Ivan Report Legal Medicine

8/13/2019 Ivan Report Legal Medicine

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Identification ofBlood and Blood

Stain


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Legal importance

of the study of

Blood


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For disputed parentage

(maternity and paternity)


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Disputed paternity may arise:

When the wife committed

adultery and the husband

denied to be the father ofthe child.


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When a child was born

out of lawful wedlock

and the mother claimed

someone to be thefather but he

vehemently denied it.


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Disputed maternity may arise:

In case of allegation ofinterchange of children in ahospital or nursery home,either accidentally ordeliberately.

In case of wayward or straychildren being claimed bytwo or more women.

For ownership of dead fetusor newly born child found instreet trash.


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Circumstancial or Corrobative

evidence against or in favor of the

perpetrator of a crime.


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Example:

Mr. John Kenneth Padillawas found dead with a deep stabwound on the chest. Kim CarloBernardo was found with akitchen knife in his hand stainedwith blood. Examination of theweapon showed that the stain wasblood of human origin andbelonging to the same group asthat of deceased of Mr. Padilla.With such result of theexamination the investigatingauthorities have a very strongpresumption that Mr. Bernardowas the one who committed thecrime.


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Determination of the cause of death

The amount of blood or blood stains found in

the scene of the crime or found inside the

body of the deceased outside the blood

vessels may imply that the cause of death of

the person is hemorrhage.


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Determination of the direction of

escape of the victim or the assailant:

The shape of blood or

bloodstain will give the

investigator an idea on the

direction of the source of

blood. Usually, in small

drops, the tapering end of

the blood spot towards thedirection of the moving

source of blood.


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Determination of the approximate

time the crime was committed:

Although there are

variations as to the color and

soluble changes as to

regards the age of the stain,we can only say that when

there is too much change, it

is not very recent.


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* Determination of the place ofcommission of the crime.

* Determination of the

presence of certain diseases.


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Problems to be answered in theexamination of blood


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1. Determine whether the stain is due

to blood.


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2. If due to blood, determine whether

it is human origin or not.


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3. If it is human origin, to what group

does it belong?


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4. Does it belong to the person in question?

5. The manner, degree and condition of the

article which have been stained.

6. Age of the stain.


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PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS:

1. Solubility test:

2. Heat Test:

3. Luminescence test:


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CHEMICAL

EXAMINATIONS:


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1.Saline extract of the blood stain plus

ammonia will give a brownish tingedue to the formation of alkaline

hematin


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2. BENZIDINE TEST:


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3. Guaiacum Test

(Van DeensDyas or SchombeinsTest)


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4. Phenolphthalein Test

(Kastle-meyer Test)


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5. Leucomalachite Green Test


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Microscopic Examination:

Saline extract of the stain isexamined under the microscope.Note the presence of red bloodcells, leucocytes, epithal cells and

microorganisms. The presence ofred blood cells will conclusivelyshow that the stain is blood. Bymicroscopic examination, we candifferentiate the origin or the part

of the body it came from.Menstrual blood will showabundance of vaginal epithelialcells and doederleinsbacilli.


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Micro-Chemical Tests:


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1. Hemochromogen crystal or

takayama Test

Crystals varying from salmon color to dark

brown pink can be seen in this test if the stain

is a blood.


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2.Teichmanns Blood crystals or hemin

crystals test Dark brown rhombic prisms of chloride ofhematin are formed


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3. Acetone-haemin of wagenhaar test

When the stain is examined under high-power

microscope, small dark, dichroic acicular

crystals of acetone-haemin are seen


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INHERITANCE PATTERNS OF A.B.O

BLOOD GROUPS


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INHERITANCE of M-N Type


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NOTE:

Grouping is true not only with blood

but also with other fluids of the body likesaliva, vaginal secretion, seminal fluid, milk,

urine, and others.


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Age of the Bloodstains:

When the blood is exposed to the atmosphere

or some other influences, its hemoglobin is

converted to meth-hemoglobin or hematin.The color is changed from red to reddish

brown. These changes take place a warm

weather within 24-hours. Blood of one week

old and that of six weeks may not present a

difference in physical and chemical properties.


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BLOOD (FRESH) BLOODSTAIN


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Differential Characteristics of Blood

from Different Sources:


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Arterial Blood:

Bright scarlet in color

Leaves the blood vessel with pressure

High oxygen contents


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Venous Blood:

Dark red in color

Does not spill far from the wound

Low oxygen content


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Menstrual blood:

Does not clot Acidic in reaction owing to mixture with

vaginal mucous.

Contains large number of deoderleinsbacillus


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Mans or womans Blood:

There is no method differentiating a mans

blood from a womans blood. Probably, thepresence of sex hormones in female blood

may be appoint of differentiation.


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Childs Blood

At birth, it is thin and soft compared with thatof adult

Red blood cells are nucleated and exhibit

greater fragility Red blood cells count more than in adult.


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