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Page 1: J1-4SL4ir!Jisamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/2014_30/2014_30_CIRARIA.pdf · 91 ı.} J.;~ .«~.;1~ ~J'_,Jı_, ""'.>" ~~ ~ La$ tAJ .. ~-·s J_,:ü ~i)) = ~~ ""="~' uf.;ill ı.}~--':!

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98

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ISLAM TODAY Journal of the lslamic Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organization {ISESCO)

Published in Arabic, English and French

Issue No 30 29th year

1435AH/2014

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The lslamic State between Religious and Civil Regimes

Dr Abbas Jirari*

It is no seeret that what has come to be known as the '~ab Spring" and the associated upı:isings which were and continue to be expeı:ienced by some Ara b countı:ies these past years did not aı:ise from the void as some rnight think. They were in fact the result of an arduous and protracted labor endured by these countı:ies throughout long eras of regression and decline during which corruption festered and spread to all aspects of life, especially under regimes built largely around oppression and tyranny.

It is possible that the first stirrings of these events lie in w hat was called fo ur decades ago the "Islamic awakening" which reflected the level of awareness gainecl about reality and the need for change, especially since the ideologies prevailing in ~o st Ara b countı:ies revealed their inadequames, including Arab nationalism, liberalism, socialism and other left-wing currents and totalitarian a.ı:ı.9 . authoı:itarian regimes. This awareness was translated in so me Muslim societies into a need to return to religion as the salvation out of this reality.

Despite the failure of this Arab awakening to achieve the goals expected from it, it remained simmeı:ing like embers under aslı, until it finally erupted again in the form of the '~ab Spring". This Spring toppled regimes and exposed the weakness of the political parties and the slogans they were advocating to create a civil state edified around justice and the respect of law, something they could actually never achieve in the absence of a citizen-oı:iented culture. It also cast doubts on the credibility of these parties which, despite their so­called modernism, were unable to take the true measure of the people who have lost all trust in them.

* AdvisQı; to His Majesty Kiog Mobammed VI of Morocco, Member of the Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco.

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98 The Islamic State betweeo Religious and Civil Regimes

'This allawed the <<Spring» to pave the way, either by force or by ballot, for 'Jslamist' parties, providing them with a launching pad to power as people pinned hlgh hopes on them to improve their dismal conditions and alleviate their sufferings at all levels. These parties, whose leaders were engaged in Daawa activities, promoted idealist reform slogans in the name of religion, inciueling social justice and the end of corruption under all its forms, with these slogans gready facilitating thetr ascent to power.

But these parties' lack of political experience and their poor knowledge of how to manage State affairs, coupled with their inability to come up with concrete and feasible projects and programs forced them to backtrack, unable to fulfill their prom.ises. But prior to that, they had suffered much confusion and dilemma, unable to find Islamic solutions to many of today's problems, and to canfront the challenges and constraints they came up against not only OQ the political front but most importantly in the economic, social and cultural fields where problems are harder to solve, thus exacerbating the situation and

worsening tensions. \

The debate thus raged on between intellectuals, potirical players and other relevant stakeholders about the nature of the\State that could provide an

' alternati.ve and a respite from the ailments of the new regimes. Should it be a religious state or a civil one? Thls debate acquired signi.ficant proportions in a country like Egypt, threatening thls country's unity and its security and stability. The repercussions of such threat are stili hard to fatbom in the current juncture of seetarian cor:lfuct between Muslims and Christians, and among Muslims themselves, divided between followers of the Brotherhood who are firmly attached to the "legitimacy of elections," and their 9pponents among the champions of the Tamarrud mavement and proponents of a civil revoluti.on, or what they deseribe as "the legitimacy of the people>>. This rift prompted the army to intervene in order bring the situati.on under control, immediately triggering violent conflicts between these various parties. We should not either lose sight of the open and implicit positi.ons taken by some world powers in favor of one party or the other, particularly in light of the revolution against the status quo in most Arab countries, as they calculated how such a revolution could serve their interests in those countries.

Far from any emotional or intellectual bias for thls or that side, I looked at the matter through what I hope are neutral but also compromising eyes.

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Dr Abbas Jirari 99

My perspective is documented in this paper that I significantly ti.tled "the

lslamic state between the religious and the civil regimes."<1l

The wording of this title may need some explaining, starting with the

descripti.on of a s ta te as ''Islamic", implying that it is based on Islam with

all the legal texts, values and other relevant elements that shape the State in

Islam, irrespecti.ve of the civil framework this system adapts and as long as it

derives its identity from those texts, values and components.

An Islamic state is one associated with a religious frame of reference, Islam

being a doctrine that calls for absolute monotheism in the worship of God

who alone created the universe, ordered it and manages it through His ınight

and power, just as it calls for faith in angels, divine books and the Apostles, in

desti.ny with its good and evil and in the D ay of Reckoning, with everything

this spiritual and spoken profession of faith requires in terms of devarional

and ritual obligati.ons that connect the faithful to God and keep him close to

His Creator and conscious of His eyes.

Along with this profession of faith, Islam is also a code of conduct that

represents the educarianal and moral mould of man through a set of lofty

principles, reviving his spirit, sti.mulati.ng his conscience and accompanying

him in all stages of life to ensure that he acts in goodness to himself, God

anô 9ther people.

But fust of all, Islam is an approach defined by a set of principles and rules

· upon which the Islaınic state is built in the various politi.cal, econoınic, cultural

and social arenas and thanks to which the State's system takes shape.

1) The author has previously puhlished a number of studies on this issue: . • On Political Poetry (Puhlications of Dar al-Thaqafa,.Casahlanca, t:wo editions, 1974

and 1982) • Moroccan Landmarks (1" edition, Rahat, 1411AH/1991AD) • Responsibility in I slam (Publications of al-Jirari Cl u h, issue 1 O, 1" edi tion, Rahat,

1417JUH/1996AJJ) • Islam and Secularity (ın Arahic, French and English), Puhlications of al-Jirari Cluh,

issue 26, 1" edition, Rahat, 1424AH/2003AD). • Tbç State in Islam, Puhlications of al-Jirari Cl u h, is su e 27, 1" edi tion, Rahat, 1425AH/

2004AD).

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100 The lslamic State between Religious and Civil Regimes

It is no seeret that the "system" -any system- takes shape in the body of

regulations and laws that govern the s ta te and by w hi ch it abides in the conduct

of public and private affairs. These rules and regulations determine a state's

nature and form of representation, the sovereignty it enjoys, and the relations

that bind it both to its citizens in terms of their rights and obligations, and to

other states. The state founded areund this system becomes a reality once it is

established ona delineated territory where a community co-exists in all safety

and stability and once this state takes ho~d of the powers to be exercised and

that confer on it the status of a moral entity.

When we differentiated in this presentation's tide between two types of

regime, we meant by "religious" one that not only keeps religion close to

the affairs of the public but also gives it predominance over public life. This

\ ... system places the ruler in charge of this life according to a radical "un-Islamic"

concept similar to the one that prevailed in old times in Europe - and France

in particular - whereby kings c~nsidered their authority as emanating from

God who appointed them to shoulder that responsibility. God being the

origin of that authority, they are accountabk before.Him alone. It is perhaps ' this perception, which served as foundation for the theory of divine right,

that is used today by the opponents of the Islamic frame of reference in their

ciamoring for the separation of religion from State, arguing that adopting

such frame of reference means a rule based on that theocratic theory. And

that is certainly not what I am driying at here, as we will see.

