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Gilt Development Techniques Gilt Development Techniques that alleviate SPL concernsthat alleviate SPL concernsthat alleviate SPL concernsthat alleviate SPL concerns
1313thth Discover ConferenceDiscover ConferenceNashville, IN
September 9-12, 2007
Joaquín Spörke R., DVMAsesorías Portec Ltda.
Santiago, Chile.
Gilt Development Techniques
The industry today…The industry today…• Sow performance is improving across the
ind str 2 3 more pigs eaned/so / earindustry, 2-3 more pigs weaned/sow/year• Significant improvement in LS and FR• Main factors:
– Genetic improvement– Implementation of gilt management programs– Better health and acclimatization processesp
• Still big opportunities (PWM, young parity sow culling)sow culling).
Gilt Development Techniques
Replacement RateReplacement RateReplacement RateReplacement Rate• Normal RR% in the range of 48-55%
– Higher productivity leads to higher RR%Higher productivity leads to higher RR%– Focus on involuntary culls is important
• Higher RR% (involuntary culls):• Higher RR% (involuntary culls):– Parity distribution issues
Hi h– Higher cost– Lower productivity (throughput)
• Low RR%:– Lower productivity (throughput)
Gilt Development Techniques– Higher death rate
Removal of young parity sowsRemoval of young parity sowsRemoval of young parity sowsRemoval of young parity sows• Excessive removal of young parity sows is still the
major limiting factor for SPL• Often 40-50% of sows are culled before 3rd parity
(D’All i l 1987 L i Al 2000)(D’Allaire et. al. 1987, Lucia et. Al. 2000)
• Within parity analysis shows that reproductive failure and lameness problems count for more than 50% ofand lameness problems count for more than 50% of the young parity removals (D’Allaire et. al. 1987, Dijkhuizen et. al. 1989, Lucia et. al. 2000, Stein et. al. 2000)
• Feeding strategy in gestation and lactation are critical factors
Gilt Development Techniques
Gilt Development Techniques
PARITY STRUCTURE OF FARROWED SOWSPARITY STRUCTURE OF FARROWED SOWS
Sows Farrowed
22%
19%20%
25%
S
>50%
16%14%
13%11%
15%
RR
OW
ING
4%5%
10%
% O
F FA
R
4%
0%
5%
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7+
Gilt Development Techniques
PARITY
Modern Gilt Development ProgramsModern Gilt Development ProgramsModern Gilt Development ProgramsModern Gilt Development Programs
• Puberty management focused on:y g– Early puberty induction– Identify and record first estrus (HNS)y ( )
• Objectives:Breed gilts with 300+ lbs and 2nd + estrus– Breed gilts with 300+ lbs. and 2 + estrus
– Select for reproductive performance by culling late or non-responding giltslate or non responding gilts
– Size of the gilt pool for adequate inventory and reduced NPDreduced NPD
Gilt Development Techniques
Where do most systems fail?Where do most systems fail?Where do most systems fail?Where do most systems fail?• Targets are not realistic
– Short in replacement rate %– High expectation from multiplication, or– Too optimistic in growing Isowean giltsoo opt st c g ow g sowea g ts
• Consequences affect the whole herd stability, efficiency and throughputWh t’ th i ht h• What’s the right approach:– Realistic planning, based on own limitations– Projected replacement rate at 55% based on bred giltsj p g– Isowean gilts: 1.5 weaned gilts for 1 bred gilt
Gilt Development Techniques
Targets for Gilt FlowTargets for Gilt FlowTargets for Gilt FlowTargets for Gilt Flow
Targets for gilt flow
Wean : Breed ratio1.5 : 1.0
Targets for gilt flow
Weaned
Bred
Into sow herd
Selects
Phas
e
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Bred
% retained
% of Gilts Retained
Gilt Development Techniques
The consequences ofThe consequences of
• Inefficient gilt pool managementpoor GDU managementpoor GDU management
