822 AA598

UNDP World BankWater & SanitationProgramSouth Asia andEast Asia & The Pacific(RWSG-SA RWSG-EAP)

iural Water Supplyand Sanitation

Second Asia Consultation

January 14-16. 1998-

T h i s d o c u m e n t is p r o d u c e d a n d d i s t r i b u t e d b y . t h e ""' ...•• . ,,.••'

R e g i o n a l W a t e r a n d ' S a n i t a t i o n G r o u p s f o r • ..••••'

South Asia and East Asia & The Pacific of the UNDP-World Bank

.Water and Sanitation Program, who are.solely.responsible'for its contents.

The views and information contained herein do not necessarily reflect the views"

of the World Bank, the World Health Organization or UNDP and do not imply, the...

expression of legal opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status, of any"country, territory, city,- area, or concerning the delineation of '

national boundaries or.national affiliations. ....••••••••"' '.-••"

Acknowledgements'""'"""" ' " ' " .•..•••••••• •

We thank WHO-Searo for. sponsoring the consultation. Special thanks go to

Mr. John Pospisilik for his support, to Ms Nilanjana Mukherjee

for her advice and guidance, to Dr. Sudhirendar Sharma and Ms Shantana Sanerji

f o r c o m p i l i n g t h e . r e p o r t , . • . . . . . . . ' • • ' '" ,•••••"". ,••••' ,.• .•

April,1998.-- ...•;...,.,...,...,,•'.,-•

Designed and printed by Systems Vision, 'Ve.iv Dei

Contents

Foreword ... • 2

Highlights 3

Sustainability on the Ground . . . 4

•"Session 1Warm up Introductions -.Personal Web Page . . . 7

•Session 2 ,- •• '"Where are we in RWSS? . . . 8

Session 3 ..•••' ,••• ,...-••''

Key Concepts : Developing a Common Understanding . . . 10

•Session 4 ..... .. . .••'Large-Scaie RWSS Projects in Asia :

A framework for thinking . . . 11

• S e s s i o n 5 ' , . • • • • " . • ' .••" .,•••

The Great Wall: Project Fair Day '"•'•"- 13

The Synthesis: What we have learned from . . . 14six Asian R WSS Projects

S e s s i o n 6 . . , , . • • .•••••••• .••' ..•••••'

Country Ratings on Sustainablility Factors •-- 18

"Session 7 ................. •• ,••••

Interest Groups and Dot Voting : The Big Question ... 19

Session 8 ,..-• •• •.."••• ••

The Help Wall: Building Networks of People • 20

Idea Fair: Most sought-after participant'sexperience & network

Session 9 • ..•••••••"•• ^./••i

Our Goals : Where we want to be five years from now . . . 22

J j o o k i n g A h e a d . • • • ' . . . ' • . .From Chiang Mai to Washington... . . . 2 4

Saying Goodbye

The Mood Meter -Final Picture . . . 2 5

Conference Agenda : Ahnexure I . . . 2 6

' ] jisl of ParUcifxmU : Anriëxüre II . . . 2 7

LIBRARY IRCPQ Box 93190, 2509 AD THE HAGUE

Tel,; +31 70 30 689 80Fax:+31 70 35 899 64

BARCODE; ƒ <±. :i o, ïLO:

foreword

Sustainability:...' ....,• • Understand It •'

. . ; : . • ; , • • S e e I t .• ••'' ,.•••'"

. . . . . . . . ' • • •••• ' • • • ; " . • . ' • O w n I t . . . . • • • . . • • • • • • ••' , . . .

•' • ••••••."•' • . ' ; • , • • • • ' * A p p l y I t '.: . . . . • • . ,••• '

reeping 80 professionals from 14 countries ahcf from almost as many backgrounds satisfiedand productive for three days is no small feat. How to shake off the "talking heads"Dhenomenon and "mass hypnosis" which plagues many such gatherings? It required creative

thinking, careful planning, a committed team of facilitators, cooperation from participants, a goodmeasure of faith, some luck and plenty of tolerance from our Thai hosts, who were gracious andhospitable throughout.

Much time was spent on strategizing, across several continents, regions and time zones. It seemedimpossible to present a relatively complex topic such as sustainability to 80 individuals withdifferent backgrounds and expectations in such a short time. Intensive brainstorming among thefacilitator's team both before and during the Consultation, Christmas and New Year's Eve notexcluded, produced the following game plan.

First, break down comfortable national groups and entrenched cóliegial networks to get everyparticipant to focus on and express oneself on the real subject of the consultation sustainability.Secondly, demystify the near mantra-like concept of sustainability by attacking it head-on, dissectingit, debating it, looking at it in specific country contexts, drawing out individual perspectives andexperiences, putting it together again, polishing it off and repackaging it, in the hope thatparticipants might leave Chiang Mai actually owning it.Thirdly, keep people active, alert and curiousabout what is going to happen next. Fourthly, bring out each participants' uniqueness to enrich theoverall content of the Consultation.

The plan was to carefully structure and guide the consultation process while making it participant-driven and demand-responsive. Techniques from the professional's toolbox, such as personal webpages, time-lining, force-field analysis, voting with your feet, dot voting, speaker's corners, projectfairs, throwing out tables, plain humor, moving chairs and mood metering were all used, not tomention frequent coffee and tea breaks to keep participants active and alert.

The informal processes (everything that was not on the printed program) should not be overlooked.Who can place a value on the exchange of professional gossip, on renewing old acquaintances, andmaking new acquaintances, on the personal benefits of being removed from one's daily drudge,even for a short time? Of being part of it all, part of another dot on the time line of an importantprocess.

Chiang Mai also served in a small way as a curtain-raiser for a Global Consultation to be held later

this year. .. .•. .....-:.-:.:"•'•••"'

At the end of the day; it should be said that the facilitators learned as much as the participants. Itmay very well be that Chiang Mai will be remembered for its process as much as its output, asmuch for how it was learned as for what was learned.

Yes, Chiang Mai was ä consultation with a difference.

KM Minnatullah Charles Pendley

HighlightsFrom the Consultation

The Chiang Mai Conference brought 80 sector

professionals from 14 countries together to

improve their understanding of how the

sustainability of large-scale Rural Water Supply

and Sanitation (RWSS) Projects can be improved

by

• Learning from each others' experiences

• Learning lessons from the presentation of

appropriate cases

• Arriving at a common understanding of

where we are now

• Deciding how to move forward

• Networking among participants

Country delegates rated their own countries'record on sustainability. Most results weredisappointing, with only a few bright spots.

Six case studies illustrated how projects attempt

to improve sustainbility, and what problems

remain. Later the discussion was enriched by

participants' own unique experience.

The Group which assembled at Chiang Maiis a "critical mass" of top professionals in RWSSwork in Asia and globally, and collectivelyrepresents a unique and potentially powerfulforce for change. The Conference attemptedto define how this group can help Asia tomove forward toward a desired future forthe RWSS sector.

Participants left satisfied that the three dayshad been worth it, but sobered by thetask head.

JMBankWatêïciSaTtitaliorfPi

SAKEÄP

ON THE GROUND

irom Colombo to Chiang Mai

In September 1994, The UNDP World BankWater and Sanitation Program (South Asiaand East Asia & Pacific Groups) organized a

workshop in Colombo, Sri Lanka to discussissues pertaining to the design andimplementation of large scale rural water andsanitation projects in Asia. This workshop wasattended by participants from seven AsianCountries. One of the outcomes of thisworkshop was the realization that moreconcrete experiences on sustainability wereneeded as well as the sharing of experiences ofRWSS projects in the region. It was thereforedecided to hold another regional consultationafter 2 3 years to review developments in thesector. The Chiang Mai, Thailand workshop inJanuary 1998, picked the threads from Colombo.The increase in country participation (80 peopleform 14 countries) and strong representationfrom a number of donor agencies, governmentsand NGOs reflected the growing awarenessabout the need to improve services in thesector and the desire of all the key actors tocome together and develop sector strategies forthe future. The key objective of the Chiang Maiworkshop were: (i) to take stock of RWSSdevelopments in the region; (ii) to discussmeans of improving sustainability; (iii) to share

•experience's across the countries and (iv) to

further network between sector professionals.

