Jackson and

Manifest Destiny

Andrew Jackson – The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly Andrew Jackson…the man! Born in March 1767 on NC/SC Border -- He was orphaned at 13 -- Self-educated with no formal education Emotional, Arrogant and Passionate man

Involved in countless Duels -- Killed Charles Dickenson in a duel over a horse racing bet and an insult to his wife

Jackson’s Military Service • Defeated the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend in 1814 • Defeated the British at New Orleans in 1815

• Took Florida and Claimed it for the US in 1819 • Loved by his soldiers who called him “Old Hickory”

The Election of 1824 Regional and personality differences led to a multi-candidate race The Participants:

___________________________ : Sought to continue conservative course set by Monroe, supported strong national gov’t

___________________: Emerged as rival of Clay for West vote; appealed to the “common man” due to his upbringing and war record

_____________________: Sought support from N and W for his “American System” of tariffs and support for internal improvements

__________________________: Competed with Calhoun for the regional vote of the South; Supported Jefferson’s strict construction The Election of 1824 Even though Jackson won the popular vote, he didn’t receive a majority of electoral votes. Sent to the _______________________________________ to choose the President The Corrupt Bargain

Jackson -v- Quincy Adams Jackson appeals to West and South voters

Henry Clay gives his support to Adams and the House chooses Adams as President and two weeks later……………….Adams appoints Henry Clay as his Secretary of State….

Quincy Adams Tangent

• One of the ablest, hardest working Presidents. • Not popular failed to relate to the common man • Often irritated those around him • Supported protective tariffs and National Bank

o Passed the tariff of 1828 (tariff of abominations) o Tariff upset those in the South

Minority president, last of the Federalists leaning, and last connection to Founding Fathers….. The Rematch of 1828

Jackson -v- Quincy Adams II Rise in the Common Man

• Property qualifications and education dropped as voting requirement • Population shifts to West and South

Jackson Wins, Jackson Wins -- Jacksonian Democracy Whatever governing needed to be done, it should be done by the common man. “Government by the majority of people; instead of a gov’t governed by the upper class” Man of the People

Spoils System – Eaton Affair –

Wife of Jackson’s sec of defense, target of gossip by other cabinet wives Tried to force cabinet wives to accept her, and led to resignation of most of his Cabinet

Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet • Group of unofficial advisors • Often consulted instead of actual cabinet

Did you say Veto? Jackson vetoed more bills than the previous six presidents combined _______________________ (1830) - Vetoed the use of federal money to construct the Maysville Road because it fell within one state (KY)

Most of Jackson’s policy sought to balance sectional interests, but were clearly entrenched in Southern and Western motives Nullification Crisis of 1832 Jackson supported states’ rights, especially in the South, but when pressed would defend the rights of the National Government

• “____________________________________” and Tariff of 1832 led to the South Carolina challenging federal law through interposition and nullification

• Conflict with John C. Calhoun (former Jackson VP)

• Appealed to South Carolina to obey federal law and obtained authority from Congress (_____________________) to enforce the laws any way necessary

• Clay negotiated a compromise (Tariff of 1833) You can Bank on it! Jackson vetoed Congress’s attempt to re-charter the national bank

Jackson distrusted Northern commercial interests -- Nicholas Biddle represented these interests South and West blamed the national bank for Panic of 1819 – preferred “_____________” & “____________” of state banks

___________________ – Jackson removed government deposits and placed them in local (pet) banks loyal to the Democratic party Panic of 1837 Easy lending of the Pet Banks led to speculative boom in the early 1830’s Jackson became concerned that the banks were issuing too much paper money -- Issued _________________ (1836) requiring gold and silver for land purchases These policies (combined with other issues) led to a rapid “bursting of the bubble”, that caused a nationwide depression

-- Plagued Martin Van Buren’s time in office And now for the Ugly Jackson’s Native American Policy – _________________________ – Forced resettlement of Native Americans west of the Mississippi – Created the Bureau of Indian Affairs created to oversee resettlement ________________________________________ – Cherokee claimed the relocation was wrong and it went to the supreme court. Marshall ruled in favor of the Cherokee Tribe. Jackson’s response -- “Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it” Trail of Tears Forced relocation of the Cherokee tribe. Before the journey was over ¼ of the tribe perished.

