduct more than 90 % of all harvesting operations, and provide a large share of silvicultural services to both industrial and non-industrial private forest owners. However, despite their important role, contractors in the forestry service sector struggle with low profitability and weak innovation capabilities. A problem shared with contractors in several European countries. With the aim to enhance the business competitiveness of forestry service enterprises, the research project FOBIA (Forest Innovation and Advancement) is developing resources and tools that can help contractors to innovate their business models and improve their management skills. A first step in this work was to map and characterize the business models currently applied by forestry service providers, and analyze their financial performance. Data collected from the member and certification registers of the Swedish Association of Forestry Contractors (SE), together with financial statements for limited liability companies, were analyzed for this purpose. Besides contact information, the registers contained information about the firm's number of employees, services provided, machinery and main customers. Preliminary results show that the contractors typically are micro- and small-sized firms with 0 to 5 employees, and that harvesting contractors typically have 1 or 2 machines (often one harvester and one forwarder). In 2016, the average turnover was € 704 000 (median € 533 000) for harvesting contractors and € 476 800 (median € 212 600) for silvicultural contractors. The same year, the median net profit margin was 2 % and 3.2 % respectively, but 24.6 % of the contractors failed to make a profit. The analysis also showed that larger harvesting contractors (in terms of turnover) performed better results than small firms did. However, the largest contractors had greater problems to uphold a good level of liquidity. Weak profitability and poor liquidity are barriers for business development and makes the contractors vulnerable for unforeseen events that temporarily stops their operations. A conclusion is that the contractors should strive to grow their businesses in order to achieve better profitability through economies of scale benefits and increased power to negotiate prices and terms with their customers.
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Concurrent Session 11 New Technologies for Education and Outreach: Augmented Reality, 360 Images and Virtual Reality, 3D Printing, and Crowdsourcing Project Funds and Media
Angela Gupta, UMN Extension Forestry
University of Minnesota Extension has been exploring and using new technologies to engage landowners, land managers, decision makers and master volunteers in invasive species education and management. This presentation will highlight what worked, what didn't, general potential expenses and examples specific pros and cons of these technologies.
Learn why 3D printing works really well for new species identification training, how they are made and reviewed, and were they can be purchased. Find out how augmented reality can be used as a powerful engagement tool that links users to great online education, youth engagement, and the skills required for production. Virtual reality and 360 images & videos can be produced for free from any smartphone, but the quality and application of those inexpensive technologies may not meet your needs; learn what could. Explore how crowdsourcing can be a powerful new tool to gather resources to build projects however knowing the pros and cons and considerations that should be used to establish where crowdsourcing may be most effective.
These novel outreach and education tools are new and exciting, but the most valuable part of this presentation may be understanding when to try each tool for an intended outcome. Learn from UMN Extension Educators to understand these technology applications and how they could benefit your work.
Co-authors: Megan M. Weber, Amy Rager, Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center; Fish Wildlife & Conservation Education & Minnesota Master Naturalist
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Concurrent Session 12 Private Forests for Public Goods: The Family Forestry in the United States
Yaoqi Zhang, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University
Forests provide multifunction of the ecosystem services, which are often public goods, like carbon sequestration, and semi-public goods like aesthetic landscapes, water conservation and wildlife habitats. Family owned an increasing large share of the forests in the United States. While family-owned forests have been managed for private benefits, they generate substantial public goods for the society when the owners benefit from the public goods provided. Traditionally, we used to believe that the objectives of private ownership are not consistent with the interests of the public who demand for public goods. This study will explore what public goods are generated, and why and how family forests provide public goods The main argument is that many ecosystem services from forests are a kind of semi-public goods what benefit the public differ by the locations and individuals. The family forest owners likely generate public goods as they benefit more than the public. The demand for the family forest owner is also different from the public goods. We will conduct empirical study using the case of family-owned forests in the United States.
Co-author: Mohammad M Rahman, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University
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Concurrent Session 12 Determining Financial Values of Tree-level Lumber in Community Forests Plantation, Ghana
Lawrence Damnyag, CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana
Modified Taungya System (MTS) is a traditional arrangement, in which Ghanaian farmers are given parcels of degraded forest reserve lands to produce food crops and establish and maintain timber trees. Improvement of the MTS is required in order to increase community and private individual involvement in the establishment and management of forest plantations on the degraded portions of the state forest reserves. To achieve these, the development of more efficient methods and techniques for estimation of the value of the lumber at tree-level in the established MTS plantations are required. These methods are to help farmers engaged in MTS plantation take informed decisions on the continuous commitment in their management and protection. Unfortunately, these methods and techniques are virtually not known in Ghana's forest management practice and they can hardly be used among the participating local community members engaged in forest plantations establishment. The objective of the study was to develop a farmer-friendly tree-level lumber value calculator to enable farmers estimate their lumber value at the tree-level. The goal was to enhance community forest plantation management and increase the support and commitment of farmers to continuously protect these plantations against wild fire and illegal timber harvesting effects. Biophysical data for the tree value estimation was collected from plantations that have been established in four local communities in two forest reserves of Ghana. The average merchantable volume of the standing timber tree species and lumber volumes and the corresponding sawmill and chainsaw prices per timber species in the domestic market of Ghana were used to estimate the standing tree value per hectare. This information was used to develop the calculators for each community for future estimations of the values of trees in their respective plantations.