The Workshop

The workshop was-organized by the UNDP-World Bank Water & Sanitation Program andsupported by the World Health Organization(WHO). It was organized in a unique,participatory fashion and succeeded in gettingevery delegate to actively take part rightthrough the workshop, usually an extremelydifficult task.

The Asian Backdrop

The workshop opened with an appraisal of thedevelopments in the region on the socio-economic front. The wide differences in socio-economic indicators across the region wasnoted and yet, it was agreed that there werecertain common trends taking place across theentire region. Another interesting point notedwas that there was no linkage between GNP,population size and coverage of RWSS services.A span of development over three decades inAsia showed that broad trends such a economicliberalization, democratization anddecentralization, albeit in different degrees, weretaking place in almost all the countries of theregion. In the rural water and sanitation sector,common trends over three decades have also• ^merged, such as governments moving from adirect implementing role to a more facilitative.ind catalytic one, as well as the shift from a•saturation Coverage' approach to a 'sustainabilityc entered'approach.

Sustainability

Sustainability was the central theme of theworkshop and was debated at great length withinputs and experiences coming in from allparticipants. After several rounds of debate andgroup discussions, a clearer understanding ofthe issue and how to achieve it emerged. Thegroup was of the view that the definition ofsustainability should include the five key areas:

institutional, financial, technical, social andenvironmental. It was also felt that the processof achieving sustainability should necessarily beeconomically profitable, socially just andecologically sound. As far as actually achievingsustainability in RWSS projects was concerned,the consensus was that it was a difficult task butcould be achieved through adopting a demandresponsive approach where:

M the community makes the key decisions onservice levels and service delivery ;

• the community contribution is linked toservice levels;

• government has a facilitating role, sets clearnational policies and creates an enablingenvironment;

• there is adequate flow of information to the

community;

• the community owns the facility;

••• the community capacity is strengthened; and

HI innovation and flexibility is promoted.

Country level discussions

After discussing sustainability as a concept, theparticipants then split into country teams anddebated the status of the above sevenindicators in their own countries. It was noticedthat while there were differences betweencountries in terms of status vis-a-visachievement of a demand driven approach,there was a clear consensus on the need toadopt this approach to achieve sustainability.There was also determination to move as soonas possible to integrate this approach into theirnational policies. The groups also appreciatedthe need to develop institutional partnershipsbetween the key stakeholders in the sector;government, NGO, private sector and thecommunity. Strategies were also worked out onhow to achieve these objectives through actionplanning.

Case Studies

The workshop then focused on six case studiesfrom different countries to enable theparticipants to get concrete experiences fromongoing RWSS projects. The innovative aspectabout the case study presentations was that theaudience actually determined the nature of the

SUS 1AINABILITY CYCLE

EnablingEconomic

Policy / \/ Appropriate \

Affordable jTechnology J

, / Demand\p-ii Oriented

Market

/ VillageCooperationNetworking Community

Empower-ment at

.Village Level

R>,. ^ x/ Multi-Sectoral

Approach

issues discussed during the presentations. Again,while each case study brought out differentlessons and experiences, many common factorsbound them all together; e.g. they all agreedthat water should be managed as an economicgood and management should be focused atthe lowest appropriate level.The importance ofhygiene and sanitation, which were an integralpart of all the six projects, was also stressed.

Vision for the future"'" - ' ...

Emerging from the micro to macro, thediscussions then centered on the next five yearsand the resultant implications for the rural waterand sanitation sectors. The future pace ofreforms was debated and the consensus wasthat changes were taking place at an increasingpace across the entire region. The importantoutcome was that, across the fourteen countriesrepresented, there was unanimity thatgovernments were becoming increasinglyconscious of the 'sustainability' issue and were

What next?

The workshop successfully achieved thenetworking objective in a most creative andfocused way. As a result, it is now expected thatsector professionals at the workshop will interactin a more meaningful way with each other inthe future. Another concrete outcome of theworkshop would be the translation into realityof the issues discussed and actual achievementof the 'sustainability on the ground' in the RWSSsector. It was also decided that the UNDP-WorldBank Water & Sanitation Program would arrangefuture inter and intra country meetings andassist in facilitating further exchanges to shareexperiences. Some of the experiences at theworkshop would also figure at the forthcomingglobal RWSS workshop at Washington D.C. inMay 1998.

T h e • • " P a r t i c i p a n t s ' •""'' ••.,..•••••/•••"/"•"

The Group which assembled at Chiang Mai is a'Critical mass' of top professionals in RWSS workin Asia and globally, and collectively represents aunique and potentially powerful force forchange. There were 80 participants from 14countries with a wide variety of backgrounds.

Bangladesh10(14%)

Non-Asia Phillipnies1 (1%) 1 (1%)

India ;14(20%) |.

/

Vietnam3 (4%) Pakistan

4(6%)

Laos

Maldives2(3%)

Indonesia10(14%)

Nepal6(9%)

Thailand2(3%)

Srilanka5(7%)

Full list ofParticipants

with theircontact addressand photograph

is attached asAnnexure-ll

PROFESSIONALS

Economists

Engineers40(56%)

AGENCIES

. .:.. Govt.•:-/y:y';:r.-: 42(53%)

Donors29(37%)

NGOs5 (6%)

Others3(4%)

...SesswriWarm-up Introduction

...Personal Web Pages

Participants created their own personal webpages to 'present' themselves as human

beings to others.

We artistically presented the followinginformation on a poster - our very own worldwide web page:

• Name, organization, specialization, area of

work, how long working

• Greatest strength of your organization

« Most interesting job or project

• The biggest surprise for you in working withwater and sanitation

• Most difficult part of your job

• What you like to do when you're not working

M Make up a question about yourself and

answer it

1 Title of the book about your life

We then presented ourselves to others in our'stranger'group.

Result:80 faces and names became 80 people.

Where are we now in RWSS?

Participants looked at TIME as a factor in explaining trends and present conditions, and saw that

Chiang Mai was the latest and in a sequence of events extending at least 30 years back in time.

We did this to develop a common identity and world view, as well as a sense of being part of an

important process: providing rural people with better water and sanitation services.

We constructed one time line for Asia in generaland one for the Water and Sanitation sector in

particular.

This is what we came up with:

WHAT HAVE BEEN THE MAJOR INFLUENCES ON THE WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR

Impactful Events, Major Happenings, and Key People

ASIA

Nations at War

War and poverty

End Vietnam War

Emergence of Bangladesh

Concern over destruction of

natural resources

Environmental consciousness

Decade of Transition

Water and Sanitation DecadeIncreased DecentralizationPopulation increaseEmergence of NGOsSearch for alternativesEmergence of'Asian Tiger'Govt. contributionFormation of SAARCIncreased allocationsGround water explorationRecognition of sanitation/

healthHygiene issuesUneven political stability

Consolidation of Best Practices

Economic liberization

International conferences in

Delhi

UNCED, Rio, Dublin

Change in education

Democratic Decentralization

Environmental concerns

Economic Boom

Collapse of USSR

Restructuring of global

system

New Paradigm for growthand sustainability

Economic boom

Big wars to Little wars

Environmental consciouness

Free goods to scarce goods

WATER AND SANITATION IN ASIA

Emerging Awareness of

New Technologies

Economic relief based

Single sector focus

Emergence of awareness

problems

Rural neglect

Supply driven approach

Impact of IDWSSD

Emphasis of physical targets

Water decade

Large Central Institutions as

issues

Goal saturation coverage

Government schemes break

down

Appropriate technologies

Handpump revolution

Towards a CollaborativeParadigm

Women involved in RWSS

Investment Boom

Stress & Pollution of water

resources

Water as Economic good

Go to Donors

World Summit for Children

NGOs Involvement

Women's Participation

Program Democratization

Program Decentralization

Emphasis on Learning

Capacity Building

Supply-driven to

demand-based

Participants' Summary

Then representatives from a large developmentinstitution, a national government and a largeNGO were asked to 'interpret' the time line fromtheir own 'perspective', adding richness to the'dry'chronological sequence of'objective'historical events. People's views of history arewhat really matters.