The "civil" system proposes that the governance of state aff~s must not

be subjected to religion which should remain a personal matter confined

within the scope of freedem of belief It considers people as the source of

power and the entity practicing this power, that the ruler derives his power

from the people who exercise the sovereignty through their representatives as

advocated in the myriad forms of democracy, i.e. no matter how diverse the

practice of this law-abicling democracy is so along as it is within a framework

of freedom, justice and other legitimate rights and what may be provided

for by the Constitution and the institutions it creates. This is close to what

is advocated in the Islamic reference approach which, as we will see, is not

entirely incompatible with the existence of a civil state.

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Dr Abbas Jirari 101

Before going into detail about this frame of reference, I would like to undertine a couple of points. The first one pertains to the term "politics,

and whether Ara bs and Muslims have known and u sed it; and the second one

pertains to systems of governance that are contrary to the Islamic way but are still insistendy attributed to Islam by its opponents.

' 'Politics, as a term and a concept and in its many linguistic variations was known and widely used by Arabs and Muslims. The noble Prophet's hadit:li says: "The children of Israel1vere governed by their prophets.,\2> This hadith was

commented upon by Ibn Mandhoor in Lissan al-Arab saying: "Thf!Y took charge of their a.ffairs just as princes and rulers did with their subjects.,(3> In his truncated

sermon, Ziyad said: "We have become yoı1r shepherds and your protectors.,C4> And while there is no mention in the Quran of the word politics, the notion of

authority and command does appear .in the Holy verse [And consult them in affairs (of moment)] (AI-Imrane, verse 159). and the divine saying [O ye who believet Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger, and those charged

with authority among you.] (An-Nisaa, verse 289)

Many tafsir scholars have relied on this verse to prove the obligatory nature

of th~ office of imam, considering it part of the legis!ative scope where Muslims have shown great ijtihad since succession to Prophet Mohamed

(P]?UH) was entrusted to Abu Bak.r, although they disagreed as to whether it was '·an Islamic obligation ora necessity dictated by the needs of Muslim life aftet the death of the Prophet, peace ibe upon him.

Considering the importance of this duty, most Muslim Sunni scholars addressing the matter of governance and politics have decreed it as obligatory.

Among these scholars we find Ibn al-Fura in al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya, al­Mawardi in Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya, Ibn Khaldun in al-Muqaddimah, and Ibn Hazm in al-Fisal fi al-Milal wa al-Ahwaa wa al-Nihal who based his

argument on the divine verse: [On no soul doth Allah place a burden

~

2) Narrated by lbn Majah on the authority of Abu Huraira, in "al-]ihafl' book. 3) Cf. Souss ltem. 4) Cf. "~Bayan wa at-Tabyin", ai-Jahi~ Vol 2, p. 62 (Drafting, Translation and Publisbing

Committee, Cairo, 1367 H/1948).

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102 The Islamic State between Religious and Ci vii Regimes

greater than it can bear] (AL-Baqara, verse 286) tb deduce that the Almighty

does not burdeo people with w hat is beyand their power, implicitly indicati.ng

the mandatery presence of those who can carry such responsibility<S).

Regimes that conttadict governance as it is defi.ned in Islam, whether they existed in ancient times or modern ones include:

\

1. Theocracy, as meotioned earlier.

2. Autocracy: a system in which the reins of power are held in the hands of a single person. This was case for example with the Tsars of the Russian Empire and the Chinese emperors.

3. Oligarchy which is close to the above-meotioned regime and where the power sttucture is held by an individual, a family or a tribe whose power lies in its financial wealth or noble.lineage. This was the case with the Greeks, the Carthaginians and the Romans.

4. Secularism which believes in the separation of religion from state, and the removal of catholiç clergy from the state's ruling structures. This trend fitst emerged in France where it conti.nues to be adopted

taday. \

S. Secularity which is close to secularism and was prevalent in England and among the Protestants.

If we revert to our subject, we will fi.nd that Islam did not set out a giveo and detailed government system, but instead it laid down principles and fouodations. It drew out guiding lines and left it to the Muslims to use them as a starting point from which they would branch out to choose what is suitable for their times and environments, and derive that which meets their needs.

5) For the Shiaa, the office of the imam is a fundamental issue anda position made compulsory either by text or by testament, explicitly or implicitly. However, they confined it to Ali and his descendants and therefore it can only leave their lineage by an act of injustice or by conscious decision taken for the greater good. At the other end of the spectrum, Khawarij scholars considered that there was no need for an i111a111 as long as the Ummah respected and adhered to the Holy Book and the Sunnah of His Prophet. Others considered the office of the illialli as acceptable provided the right to serve as imam was granted to every Muslim known to be fair, and at first even considered it the right of every free Ara b.

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Dr Abbas Jirari 103

These p.rinciples and fundaments can be defined in the following four pillars:

First: the premise that Allah is the Ultimate Ruler who disposes of the universe and manages its affairs, and that the human being was appointed by Allah as vice-regent to ful6.ll this duty. Addressing His noble Prophet, Allah (SW1) says: [Not for thee, (but for Allah, is the decision] (AI-Imrane,

verse 128), and also: [The command is for none but Allah. He hath commanded that ye worship none but Him: that is the right religion, but most m en understand not.] (Yus11j, verse 40). The Quran insisted on this in three consecutive verses where the Almighty said: [If any do fail to judge by (the light of) what Allah hath revealed, they are (no better than) Unbelievers .. . And if any fail to judge by (the light of) what Allah hath revealed, they are (No better than) wrong-doers ... lf any do fail to judge by (the light of) what Allah hath revealed, they are (no better than) those who rebel.] (AI-Maida, verses 46-47-48)

Second: Man's ful6.llment of this mission is conditional upon his being righteous and pious, and his establishment of justice among people without

any discrimination. ·Allah says: (Allah doth command you to render back your Trusts to those to whom they are due; And when ye judge between man and man, that ye judge with justice] (An-Nisaa, verse 58), and: [Whenever ye speak, speak justly, even if a near relative is concerned; a.ıid fulfill the covenant of Allah. Thus doth He command you, that ye may remember.] (Al-Anaam, verse 152)

·To en·sure the best ful6.llment of this task, scholars have identified the conditions to be ·met in the ruler in addition to justice. These criteria are: knowledge, efficienCy, soundness of senses and Quraishi descent ab out w hi ch they diverged. Ibn Khaldun had attributed this to the triballoyalty shown to Quraish back then. (6)

Third: Islam defined the way this mission is entrusted by linking it to the act of allegiance which is either a spoken to a written covenant freely entered into by the ruler who is no more than a mujtahid and executor and whose opinion does not carry any sacredness, and an Ummah that is sovereign

6) Al-Muqaddimah, page 193, edition of Matabi' al-Amiriyya.