Co-author: Francis Wilson Owusu, CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana
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Concurrent Session 12 Mapping of Forestland Value in the United States (U.S.A.) Using Locally Assessed Values and a Sampling Framework from the U.S. Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program
Michael Kilgore, University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources
In the USA, the value of land, including forestland, is commonly assessed at the local - town or county - level for purposes of calculating local property taxes. Although assessed value is not equivalent to market value, the two measures are strongly correlated, and whereas market value is only known when a given property is actually sold (a relatively rare occurrence), current assessed value is a known value for the vast majority of land parcels within a municipality. Therefore, assessed value represents a potentially useful measure for understanding the spatial distribution of forestland value across large regions. In this project, we are summarizing and mapping forestland values across the USA, using data assembled by a commercial vendor in conjunction with a sampling protocol adopted from the U.S. Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program. The FIA protocol is based on a stratified (by state) random survey design, with fixed measurement plots located randomly at an approximate density of one plot for every 2428 ha. As part of the standard FIA inventory, the land use status (forested vs. nonforested) of each plot is determined. At each point determined by FIA to be forested, we did a spatial overlay with the commercial database to determine the size, description, and assessed value of the underlying parcel. After removing partially developed parcels (usually residential) from the sample, we are left with a dataset suitable for mapping or summarizing at several scales. Here, we report on progress made so far and demonstrate some early applications of the dataset.
Co-authors: Brett Butler, Jesse Caputo; University of Massachusetts Amherst, Family Forest Research Center U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station
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Concurrent Session 13 Survey Nonresponse Assessment and Adjustments
Brett J. Butler, USDA Forest Service, University of Massachusetts
A common tool for studying small-scale forest owners around the world is surveys. The goal of most surveys is to be able to quantify specific attributes of a target population. In order to do this effectively, the following potential sources of error need to be addressed: coverage, sampling, nonresponse, measurement, and analysis. This presentation will explore one of these sources of error, nonresponse, using the USDA Forest Service's National Woodland Owner Survey (NWOS) as an example. To assess nonresponse bias, a portion of the sampled owners contacted as part of the NWOS who did not respond to the mail questionnaire were contacted via telephone. By comparing mail versus phone respondents, potential biases can be assessed. Unit nonresponse (when a sampled owner provides no response data) is being assessed using ancillary data, such as parcel size. Methods for addressing unit nonresponse bias being explored include raking and generalized regression. Item nonresponse (a sampled owner responds, but does not provide answers to all questions) varies widely across the NWOS questions. In order to avoid list-wise deletion and to ease other analyses, missing data for partial respondents will be imputed. The primary technique being explored is multiple imputation using chained equations (mice). Assessments of these approaches are currently being conducted and the results will be shared at the conference. It is our hope that these results will help improve not just the reliability and precision of the NWOS, but any efforts that rely on survey methods.
Co-authors: Jesse Caputo, Emma Sass, University of Massachusetts
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Concurrent Session 13 Forest Owners in the Spotlight: Five Decades of Landowner Surveys in Finland
Heimo Karppinen, University of Helsinki, Dept. of Forest Sciences
The Finnish economy is highly dependent on family forests, which provide around 80% of the domestic timber supply. The first step in creating a permanent monitoring system for Finnish family forestry was taken in 1975, and the first round of data collection in the current form was conducted in 1990 followed by two mail surveys in 1999 and 2009. The latest mail/internet survey, Forest Owner 2020, will take place in the beginning of this year; in addition, various kinds of register data will be connected to the mail/internet survey data. Based on previous monitoring data, several studies on Finnish forest owners and their forestry behavior have been carried out. They have been useful in planning and implementing forest policy programs.
Forest Owner 2020 study will analyze several specific topics, e.g., changes in forest owners' characteristics and their ownership objectives and their future developments, the effects of these changes on timber sales, on forest management as well as their effects on the use of own family labor force in forestry. In addition, forest owners' demand for expert and labor services, especially for digital services, and their views on the legitimacy of forest utilization and forestry operations as well as family landowners' role as producers of ecosystem services will be examined.
The results will be useful in improving timber procurement for expanding forest industries, developing expert and labor services for forest owners, improving the effectiveness of forest policy instruments, improving the legitimacy of forest utilization and forestry operations, reconciling various forest ecosystem services and improving entrepreneurship in family forestry.
Co-authors: Emmi Haltia, Paula Horne, Henna Hurttala, Harri Hänninen, Arto Kettunen, Terhi Koskela, Jussi Leppänen, Aarre Peltola, Pasi Puttonen, Matti Valonen, Lauri Valsta; Pellervo Economic Research PTT, Work Efficiency Association TTS, Natural Resources Institute Finland Luke
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Concurrent Session 13 New Brazilian Forest Code, PES Programmes and Deforestation: What Are the Links?