What we had in front of us was a picture of thedriving forces of which we are all a part; WHEREwe are today and HOW we got there. It alsotold us WHY it is important to meet. The needto have a common reference point to define theprogress of our work through time.

Session 8

Developing f i Common Understanding

fe did this in new stranger groups. Our task was to come toa clear understanding on how we define and measure

sustainability.

Eight groups of 8-10 people brainstormed on the definition and

measurement of the Conferences key concept — sustainability for

more than an hour. There were disagreements as well as

agreements, and understandably, considerable overlap between

definitions and measures of sustainability.

Later groups presented their results to the whole group. Again,there was wide agreement on several elements and somedisagreement on others. Our common understanding ofsustainability looks like this:

• • . • • • • . - • . • • .

• . . • • • • • • •

Do you need political will?

G'IIVI, prolong operationally forever i! •

Cost recovery difficult in rural areas >

Presenl system not sustainable •••

How is demand driven linked to sustainability • •

Should women be part of difinition ? •

Overlap definitions and indicators ••

. . ; - : . ; • • . : •

Technical Sustainbility

Cost sustainbility

• Economically profitfiblp

• 100% O&M by users

• Capital cost sharing

Ability of users to manage (Socially just!

• Full involvement

• Plan, design, implement

• Capacity building

o Insiiiuiioniil capacity

Whole process should sustain

• How you involve community

Is it global definition or area specific

Effective use of water

» Impact on health & environment

• Ecologically sound

IMPOeMIONS

HARDTO DO(DIFFICULT)

REDUCE POLITICALINTERFERENCE

DECENTRALIZATIONA MUST

HAS TO BECROSS SECTORAL

FROM USERSNOT LEADERS

DEMAND DRIVENMUST

t f tDISSEMINATE THIS DOYOUNËEDTO CAPACITY BUILDING

APPROACH HAVE POLICY INSTITUTIONCORRECT FIRST ? - MACRO>MICRO?

• t tPOLICY MAKERS NEED SUPPLY DRIVEN NOTTO BE MADE AWARE SUSTAINABLE

(TRADITIONAL ROLE)

10

4LargeScale RWSS

Projects irt AsiaA Framework for Thinking

Having dealt with the definition andmeasurement of sustainability, we now

turned to focusing our thinking further. To dothis we used a few guiding concepts:

• Informed choice

.•• Government facilitates

• Community contributes to costs and controls

fund management

'"• Mechanism for Information and collectivedecision-making

• Community owns and sustains facilities

•• Community capacity strengthened

• Promoting Innovation and Flexibility

A true sector veteran, Mr. Mike Gam, aneconomist, ably presented these concepts aridexplained why they are important when talkingabout sustainability. We treated these conceptsas a checklist against which we could assessindividual country's performance. (See elementsof the frame work and checklist of DemandResponsive Approach to Sustainable Develop-ment). We then broke into country groups tosee how the countries fared in providing asupportive environment for successfullyapplying these concepts in real life projects.

Our task was to find the lowest and highestranking element for each country, and try tounderstand what a factors about the countrymake the elements high or low.

We then had to ask, and answer, the question:

What can we learn from the highest (mostsuccessful element) that can help us improvethe lowest (least successful) element. This gavethe country groups a picture of where themajor challenges were, and where future workshould be concentrated.

THEME ELEMENTS COUNTRIES

A Informed Choice

B Communitycontributes tocosts controls

. • • • • • • • •

fund management

C Government Facilitates

D Mechanism forInformation andcollective DecisionMaking

E Community ownsand sustains facilities

F Community Capacityappropriatestrengthened

G Approach promotesinnovations andflexibility

' •;; '»

L

T

H

A

A

A

L

*

•

0:}H

A

A

A

A

A

; • ; . #

L

•

•

H

A

A

.'-A-'

L

•

• • • . . • •

• • • • . . •

• . • • • .

:.•'::;

• • • • • . . '

• . • • . • •

1 . . • • •

•

T

H

A

A

• , • • "

A

• • • • . •

A

A

L

T

H

A

A

A

liL

T

f . :

V

•

H

A

• • . .

"A";'

.A''.

A

A

W-:)!.ti

L

T

H

A

L

T

T

H

A

A

i

T

•

H

A

A

• ' • ; ; &

L

•

kk';-;

H

A

A

A

L H

A

A

A

Legend:BA BangladeshIN IndiaIND Indonesia

MA MaldivesNE NepalSL Sri Lanka

TH ThailandCA CambodiaLA Laos

PAK PakistanVI Vietnam

v L-Low

A H-High

11

Elements of the Framework

m Two over reaching and powerful principles:

- water should increasingly be managed asan economic good, and

- management should be focused atthe lowest appropriate level.

Two other supporting principles:

- a holistic approach to the use of waterresources, and

- the importance of the role of women inthe management of water.

"É Economic demand is demand at a priceand will be expressed by users, not bysuppliers.

A demand responsive approach is one inwhich supply is tailored to users economicdemands.

• Demand-respönsive approaches are moresustainable (and more likely to reflect the,above over-reaching principles) thansupply-dominated approaches.

HI Ensuring demand responsiveness • requires acoherent set of program (or project) rulesand supportive implementation andoperational procedures. Careful attentionneeds to be paid to the design ofappropriate institutional and financingoptions and take into account mechanisms

A Checklist of DemandResponsive Approach to Sustainable Services

the community initiates and makes informed choices about

service options and how services are delivered;

the community contributes to investmeht Costs relative to thelevel of service and has significant control on how funds aremanaged;

government has a facultative role, sets clear national policiesand strategies (including legal framework) and Creates anenabling environment for all participating groups;

there is an adequate flow of information to the comfnunity,as well as procedures for facilitating collective action anddecision within the community (social intermediation);

the community ( or representative legal body thereof) ownsand is responsible for sustaining its facilities;

community capacity is appropriately strengthened; and

the approach promotes innovation and recognizes the need

for flexibility.

for channeling information to communitiesand other stakeholders.

A Recommended Set of Rules

Applying the principle of keeping the rules assimple as possible, the following arerecommended:

• Eigibility criteria. Eligibility rules forparticipation should be broad enough sothat eligibility does not, by Itself, guaranteethat every eligible community will receiveservice during a given time period. Servicecommitments should follow not precedecommunity initiative in seeking theimprovement.

Si Technical options and service levels. AllCommunity members — including womenand the poor — should be activelyinvolved in selecting service levels. A rangeof technical options and service levelsshould be offered to communities, andtheir related cost implications made clear.

• • • Cost-sharing arrangements. The basicprinciples of cost sharing should bespecified and community responsibilitiesfor meeting the costs (capital and operationand maintenance cost) made clear from theoutset. These principles should aim atnegotiated costsharing arrangements inwhich the local community chooses thelevels of service for which it is willing topay. Eligibility rules should includerequirements that communitiesdemonstrate demand upfront (for exampleby depositing a down payment orpercentage of project costs in a bankaccount controlled by the community)before design work is completed andmaterials purchased. It should be notedthat communities generally do not trustgovernments or contractors to managetheir funds fairly or efficiently. Willingnessto pay increases dramatically when controlover funds (and particularly overcommunity contributions) rests withcommunity members, not project staff.