Reflected Jackson’s personal apathy toward Native Americans Jackson’s Legacy The Good

• The Common Man involvement in Government • Strong Executive Power

• Massive Voter Turnout • Sparked Re-Creation of 2 Party System

The Bad

• The Spoils System • Banking Instability

• Excessive Check of the Supreme Court • Greater Sectionalism –Result of Split with Calhoun

The Ugly

• Native American Policy • Trail of Tears

Andrew Jackson – Vocab – Nation Name: _______________________________________________

Define each of the following words in regards to the early development of the nation:

1. Andrew Jackson –

2. Spoils System –

3. Indian Removal Act –

4. Trail of Tears –

5. John C. Calhoun –

6. Corrupt Bargain –

7. Tariff of Abomination –

8. Era of Common Man –

9. Worcester v. Georgia –

10. Pet Banks –

: Texas, Oregon, & California Expansion into the West Western Exploration 1800-1830 Manifest Destiny The spread of settlers beyond U.S. borders led to widespread calls for annexation of newly-settled lands The term “Manifest Destiny” was 1st used in 1845 by newspaper editor _________________________, who said: God wants the USA (“_______________________”) to become stronger

Expansion of American democracy & economic opportunities were a good thing Texas In 1821, Mexico won independence from Spain

• The new Mexican government opted for a free-trade policy with USA • Thousands of U.S. speculators moved to Texas

The Texas Revolution In the 1820s, Mexico encouraged U.S. immigration to Texas but problems emerged between “Anglos” & the new Mexican gov’t Texans never fully accepted Mexican rules

• “Texans” ignored the ________________________________ • “Texans” refused to convert to Catholicism • “Texans” refused to _________________________________ • “Texans” wanted self-rule like in the U.S.

In 1834, __________________________ became dictator & was viewed as threat to Texans’ interests An armed rebellion broke out in 1835, led by __________________________ The Republic of Texas (1836-1845) In 1836 Texans declared their independence from Mexico & wrote a national constitution

But the war for independence still had to be fought

• Texans were defeated at the ______________________ • Texans were defeated at Goliad • Texans won at ______________________________ & captured General Santa Anna

In May 1836, Santa Anna recognized Texas’ independence & its territory to the Rio Grande The Republic of Texas

___________________________ was the 1st president of the Republic of Texas & asked the U.S. to make Texas a state

Presidents Jackson & Van Buren both refused to annex Texas (to avoid arguments over slavery)

Texas offered free land grants to U.S. settlers; white families in search of land & opportunity moved to Texas in 1830s & 1840s Mexican-American War

Causes of the Mexican War: Mexico recognized Texas’ independence & U.S. annexation, but disagreed ___________________________________

In May 1846, Polk sent U.S. General Zachary Taylor beyond the Rio Grande River which led to the Mexican-American War

The Mexican-American War • John C Fremont won in California • Zachary Taylor won in northern Mexico

• Stephen Kearney captured New Mexico • Winfield Scott captured Mexico City

Ending the Mexican War In 1848, U.S. & Mexico ended the war with the : _____________________________

The U.S. grew 20% by adding the _____________________ (present-day NM, AZ, CA, Utah, NV, & parts of CO & WY)

Added the ______________________________ in 1853 to build a southern transcontinental railroad The Rio Grande became the recognized U.S. southern border Oregon U.S. & Britain jointly occupied Oregon (Spain relinquished its claims to Oregon in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819) Britain claimed a greater stake of Oregon via Hudson Bay Co. (fur trade) The Oregon Boundary Dispute

• In 1846, President Polk notified Britain that the U.S. wanted full control of Oregon • Oregon residents demanded the entire territory: “______________________________” • England compromised & divided Oregon along 49th parallel in 1846

Benefits of Oregon: the U.S. gained its 1st deep-water port in the Pacific & Northern abolitionists saw Oregon as a balance to slave-state Texas California -- ________________________________

California settlers used John Fremont’s occupation of California during the Mexican-American War as an opportunity to revolt from Mexico in 1846