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104 The Islamic State between Religious and Ci vii Rcgimes

· and is represented by its delegates who in the Islamic perspective hold the power to conclude or invalidate contracts. And by virtue of this contract, the Ummah owes its ruler obedience which is conditional upon how well he serves its interests and manages its affairs. He, on the other hand, is required to implement Allah's commandments, serve to the best the interests of his subjects based on righteousness aı:ı.d justice, and ensure the conditions of their wellbeing such as a livelihood, security and stability are met, in compliance with Allah's saying: [Thy duty is but to convey (the Message).] (Ai-Shura, verse 48). The Quran mentioned two acts of allegiance that were pledged to Allah's Messenger (PBUH):

·, ....

1. The allegiance of women, also pledged by men, and about which the Almighty said: [O Prophet! When believing women come to thee to take the oath of fealty to thee, that they will not associate in worship any other thing whatever with Allah, that they will not s te al, that they will not commit adultery (or fornication), that they will not kill their children, that they will

\ not utter slander, intentionally forging falsehood, and that they will not disobey thee in any just matter,- then do thou

' receive their fealty, and pray to Allah for the forgiveness .] (Ai-Mttmtahana, verse 12)

2. The allegiance by the tree under which the Prophet (PBUH) used to sit and about which the Almighty says: [Allah was well pleased with the believers when they swore allegiance unto thee beneath the tree, and He laıew what was in their hearts, and H e sent down peace of reassuraıice on them, and hath rewarded them with a near victory, and much booty that they will capture.

Allah is ever Mighty, Wise.] (Ai-Fath, verses 18-19). The Quran confirms that these acts of allegiance are in fact an allegiance to Allah in response to His call and in support of His religion. The Almighty says: [Verily those who plight their fealty to thee do no less than plight their fealty to Allah. The Hand of Allah is over their hands: then any one who violates his oath, does so to the harm of his own soul, and any one who fulfils what he has covenanted with Allah,- Allah will soon grant him a great Reward.] (Ai-Fath, verse 1 O)

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Dr Abbas Jirari 105

Fourth: For justi.ce to be achieved, in full freedam from tyranny, oppression, confusion and chaos, 'Islam promoted the principle of "Shura", which guarantees that society's members take part in managing their affairs either direcdy or by electi.ng delegates to represent them. This is considered as an obligati.on in all schools of jurisprudence, especially in cases where there is no definiti.ve text from the Quran or the Sunnah, no provisions governing the applicati.on of a text when it exists, when cansensus cannot be reached on a given matter, and when the issue arising is topical and ti.me-related. This fundament of governance is the closest to the concept of Western "democracy''. Allahsaysina praise of the Ansars: [Those . . . who (conduct) their affairs by mutual Consultation] (Al-Shura, verse 35)(7}, i.e., all their affairs are managed by the entire community. The Almighty also says, urging the Noble Prophet: [and consult themin affairs (of moment).] (Al-Imrane, verse 159). The Prophet (PBUH) is the one who said: "You knoıv better the affairs of yoıtr ıvorldfy life."(8) He (peace and blessings be upon him) was the one to advise his companions on the issue of palm tree pollinati.on not to pollinate the trees. When the trees did not bear any fruit, he said: "I am onfy a human being /ike you. If I tel/ y ou to do something ıvith regard to re/igion) then fol/oıv itı but if I teli you to do something based on my oıvn opinion) I am onfy a human being."fJ>

It is clear from these principles and fundaments that the establishment of a State on an Islarnic frame of reference does not mean that the State's rcles and regulati.ons acquire a sacred character as is believed in theocrati.c power structures. Instead, they are human interpretati.ons based on a specific undeı;standing of the texts that Allah revealed and that He ordered us to use as a foundation. of o ur rule, as indicated in the divine verse: [Judge thou between them by what Allah hath revealed.] (Al-Maida, verse 49). As such, they become interpretati.ons that are subject to review and renewal.

After the Prophet's death, Muslims faced the problem of his succession with what they considered as benefidal for them· and for their religion. They ended up pledging allegiance to Abu Bakr in view of his positi.on vis-a-vis the

7) The titling of this Quranic chapter as ai-Sh11ra enhances the importance of this aspect. 8) Narrated by Muslim on the authority of Aisha and Anas 9) Nariated by Muslim on the authority of Rafii Ibn Khadij.

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106 The Islamie St.ate between Religious and Civil Rcgimes

Prophet (PBUH). And then Omar Ibn al-Khattab waschesen as successor by written covenant, also in view of his status. Omar, on the other hand, created before his death a Shura Council to debate the issue of succession wbich fell

after many negotiations to Othman Ibn Mfane who pledged to act by the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Messenger, and to follow in the steps of the two caliphs who precedec}. him.

However, and in view of conditions that prevailed at that time, Ibn Mfane faced many challenges in the practice of state affairs and was largely criticized for his policy, the result being an uprising that demanded his ousting. But he

defied these demands with famous sentences such as: ''As for your req11est for me to step dowJJ, I teli you thqt I ıvili not shed the cloak that Allah bestoıved 011 111e and honored me ıvith", and also "that I renounce to the caliphate and alloıv you to cmcify me is more acceptable to me than to renounce Al/aM commandments."(IO)

Othman was then killed at the hands of the rebels, and the eveats that easued eveats were fraught with conflicts and strife in Islamic history, starting with the division of the \caliphate between Ali Ibn Abi Talib in the

Levantine (including the Arab Peninsula, Iraq, and_the conquered Persian lands), and Muawiyah in the western side wiiich included Egypt, Syria and the conquered Af.ricap lands. These conflicts and divisions translated a power play and derived legitimacy from an assortment of jurisprudence texts that

were aimed at serving imınediate in~erests and factioaal desires of which the repercussions continue, sadly, to plague Muslims today.

There is no doubt that recoi?-side~~g these interpretations and pandering the eveats that happened on their account in their time and space contexts is what en.riched the annals of Islamic fiqh, in need of review more than any other time before, not only to update them but also to add to them,

patticularly with regard to the topkal issues and new problems arising and requires effective solutions based on religious constants but approached from a moderate perspective. However, and contrary to belief, these problems are not limited to the palirical aspect. They affect all other areas of life,

10) ]o!llhorot Rasoil ai-Arob ji U.r11r oi-Arobf)'oh oi-ZohiroiJ, Ahmed Zaki Safwat, Vol. 1, p. 103, al-Maktabah al-Dmiyah, Beirut.

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Dr Abbas Jirari 107

especially the economy which should be steered towards the ful6llment of a social justice that guarantees human dignity, values work and efficiency and shuns injustice, exploitation, monopoly, wastefulness and foolishness. Thus, economy would be placed within a proper context that dietates the good utilization of financial and production resources in general, in accordance with clear investment and distribution criteria and in such a way as to develop production and guarantee a decent life for all citizens.

What applies to the economy applies to other vital aspects, starting with the raising of generations through a modern educational system with information systems capable of producing knowledge that can - in practice and not only in theory - open up the prospects of innovation and free creativity in every area. They also include scientific research that is responsive to today's requirements while taking into account the moral values and foundations of a sound education that shapes a good citizen capable of being self-reliant, of showing initiative and of working hard towards advancing his country.

Diligence in all of these areas remains conditional upon the extent of understanding religious fundaments by those studying them, their ability to analyze, interpret and infer from them what can be used in practice and thus help find solu.tions for the progress inherent to reality with its constraints and challenges. Their measure of success is dependent upon their enlightened wisdom and foresight, a matter that puts to the test the intellectual and political elites of today.