• Responsibility for investment support.Particular emphasis should be placed onresponsibility for the sustainability ofinvestments. Rules should be set regardingasset ownership, operations, andmaintenance, and the ongoing recovery ofsystem costs.

12

Session 5The Great Wall

.. Project Fair Day

jT|roject murals and exhibits were displayedt on walls, tables and floors around theConference center. Presenters from the sixprojects being featured were given five minuteseach to 'sell' their case to the participants byshowing the participants why they should beinterested in their case. This was doneenthusiastically, almost to the point of strainingobjectivity. In fact, all projects had somethinginteresting and important to say.

The entire activity was participant-directed.Participants had to match their own interestswith the project's messages to ensure relevance.

People wandered around the rooms, absorbinginformation, and writing questions on blankpaper provided at each site. Literature, flyers, etc.were available for the obsessive readers. Theatmosphere resembled that of a 'fair'.

The Presenters were then given time to comeup with answers to the written questions ontheir murals, and then face the questioners withtheir answers. This started in smaller groups,with participants moving from group to groupaccording to interest and information load.

' :;&ft. i1'1™:;:ïT: •1V'.v:^'?ffi.""' • ; " ; ; . :eP i

: V H > ' ! T S ? ^ | | p

13

The Synthesis:What we learned from sixAsian RWSS Projects

A synthesis of experience from six ruralwater supply and sanitation projects in

Asia was undertaken. These six projects willbenefit over 5 million rural inhabitants, andrepresent a total investment of more than $200million.

The Synthesis draws upon project experience toidentify ways to improve the sustainability andimpact of large-scale RWSS projects. It looked athow project rules and the roles played by keyactors affect sustainability in large-scale RWSSprojects.

Important lessons from each project have beenidentified and conclusions drawn regardingimportant project design features whichimprove sustainability.

It was found that good rules alone are notsufficient to bring about sustainable benefits,but appropriate rules, effectively communicatedto actors who play complementary, mutuallysupportive roles, can improve the sustainabilityof project benefits.

the Synthesis looked at institutionalarrangements, technology options and servicelevels, demand responsiveness, cost-sharing,extent and type of community participation ahdprojects'ability to learn and adapt.

In all projects, a demand for improved waterfacilities existed/whereas demand for sanitationdid not always exist a priori, but must begenerated through social marketing strategies.

In the beginning of most projects, there was noor low capital cost-sharing by users. Capital costsharing increased significantly in projects whenchoice Of technologies and service levels wasoffered. None of the projects studied existed inan environment that was enabling from thebeginning. The projects themeselves were animportant part of the environment and played asignificant role in changing it over time.

Effective projects require an appropriate andcoherent set of rules, roles for key actors, cleartwo-way communication facilitated by social andtechnical intermediaries and an explicit learningstrategy within the project.

Empowering communities through informationand providing an effective voice and channelsto express demands allows informed decisionsto be made based on the communities' ownpriorities, resources and ability to maintain thechosen technology.

14

What we learned from theprojects ...

Getting the Rules Right

• Appropriate and clear rules, effectivelycommunicated and understood by all actors,not just communities, are essential foreffective project implementation.

H There should be clear rules on legalownership of the facilities, preferably by usersor user associations. These rules should beclearly understood and agreed from thebeginning of a project.

Getting the Roles Right

• Right rules alone often fail to translate intosustainable services, if the roles of those whomake, communicate, implement and enforcethe rules do not provide incentives to do so.

• Clearly defined and agreed roles for keyactors based on each partys' comparativeadvantage minimize conflict and makeproject implementation more efficient.

• Decentralizing responsibilities forimplementation should be preceded byconsultation and consensus-building amongactors at all levels before decisions are made.

Choosing and Using Partners

• 'Informed choice'should apply to the choiceof partners as well. Partners should bechosen on the basis of their comparativeadvantage, actual abilities and resources andthe principle of subsidiarity, i.e. their ability topromote genuine decision-making at thelowest appropriate level.

• In assigning roles to intermediaries, it isimportant to focus on strengtheningcommunities and informing potentialbeneficiaries, not on creating another layer ófdecision-makers between the project andbeneficiaries.

• Relationships between partners should befacilitative rather than controlling, i.e.hierarchical relationships should beminimized in favor of partnerships betweenequivalent partners.

• Having an exit strategy and criteria forpartners is as important as the criteria forselecting partners.

• Arrangements for post-construction technicaland other support to communities should beplanned during project design and certainlyduring implementation.

Eligibility Criteria & Cost Sharing

• Willingness to contribute to the constructioncost of facilities is an important eligibilitycriterion.

H The level of user contributions shouldinfluence prioritization of schemes.

• The distribution of community contributionsis as important as the level of contributions.While it is not necessary that every usercontributes an equal amount, it is equallyimportant that rules prevent better offbeneficiaries from 'buying' project benefits.

• Some communities suggest and make their.•.••••'.'own rules for'social'cross-subsidies to ensure

that poorer households benefit from theproject. This practice Should be encouraged.

Community and Womens' Participation

• Community involvement in choice oftechnology, service levels and costs should bepart of the planning process.

• The level of participation should be relatedto the degree of control over projectdecisions/resources a group is given.

15

• Demand generation strategies should includeways to reach women and other socialgroups to improve their influence on projectdecisions.

• Women's representation must include a realrole in decision-making and expressingdemand. Token representation based onnumerical quotas is not enough.

Environmental Sanitation and HealthFinding a Synergy

• Higher priority Should be given toenvironmental sanitation during planningand implementation, and to establishing acloser link and sequencing of sanitation,

water supply and health components o f a

project.

Ä Health messages should address perceivedrather than prescribed environmental healthproblems.

• Making potential beneficiaries aware ofpossible health benefits of improved waterand sanitation services can increase thedemand for services when health problemsare perceived as important by users.

• In addition to demand generation, healthinformation if targeted, relevant anddelivered by respected and trainedpersonnel, can improve users' perceptions ofthe benefits of projects.

Adaptive Project Design and Piloting

• Adaptive projects require planned, effective,two-way communication, using multiplechannels.

• Projects which had an explicit learning

strategy were easier to adapt.

R Carefully designed pilot projects are useful totest critical design features and reduce risksof large-scale rural water and sanitationprojects.

• Pilot projects should have a clear objective,time frame, learning agenda and strategy. It isimportant to have a clear exit strategy inpilot projects

• A pilot project can improve the efficiencyof the large-scale projects by preparingsub - projects for implementationand participate in the selection of staffand intermediaries for the large-scaleproject.

•8 Strategic process monitoring is a usefultool to promote learning in projects.However, projects must first be made awareof its value, and adequate resources andtraining must be planned from the outset ofthe project.

• User satisfaction with and successfuloperation of services over time was notsystematically assessed in any of the projectsstudied, but should be indicators for strategicmonitoring to assess sustainability.

16

SELECTED PROJECT DATA FROM SIX CASE STUDIES

Water (% of Total)

Sanitation

84

N/A

60

40

57

66

S3

45

Legend

HP : Handpump

Pipe : Piped SystemRW : RainWaterPO : Partner OrganizationCBO : Community Based Organization

Country

Project

Year started

ProjectDuration (Year)

Intended numberof Beneficiaries

Number ofCommunities

....... ........• . . . • • .

Total ProjectCost (million ÜS$)

Water Supply(million US$)

Per Capita Costs (US$)

Intermediation (US$)

Technical options. • • • ' ' . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ' ' . • . • •

Roles: Pre-planning

. . . • . • . . . " • • • • • . . . •

Planning and Design. . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . • • • • • • . . • • •

Construction. . • • • • . • • . . • • • • • • . : • • . • • • . • • • • • • ; • . • • • • • • • • • .