Leidimari Neves do Prado, INRA - Nancy, France
Since the reformulation of Brazil's Forest Code (BFC - law 12.651/2012) in 2012 the Brazilian government made a move towards more stringent environmental conservation and announced that landowners in disconformity with this law would be punished (e.g. fines and additional barriers to obtain bank loans). This announcement had great impact on the landowners' perception of the importance to comply with the law.
In parallel, the Brazilian government set up, in 2012, at the Pipiripau River Basin (Federal District) the Water Producer Programme (WPP): the foremost example of PES schemes in Brasil.
WPP deviates largely from other predominant approaches: Contract signatories are subsidized of all implementation costs, such as restoration of Areas of Permanent Protection (APP) and Legal Reserves (RL), two important environmental obligations demanded by the BFC to all Brazilian landowners.
Those landowners who do not sign the contract must regularize the property in a 20-year period starting from 2012, with at least 10% of the total area rehabilitated every two years. All these aspects are great challenges for producers because they cost not just effort but also money and time.
This paper studies the links between BFC, WPP and deforestation in the Cerrado Biome.
Our results show that deforestation is strongly correlated with law-incentives for agricultural expansion. The reformulation of BFC with a special focus on PES programmes was an important tool to reduce deforestation and increase the restoration area and the recovery of all deforested areas will be reached long before 2032, the expected date by BFC.
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Concurrent Session 14 EmpowerU! Empowering Citizens to Engage Decision Makers
Angela Gupta, UMN Extension Leadership & Civic Engagement & Forestry
Volunteers and resource managers have asked the University of Minnesota Extension for information and education about how to engage local elected officials and other decision makers in management and policy level decisions on invasive species issues, in addition to knowledge about how to manage invasive species. An interdisciplinary project team at the University of Minnesota Extension, as well as project partners from seven other state Extension services, is meeting this demand by developing advanced training for woodland owners, Master Naturalists, lakeshore property owners and others concerned about terrestrial and Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS). The training will build skills, confidence and knowledge to engage decision-makers (e.g., resource managers and elected officials) in productive conversations that can impact decision-making about invasive species.
A separate component of the project aims to inform local leaders about invasive species issues in anticipation of contact from concerned citizens.
Project objectives are to transfer knowledge as well as build confidence and competence in program participants to meaningfully engage with decision makers at many geographic and organizational levels about invasive species issues. This project is multi-state and being developed for easy transferability via a flipped classroom, online learning and normative approach to education.
Funding for the project comes from a grant through the Renewable Resource Extension Act (RREA) Focus Funds.
Co-authors: Elizabeth Kallestad, Eli Sagor; UMN Extension
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Concurrent Session 14 Small-scale Forestry is Essential to Landscape-scale Forest Restoration
John Punches, Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management. College of Forestry, Oregon State University
Fire exclusion has altered forests in the western United States, which now face persistent forest health issues and heightened wildfire intensity. Landscape-scale efforts are required to restore forests to historic vegetation and fire patterns. Unfortunately, accumulated biomass, human activities, and structures complicate use of fire as a management tool. Fuels reduction treatments may be necessary precursors to restoration of historic fire regimes.
Western forests are a patchwork of government and private ownerships. While sharing a desire to reduce fire risk, owners differ in management objectives, approaches, and constraints. This challenges landscape-scale restoration - but scattered efforts do little to address wildfire behavior or pest and disease issues. The problem is complicated by a public conditioned to perceive fire as “bad.” Integrated, multi-ownership approaches, including small-scale forestry on private lands, are essential to success.
The East Face project in northeastern Oregon offers an example of a successful forest restoration collaboration. When complete it will have treated nearly 30,000 acres across mixed ownerships. It involves a wide range of cooperators. Coordinated outreach and educational efforts have proven necessary to meet the project’s targeted levels of private landowner participation.
The working relationships formed during the project have led to a decision to collaborate even more purposefully on future landscape restoration activities. A partnership has been formed to coordinate planning for upcoming projects and facilitate collaborative funding requests, and it has developed a cooperative outreach plan for private forestland owners and other stakeholder groups.
This presentation will offer advice on precursors to successful collaboration, tools agencies and organizations can utilize to address objectives, and a detailed outreach and communication strategy for private forestland owners and community stakeholders.
Co-author: Alyssa Cudmore, Family Forest Coordinator, Wallowa Resource
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Concurrent Session 14 Simplified Financial Monitoring and Analysis of Small-scale Forestry Initiatives with the Green Value Tool
Shoana Humphries, Green Value; US Forest Service, Southern Research Station
Financial viability is a critical pillar of sustainable forest management and successful forest product businesses, yet few landowners, foresters or entrepreneurs utilize financial monitoring and analysis tools to track indicators (e.g., cost/unit sold, profits), analyze scenarios, or make decisions. Furthermore, it is rare for the impacts of policies and regulations or grants and investments related to small-scale forestry initiatives to be quantified in terms of costs, incomes, business viability, job creation, or other financial or social impacts. Indeed, while this information is important for making investment decisions, increasing the economic development benefits of small-scale forestry, and improving resiliency to climate change, collecting and analyzing cost and income data can seem complicated and daunting. This is why the Green Value tool for simplified financial analysis (www.green-value.org) was created. The tool, which was developed with the US Forest Service, offers a simple and consistent, participatory methodology and open-access materials (User's Guide and worksheets) that are used over six steps to monitor and analyze initiatives of various types and sizes (e.g., family forest holdings, large cooperatives, community forest enterprises, small processing facilities, restoration projects) selling a diversity of forest products (e.g., logs, furniture, nuts, oils, fish) and services (e.g., tourism, carbon credits). An overview of the tool as well as some examples of its applications to date to strengthen small-scale forestry initiatives from Latin America, Africa, and the US will be presented.