– No control over gilt pool– High inventory of non-cycling gilts
• Unpredictable breeding targetsp g g– Marginal sows are kept for breeding targets– Start of the “deathly spiral”
• Throughput often affectedThroughput often affected• More gilts are needed
– Less selectionB d f i l il– Breed of marginal gilts
• Low reproductive performance on P0’s - P1’s– High fallout in young parities
Gilt Development Techniques
Impact of Age at First Service on Total Impact of Age at First Service on Total Born Through 3 ParitiesBorn Through 3 ParitiesBorn Through 3 Parities Born Through 3 Parities (N. Willliams, 2006)
33.67 33.4834.0
35.0
32.16
32.9633.0
31.0
32.0 Live Born
30.0<210 210-230 230-250 >250
Gilt Development Techniques
Age at Breeding, days
ImpactImpact of Age at First Service on of Age at First Service on R Th h 3 PR Th h 3 PRetention Through 3 ParitiesRetention Through 3 Parities (N. Williams, 2006)
84 88 84 94
83.15
84.88 84.94
83.0
85.0
79.2681.0
77.0
79.0 Retention
75.0<210 210-230 230-250 >250
Gilt Development Techniques
Age at Breeding, days
Weight at First Breeding and Pigs Weight at First Breeding and Pigs Born in 3 ParitiesBorn in 3 Parities (N Willi 2005)(N Willi 2005)Born in 3 ParitiesBorn in 3 Parities (N. Williams, 2005)(N. Williams, 2005)
32.3
33.132.832.8
33.0
34.0
orn
31.131.0
32.0
Tot
al B
30.0< 135 135-148 148-159 159-170 >170
Weight, kg
Gilt Development Techniques
Weight at First BreedingWeight at First Breeding• Important factor for P1 and lifetime performance. • Results (based on experimental data and cost/benefitResults (based on experimental data and cost/benefit
analysis) illustrate that gilts should be bred at a target weight of 135 – 150 kg (N. Williams, 2005) – Gilts weighing less than 135 kg (300 lb) at breeding had less total
pigs born over 3 parities than gilts weighing over 135 kgA hi i th d i d i ht ll f b d t b– Achieving the desired weight allows for proper body mass to be achieved at first farrowing (>180kg/ 400 lb) assuming a sow weight gain of 35–40 kg (80 lb.) during first gestation.
• Conclusion: Establishing higher breeding weights will add cost for g g g g fNPD with no economic return
Gilt Development Techniques
Breed on 2Breed on 2ndnd or 3or 3rdrd Estrus. None on 1Estrus. None on 1stst..
• Gilts bred on 1st estrus 12 0
0 1 2
have 0.68BA less than 2nd estrus, and 0.89BA less than 3rd 10.59
10.910.77
11.1310.98
10.5410.67 10.68
11.1 11.05
11.51
10.77 10.84
11.48
11.11
11.36
10.97
11.75
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
Bor
n A
live
less than 3rd• No economic advantage to
breed after 3rd estrus9.71
10.0710.09
9.5
10.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P it
No.
B• At farm –specific breeding
age, gilts need to have at least one detected estrus
Parity
11.43
11 13
11.75
11 22
11.8311.53
11.5
12.0
BA TB
least one detected estrus without breeding or Heat-No-Service (HNS). 10.08
10.74 10.82
11.13 11.22
10.93
10.0
10.5
11.0
9.0
9.5
1st / 396 2nd / 5812 3rd / 4253 4th / 1600 Average
Gilt Development Techniques
Estrus Cycle at First Service on Total Born Estrus Cycle at First Service on Total Born through Three Parities (N. Williams, 2005)through Three Parities (N. Williams, 2005)
33 633.934.0 33.633.433.1
33.0
Born
32.0Tota
l B
31.02nd 3rd 4th 5th
Estrous CycleThe productivity through 3 parities is similar regardless of whether sows were bred on second or third estrus. This confirms that accumulating the cost of an extra 21 NPD is not economically justified
Gilt Development Techniques
NPD is not economically justified.
Identifying Select GiltsIdentifying Select GiltsIdentifying Select GiltsIdentifying Select Gilts1) Implementing a strict selection program
that identifies 75-80% of the most fertile i l (P tt t l 2003)animals (Patterson et al. 2003).