0 & M• • . . • • • • • • . • • • • • • •

WKKÊÈÈÊÈPhilippines

CVWSSP

1991

6 ' " • • • • • • • ' . . . . . . . . .

700,000

N/A

31.5

10.2

45

3.5

HP/Pipe/Well/RW

Project

Project/NGO/CBO

NGO/CBO

CBO

MMHMIPakistan

AJK1992

8 . • • • • • . • • ' . • • " • ' • • • • • - ' •

630,000

1600 ::

4 8 . 1;

: ' . ; • ; • • • • • ' . • • • .

2 8 . 7 • ; • ; ; . • • . ' • • • • • ; • • ; ; .

7 6 . • • • • • • • ; ; ; : : : . : : : :

o .-\C';.:':

HP/Pipe >;: ;

Agency &Community

Agency \ ; \

Agency

CBO-;V::'.'::.::;;:;

Sri Lanka

CWSSP

1993

s . • • • • ' . • • :

650,000

2700

32.3

• 1 7 . 2 ' • ' • • • • " . •

50

2.5

HP/PipeWell/RW

Project

PO/CBÖ

PO/CBO

CBO

MMHHHN&Nepal

JAKPAS

1993

• i . ; • • • • • ' . . • • •

44,000

1 1 3 • • • ' • •

: 3 . 2 ' . " "

:, i .5..

• . • " 7 2 : ' • . . • • • • • • , . . .

1.0

HP/Pipe

Project

SO/CBO

SO/CBO

CBO

mmIndonesia

WSSLIC

1994

wÜ

6 • • ' • • ' • • . . . - • • • . . .

2 m ; . . . ' • • ' . ' . • • • • • • ;

1400

123.3

4 7 . 5 ' . , . . • . . • • . . . .

61

21.8

HP/Pipe/Well/RW

Project

Project

AgencyCBO

CBO

•mtWE

ImIn

U1

dia

P

996

mmm• • ' . . - . ' , .

m

e ' " ' ' ' • • • • • • • • •

1.2m

1000

71.0

28.8

59

6.4

HP/Pipe

Project

PO/SO andCBO

Projec& CBO

CBO

t/S 0

67

< 10

17

Session 6Country Ratings on

Sustainability Factors

Here we had to both rate our own countryand show what we felt about the chances

of applying lessons about how to improvesustainability.

Four statements were placed in four cornersof the room and we were asked to vote withour feet.

In the country I work most:

ü The situation is very conducive to theimmediate application of all lessons inlarge-scale RWSS investments.

9, The situation is conducive to applying somebut not all of the lessons.

W The situation is not yet conducive to theapplication of the lessons on a large scale.

m We need more time and more pilot anddemonstration projects.

• The situation is very far from conducive for

applying these lessons in any situation.

We were then asked to vote with our feet again,this time taking the position we thought ourcountry would be in five years from now.Interestingly, the pessimists seemed to be in themajority, but thankfully for the purpose of theConference, there were a few hard-coreoptimists in the group as well.

18

Session 7Interest Groupsand Dot Voting

The Big Questions

Here we worked further on the BigQuestions from the day before. Each

person was given a card to write a criticalquestion they wanted to discuss further. Cardswere then clustered into central issues, and wevoted with dots on issues we wanted to hearmore about. We then discussed the most criticalissues to us.

The most critical issues were;

• Increasing access to finance

• Increasing community controlover

funds

88 Empowering Community Management

Si Sanitation and Behavioral Change

• Appropriate Technology

Aspects and ideas were recorded and arrangedon the sticky cloth. Here are examples of whatcame out:

This activity continued the next day...

19

Session 8TheHelpWall

Building Networks of People

Here we wanted to create linkages betweenpeople (as resource persons) wanting and

offering help on important topics.

Individual's own experience was allowed toshine. People had to think about what they hadto offer others and convince others that it wasuseful. People also had to think about what theywanted other people's help in. We prepared

personal posters/which are really windowsgiving others a glimpse of what they had tooffer, and also as people needing help in other

/ . . a r e a s ; • • • . : • . • • • ' . • • • • • . . • • : - • ' . • . •

People wanting and offering help put their'Calling cards' in envelopes at the bottom ofeach person's poster.

We then voted with our feet - and with golddots. The most'popular'experts (those receivingthe most stars) were asked to present their'story'the next day.

To wrap up a hard day, the participants wereasked to show how they felt by putting pinkdots on the Mood Meter. We were all interestedto see if'second day fatigue' would affect ourgroup? The results were surprising. (See theMood Meter at page 25).

We continued the work we started the daybefore. People, trying to be creative and coverall aspects of the complex subject.

Groups outside the main meeting room paradedwith their colored sticky cloths through thehotel. Must have looked like a warm-up toChinese New Year to the outside observer!

Break-out groups presented the results of theirdiscussions to each other as we roamed aroundthe walls.

A model of sustainability emerged!

20

Idea Fair:Most sought-after participant'sexperience and network building

This was based on the dot voting from the daybefore. People receiving the highest number ofdot votes formed Speaker's Corners.

The most sought-after experiences were:

Mvula Trust

Grameen Bank

UP RWSS Project

Social Intermediation

RWSS Fund Board

: South Africa

":" Bangladesh

: India

: Indonesia

: Nepal

Speakers were given a few minutes to advertisetheir experience, attempting to draw as manyparticipants as possible to their corner.

People roamed from comer to corner, listening

and asking questions according to their interest.

1 ' ' :' .' :

' I*«l' '4--

« . . .. .1^ i,.,ci;^.;'

21

Session 9

Where'we want to be'...five years from now

"IPhis important activity was done in country

I groups. It represented the culmination of the

three days work. And our collective vision for

the future.

F o r c e - f i e l d ' A n a l y s i s ,,...,•••••;••••••••••••••••••"

Once the vision was defined, We went on to

identify the forces that constrain and bring

about change. This was the real 'meat' of the

Conference. The things we would all have to

work on back home during the next five years

In spite of it being the last day of a very intense

three days, the country group discussions were

focused and productive.

Here's how the country groups saw their

present situation and their action agenda for

the future

Discussions focused on the questions:

W, What should be happening?

The Vision

W. Who should take action to

bring it about?

The Responsibility

W What new elements/actions

should be in place?

The Innovations

M What things should be eliminated?

The Tough Decisions

COUNTRIES

DESIRED GOALS: WHERE WE WANT TO BE IN FIVE YEARS

GOALS

BANGLADESH * Policy, legislation and strategy in place• Converge RWSS with local government development program• A functioning LG system in three years time• RWSS should input into community based development programs under local Govt.• Financial inputs from Govt. for generating options meeting community demand Local Govt. effective,

appropriate technologies and community management developed.• National policy and enabling legislation for RWSS• Abolish subsidy

• Successful working partnership

• Awareness and commitment to act by all stakeholders

• Capacity building and HR developed

INDIA Community Initiates and controls process

• 100% coverage of WS&S sanitation services at certain levels• Integrated water resources planning and management• Reduce water borne diseases• Integrate WS services with sanitation and health hygiene education• 100% maintenance of small water supply systems by the community themselves• 100% coverage of schools with latrines and water; Establish one production centre in each block to make

low cost sanitary facilities• Wat-San program linking with diarrhoeal case management at home to reduce incidence of diarrhoeal

diseases• Training of Panchayats + Community

22

SRI LANKA

MALDIVES

NEPAL

INDONESIA

PAKISTAN

VIETNAM

CÄiM06öiÄi:'