Co-authors: Thomas Holmes, Gregory Frey; US Forest Service, Southern Research Station
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Concurrent Session 15 Seeking Social Acceptance? Private Forest Owners Legitimizing their Opinions Towards Commercial Berry Picking
Anne Matilainen, University of Helsinki, Ruralia Institute
In Finland, Everyman's Rights guarantee free public access to both private and public forests. As a part of this statute, wild berries and mushrooms can be picked without a forest owner's permit. The nature of wild berry picking has, however, changed during the recent decade. While traditionally berries have been picked for the private consumption and for sale by the locals, there has been an increasing tendency for more organized commercial wild berry picking. The global trends of healthy, ecological food and natural cosmetics have further increased the demand towards the wild berries as raw material.
In order to safeguard the raw material supply, the berry companies have started to bring foreign pickers for the season. Even though there is no regulatory obstacle for using foreign pickers and, at the moment, only less than 10% of the total annual berry yield is collected, the use of foreign pickers is often regarded with suspicion. As a result, an intense public discussion in Finland has questioned whether commercial berry picking violates the spirit of Everyman's Rights or the forest owners´ rights. This discourse is also visible in the private forest owners' opinions related to the commercial berry picking,
In this study we analyse the legitimatization strategies the private forest owners use to justify their negative opinions towards commercial berry picking. As a theoretical background Van Leeuwen's legitimatization theory is used. In other words, legitimation is understood as a more or less deliberate discursive process by which speakers justify their opinions towards commercial berry picking and aim to make them socially acceptable.
The data of this paper consists of 250 phone interviews of private forest owners concerning their views and attitudes on Everyman's Rights and commercial berry picking. As the aim was to distinguish discursive legitimation strategies, qualitative approach was chosen for analysis. The results demonstrate what aspects of commercial berry picking are disturbing private forest owners and how they are legitimatized. The results also show that while the rationalization strategy was less used for legitimation, the moralization on the other hand was highlighted in the responses. In addition, the results give indications, how the relation between commercial berry picking firms and forest owners could be improved
Co-author: Merja Lähdesmäki, University of Helsinki, Ruralia Institute
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Concurrent Session 15 Cultivating Specialty Mushrooms in Boreal Birch Stands: High Profits with High Risks
Mikko Kurttila, Natural Resources Institute Finland
The increased use of non-wood forest products and related services is driven by various social trends that support the consumption of wild, natural, regional and traditional goods in industrialized countries. For small-scale forest owners, this development may result in new income opportunities and changes in forest management. In particular, the cultivation of the pathogenic fungal species Pakuri (Inonotus obliquus) on living trees means that the goal of forest management becomes to generate income by growing Pakuri instead of timber as the inoculation will drastically decrease the quality of timber. Estimates on potential yields from cultivation in Finnish conditions are varying a lot. With conservative estimate of 0.5 kg Pakuri from cultivated tree and with stand density of 800 trees/ha, one hectare stand could produce 400 kg of fresh Pakuri with a shorter rotation period than is needed for timber production. Small-scale forest owners have noticed this opportunity as approximately 300 owners have already artificially inoculated birches within their forest holdings in Finland. This development has been facilitated with emerging services through which owners can buy materials for cultivation and also inoculation services. However, early phase adopters of new innovations must be prepared to bear various risks related to the new income opportunities. The objective of the study was to evaluate the opportunities and risks that are related to three main Pakuri cultivation business models: 1) Pakuri cultivation as own activity; 2) Pakuri cultivation through services bought from companies; and 3) renting a forest stands for Pakuri cultivation. By using two different birch stands (normal productivity and poor productivity) and information from the birch stands in which Pakuri was inoculated 3-5 years ago, we assess the costs and profitability thresholds for pakuri cultivation with these business models. The main message from our study is that while considering adopting the new innovation in their forests, the owners also need to understand the risks related to the success of injecting trees and the uncertain yields of Pakuri together with future market demand. Despite evident risks, the Pakuri cultivation can be a real opportunity especially in less productive birch-dominated stands.