2) Gilts attaining puberty at younger ages produced more pigs over the first three parities (Young et al 2004)parities (Young et al., 2004).
3) Achieving appropriate weights at first breeding to sustain maximum lifetime performance (Clowes et allifetime performance (Clowes et al., 2004) but minimizing accumulated NPD in the gilt pool 50
60
70
80
90
100
ntio
n R
ate
(%)
in the gilt pool.4) Minimum targeted growth rates
need to be part of gilt selection. 20
30
40
50
Breed Farrow1
Rebreed1
Farrow2
Rebreed2
Farrow3
Rebreed3
Farrow4
Ret
en
Gilt Development Techniques
EP IP LP NR
What should we expect from giltsWhat should we expect from gilts::
Farrowing rate > 92% (highest in the herd)
Litter si e (TB) > 12 8Litter size (TB) > 12.8Retention rate to P3 > 75%B d f l t d 95%Breed from selected > 95% Lifetime wean over 55 piglets
Gilt Development Techniques
Goals for the GDUGoals for the GDUGoals for the GDUGoals for the GDU
• Effective heat induction process - over 90% ofEffective heat induction process over 90% of gilts cycling within 6 weeks of puberty stimulation
• Growth on gilts, 300+ lbs at breeding• Induce and detect an early estrus (HNS) to get
l b d l h il learly puberty and control over the gilt pool. • Reject gilts with low reproductive potential at
the proper market weightthe proper market weight
Gilt Development Techniques
The “tools” for Gilt Puberty ManagementThe Goal: Get the 1st HNS at an early age (HN$)The Goal: Get the 1 HNS at an early age (HN$)
The tools:People
• Trained motivated people
Boars • Adequate “Boar power”
F d i t kFeed intake• High intake before breeding
Gilt Development Techniques
Good recording = Good planningGood recording = Good planningg p gg p g
Gilt Development Techniques
Flush Feeding before BreedingFlush Feeding before Breeding• Feeding management
issues before and after
g f gg f g
issues before and after breeding are very commonHi h i t k b f• High intake before breeding, ~8-9 lbs/day
A id t i ti d i th– Avoid any restriction during the last 2 weeks before breedingCritical in crated gilts– Critical in crated gilts
Gilt Development Techniques
Gilt Flow: What Principles Gilt Flow: What Principles Need to be Considered?Need to be Considered?
1 H l il i b 30 40 d1. Have control over your gilts in puberty, 30 to 40 days before breeding (150-160 days)
2 Start heat induction at 30-42 days before breeding age2. Start heat induction at 30-42 days before breeding age (150-160 days of age). Boar exposure, estrus recording
3. Use the information to manage the gilt pool efficiently
4 S l ( ll) li il b f b di4. Select (cull) non-cycling gilts before breeding age5. At breeding age all gilts have to be allocated for a
certain breeding week based on HNScertain breeding week based on HNS
Gilt Development Techniques
The “The “Magic 42Magic 42” Concept” ConceptThe The Magic 42Magic 42 Concept Concept>90% bred
Heat InductionInduction
Breeding
Day-42
Day-21
Day 0 Day21
1st Estrus 2nd Estrus Breeding 2nd-3rdIntensive/daily Control over gilt poolContinue
bBoar exposureg p
Select non cycling gilts(5-10%)Over 70% cycling
boar exposure
J. Spörke, 2003
Gilt Development Techniques
How performance can change when right procedures are implemented (3,200 sows, 2004)
14
13.313
13.5
14
wk
wk51