S- Expansion of WSS program to remaining unserved districts

5i National policy incorporate the elements of sustainable WSS services established

m Enhanced capacity of Govt / NGOs in RWSS according to the policy

Si Strengthening sector coordination

ffl Empower VDC to be responsible for all community development schemes

W, Management structure to be established

•ß Create VDC capacity to manage RWSS program

IB Change in institutional culture

SI Need for clear cut sector strategies to implement state policies

8S Need for empowering community Involvement from start; informed choices; managing including finances

0 Recognition of strengths of partners

W Increase collaborating mechanism

M Strengthened and continuous decentralization process to continue

• Watershed management approach introduced in more river basins

• Water quality issue is addressed in priority communities i.e. those with health problems

• Improve/strengthen community skills for operations & maintenance. Begin to focus on quality issues as well

as coverage targets and water quality

?i Increased privatization

« Reduced pollution of water resources

• Hygiene and sanitation education strengthened

• RWSS project implementation by communities themselves 80% RWSS coverage;

70% of water supplies meet national clean water standards

m Strengthening the relationship between the community satisfaction and government agencies

• O&M of RWSS Systems by well structured local organizations (can be paid for services)

Sustainable ways of WSS implementation known for all areas of Indonesia

Wt Local Govt. and communities sustainably Managing RWSS.

S Support Organizations should be accountable to users

• Recognized need for Support Organization

• Transparent Application of criteria

K A clear National policy in RWSS

• 70% Rural population will use safe water supply

» 50% Rural population will use sanitation facilities

m National Strategy for RWSS will be completed

National RWSS Program set up

Govt. has designated focal points for NRWSS

Capacity bui lding for local authori ty : : : ;

;Comrhuhity/capacity-builcling

: :'Stte^

•.PrivateSector.Participation.•• i lX l l l.v/-'/":"::y:'/'-:X'. i.

:i.i#i.;.:.::Private.:sector'development •v;:.

::*''/:Füll;community participation/ i

;è'.'.;;;Govt.;aS''a';fä'cilitätör".'.'."."..'-•.•..• .̂̂ ;y

23

hooking; Ahead

Jennifer Sara from the World Bank,Washington, told us about the next

major event in the RWSS calendar, a globalRWSS Conference to be held in Washingonin May 1998. Participants were encouragedto attend, and to help mobilize theresources to support their participation.Several hundred people are expected toattend.

SatiJig'^Gooclbye'.

Appropriate and well-earned farewellswere delivered by representatives fromthe sponsoring organizations. Mr. PiersCross, Regional Manager, RWSG-SA(holding the mike) and Mr. Jerry SilvermänRegional Manager, RWSG-EAP, (showing theslides) followed by Mr. Sattar Yoosuf, Chiefof Environmental Health, WHO-SEARO(looking at the camera).

Many people's efforts and support hadbeen necessary to make these threedays happen. The beautiful setting andthe hospitality of the Thais.

The important challenges ahead.

.Washington

24

low we telt

WAS. My LEARNING &XP6RICKJCE

• r

Mor

**)

'•-•:Cji{Wi^J:H'^W^-

25

Conference Agenda

8:00-8:308:30-12:30

12:30-1:30

1:30-6:00

12:30-1:30

1:30-6:00

RegistrationIntroduction and WelcomeOverview of Objectives and ProcessIdentification and Introduction of ParticipantsQuestion: Where are we now in RWSS?Question: How do we presently define and measure sustainability?Group Discussion and Analysis

Lunch

Groupwork and Plenary Reports on Previous QuestionA Framework for thinking about RWSS Projects in AsiaCountries and their Experiences with Conference ThemesGroup Discussion and Analysis

Group Social

6:00-6:30

Introduction of Case Studies

Presentation of Case Studies

Group Review of Case Studies

Lunch

Synthesis of CasesImplications of Cases for Individual CountriesKey Participant Questions Concerning RWSS ProjectsGroup Discussions and Analysis of Key QuestionsUtilizing the Expertise of Participants

Group Social

8:30-12:30

12:30-1:30

1:30-6:00

6:00-6:30

Group Work and Plenary ReportsReview of Most Useful Participant ExperiencesDesired Goal: Where We Want To Be in RWSS

Lunch

Question: What is our goal — our vision for RWSS five years from now?In Country Teams: What is Most Urgent?Group Analysis for Moving AheadPlenary ReportsRemarks and SummaryClosing Comments by Sponsors

Social Dinner

26

List of Participant

A N SRIDHARADeputy Director & E/0Deputy Secy.Govt. of Karnataka, PPMU,RD & PR DeptCauvery BhavanBangalore 560 009Tel : 080 2240626Fax : 080 2240509

ANDREA SILVERMANRural Development SectorCoordinatorWorld Bank, Resident MissionJakarta Stock Exchange Bldg,Tower 2, Sudirman Kav. 52-53,Jakarta 12190 Jakarta, IndonesiaTel: 6221 52993000Fax: 622152993111

ABDUL GAFFARProject DirectorLocal GovernmentEngineering Department(LGED )

LGED Bhaban, Agargaon,Sher-E-Bangla NagarDhaka, BangladeshTel: 8802 818909Fax: 8802 813144

ASHOK VARDHAN SHETTYDirector of Rural DevelopmentGovernment of Tamil NaduPanagal Building, SaidapetChennai 600 018, IndiaTel: 044 434205Fax:044 4343342

ABDUL SATTAR YOOSUFChief-Environmental Health,WHO (SEARO)WHO HouseI.P. EstateNew Delhi 110 002Tel : 3317804Fax: 3318607

BABAR KABIRCountry Sector LeaderUNDP- World BankW & S Program, The World Bank,Bangladesh Dhaka Office,3A ParibaghDhaka, BangladeshTel: 8802 861056Fax: 8802 865351

ABDULLAH MUTHALIBDirector of Water & SanitationDepartment of Health IndonesiaJl. Kampar No.2, Cideng,JakartaIndonesiaTel: 6221 3806034Fax:6221 4200944

B C BASAVARAJEngineer-in-ChiefPublic HealthEngineering DepartmentAnand Rao Circle Bangalore,IndiaTel : 080 6700675Fax: 080 2873071

ALLEN HARDConsultantP.O. Box 87, BatsvilleVA 22924,U.S.A.Tel: 804 8235693

BALWANT R. BANSALChief EngineerPublic Health EngineeringDepartment11 A, MallPatiala 147001, IndiaTel : 01752 12039Fax : 01752 12029

27

CHRISTOPHER H. GEISLERScientistWHOPOBox 1302Jakarta 10013, Indonesia Tel:0214 224986Fax :0214 224986

CHAWENGCHUSRIAssistant GovernorProvincial Waterworks Authority72, Changwattana I Road,Bangkhaen, LaksiBangkok 10210ThailandTel :6621 5213756Fax :6621 5511239

CARELBRANDSFirst Secretary(Development Water Supply &Sanitation)) Embassy ofNetherlands Chanakyapuri,New Delhi- 110 021IndiaTel :91 11 6884951Fax: 91 11 6884956

CHEAP SAM ANAssistant Water & SanitationAdviserUNDP//UNOPS/CÄREREBattambangCambodiaTel: 855 15532850Fax :855 23720052

CHANDAN SENGUPTAProject OfficerUNICEF, Calcutta3-Sunny ParkCalcuttaIndiaTel : 033 4752325Fax: 033 4750304

DB GUPTAConsultantWHOM-97 Greater KailashNew DelhiIndiaTel :91 11 6446336

CHAUDHARY MOHAMMADLATEEFSecretary to GovernmentLocal Government DepartmentMuzzaffarabad Azad KashmirPakistanTel : 09258 12173Fax: 09258 12270

DEDDYSUPRIADIHead Housing & SettlementsDev. Planning Div.National DevelopmentPlanning Agency BAPPENASJl Taman Suropati 2,Jakarta10310, IndonesiaTel :6221 323144Fax:6221 3101921