Co-authors: Jari Miina, Jukka Tikkanen, Marjut Turtiainen, Henri Vanhanen; Miina and Vanhanen: Natural Resources Institute Finland; Tikkanen and Turtiainen: University of Eastern Finland
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Concurrent Session 15 An Assessment of Governance Quality for Community-based Forest Management Systems in Asia: Prioritisation of Governance Indicators at Various Scales
Tek Maraseni, Government departments of four countries and universities
Community-based forest management systems (CBFMS) are becoming increasingly popular in developing countries where 31% of the total forest is either managed or owned by the community. This paper presents the results of a four-country study conducted in 2017 in Nepal, Bhutan, India and Myanmar concerning the governance quality of CBFMS. The introduction outlines the global threat to forests, the contribution that forest-based emissions make to climate change, and the policy response of the international and national communities including REDD+. The next section provides a snapshot of CBFMS in the four case study countries, and is followed by an account of the methodology, approach, framework of analysis and sampling surveys undertaken during the course of, and informing, the research. The results of the surveys revealed that perceptions of governance quality, as well as governance priorities, varied between the countries, and also at the three levels of government (national, sub-national and local) within a country. For example, Myanmar and Bhutan had very high governance ratings from local levels compared to other levels, whereas, Nepal and India had similar ratings for all levels. Further, regarding the prioritisation of different indicators, Myanmar gave highest priority to “inclusiveness” at the local level but “democracy” at the national level. The reasons for the similarities and differences between and within these countries and the possible implications are discussed.
Co-authors: 15 co-authors from eight different countries, Government departments of four countries and universities
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Concurrent Session 16 Structural Changes of Forest Ownership in Lithuania
Diana Lukmine, Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry
In Lithuanian the private forest ownership dominated till Land Reform, which has been implemented in 1920. Private forest owners owned about 65% of total forest area. Since 1938 private forests constituted only 16% of total forest land area. In 1940 private forests have been nationalised by Soviet Governance. Since the year 1991 the forest restitution process started and according to the Forest Act of the Lithuanian Republic, forests are divided into state and private Today, 40.3 percent of the forest area has been restituted to private forest owners, with another 218 000 ha reserved for restitution. State forests were managed by 42 State forest enterprises till 1 of January, 2017. Reform of state forest management have been implemented and today management of state forests is delegated to one State forest enterprise with 26 regional units. State forest enterprise manage 1,089 thousand ha of forest land.
The analysis of forest ownership structure in Lithuania is based on data of the Centre of Register database. The results of data base analysis showed main changes of forest ownership: 1) expansion of private forests, which are owned by legal entities; 2) changes of private forest owner's types; 3) changes of private forest owners characteristics.
Co-author: Stasys Mizaras, Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry
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Concurrent Session 16 Young Swedish Forest Owners to Large Forest Estates: Characteristics and Forest Interests
Dianne Staal Wästerlund, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
The Swedish private forest owners' population has become more heterogeneous during the last decades in both their characteristics as well as their ambitions with their forest ownership. As the majority of the timber supplied to the industry comes from private land, these changes are of upmost importance for the timber procuring companies to understand. Relations with the forest owners that supply timber have to adapt to these changes and become more agile. Of special interest is how young forest owners relate to their forests as their interests in forest management may indicate which future adaptations might be needed. As large forest owners (with estates over 100 ha) also tend to be more active in supplying timber, the objective of this study was to compare the characteristics and interests of young forest owners to large forest estates in the age group 20 - 29 years old, with forest owners in the age group 60 - 69 years old owning estates larger than 100 ha. A questionnaire was sent to all young forest owners in Sweden that matched the criteria (513 in total). Among the group of mature forest owners, a random sample was taken that matched the geographical distribution of the young forest owners (in total 615). The response rate was 19% among the young owners and 42% among the mature owners. The results showed that young forest owners to a larger extent live in or close to cities, are higher educated, own smaller estates and are more often share owners. Most young forest owners had either inherited or got the estate (or a share) as a donation and had at present not the major responsibility for the estate. Compared to the mature forest owners, they got more of their forest knowledge from parents or relatives as well as from the internet. In general young forest owners have a lower interest in forest and forestry than the mature forest owners. No differences was found in the forest values between the two groups. These results seem to indicate that extension activities that help young forest owners in developing their identity as a forest owners may be needed to prevent this group from becoming less active forest owners.
Co-author: Therese Ivarsson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
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Concurrent Session 16 Young Forest Owners in Finland: Basic Demographics and Relationship to their Own Land
Teppo Hujala, University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences
Family forest owners have conventionally followed general socio-geographic trends with a delay, because landowners have more often than average remained in the rural areas and retained more traditional practices and values. This may not hold true anymore because of urbanization, jobs outside forestry, and online forestry services. For a better understanding of the forthcoming changes in family forest owners' relationship to land, studying forerunner and niche segments of owners may be pivotal. One highly relevant ownership segment is young forest owners. This presentation introduces the “Young Finnish Forest Owner 2020” study, its intermediate results and implications for advisory practices. Objectives were to: i) obtain the number and gender distribution of 16-30-year-old forest owners in Finland and ii) explore young forest owners' relationship to their forest. The Finnish Forest Centre, a state-funded organization under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, provided recent forest ownership data. Next, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 randomly selected young forest owners (equal nos. females and males) from eastern Finland. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed qualitatively in a data-driven manner. According to the database queries, the number of forest owners 16-30 years of age was 16 456 in April 2018, representing 3.7% of all family forest owners in Finland (with above 1 ha forest, singly or co-owned), and the proportion of females and males was 38.1% and 61.9%, respectively. The interviewed young forest owners have predominantly inherited their holdings. Since childhood they have frequently visited their forest with relatives. They are keen on berry and mushroom picking, hunting, and forest activities, including firewood harvesting for domestic use. However, especially in major financial decisions, such as timber selling, they tend to rely on their relatives. They often have shared responsibility due to co-ownership. Though timber selling has high priority, they are also willing to conserve specific forest habitats based on sentimental or biodiversity value. In general, young forest owners favor an internet forestry portal for their information needs. The study is continuing with an interview of young forest owners in the capital region of Helsinki and a countrywide online survey. The study is funded by the Strategic Research Council at the Academy of Finland, project ALL-YOUTH with decision no 312689.