Needless to say, passing such a test with success requires a corrective revolution in Islamic thought in order to break the constraints standing in the way of a true ijtihad that reveals the essence of this thought in all freedom and openness to all ideas and trends, whilst steering clear of the pitfalls of Western thought and the deviations of Islamic thought, as well as of the confusion between what Islam stands for as a divine religion, and what thought is born in the minds of Muslims.

The formulation of a frame of reference based on ijtihad-based thought will prevent the rise of a sectarian, factional or ethnic rule that champions one side and neglects or fights the rest in authoritarian tendencies. It will also p~~vent the rejection of one's country and its needs, starting with the coexistence of all within its folds, with no discrimination between followers

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108 The lslamic Siate between Religious and Civil Regimes

of various religious or seetarian deneminations and political or cultural affiliations, especially when this nation is characterized by multiculturalism and diversity in these aspects.

This entails a clear conceptualization of the state to be edified along the lines of this frame of reference, starting with religious texts, taking into account reality's demands, and drawing lessons from former experiences of Islamic rule. These start with the eras of the Prophet and the Rightly-guided caliphs without trying to literally em.ulate their experiences, and ·avoid at the same time the mutations that affected the Islarnic State after that era and turned it, in our opinion, into systems engrossed by personal interests and desires, and the resulring tyranny, injusti~e, rife corruption and neglect of public affairs.

To speak about a sound frame of reference in this cantext does not mean thç model of a specific party or organization that bases its slogans on

"-religion to serve its own interests. Islam as a perfect and universal religion is capable of standirıg not only through its laws and tenets but also through its system of moral values that makb it capable of embracing all and sundry and accommodati.ng different group s and cultures, in full respect of Muslims regardless of their differences, and of non-Muslim; when . they evolve within the framework o~ a citi.zenship status that shuns ethnic or sect-based discrimination but remains fully aware of the all-encompassing national identity, starting with the land ~d endirıg with the other components of this identity such as religion, language and culture regardless of the multiplicity and diversity that may exist in these cQmponents and that can only reinforce integration, harmony and cohesion. This presupposes that we expand the circle of responsibility of those who are in charge to include scientists and experts from all disciplines, and not just religious scholars, and refuti.ng the daim that understandirıg and implementi.ng the Charia is the exclusive prerogative of a certain class of citi.zens.

As we gear up to expand this circle of responsibility, we must remain alert to the recurrent -albeit limited- protest movements taking place in some Arab countries that seem on the surface im.mune to the '~ab Spring" revolutions.

These protests reflect a social dissatisfaction that may, despite reforms, lead to widespread disgruntlement that may escala te to torrential proportions that would be difficult to respond to, let alone stop or reverse.

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Dr Abbas Jirari 109

In order to preserve the stability of these countries, eclified araund power systems that were consecrated by histarical factors and other ·intellectual and social ones, this stability needs to be protected and preserved through a continuation of those reforms, based on the stipulations of the Islamic frame of reference of which we acidressed a few aspects in this presentation.

In conclusion and to sum up the main features of this frame of reference, we can define these in the following points:

1. The Islamic frame of reference does not mean the exclusion of what is mundane or worldly, keeping in mind that what is material or worldly is not necessarily secular or an antithesis of religion.

2. This frame of reference is based on two pillars:

First: Fiqh rules of which the sources are the Quran, the Sunnah and the cansensus of scholars.

Second: Material provisions that are flexible and open to upgrade or change.

3. Religious texts are in need of fjtihad to be understood and for judgments to be inferred from them from a civil perspective that take~ into account ti.me-responsive interests.

4. The adeption of an Islamic frame of reference in some civil aspects __ . does not mean relinquishing the constants of religion.

5. The most importarit equation that the Islamic frame of reference needs to solve is how to reconcile democracy, as a governing system practiced in Western countries under multiple forms that are not flaw-free despite their attractiveness, with the Shura as an Islamic governance principle that has taken many forms since the times of the Prophet and the Rightly-guided Caliphs.

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L'ISLAM AUJOURD'HUI Revue periodique de I'Organisation islamique pour

I'Education, les Sciences et la Culture (ISESCO)

Pub/h§e en trois langues : l'arabe, l'anglais et le français

N ° 30 - 29~e annee 1435H/2014

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l!Etat islamiqueentre les systemes religieux et la·ic

Dr Abbas Jirari*

Le« Printemps arabe »et les revolutions qui l'ont accompagne dans certains pays arabes, et qui se poursuivent encore aujourd'hui, ne sont pas les consequences d'evenements surgis du neant, comme d'aucuns peuvent le croire. lls sont, en realite, les resultats d'une longue et penible gestation subie par ces pays pendant des decennies de sous-developpement et de corruption qui ont touche les differents aspects de la vie, en particulier les systemes de gouvernanc~, eriges pour la plupart sur l'oppression et le despotisme.

Mais ces evenements avaient donne, quatre decennies auparavant, des signes avant-coureurs, sous forme de « reveil islamique », sur la necessite de changer la situation, les gens ayant pris conscience que les differentes ideologies a4optees a l'epoque par la plupart des pays arabes, qu'il s'agisse de panarabisme, de liberalisme, de socialisme ou des differents courants de· ga1:1ches et leurs cohortes de systemes autoritaristes, n'ont pas empeche sa deterioration. On commençait a ressentir alors, dans certaines communautes isliım.iques, le besoin d'un retour a la religion pour sortir de cette impasse.

Mais ce reveil, quoiqu'il n'ait pu aboutir aux resultats escomptes, est restea l'etat latent avant de renaitre violemment de ses cendres et s'engager derriere le <<Printemps arabe» qui a renverse certains regimes et dernontre la debilite des partis et de leurs slogans prônant l'instaurant d'un Etat lak fonde sur le droit et la justice. Or ces partis, qui manquaient de credibilite ~n depit du modernisme qu'ils arboraient, etaient incapables de realiser ces promesses de droit et de justice en l'absence d'une culture basee sur la citoyennete.

Ce{< Printemps » a done permis a des partis <<islamistes», soit par la force ou a travers les urnes, d'atteindre le pouvoir, a un moment ou les peuples plaçaient en eux tous leurs espoirs. Sans compter que ces partis, dont les chefs faisaient de la predication leur principale activite, etalaient - au nom de la religion - des

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302 L'Etat islamique entre les systemes religieux et laic

slogans edifiants prometta.nt la reforme, a commencer par la justice sociale et l'eraclication de la corruption, autant de slogans qui les ont menes au pouvoir.

M ai s en 1' ab sence d' experience politique et de projets et programmes tangibles, les promesses de ces partis, incapables d'assumer l'exercice du pouvoir, sont demeurees lettre morte. Elles continuent a tatillonner a la recherche de solutions islamiques aux defis et contraintes qui se posent, ainsi qu'a bon nembre de questions, non seulement sur le plan politique mais aussi dans les

domaines socioeconomiques et culturels ou les problemes sont plus graves et clif.ficiles a resoudre, rendant ainsi la sitı.:iation encore plus tendue.