CHARLES PENDLEY

SociologistUNDP-World bankW & S ProgramRWSG-SA,55 Lodi EstateNew Delhi, IndiaTel: 91 11 4690488Fax: 91 11 4628250

DEEPAK BAJRACHARYAChief, Water & EnvironmentalSanitation UNICEF,BSL Office complex,1 Minto RoadGPOBox58,Dhaka 1000, BangladeshTel: 8802 9336701Fax : 8802 9335641

28

DINESHCPIYAKURALDirector GeneralDepartment of Water Supply &Sewerage PanipokkaryKathmandu,NepalTel :9771 413744Fax: 9771 419802

G. V. ABHYANKARSanitary EngineerThe World Bank55, Lodi Estate,New DelhiIndiaTel :91 11 4Ó17241Fax: 91 11 4619393

DHRUVA B. SHRESTHAExecutive DirectorRural Water Supply & SanitationFund KathmanduNepalTel :977 1535190Fax: 977 1535190

A

GHULAM MURTAZA KHANDy. Project DirectorLocal government & RuralDevelopment MuzzaffarabadA2:ad PakistanTel : 09258 14391Fax:09258 12270

DULAL CHANDRA KARDeputy General ManagerGrameen Bank,Zonal Manager Grameen Bank,Zonal Office,Dinajpur 5200 BangladeshTel :8802 5313343Fax: 8802 5313343

H. S.JETHWANIChief Engineer(Electrical/Mechanical),Uttar Pradesh Jal NigamF 384 Training Centre,Lai Bahadur Shastri MargLucknow 226001IndiaTel; 0522 225586Fax: 0522 220173

DJOKO WARTONOExecutive SecretaryDepartment of HealthJl, Parcotakan Negara No.29Jakarta,IndonesiaTei : 6221 4240701Fax: 6221 4240701

IN SAMBOLProvincial DirectorProvincial RuralDevelopment Dept.Ministry of Rural DevelopmentPhonm Perth, CambodiaTel :855 405917437Fax: 855 423801164

FAROOQ MOHAMED HASSANDirectorMaldives Water andSanitation AuthorityH - Silver MeadMale 6, MaldivesTel.: 960 317568Fax: 960 317569

JAN A.SPEETSSanitary EngineerWorld Health OrganizationPO Box 108,Kathmandu,NepalTel : 977 1228078Fax :977 1527756

29

JOHN CARL POSPISILIKRegional Adviser EnvironmentHealth,WHO/SEARÖ Indraprastha Estate,New Oelhi 110 002,IndiaTel :91 11 3317804Fax: 91 11 3318607

K. M. MINNATULLAHSenior Program OfficerUNDP-World BankW&SProgram RWSG-SA,55, Lodi EstateNew Delhi 110 003,IndiaTel :91 11 4690488Fax : 91 •11.4628250

JENNIFER SARAWater & Sanitation SpecialistThe World Bank1818 H Street, N.W.WashingtonD.C. 20433,USATel : 202 4733091Fax: 202 4770164

KAREN H.JACOBCountry Program MgrPhilippine ProgramUNDP/World Bank Group Water& Sanitation Program,RWSG-EAR 23F Taipan Plate,Emerald Avenue, Ortigas Centre,Pssig City, PhillipinesTel : 632 6375855Fax : 632 6375870

JERRY SILVERMANRegional ManagerRWSG-EAPJakarta Stock ExchangeBldgjbwer 2, Sudirman CentralBusiness District (SCBD)Jl. Jenderal Sudirman, Kav. 52-53Jakarta 12190Tel 6221 52993003Fax 6221 52993111

KHUN NGETH DRDeputy Director GeneralMinistry of RuralDevelopmentKingdom of CambodiaTel :8551 5917437Fax: 8552 3801164

Ikl

K G GOVINDANKUTTY NAIRTechnical MemberKerala Water Authority,Tiruvanthapuram 082018,Kerala, IndiaTel :047 1328607Fax :0471324903

tf i

LE VAN CANDirectorCentre for Rural Water Supply &Env. SanitationC/o Nguyen Hong Nam ThankCong. Hanoi, VietnamTel : 844 8355821Fax : 844 8355694

K L L PREMNATHDeputy General Manager,Rural Water Supply NationalWater Supply& Drainage BoardPO Box 14,Mt. Leneninga Ratfnalaha,Sri LankaTel: 941 6 3 7 1 9 1 :Fax: 941 637191

LEO GOULETWater & Sanitation AdviserUNDP/UNOPS/CAREREBattambang,CambodiaTel: 855 23362175Fax : 855 23720052

30

MANI RAVICHANDRANAdministrative AssistantUNDP-World BankW & S Program55, Lodi Estate,New Delhi 110 003,India

Tel : 91 11 4690488Fax: 91 11 4628250

NILANJANA MUKHERJEERegional CommunityDevelopment Specialist,RWSG-EAP,UNDP-World Bank W & S,RWSG-EAP, Jakarta Stock ExchangeBldg/ïbwer 2, Sudirman CentralBusiness District (SCBD)JI.Jenderal SudirmanKav. 52-53, Jakarta 12190Tel: 6221 52993000Fax: 6221 52993111

MICHAEL SEAGERCountry Program ManagerUNDP-World BankW & S ProgramPO 345, Vientiane,Lao PDRTel : 856 21413710Fax : 856 21413710

NOUNTA MANIPHOUSAYDeputy DirectorNational institute of Hygieneand EpidemologyMinistry of Health,P O Box 1225Vientiane, LAO, PDRTei : 856 21413310Fax: 856 21413710

MIKE GARNEconomic AdviserThe World Bank1818 H Street,N.W. Washington D.C.USATel : 202 4737515Fax: 202 4770164

NGUYEN VAN THANNational Project ManagerCentre for Rural DevelopmentMOC, Veitnam243 A La ThanhCau Giay,Hanoi 04,VietnamTel : 844 8347057Fax : 844 8340020

MOHAMMAD MAULANAProgram AdviserRural Infrastructure SecretariatJl, Mansunsarkoro No.5Jakarta Pusat,Jakarta, IndonesiaTel: 6221 3143387Fax: 6221 3156536

PARMESHWARAN IYERDirector,Project ManagementUnit Department of RuralDevelopment,3 Fawn Brake Avenue,Lucknow - 226 010,IndiaTel : 0522 239428Fax : 0522 217966

MOHAMMED ORMARProject OfficerUNICEF Veitnam,UNICEF72 Ly Thuong KietHanoi,VietnamTel: 844 8261170Fax : 844 8262641

PIERS CROSSRegional ManagerUNDP-World BankW & S Program,RWSG-SA,55-Lodi Estate,New Delhi 110 003,India

Tel : 91 11 4690488Fax: 91 11 4628250

31

PRAKASH R. TULADHARProject OfficerUNICEF /Biratnager Field OfficeBiratnager,NepalTel :977 2126612Fax :977 2125598

SANTANU LAHIRIRural Water Supply SpecialistUNDP-World BankW & S Program,RWSG-EAP/ Vietiane Lao PDR,Lao PDRTel : 8562 1413710Fax: 8562 1413710

• * * %

^ *w

RAJA REHAN ARSHADCountry Team LeaderUNDP-World BankW & S ProgramThe World Bank20A, Shah-e-Jamhuriat, Ramna 5Islamabad, PakistanTel :9251 819781Fax: 9251 826362

SATHIS DE MELExecutive DirectorArthcharya Foundation16/1,1/1 Galle Road,Mt LaviniaSri LankaTel :941 737143Fax: 941 712200