Co-authors: Anna-Maija Tuunainen, Antti Erkkilä, Nina Tokola and Irmeli Mustalahti, University of Eastern Finland, Department of History and Geographical Studies
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Concurrent Session 17 Organizational Governance and Community Forestry in Northern Guatemala
Megan Butler, University of Minnesota
This presentation will focus upon the organizational governance of small-scale community forest enterprises (CFEs) in the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) of Northern Guatemala. The MBR's community-forest concession system has become an international model for community-based forest management and community forest enterprise (CFE) development due to the socio-economic and ecological benefits that it has achieved. Many CFEs managing forest concessions within the reserve have been able to curb deforestation rates and improve local forest quality (Porter-Bolland et al., 2012; Blackman, 2015; Hodgdon, 2015) while enjoying jobs and income gained from selling timber and non-timber forest products (Gomez and Mendez, 2007; Reyes Rodas et al., 2014). Income generated by CFEs supports sustainable livelihoods and incentivizes forest protection. However, while the forest-management practices in the reserve have been well documented, less is known about the internal governance of these community forest enterprises.
This presentation will focus upon research conducted on CFE organizational governance. This research zeros in upon CFE organizational governance because these arrangements directly influence the equity of decision-making and benefit distribution in community-based forest management regimens (Nath and Inoue, 2008). The concept of good governance can be broken down into several core values including transparency, accountability, efficiency/effectiveness, and meaningful participation (Davis et al., 2013; Secco et al., 2014). Ultimately, good governance ensures a CFE's environmental and social sustainability (Secco et al., 2014; Bennet and Dearden et al., 2014; Nath and Inoue, 2008).
This research represents a unique and essential step towards ensuring the long-term success of Community Forest Enterprises in the Maya Biosphere Reserve (and beyond). This presentation will provide a brief background of the context of community forestry in Guatemala, review the qualitative methodology undertaken to understand CFE governance in the reserve, and provide a description of how and why organizational governance structures for community forestry differ between community forest enterprises in Northern Guatemala and how these differences impact the overall equity and effectiveness of community forestry.
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Concurrent Session 17 Conflict Resolution: Empirical Studies of Community Owned Forests and Natural Reserves in China
Xie Yi, Beijing Forestry University
The conflict between biodiversity conservation and local community development is often one of the most serious challenges for protection of biodiversity as the livelihoods of large population are often dependent upon the resources, like in Southeast Asia and Africa. The conflicts are resulted from different uses of the natural resources by various stakeholders and traditional ambiguous property rights. This study investigates formulation and resolution of conflicts of community owned forest involved in nature reserves in past decades in China based on the social-ecological systems analytical framework. The conflicts cannot be resolved when dependence of local livelihood on the forest involved in the nature reserves has not be released with alternative livelihood or economic compensation. Various public policies, including the ecosystem service payment, are recommend for the conflict resolution.
Co-authors: Hu Yuxuan, Wen Yali; Beijing Forestry University
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Concurrent Session 17 Factors Affecting Adoption in Indonesian Social Forestry Program
Dorin Kusumawardani, University of Missouri, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
Indonesia as the third largest tropical forest country was annually contributed 1.3 million ha of deforestation between 2010-2014. It might caused by the forest still allocated for private ownership to meet the global demand of natural resource products. Tenure regime during 2002 until 2013 in Indonesia were allocated 96% of states forest for private, 3% for community and 1% specifically for indigenous community. Factually, 40% of total villages area are located within and around forest area while 10.2 million of people under poverty condition. Community forestry as the collective action become the right solution for those complicated forest problem. Recognition of local community rights is distinguished as free and open access for resource utilization. It can enhance community capacity in developing their livelihood. People participation is analyzed as integral factors in community forestry as collective action. In addition, adoption is the main factors to analyze either farmers decide to adopt or reject this development process. This study was conducted in three village forest areas in Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan. It is aimed to analyzed factors that affect adoption in the program from demographic variables, five capital framework, site characteristic, individual behavior and historical experience
Co-author: Laura McCann, University of Missouri, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
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Concurrent Session 18 Environmentalism of Private Forest Owners and the General Public in the Most Developed Countries: The Environmental Concern Kuznets Curve Theory
Andrej Ficko, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources
We present the Environmental Concern Kuznets Curve (ECKC) theory about decreasing environmental concern in the most developed and protected area-rich countries. Based on the relationship between the protected area (PA) coverage, environmental concern and GDP per capita in the 42 most developed countries in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s we conclude that 1) as countries develop, environmental protection becomes less dependent on economic development; 2) at high levels of economic development, environmental concern decreases. Detailed analysis of environmental concern is presented for the general public in Slovenia (n = 999) and private forest owners (n = 264). The study suggests that at the local level human values play a prominent role. The general belief that ecosystems are fragile and there are limits to growth increased support for forest conservation by 33%. Private forest owners tend to be less environmentally oriented then the general public.