Gestation periodPRRS
12.9612.8
12.4
11 5
12
12.5
Tota
l Bor
n
35
11.4 11.4
10.5
11
11.5T
101-18 19-26 27-36 37-42 43-51 52-6weeks
Gilt Development Techniques
Different changes in GDU 16 week before
Chilean Producer w/2,000 sows: Chilean Producer w/2,000 sows: Gilts, JanGilts, Jan--Jun 2007Jun 2007
F-2’s F1’s
Farrowing Rate 96.4% 93.0%
Av. Total Born 12.6 14.0Av. Total Born 12.6 14.0
Av. Born Alive 12.0 13.3
Stillb 2 7% 4 0%Stillborn 2.7% 4.0%
Mummies 2.5% 1.0%
Gilt Development Techniques
REPORTE DISTRIBUCION POR N§ DE PARTOS PigCHAMP 4.10§ g1 AGO 05 - 31 JUL 06 (C) 1985,87,88,91,96 Univ of MinnGRANJA: Licencia a SP-LA-4 Impreso: 29 AGO 06
N§ PARIC Granja 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ENTERA
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------DESEMPE¥O REPRODUCTIVON£mero total de servicios 257 281 168 103 304 422 305 41 1881 % de servicios repetidos 3.1 4.3 3 1 2 0.9 1.6 0 2.2 % apareamientos m£ltiples 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Intervalo dest-1er serv 6.7 5.7 6.9 6.1 6.1 5.3 4.8 6% cerdas serv 7d postdest 89 6 92 6 85 3 89 9 89 7 92 95 1 90 3% cerdas serv 7d.postdest 89.6 92.6 85.3 89.9 89.7 92 95.1 90.3
DESEMPE¥O DE PARICIONCantidad de cerdas paridas 0 271 187 138 223 514 378 99 1810Porcentaje de parto 15 10.3 7.6 12.3 28.4 20.9 5.5 100Total cerdos prom.por camada 12.7 12.0 13.4 14.4 13.8 13.8 14 13.5Prom nac vivos p/camada 12 2 11 8 12 9 13 8 13 3 13 1 13 3 13 0Prom. nac.vivos p/camada 12.2 11.8 12.9 13.8 13.3 13.1 13.3 13.0% de nacidos muertos 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.1 0.6 1.2 0.8 0.7Porcentaje de momias 3.7 1.6 3 3 3.4 3.8 4.1 3.3Porcentaje < 7 nacidos vivos 1.5 4.3 0.7 0.9 1.6 2.1 1.0 1.8Tasa de parici¢n 94.1 92.6 93.9 96.1 94.8 96.2 93.4 94.8
DESEMPE¥O DE DESTETEDESEMPE¥O DE DESTETEN§ de camadas destetadas 268 205 151 370 600 384 62 2041Cerdos destetados por cerda 10.1 12.4 12.6 12.9 12.3 11.3 10.6 11.8Mortalidad pre-destete (MPD) 6.3 9.1 8.5 8.6 8.6 9 9.7 8.4Peso promedio de destete 68 68 69 68 67 68 67 68Edad promedio al destete 22.1 22.2 22.5 22 22.1 22.8 22.2 22.3
Gilt Development Techniques
29.2 p/MF/yr
A successful modelM M M High Health Multipliers
I l t d W2F f iltWeaner gilts
Isolated W2F for gilts(21-150 days)
Heat InductionSelected gilts
Heat Induction(150-190 days)
Only gilts w/HNS
BS BSBreeding Sites
(190 ds of age to 105 days gestation)
SF SFSF SFSFSF SF SF SF SF High HealthPregnant giltsPregnant gilts
Gilt Development Techniques
SF SFSF SFSFSF SF SF SF SF gSow Farms
High Performance in the USHigh Performance in the USg fg fPERFORMANCE MONITOR PigCH AMP 4.22
12-75812-787 12-818 12-848 12-879 12-910 12-938 12-969 12-999 13-030 13-060 13-091 13-122 13-122
G O CBREEDING PERFORMANCETotal number of services 1761 1899 3008 3118 3175 2874 3064 3147 3041 2995 3256 3022 34360Percent sows bred by 7 days 75.9 81.6 80.4 79.9 82.1 84.9 83.6 82.6 82.2 80.9 86 85.7 82.5