Le debat entre les penseurs et les acteurs politiques et autres parties prenantes n'a cesse de s'intensi.fier depuis sur lanature de l'Etat que les nouveaux regimes devraient

adepter pour sortir du marasme dans lequel ils se sont embourbes. Faut-il qu'il soit religieux ou qu'il soit liic ? Ce debat prend une toute autre connotation lorsqu'il

\ .s' agit d'un pays comme l'Egypte, car c'estl'unite, la securite et la stabilite du pays qui

est en jeu. ll est, en effet, difficile de prendre toute la mesure de la situarian actuelle ou les conflits opposent les mus~ aux coptes, et les musulmans entre eux en se scindant desormais en deux groupes, l'un compose des adeptes de la« confrerie»

et attache a la <de.gitimite des elections», et 1' au tre ~es « opposants » qui poursuivent le mouvement de rebellion et de revolution civile, denemme (( la le.gitimite du peuple ». C'est ce qui a amene l'armee a intervenir et contrôler la situation, surtout

que les violences entre les deux groupes ont pris des proportions alarmantes. n ne faut pas, non plus, oublier le r?le joue par certaines puissances internationales qui appuyaient l'un ou l'autre de. ces groupes, ou encore les contestations vecues dans certains paysarabes au regard de la situarian presente, dans l'espoir que ces

rebellions contribueraient a servir leuts irfterets dans lesdits pays.

Le present document se veut une vision neutre, objective et conciliante, loin de toute partialite sentimentale ou intellectuelle. D'ou le titre signi.ficatif qu'il porte, a savoir: « L'Etat islamiqueentre les systemes religieux et la1c »<•>.

1) L'auteur a publie d'autres etudes portant sur ce tbeme, notamment: • Dans la po esi e politique (Publications de Dar al-Thaqafa, Casablanca, ed. 197 4 et 1982), • Reperes marocains (ler.: edition, Rahat, 1411H/1991), • La responsabilite dans l'lslam (puhlication Oub Jirari, n° 1 O, 1 eı. edi tion, Rahat, 1417H/1996). • L'lslam et le laicisme (en arahe, français et anglais). (Puhlications Cluh Ji.rari, n° 26, 1 en:

ed., Rahat, 1414H/2003), • L 'E tat dans l'Islarn (publication Cluh Jiraı:i, n° 27, 1 en: edi tion, Rahat, 1425H/2004).

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Dr Abbas Jirari 303

L'inti.tule necessite, a l'evidence, quelques eclaircissements, a commencer par la desetiption de ce qu~est l'Etat «islamique>>, qui doit etre fonde sur une base islamique avec tout ce qu'elle comporte de textes jurisprudenti.els intrinseques au regime de l'Etat, et des valeurs qui lui sont associees, et ce, quelle que soit la forme liique de ce regime, des lors qu'il puise son identi.te dans ces textes et valeurs.

Lorsque l'Etat est fonde sur le principe de l'Islam, en tant que religion qti.i prône l'unicite absolue, c'est-a-dire l'adorati.on du Dieu unique, Createur de l'univers, qu'll gere par Sa seule volonte, et appelle a la croyance dans les archanges, les Livres et les Messagers, dans la fatalite et le Jour du Jugement, avec tout ce que cela implique de devoirs et obligati.ons cultuelles envers Dieu, afin que l'Etat jouisse de la proximite du Ciel qui le surveille.

L'Islam, en plus d'etre une religion, est un systeme de comportements qui s'arti.culent autour de principes educati.fs et ethiques qui regissent l'individu, tant sur le plan de la formati.on que de la moti.vati.on et de la conscientisati.on, et qui l'accompagnent tout au long de sa vie afin qu'il soit sineere et hormete envers lui-meme, envers son Dieu et envers les gens.

Mais avant tout, l'Islam est un processus representant un ensemble de regles qui constituent I' assise politique, economique, culturelle et socialedu regime çl.el'Etat islamique.

n va sans dire qu'un «regiffie»- quel qu'il soit - s'elabore autour de regles et de lois que l'Etat doit abserver dans la gestion de ses affaires, tant publiques que privees. Ce sont ces regles et lois qui en definissent le fond et la for me, la

souverainete, ainsi que les relations qu'il entreti.ent avec l'etranger, mais aussi avec les citoyens, dans le cadre des droits qui leurs sont dus et des obligations qu'ils doivent a l'Etat. Ce regime ne peut, cependant, exister que dans un elimat ou la communaute vit dans un cadre empreint de securite, de stabilite, de cohesion et de fraternite, et dans la mesure ou il exerce des pouvoirs qui lui conferent une personnalite morale.

Le systeme « religieux », tel qu'il est evoque dans l'inti.tule du present expose, est celui qui, par definition, non seulement associe la religion aux affaires publiques mais en fait le pivot autour duquel elles s'articulent. Dans ce sens, le dirigeant en a la charge selon un concept extremiste « non islamique »,

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304 L'Etat islamique eotre les systemes religieux et laic

a l'image du modele repandu par le passe, notamment en Europe et, en particulier, en France ou les rois consideraient leur pouvoir inspire par Dieu qui les a choisis pour assumer la responsabilite, qu'll en etait l'essence et qu'ils etaient responsables par devant Lui. D est probable que ce concept, construit autour de la theorie du « droit divin », soit celui dont les antagonistes du referentiel islamique s'en serveJ?-t aujourd'hui pour reclamer la separation entre la religion et l'Etat, sous pretexte que l'adoption de ce referentiel implique une gouvernance fondee sur cette theorie theocratique, allegation qui va a l'encontre de ce que nous avançons.

Dans le systeme « la1c », les affaires de l'Etat ne sont pas soumises aux choses de la religion, qui res te une question personnelle dans le cadre de la liberte des croyances. Selon ce systeme, le pouvoir etant une emanation du peuple, qui l'exerce a travers ses representants canformement aux regles democratiques,

\ıesquelles sont soumises a la loi dans le contexte de la liberte, de la justice et des differents droits legitimes, tels qu'ils sont definis par la constitution et les textes institutionnels. Or cette forme se rapproche de la perspective islamique qui n'est pas en opposition, dans'certains aspects- ainsi qu'il sera dernontre

plus loin - avec l'Etat la1c. \.

Mais je voudrais auparavant souligner deux points, d'abord concernantle terme « politique » selon sa canception et son utilisation par les Arabes etles musulmans, et le second, cancemant les :regimes de gouvernance qui sont incompatibles avec le systeme islamique, malgte les reproches que lui font ses antagonistes.

S'agissant de la « politique », toutes ·conceptions et formes confondues, etait exercee par les Arabes et les .musulmans ainsi qu'il appert d~s le Hadith suivant du Prophete (PSL) : « Les Israelites etaient diriges par des Prophetes<2>», Hadith commente par Ibn Mandhour dans « Lissan al-Arabe » comme suit: «Ds (les prophetes) s'occupaient de leurs affaires a l'instar des prii:ıces et des walis par rapport a leurs sujets ».<3>

Ziyad al-Batraa dit dans son discours : «N o us sommes devenus vos dirigeants, mais aussi vos protecteurs<4>». Mais si l'on ne trouvait pas de trace dans le

2) Rapporte par Ibn Maja sur Abou Hureira dans le livre Al-Jihad. 3) Voir la rubrique <<Souss». 4) Voir dans Al-Bayan wal Tabyine d'al-Jahidh, Vol. 2, p. 62 (ed. Comite de redaction, de

traduction et de diffusion, le Caire, 1367H/1948).