RICHARD POLLARDSenior Program OfficerUNDP-World Bank W & S Program,RWSG-EAP, Jakarta Stock ExchangeBldgjbwer 2, Sudirman CentralBusiness District (SCBD) Jl.Jenderal Sudirman Kav. 52-53Jakarta 12190Tel 6221 52993000Fax 6221 52993111

'ft 1ï ; • •*!•• •*.-• ""'ff

WÊmS H A F I Q U E S A K MChief EngineerDepartment of Public HealthEngineering, DHPE Bhaban,175-178, KakrailDhaka 1000, ' 7 7BangladeshTel : 8802 9343358Fax : 8802 9343375

S M A RASHIDDirectorNGO Forum forDrinking WaterSupply & Sanitation,4/6 Block E, Lalmatia,Dhaka 1207,BangladeshTel.: 8802 819597Fax: 8802 817924

SHAMSULHUDA

Scientist (Env. Health),WHO226, ßuddhalökä MavvathaColombo,CO - 7, Sri LankaTel :941 502319Fax: 941 502845

SHARMILA GOSWAMIConsultantUNDP-World BankW & S Program,55 Lodi Estate,New Delhi 110 003,IndiaTel: 91 11 4690488Fax: 91 11 4628250

SHIREEN KAMAL SAYEEDProgramme ManagerEnvironment and NaturalResources UNDP, GPO Box 224,House 60, Road 11A Dhaka,BangladeshTel: 8802 818600Fax: 8802 13196

32

50 SOVATHDeputy DirectorMinistry of Rural DevelopmentProvincial Department of RuralDevelopment BattambangProvince, CambodiaTel : 855 15917437Fax: 855 23801164

T RARORASuperindentirig EngineerPunjab Health DepartmentC/o World Bank,11 A, The MailPatiala, IndiaTel : 1752 21070Fax: 1752 12029

SOMSAK PIPOPPINYOSenior Officer,Environment,ASEAN Secretariat Associationof South East Asian Nations70 A , 01 LisingamangarajaJakarta 12110, IndonesiaTel : 622 7262991Fax: 622 17243904

TANYA HANPOLGovernor,Provincial Waterworks Authority72 Changwattana I Road,Bangkhaen Laksi Bangkok,ThailandTel :6625 511239Fax:6625 511239

SOUTSAKHONECHANTHAPHONEDeputy ManagerNational Rural Water Supply &Environmental Health Program,Ministry of HealthPO Box 261,Vientiane LaosTel : 85621 413310Fax: 85621 413710

TASHI TENZINGSanitary/Environmental Engineer

The World BankJyoti BhavanKantipath,G P O 798Kathmandu, NepalTel : 9771 226792Fax: 9771 225112

SUGIMIN PRANOTOProject AdministratorDepartment of Public Works,Raden Patah 1/1, Jakarta SelatanCipta Karya,IndonesiaTel: 622 17226601Fax: 622 17398035

SYEDA.ISLAMJoint SecretaryLocal Government DivisionBangladesh SecretariatDhaka 1000,BangladeshTel : 8802 365767Fax : 8802 864374

TAYPHASAVAN FENGTHONGPlanning Officer,National Rural Water Supply &Environmental Health Program,National Institute of Hygiene& Epidemology, Vientiane,Laos PDRLao PDRTel : 85621 415726Fax: 85621 413710

TILAK HEWAWASAMFormer DirectorCWSSPMinistry of HousingConstruciton & Public Utilities,Battaramulla,Sri LankaTel :941 854282Fax: 941 872143

33

UMESH PANDEYDirectorNepal Water for Health,NEWAH,

. P O Box 4231 Thapathali,Kathmandu,NepalTel : 9771 227325Fax :9771 227730

WALTER MEYERDeputy CoordinatorSwiss Agency for Development& CooperationSwiss Embassy Dhaka, H-133,Road 18, Banani, Dhaka,BangladeshTel : 8802 5723924Fax : 8802 5723497

RANGANATHANVAdditional Chief SecretaryWater Supply and SanitationDepartment Government ofMaharashtraMantralaya,Mumbai - 400 032, India Tel :2885144Fax :22 2828T29

22

WANCHAIGHOORPRASERTDeputy Governor,Provincial Waterworks Authority72-Changwattana I Road,Bangkhaen, Laksi Bangkok1021 O.ThailandTel :6625 511240Fax: 6625 213749

V K GUPTAManaging DirectorUPJalNigam,6 Rana Pratap MargLucknow,IndiaTel : 0522 376251Fax: 0522 220173

WAN MAUNGUNV Water & Environment OfficerUNICEF,11 Street75,Srachark QuarterPhnom Penh, CambodiaTel : 8552 3426214Fax: 8552 3426284

VINYA ARIYARATNE, DRHealth AdviserSarvodaya ShrarnadähaMovement

98 Rawatawatta Road Möratuwa,ColomboSri LankaTel :941 647519Fax : 941 647084

YVES FAUGERESenior Project OfficerWater and EnvironmentalSanitation, UNICEF6-7 Floors,Saudi Pak Tower61-A, Jinnah AvenueP.O.Box 1063, IslamabadTel :9251 274491Fax: 9251 279164

W. PIYASENADirectorCWSSP Community WaterSupply &Sanitation Project9th Floor, Sethsiripaya,Battaramulla,Colombo, Sri LankaTel :941 872144Fax: 941 872143

34

Water & Sanitation Program

The UNDP-World Bank Water and SanitationProgram is an International partnership funded byover 15 donors (both multi-and bilateral)including UNDP. It has 50 professional staff mainlyfield based in regional and country offices,supported and managed by a small team oftechnical and administrative staff at theHeadquarters located at the World Bank inWashington. The five Regional Water andSanitation Groups (RWSGs) are : for the AndeanRegion based in La Paz, Bolivia; East Asia and thePacific, in Indonesia; South Asia in New Delhi,India; East and Southern Africa in Nairobi, Kenya;and West Africa in Abidjah, Cote D'lvoire. Threecapacity building objectives provide theframework for all Program activities:Strengthening Sector Policies, SupportingSustainable Investments, and learning andCommunicating Lessons.

RWSG-SA is responsible for coordinating

programme in five countries:

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka.

The RWSG-EAP is responsible for coordinatingprogramme in China, Indonesia , Phillipines,Cambodia, Lao PDR, Mongolia and Vietnam.

RWSG-SA55, Lodi EstateNew Delhi 110 003, IndiaTel : 91-11-4690488Fax : 91-11-4628250Email: RWSG-SA@WORLDBANK.ORG

RWSG-EAPJakarta Stock Exchange Building

Tower 2,12th & 13th FloorSudirman Central Business District (SCBD)

Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Kav. 52-53Jakarta 12190Tel : 6221-52993003Fax: 6221-52993004

WÊÊÊïSSÈÊBSêThe WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia wasestablished in 1948 with its headquarters in NewDelhi. Since then, WHO has been playing a keypartnership role with its Member Countries inhelping to achieve the goal of better health forall their people.

The countries of the South-East Asia Region(SEAR) are spread over a broad and diverse landmass covering Bangladesh, Bhutan, DPR Korea,India, Indonesia, the Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal,Sri Lanka and Thailand.

It is a Region which has seen major political,social and economic changes over the past fourdecades. But this is also a Region that is a uniqueblend of the old and the new, the traditional andthe modern, the advanced and the backward. Anendlessly fascinating Region where organtransplants and traditional medicine play anequally important role in health care.

The countries account for one quarter of theworld's population but only 5% of the world'sland area. It is no wonder, then that this ever-growing pressure of population on an alreadystrained land mass and infrastructure, allows rapidtransmission of communicable diseases, andenable newly emerging diseases to further stretchan already burdened health system.

World Health HouseI.R EstateMahatma Gandhi MargNew Delhi 110 002, IndiaTel : 91-11-331 7804Fax: 91-11-331 8607

35

36