FARROWING PERFORMANCENumber of sows farrowed 1,585 1,650 1,612 1,669 2,256 2,549 3,034 2,641 2,837 2,677 2,875 2,845 28,230 Ave parity of farrowed sows 1 9 1 8 1 9 2 1 2 1 2 1 9 1 9 2 1 2 4 2 5 2 5 2 1Ave parity of farrowed sows 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.1 2 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.1Average total pigs per litter 13.0 12.6 12.3 12.7 13.2 12.8 12.5 12.8 12.7 13.2 13.1 13.1 12.8Average pigs born alive/litter 12.0 11.7 11.6 11.9 12.3 11.9 11.7 12.0 11.9 12.3 12.3 12.2 12.0Percent stillborn pigs 4.5 4.0 3.6 3.6 4.4 4.7 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.7 3.5 4.2 3.8Percent mummies 3.0 2.9 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.7 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.7Farrowing rate 89.9 91.3 88.0 90.9 94.0 94.2 90.9 90.4 88.8 89.7 90.2 89.2 90.6Litters / mated female / year 2.44 2.46 2.5 2.59 2.63 2.48 2.43 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.5 2.48y
WEANING PERFORMANCEPigs weaned per sow 11.0 10.9 10.9 10.7 11.1 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.9 10.8 11.2 10.9 10.9Pre-weaning mortality 8.3% 6.8% 6.0% 10.1% 9.8% 10.1% 7.7% 10.0% 8.4% 12.2% 8.9% 10.7% 9.2%Pigs wnd / mated female / yr 26.8 26.9 27.1 27.7 29.1 26.6 26.2 26.1 26.4 26.5 27.4 27.3 27.0
POPULATIONEnding female inventory 8 165 8 146 10 477 13 330 13 773 14 030 13 919 13 991 13 946 14 005 14 020 13 930 13 930Ending female inventory 8,165 8,146 10,477 13,330 13,773 14,030 13,919 13,991 13,946 14,005 14,020 13,930 13,930 Average parity 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9Average female inventory 8,171 8,152 10,134 11,404 13,491 14,015 13,975 13,950 13,960 13,959 14,028 13,951 12,429 Culling rate 32.8 38 21.5 21.2 32.1 37.1 43.1 32.3 46.5 35.2 44.1 44.4 36.4Death rate 6.7 6.6 6.2 5.1 7.8 10.6 7.2 5.2 6.2 5.6 7.9 8.3 7.0
Gilt Development Techniques
The Economic Impact of an Efficient The Economic Impact of an Efficient Gilt M t PGilt M t PGilt Management ProgramGilt Management ProgramBenefits from:
Control over the gilt pool– Control over the gilt pool– Less labor in boar exposure– All gilts bred with HNS
– Breeding projections
Cost for 1 gilt in puberty induction (8 weeks)
$2 80$0 39$1.11
– Timely culling of non-responding gilts
projections– Lifetime performance– Higher retention rate
$2.80$0.39
of young parity sows
$7.44Space Labor Mgmt Boars
Total: $11.74/gilt
Gilt Development Techniques
Space Labor Mgmt. Boars
What do we do to reduce excessive What do we do to reduce excessive culling of young parity females:culling of young parity females:• Implement an effective gilt management p g g
program• Have adequate quantity and quality of gilts q q y q y g
available• Focus on body conditioning in gestationy g g• Feed intake in lactation• Skip a heat in P1’sSkip a heat in P1 s• Breeding efficiency on P0’s and P1’s (CR of
>95%)
Gilt Development Techniques
>95%)
ConclusionsConclusions• Industry standards for SLP are sub-optimal• For economic and welfare reasons SLP has
to increase to the optimum level• Gilt management and performance are
important components of SPL• High SPL means over 55 wean pigs and/or
removal age of 5+ paritiesg p
Gilt Development Techniques
Take Home Message…Take Home Message…gg
Increasing SPL starts with the giltsIncreasing SPL starts with the giltsImplement an effective gilt developer and puberty management programpuberty management program Have control over your gilt poolBreed the right giltsAdequate breeding projectionsq g p jKeep young parity sow removal under control
Gilt Development Techniques
Muchas GraciasMuchas Gracias