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Dr Abbas Jirari 305

saint Coran de ce terme, l'on n' en trouve pas moins son synonyme sous forme « d'injonction », ainsi qu~il est dit dans les paroles divines suivantes : « Consulte­les a propos des affaires<5> » et« Obeissez a Allah, et obeissez au Messager eta ceux d'entre vous qui detiennent le commandement<6l»

Nombreux sont les exegetes qui se sont appuyes sur ces versets pour reafErmer le bescin de l'imamat, en ce sens que celui-ci s'inscrit dans le domaine de la recherche jurisprudentielle ou les musulmans se sont engages depuis que la succession du Prophete (PSL) ait ete confiee a Abou Bakr, et ce, bien qu'ils divergent sur la qualite que l'imamat revet, a savo.i.r s'il s'agit d'une obligation islamique ou de necessite exigee par la vie des musulmans apres le deces du Prophete (PSL).

Compte tenu de l'importance que revet l'imamat, exige par la plupart des juristes politiques musulmans sunnites, tels Ibn al-Faraa dans Al-Ahkam al­

Sultanfya (Ordonnances du gouvernement), al-Mawardi dans Al-Ahkam al­

Sultanfya, ibn Khaldoun dans la Muqaddima (l.es Prolegomenes), ibn Hazm dans Al-Fissal ftl Ma/ıva/ Ahıvaa ıva/ Nihai qui s'appuie sur la parele divine sripulant « Allah n'impose a aucune ame une charge superieure a sa capacite(7)» pour etablir que Dieu n'impose pas aux gens des charges qui soient au-dessus de leur pouvoir et capacite. En d'autres termes, la charge de l'Etat doit etre confiee a celui qui est en mesure de l'assumer.<8>

Quant aux systemes incompatibles avec les principes de gouvernance dans l'Islam, anciens ou modernes, ils sont les suivants :

· 1. La Theocratie mentionnee ci-dessus,

2 .. L' Autocratie, system e de gouvernance absolue exercee par un e personne unique ayant tous les pouvoi.rs, comme c'etait chez les tzars russes et les empereurs chinois,

5) Sourate Al-'Imrane: 159. 6) Sourate Al-Nissaa: 59. 7) Sourate Al-Baqara : 286. 8) Chez les chiites, l'imamat est une question fondamentaliste dont l'application est une

obligation implicite, qu'elle soit ou non statuee par texte, et confine a Ali bin Abu Taleb et ses enfants, imamat qu'ils ne peuvent perdre qu'en cas d'injustice ou volontairement. Chez les Khawarij, la Oumma n'a pas besoin d' un imam des lors qu'elle memorise le Livre de Dieu et la Sunna de Son Messager et qu'elle applique leurs commandements. D'autres seetes. estimaient l'imamat comme etant necessaire, et que ce droit appartient a chaque musulman juste (precedemment considere un droit pour chaque Arabe libre).

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306 L'Etat islaınique eotre tes systeınes religieux et !ale

3. L'Auligarchie, qui se rapproche du precedent systeme, o u la gouvemance est du ressart d'un individu, une famille ou un dan, qui exerce le pouvoir sur la base de sa richesse ou son rang de noblesse, ainsi qu'il etait coutumier chez les Grecs, les Carthaginois et les Romains,

4. La Laicite, qui prevoit la separation totale de la religion et de l'Etat et l'eloignement des hoınrpes de l'eglise catholique des fonctions politiques, telle qu'elle a ete adoptee par la France, qui poursuit encore ce modele, et

5. La Secularite, qui est proche de la Laidte, qui etait repandue en Angleterre et parmi les protestants.

Dans la question que nous ttajtons, nous constaterons que l'Islam n'a pas defini un systeme precis et detaille de gouvemance. n en a, cependant, etabii les principes, les bases et les contours, en laissant au.x musulmans le soin de les appliquer en fonction de leur epoque, de leur environnement et de leurs besoins.

Ces principes et bases peuvent ette resumes dans les quatte points suivants : \

Premierement : Considerer que Dieu est le Vrai Gouveroeur qui gere les affaires de l'univers, l'ette humain n'etant qu'tlp. representant de Dieu, qui lui con.fie cette charge. En s'adressant aSon Messager, le Seigneur dit: « Tu n' as (Muhammad) aucune part dans l'ordre ( divin)(9)» et « Le pouvoir n'appartient qu'Allah. n vous a commande de n'adorer que Lui. Telle est la religion droite<10>». Le saint Coran insiste sur ce point dans les ttois versets successifs suivants :« Et ceux qui ne_ jugent pas d'apres ce qu'Allah a fait descendre, les voiHıles mecreants.;. Et ceux qui ne jugent pas d'apres ce qu'Allah a fait descendre, cetıX-Hı. sont des injustes ... Ceux qui ne jugent pas d'apres ce qu'Allah a fait descendre, ceux-Ht sont les pervers ... »<11>.

Deuxiemement : La prise en charge de cette mission est conditionnee par la. rectii:ude et la piere du conceme, de son sens de la justice etdel'equite dontil fait preuve. A cet egard, le Tout-puissant dit : « Certes, Allah vous commande de rendre les depôts a leurs ayants-droit, et quand vous jugez entre des gens,

9) Sourate Al-Imcin : 128. 10) Youssouf: 40. 11) Al-Maidah: 44, 45 et 47.

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Dr Abbas Jirari 307

de juger avec equite<1~> et« Et quand vous parlez, soyez equitables meme s'il s'agit d'un proche.parent. Et remplissez votre engagement envers Allah. Voiliı ce qu'll vous enjoint. Peut-etre vous rappellerez-vous<13>».

Soucieux de veiller a bonne performance de cette fonction, les juristes ont etabii des conditions que le gouverneur doit satisfaire, en plus de l'equite precitee. ll s'agit, en l'occurrence, du savoir, de la suffisance et du bon sens, mais aussi d'etre un Qoraichi, bien qu'ils divergeaient sur ce point et qu'Ibn· Khaldoun correlait a !'esprit de dan qui distinguait la ville de Qora1ch."4>

Troisiemement : L'Islam a reglemente le processus de prise en charge de cette fonction, qu'il associe a l'allegeance.

