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J. Ogée – N. Viovy – P. Friedlingstein – P. CiaisG. Krinner – N. deNoblet
J. Polcher (IPSL)
Evaluation of the globalbiospheric model ORCHIDEEagainst FLUXNET flux data
ORCHIDEESECHIBA
energy & water cyclephotosynthesis
t = 1 hour
LPJspatial
distributionof vegetation(competition, fire,…)t = 1 year
STOMATEvegetation & soil carbon
cycle(phénologie, allocation,
…)
t = 1 day
NPP, biomass,litterfall
vegetation types
LAI,roughness,
albedo
soil water,surface temperature,
GPP
Global biospheric model ORCHIDEE
rain, température, humidity,incoming radiation, wind, CO2
meteorological forcing
sensible & latent heat fluxes, CO2 flux, net
radiation
output variables
prescribed vegetation
vegetation types
ORCHIDEE
General framework for model evaluation
FluxNet
rain, température, humidity,incoming radiation, wind, CO2
meteorological forcing
vegetation types, latitude/longitude
prescribed parameters
sensible & latent heat fluxes, CO2 flux, net
radiation“modelled” fluxes “measured” fluxes
VALIDATION
FluxNet Network
More than 140 sites across the world (mainly N. Hemisphere)
Sites used hereCode Site name Location Description and comments Altitude selected years Age
Boreal deciduous broad- leaf forest (DBF)
GU Gunnarsholt 63°50N 20°13W with 30% C3 grass 78 1996-1998 5Boreal deciduous needle- leaf forest (DNF)
YK Yakutsk 62°15N 129°37E 225 2001 100-160Boreal evergreen needle- leaf forest (ENF)
FL Flakaliden 64°07N 19°27E 225 1996-1998 31HY Hyytiala 61°51N 24°17E with 30% C3 grass 170 1996-2000 35NB BOREAS NSA-OBS 55°52N 98°28W boreal mixed f orest (70% ENF, 30% DBF) 259 1994-1998 oldNO Norunda 60°05N 16°13E 45 1996-1998 100C3 agriculture
PO Ponca city 36°46N 97°08W 310 1997 _C3 agriculture
BV Bondville 40°00N 88°18W 300 1997-1999 _C3 grass
LW Little Washita 34°57N 97°59W 30-60 1997-1998 _UP Upad 70°16N 148°53W tundra (50% bare soil, 50% C3 grass) 5 1994 _C4 grass
FI FI FE 39°07N 95°29W 320-450 1987 _SH Shidler 36°56N 96°41W 350 1997 _Temperate deciduous broad- leaf forest (DBF)
HE Hesse 48°40N 7°04E 300 1996-2000 30HV Harvard Forest 42°32N 72°11W temperate mixed f orest (70% DBF, 30% ENF) 180-490 1992-1999 90SO Soroe 55°29N 11°38E 40 1997-1999 78VI Vielsam 50°18N 6°00E temperate mixed f orest (70% DBF, 30% ENF) 450 1996-1998 60-90WB Walker Branch 35°57N 84°17W temperate mixed f orest (80% DBF, 20% ENF) 365-380 1995-1998 58Temperate evergreen broad- leaf forest (EBF)
CP Castelpoziano 41°45N 12°22E with 30% bare soil 3 1997-1998 50SKo Sky Oaks (old) 33°22N 116°37W with 20% C4 grass 1420 1997-2000 78SKy Sky Oaks (young) 33°22N 116°37W with 20% C4 grass 1420 1997-2000 4Temperate evergreen needle- leaf forest (ENF)
AB Aberf eldy 56°36N 3°48E with 10% C3 grass 340 1997, 1998 14BR Brasschaat 51°19N 4°31E temperate mixed f orest (60% ENF, 40% DBF) 16 1996-1998 67BX Bordeaux 44°43N 0°46W with 30% C3 grass 60 1997-1998 30LO Loobos 52°10N 5°44E with 20% C3 grass 25-52 1996-2000 80ME Metolius 44°27N 121°33W 1310 1996-1997 90TH Tharandt 50°58N 13°34E with 20% C3 grass 380 1996-2000 140WE Weiden Brunnen 50°10N 11°53E with 20% C3 grass 765-780 1996-1999 40Tropical evergreen broad- leaf forest (EBF)
MA Manaus 2°36S 60°07W 120 1996 _
i.e. 31 sites, nearly 100 years of data
Meteorological forcing
« Gap-filling » method = use of daily data from:- global radiation: ECMWF ERA-15 analysis- other: closest weather station
Tmax
Tmin
time
tem
pera
ture
Site history
Hypothesis = ecosystems « in equilibrium »
mineral soil
seeded (according to
prescribed vegetation
distribution)
[C] = 0 [C] 0 [C] 0250 yrs N yrs
organic soil
ecosystem equilibrium
reached
NEEmod = 0
correction to account for measured
sink
N yrs of meteorological forcing
10-day bin-averaged fluxes (Tver forest)
H(W m-2)
LE(W m-2)
NEE(µmol m-2 s-1)
Rn
(W m-2)
ORCHIDEE EC measurements
Daily and accumulated fluxes (Tver forest)
ORCHIDEE EC measurements
H(MJ m-2)
LE(MJ m-2)
NEE(gC m-2)
Rn
(MJ m-2)
Seasonally (JJA) bin-averaged diurnal cycles
H(W/m2)
LE(W/m2)
Rn
(W/m2)
ORCHIDEE
EC measurements
NEE(µmol/m2/
mth)
Bin-averaged seasonal cycles
H(MJ/m2/mth)
LE(MJ/m2/mth)
NEE(gC/m2/mth)
Rn
(MJ/m2/mth)
ORCHIDEE
EC measurements
Forêts tempérées vs. autres PFTs
ORCHIDEE pas trop mal sur les forêts tempéréessauf les écosystèmes méditétannéens
Quelques résultats de PILPS Carbone
Slope/intercept and RMSE unsys/sysFor the different models (3 hourly fluxes)
Index of agreement for all models
Modeled and simulated carbon net sink In 1997 and 1998
CLASS-MCM CLASS-UAORCHIDEE-1 ORCHIDEE-2SWAP IBIS
Annual NEE (Kg C m-2 y-1)
MC AVIM
CLASS-MCM CLASS-UAORCHIDEE-1 ORCHIDEE-2IBIS
Annual GPP (Kg C m-2 y-1)
CLASS-MCM CLASS-UAORCHIDEE-1 ORCHIDEE-2SWAPIBIS
VISA
Total Soil carbon (Kg C/m-2)
MCAVIM
CLASS-MCM CLASS-UAORCHIDEE-1 ORCHIDEE-2SWAPIBIS
VISA
Total living biomass (Kg C/m-2)
MCAVIM