Co-author: Andrej Boncina, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources
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Concurrent Session 18 Analyzing Frontline Forest Bureaucrats: Regulatory and Facilitation Practices in the Political Economic Context: a Case Study From Teak Plantation Areas of Java, Indonesia
Masahiko Ota, Kyushu Institute of Technology
Although devolution policies have been widely adopted in tropical developing countries, in many cases, forest administration is continuously the most influential actor in local forest management situations in practice. Hence, to examine the role of forest bureaucrats is of great importance to understand tropical forest policy processes. I apply a viewpoint of “actual functioning of frontline forest bureaucrats in the local political economic context” to teak plantation areas in Java, Indonesia. Teak plantations in Java have been intensely managed by the State Forestry Corporation (SFC). However, during 1997 to 2003, due to political economic confusions, the rule by the SFC became paralyzed and illegal logging and forestland encroachment extensively occurred. A joint forest management scheme (PHBM) has been implemented since 2001, yet, its effectiveness is doubted in previous studies. I conducted a questionnaire survey targeting all field foresters in a forest district in 2018; a total of 267 responses (91.4% to the total field staff) were collected. I also draw on the information from conversation with foresters and villagers and participatory observation during my field visits from 2016 to 2018. More than 60% of the related respondents answered that they have experiences of not enforcing regulations for illegal activities. The reasons included “because the scale was small”, “because it was the first case for the violator”, and “because the violator was poor”. A certain degree of discretion was confirmed. From a field observation, I confirmed a case that foresters held a village meeting gathering encroachers to persuade them to reforest encroached forestland plots. It was implied that the frontline foresters were not able to coerce peasants to observe forest regulations due to the increasing bargaining power of peasants. Regarding facilitation aspects, frontline foresters were not likely to intervene the process of PHBM, particularly the uses of shared benefits from forestry production. This can also be explained by the declining power of the SFC against peasants. Various discretionary decisions or “realistic” measures by frontline forest bureaucrats were confirmed. These results are better understood as a result of changing political economic and power relations between forest administration and local peasants, and it is considered that drastic changes of situations will not be in place without bold policy measures or institutional changes.
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Concurrent Session 18 Peculiarities of Ratio Analysis in Small-scale Farm Forestry: A Comparative Analysis
Walter Sekot, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna. Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Economics
A Forest Accountancy Data Network (FAN) is a special infrastructure for the systematic and continuous collecting of socio-economic information of forest enterprises. Only few countries share a tradition in such kind of empirical investigation and an even smaller number of research organizations acquired experiences of such networking exercises in different categories of forest enterprises. Austria is in the lucky position to have a long tradition in operating two separate FANs, one addressing larger holdings and the other one focusing on small-scale farm forestry. Although both networks rely on an extended master balance sheet for the cost accounting of timber production, the approaches differ in detail, thereby reflecting the special frame conditions and requirements. Thus, a comparative analysis is an appropriate means for highlighting the peculiarities associated with ratio analysis in small-scale farm forestry.
In small-scale forestry, data collection and the interpretation of results can hardly rely neither on financial accounting nor on forest management planning as sources of data and references for crosschecking. The dominance of imputed items such as unpaid family labor requires specifically addressing the spheres of liquidity on the one hand and profitability on the other. The high year-to-year variability not only of cutting volumes but of all kind of forestry operations poses significant challenges as regards the interpretation of the results in terms of sustainability. Model calculations based on regional levels of allowable cut are merely poor surrogates in this respect. Timber production is in many cases not the main branch of economic activities at farm level. Hence, the interrelationships between forest management, other lines of business as well as the private household of the owner are of great interest and deserve special attention.
Co-author: Philipp Toscani, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna. Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Economics
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In-conference Tour Information
We will run two concurrent tours, each traveling on its own coach bus to the same two sites in reverse order. Both buses will depart from Superior Street on the north side of the Fitger’s Complex at 12:30pm Tuesday, July 9.
Note: All tour participants must wear boots (recommended) or sturdy closed-toed shoes.
Each tour will visit the following locations:
Pat and Dan Billman property. Pat and Dan are family woodland owners with property offering a dramatic vista of Lake Superior’s north shore. They are committed to restoring long-lived conifers and red oak as well as cleaning up an active spruce budworm outbreak. We’ll hear their story of building connections with other woodland owners and service providers, and a whole lot of work to achieve their ambitious conservation goals.
Louisiana-Pacific Siding Mill. LP opened a mill in Two Harbors, Minnesota in 1985. The mill began producing their Smartside® brand engineered wood siding in 1997. The mill consumes about 320 cords of wood per day. During the production process, logs are debarked, then shaved into thin chips that are then mixed with wax and resins and pressed and finished to produce siding. (Required personal protective gear other than boots will be provided on site.)