Celle-ci constitue un acte oral ou ecrit libr:ement consenti entte le gouvemeur, qui n'est qu'un executant dont l'avis n'a aucune preseance, et la Oumma qui incame la

souverainere et qui est representee par des deputes, consideres darıs 1' optique islamique comme « les maittes de to u te action a prendre ». En vertu de cet acte, la Oumma voue ason gouvemeur l'obeissance, darıs la mesure oıl celui-ci sert convenablement les inrerets de la Oumma et gere correctement ses affaires. A ce propos, il est appele a appliqı,ıer la loi divine et proteger les inrerets de ses sujets sur la base du droit et de la

justice, tout en leur assurant le bien..ette, la securire et la stabilite, canformement a la parale divine suivante :«Tu n' es charge que de transmettre [le message]<1~>. Le s~t Coran cite deux allegeances (bay' ah) faites a l'Envoye de Dieu (PSL), a savoir :

i) L'allegeance des femmes, oıl memes les hommes ont egalement pris part, et a l'egard de laquelle Dieu dit : « O Prophete ! Quand les croyantes viennent te preter serment d'allegeance, [et en jurent] qu'elles 'associeront rien a Allah, qu'elles ne voleront pas, qu'elles ne se livreront pas a l'adultere, qu'elles ne tueront pas leurs propres enfants, qu'elles ne co:mmettront aucune infamie ni avec leurs mains ni avec leurs pieds et qu'elles ne desobeiront pas en ce qui est convenable, alors reçois leur serment d'allegeance, et implore d'Allah le pardon pour elles<16)».

12) A.g.-Nissaa: 58. 13) Al-Anaam: 152. 14) Les Prolegomenes, p. 193 (Ed. d'al-Amiriya). 15) Al-S_h.üra : 48. 16) Al-Mumtahina: 12.

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308 L'Etat islamique cntre !es systemes religieux et !ale

ü) L'allegeance de l'arbre, dont l'evenement se deroulait sous l'arbre a l'ombre duquel se tenait l'Envoye de Dieu (PSL). Le Tout-puissant dit, a ce propos : « Allah a tres certainement agree les croyants quand lls t'ont prete le serment d'allegeance sous l'arbre. n a su ce qu'il y avait dans leurs creurs, et a fait descendre sur eux la quietude, et n les a recompenses par une victoire proche ainsi qu'un abondant butin qu'ils ramasseront. Aİlah est Puissant et Sage<17)». Le saint Coran reaffi.rme que ces actes d'allegeance sont, en realite, destines a Dieu en reponse a Son appel et tı:iomphe pour Sa religion. A cet egard, n dit : « Ceux qui te pretent serment d'allegeance ne font que preter serment a Allah : la main d' Allah est au-dessus de leur s mains. Quiconque vi!)le le serment, ne le viole qu'a son propre detriment ; et quiconque remplit son engagement envers Allah, n lui apportera bientôt une enorme recompense<18>».

\ ... Quatriemement : Pour concretiser la justice a l'abri de toute forme de tyrannie ou d'oppression, mais aussi pour eviter les troubles et les desordres, l'Islam prône le principe de la « CBoura » (consultation), en vertu duquel les membres de la Oumma exercent leurs affair~s soit c!lrectement, soit par le biais de delegues elus pow: les representer. İt· s'agit la d'une obligation jurisprudentielle, surtout_dans les cas qui ne sont pas traites de façon explicite dans le Livre et la Sunna. n en est de meme pow: ce qui est de l'application des textes, le cas echeant, ou dans les cas ou le texte fait defaut, mais aussi en ce qui concerne les questions de l'heure ou les differentes affaires d'interet ponctuel. Ce type de gouvernance se. rappr~che du concept occidental de « democratie ». Le Seigneur dit, ~ans l'eloge fait aux Ansars (auxiliaires) : « [lls] se consultent entre eux a propos de leurs affaires<19>», c'~st-a-dire l'examen des affaires entre les differents membres de la Oumma. Le Seigneur dit aussi aSon noble Prophete en l'incitant ala Shüra (consultation) : « Et consülte-les a propos des affairesC20>». N'est-ce pas lui (PSL) qui dit: «Vous

17) Al-Path: 18 et 19.

18) Al-Path: 10. 19) Al-Shüra : 38. Le nom d'Al-Shüra (la consultation) donne a cette sourate accentue encore

davantage ce principe.

20) Al Imr3.ne: 159.

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Dr Abbas Jirari 309

connaissez mieux vos affaires de ce has monde(21>». Le Prophete (PSL)

avait naguere conseille les Compagnons de greffer les palmiers, et devant le constat de son erreur apres que les palmiers n'aient pas porte de fruits, il leur dit : « Je ne suis qu'un etre humain. Lorsque je vous ordonne quelque chose concernant votre religion, retenez-le, mais si c'est mon opinion que je donne, je ne suis qu'un etre humain(22)».

On en deduit de ces principes et fondements que les_ reglements et lois

promulgues par un Etat axe sur la Matja'!Ja islamfya (autorite islamique) ne revetent pas un caractere divin, tel qu'il est perçu par le systeme theocratique. Ce ne sont, en definitive, que des efforts humains de recherche (Ijtihad) fondes sur la comprehension des textes reveles par Dieu, Qui nous enjoint de les appliquer dans la gouvernance, canformement a la Parale suivante : « Juge alors parmi eux d'apres ce qu'Allah a fait descendre(23>». n s'agit done

d'un Ijtihad susceptible d'etre revise et renove.

L'on sait que les musulmans ont ete confrontes a un probleme de succession apres lamort du Prophete (PSL), et soucieux de concilier entre leurs interets et les interets de la religion, ils o nt fini par preter allegeance a Ab u Bakr, en raison de la place qu'il

occupait aupres du Prophete. Abu Bakr a designe Omar ibn al-~ttab pour lui suceecler par un pacte ectit, egalement en raison de sa position. Avant son deces, Omar constitua un Conseil de la Choura pour examiner la question de succession qui ediut, apres discussions, a Othman ibn Affful, qui s'engagea a abserver le Livre de Dieu, la Sunna du Prophete et les actions des deux califes qui lui ont succede.

Ibn Afffuı fut cependant confronte, dans son exercice des affaires de l'Etat, a de nombreuses contraintes circonstancielles, assorties de ctitiques a l'egard de sa politique. Lorsqu'une revolution eelata reclamant son depart, il reponciait: «Vous avez beau me dernander de me desister, mais je n'enleverai jamais une chemise

que Dieu me fait l'honneur de porter » et« Que je renonce a ma charge ? ll me · · sera plus agreable d'etre crucifie que de renoncer ala clıarge de succession que

Dieu Tout-puissant me legue(24>».

21) Rapp~e par Muslim sur Alcha et Anas. 22) Rapporte par Muslim sur Rafei bin Khadij. 23) Al-Ma!dah: 49. 24) Jambarat rassail al ara b 6. Os so ur Alarabiya azzahira, C.l P. 103 Bibliotheque scientifique,

Beyrouth:

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310 L'Etat islamique entre les systemes religieux ct !are

Apn!s lamort d'Mfin, tue par les insurges, les eveneinents se sont developpes,

marquant l'histoire islamique par les conflits et divisions qu'ils ont suscites, a commencer par le partage du c-alifat entre Ali ibn Abi Taleb, qui prit la partie orientale comprenant la Peninsule Arabique, l'lıak et les regions persarres conquises et Moawiya ibn Abu Soufian, qui dirigea la part:i.e occidentale comprenant l'Egypte, le Levant et les regions africaines conquises. Ces conflits et divisions dependaient de. l'equilibre des forces et repondaient a des calculs pooctuels et des desirs categoriels dont, malheureusement, les

musulmans cont:i.nueot a en subir les consequences.