Both buses will return to Duluth no later than 5:40pm on Tuesday, leaving time to prepare to board the Vista Star at 7:00pm.
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Post-conference Tour Information
July 11-12, 2019
Tour summary: Tour participants will visit Northern Minnesota's landscapes and explore some of the landscape scale, and social factors that affect small woodland management. Tour participants will have opportunity to talk with landowners, non-government organizations, industry, researchers and educators about small scale forestry. The tour stops include the Sax Zim Bog, a world class birding area, hybrid poplar research plots, Blandin Forestry property, the UPM Blandin paper mill, the International Wolf Center, the University of Minnesota Hubachek wilderness research facility, and a private woodland owner's property.
Tour logistics: Please be prepared to begin loading the bus for the post conference tour outside of Fitger's front entrance at 7 AM on Thursday morning June 11, 2019. The bus will leave at 7:30 AM. We will return to Fitger's by 7:30 PM on Friday.
Contact information during the conference for post conference tour questions.
Mike Reichenbach 218-340-4244 [email protected]
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Reception and Dinner Information
Welcome Reception Sunday July 7, 2019; 19:00-21:00 Harborview and Fireside Rooms within the Fitger’s complex
Conference Reception Monday July 8, 2019; 18:00-20:00 Harborview and Fireside Rooms within the Fitger’s complex
Conference Dinner on the Vista Star Tuesday July 7, 2019 19:00-21:30 Vista Fleet; 323 Harbor Dr Duluth, MN 55802
Please arrive by 19:00 for prompt boarding.
A dinner cruise aboard the Vista Star. After dinner, we will present the Brandl Award and have a guided harbor cruise discussing regional water issues and Lake Superior by Cynthia Hagley, Environmental Quality Extension Educator with the University of Minnesota.
We will load onto the Vista Star at the Vista Fleet dock, about a 1.0 mile, 20-minute walk from the Fitger’s Inn.
Participants have the option to walk themselves to the dock, join an organized group walk departing at 18:30 from the Fitger’s lakeside courtyard, or catch the bus from the Superior St. entry of Fitger’s at 18:30.
Evenings in Duluth can be cold, so you may want to bring a sweater or light jacket for sightseeing on the outer decks.
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Conference participants
Name Country Email Brett Butler United States [email protected]
Megan Butler United States [email protected] Janean Creighton United States [email protected]
Dean Current United States [email protected] Lawrence Damnyag Ghana [email protected] Henry Eichman United States [email protected]
Andrej Ficko Slovenia [email protected] Gregory Frey United States [email protected]
Angela Gupta United States [email protected] Christoph Hartebrodt Germany [email protected]
Sarah Havens United States [email protected] John Herbohn Australia [email protected] Gordon Holley United States [email protected]
Emily Huff United States [email protected] Teppo Hujala Finland [email protected]
Shoana Humphries United States [email protected] Mike Hup United States [email protected] Jeff Jackson United States [email protected]
Vishal Jamkar United States [email protected] Erno Järvinen Finland [email protected]
Jim Johnson United States [email protected] Heimo Karppinen Finland [email protected]
Michael Kilgore United States [email protected] Henn Korjus Estonia [email protected] Terhi Koskela Finland [email protected]
Thomas Kronholm Sweden [email protected] Caroline Kuebler United States [email protected]
Mikko Kurttila Finland [email protected] Dorin Kusumawardani Indonesia [email protected] Elizabeth Laferriere United States [email protected]
Merja Lahdesmaki Finland [email protected] Diana Lukmine Lithuania [email protected]
Tek Maraseni Australia [email protected] Marla Markowski-Lindsay
United States [email protected]
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Name Country Email Anne Matilainen Finland [email protected]
Dave McGill United States [email protected] Justin Meier United States [email protected] Paul Mitchell-Banks Canada [email protected]
Michelle Moore United States [email protected] Collin Motschke United States [email protected] Leidimari Neves do Prado
France [email protected]
Masahiko Ota Japan [email protected]
Priit Põllumäe Estonia [email protected] John Punches United States [email protected]
Allen Pursell United States [email protected] Digby Race Australia [email protected] Mike Reichenbach United States [email protected]
Adena Rissman United States [email protected] Madison Rodman United States [email protected]
Eli Sagor United States [email protected] Emma Sass United States [email protected]
Marissa Schmitz United States [email protected] Martha Sebald United States [email protected] Walter Sekot Austria [email protected]
Surabhi Singh Nepal [email protected] Milan Šinko Slovenia [email protected]
Stephanie Snyder United States [email protected] Dianne Staal Wästerlund
Sweden [email protected]
Evelyn Stoettner Ireland [email protected] Eric Taylor United States [email protected]
Taylor Tibbals United States [email protected] Esa-Jussi Viitala Finland [email protected] Yi Xie China [email protected]
Yaoqi Zhang United States [email protected]
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Direct requests to (Madison Rodman, [email protected]). © 2019 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