Mais les efforts de recherche entrepris depuis doivent etre revus a la faveur

des resultats auxquels ils ont about:i., dans le temps et le lieu. Et bien qu'ils aient enrichi les textes jurispnident:i.els islamiques, ceux-ci ont plus que jamais

besoin d'etre repenses, non seulement aux fins d'actualisat:i.on, mais aussi d'ad,penda, notamment en ce qui concerne les quest:i.ons de l'heure. En effet, il

est necessaire de trouver des solut:i.ons pert:i.nentes aux problemes innombrables que ces quest:i.ons soulevent, avec la vision moderee du juste milieu, en restant

toutefois attaches aux constantes juri~prudent:i.elles. ll convient, en outre, de

garder present a !'esprit que ces problemes ne s~ circo~scrivent pas au seul d omaine polit:i.que, co mm e on le croit, m ai s a 1' ense~ble des aspects de la vi e, en

part:i.culier l'economique. Çe dernier doit, en effet, s'orienter vers la realisat:i.on d'une just:i.ce sociale qui respecte la dignite humaine et le travail parfait, et rejette

l'injust:i.ce, le fallacieux, l'abus, le monopole, le gaspiliage et l'arrogance. C'est ainsi que 1' economie peut prendre sa: veritable signification, a savoir, l'utilisat:i.on

rat:i.onnelle des ressources financieres et p.roductives, selon les criteres clairement definis regissant leur exploitat:i.on et distribution et permettant de pro_mouvoir

la product:i.vite et d'assurer equitablement le bien-etre des citoyens.

Mais ceci s'applique egalement a tous les services vitaux, a commencer par l'enseignement, en dispensant aux jeunes generat:i.ons une formatian mederne

qui s'appuie sur l'informat:i.on. Elles pourront, ce faisant, se prevaloir de connaissances, plus encore pratiques que theoriques, qui leur ouvriront

de nouvelles perspect:i.ves dans tous les domaines, notamment grace a une recherche scient:i.fique compat:i.ble avec les besoins de l'epoque, tout en tenant

compte des valeurs ethiques et des principes d'educat:i.on axee sur le civisme ainsi que la preparat:i.on du citoyen a compter sur lui-meme, a etre autosuffisant

et a travailler avec serieux afin de contribuer au developpement de son pays.

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Dr Abbas Jirari 311

L'effort de recherche dans ces domaines reste tributaire du nıveau de comprehension des theologiens et de leur capacite d'analyse, d'interpretation et de deduction des elements qu'il convient de mettre en ceuvre, en l'occurrence, trouver des solutions aux situations nouvelles, quelles que soient les contraintes et les defis. lls font preuve, po ur y parvenir, de toute la sagesse et dairveyance possible pour concilier les contraires, mettant ainsi a l'epreuve les elites intellectuelles et politiques.

Lareussite d'une telle epreuve exige, cependant, une mis e aniveau revolutionnaire de la pensee islamique qui permettra de briser les chaines qui freinent l'amorce d'une veritable recherche (Ijtihad) dans laquelle cette pensee pourra s'ouvrir a toutes les autres pensees et orientations, en ecartant cependant les aspects negatifs de la pensee occidentale tout autant que les deviations de la pensee islamique. C'est ainsi que l'on peut cesser de faire l'amalgame entre l'Islam en tant que religion divine, et la pensee produite par les musulmans.

n ne fait aucun doute que 1' elaboration d'un tel referentiel empechera l'emergence d'une gouvernance sectaire, doctrinale ou ethnique despotique qui musele ou s'attaque aux autres parties. Plus encore, il ne deniera pas les bescins de coexistence des habitants au sein de la nation, sans discrimination de religion ou de doctrine, ou d'appartenance politique ou culturelle, surtout si la nation est caracterisee par son pluralisme et sa diversite.

L'Et;t;.axe sur ce referentiel doit done se conformer aux textes religieux, tout en tenant compte des exigences contemporaines et des experiences que l'Etat işl~que a vecues depuis l'ere du Prophete (PSL) et des Califes Bien Guides. Mais il faut cependant eviter leur duplication litterale et garder present a !'esprit les transfor~ations qui ont amene le Califat a revetir, comme nous le connaissons, des formes dominees par les tendances et l'avidite, et leurs consequences qui se traduisent par l'injustice, la corruption et la negligence des interets publics.

Mais l'adoption d'un referentiel pertinent ne doit pas signifier, non plus, l'application de !'experience d'un parti ou organisme specifique qui s'appuie, dans ses slogans, sur la religion pour atteindre ses objectifs. Car l'Islam, grace a son caractere integre et global, ne comporte pas seulement des fondements jurispru4entiels mais aussi des valeurs ethiques qui lui donnent la capacite d'accueillir et d'assimiler l'ensemble des categories et des cultures, de

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312 L'Etat islamique eotre !es sysıemes religieux et laJc

· respecter les musulınans quelles que soient les divetgences qui les opposent, ainsi que les non-musulınans sans discrimination teligieuse ou doctrinale. La pluralite et la eliversite de ses composantes ne font, en tealite, que tenfotcet leur complementarite et cohesion. D'ou la necessite d'elargir les bases de la techerche et des personnes tesponsables, confinees actuellement aux seuls theologiens, pour inclure les scientifiques et les expetts, toutes specialites confondues, et d' abolir l'idee preconçue que la comptehension et 1' application de la jurisprudence sont strictement du tessott d'une categorie specifique.

n convient cependant de souligner, dans ce contexte, que les protestations repetees dans certains pays arabes, bien que limitees et apparemment sans relation avec les tevoltes du «Printemps arabe», sont les consequences d'une colere sociale susceptible d'aboutir, malgre les quelques tefotmes, a une tevolte generalisee qui sera difficile a affronter, et moins encote a arretet ou a vaincre.

La stabilite de ces pays, fondes sur des tegimes aneres dans l'histoire ou sur des facteurs intellectuels et sociaux, doit etre pteservee afin d'en assuret la perennite. Aussi faut-il pourstılvre ses tefotmes, confotmement aux dispositions du referentiel islamique dont no us avons abotde quelques aspects dans le present expose. \

Je voudrais, pour tecap~tulet, tesumer les principaux points dudit teferentiel comme suit:

1. Le referentiel islamique n'ec~te pas ce qui est tempotel ou civil, etant entendu que ce qui est civil o u tempotel n'implique pas necessairement qu'il soit liic ou seculaire incompatible ou oppose a la teligion ;

2. Ce referentiel s'articule autour cİes deux axes suivants:

i. Des dispositions de droit islamique issues du Saint Coran, de la Sunna et du consensus, et

· ü. Des dispositions tempotelles flexibles susceptibles d'etre ameliotees ou modifiees ;

3. Les textes jurisprudentiels doivent faire l'objet de recherche pour bien les assimiler et les traduire en textes civils qui tiennent compte des interets ponctuels ;

4. L'adoption de certains aspects civils dans le teferentiel islamique ne signifie pas la supptession des constantes de la teligion ;

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Dr Abbas Jirari 313

5. La principale equation que le referentiel islamique doit resoudre est celle de concilier entre la democratie exercee par les pays occidentaux sous divers aspects, avec tous les vices et attraits qu'elle comporte, et la Choura, en tant que principe islamique de gouvernance et qui a connu, elle aussi, de nombreuses formes depuis l'ere du Prophete (PSL) et des Califes Bien Guides.