Like Texas, California operated as an independent nation; the California Republic existed for one month from June 1846 to July 1846 when it was annexed by the United States California became a U.S. state as part of the _______________________________ The California Gold Rush The discovery of gold in 1848 led to a massive influx of prospectors in 1849 (the “forty-niners”): Discover was made at _______________________________ Few miners struck it rich

• The real money made in CA was in supplying miners with food, saloons, & provisions • The gold rush led to a population boom, increase in agriculture, & multicultural Californian society

Conclusions: The impact of territorial expansion: Historian noted in the 1890s that expansion shaped Americans into an adventurous, _________________________optimistic, & democratic people But, expansion created sectional conflicts between the North & South, especially over slavery

Westward Expansion Vocab Name: __________________________________

1. fifty-four forty or fight” --

2. Sam Houston --

3. Texas Annexation --

4. Sutter’s Mill--

5. Guadalupe Hidalgo --

6. Santa Anna--

7. Manifest Destiny

8. Texas Revolution--

9. Alamo--

10. Mexican Session--

11. Battle of San Jacinto --

Territorial Growth of the United States to 1853

Name of Territory (Color each territorial acquisition a

different color, use boxes as key)

Year Acquired by

United States

Prior Owner of Territory

How we got it (Treaty, bought, etc.) States created from it

The Thirteen Colonies

United States After the Revolution

Louisiana Purchase

Florida

Texas Annexation

Oregon Territory

Mexican Cession

Gadsden Purchase

Label the following political and geographic features: 1. The Great Lakes (5) 2. Atlantic Ocean 3. Pacific Ocean 4. Gulf of Mexico 5. Mississippi River

6. Ohio River 7. Missouri River 8. Appalachian Mountains 9. Rocky Mountains 10. Sierra Nevada Mountains

Annexation of Texas (1845) Name:

Reading

Americans in Mexico

In the 1830s, all of the southwestern United States belonged to

Mexico—including most of Texas. Of course, that didn’t stop

Americans from moving there. In fact, so many Americans had

moved to Texas in the early 1800s that they outnumbered the

Mexicans living there. These American settlers refused to follow

Mexican laws, and in 1836 they fought Mexico to make Texas

independent. Two years later, Texas asked the U. S. Congress

to annex Texas and make it part of the United States.

We’ll Get Back To You On That

Americans weren’t so sure they wanted Texas. For one thing, Texas

had a lot of debt that would need to be paid off. Did we really want

to do that? Even more serious, Texas allowed slavery, and it would

come into the U.S. as a slave state. The fight over slavery was

slowly tearing America apart, and one thing holding the nation

together was carefully balancing the number of free and slave

states. As if that weren’t enough, Mexico was threatening war if the

U.S. annexed Texas. Mexico did not recognize Texas as

independent, and it hoped to make Texas part of Mexico again. It

wasn’t too surprising that the U.S. Congress rejected Texas.

If At First You Don’t Succeed...

Texans weren’t giving up. The independent Texas was weak—no

money, no credit, few defenses—and it needed an alliance with a

strong nation. There was even talk of becoming part of the British

empire! Mexico offered to reunite with Texas, but Texans didn’t

see that as an option. The Mexican government was unstable, and

Texas wasn’t about to return to the nation it had fought to

separate from. Most Texans had come from America, and they

considered themselves Americans. They wanted to be part of the

United States, so Texas kept trying.

Frustration! Jealousy! Sneakiness!

Texas finally got its big break after Americans voted in a new

president in 1844. That’s when the political craziness began. The

outgoing president, John Tyler, had been trying for years to get

Congress to annex Texas. All this time, he’d failed—but the new

guy, James Polk, won the election by promising to finally annex

Texas! Tyler wasn’t about to let Polk take the credit. In the months

between the election and the day Polk would take office, Tyler

figured out a way to get Congress to approve Texas.

Congress approved Texas annexation on March 1, 1845. Polk would

take office on March 4. Congress had left it to the president to

decide whether to make an offer to Texas right away or work out a

new deal—assuming Polk would make the decision. But Tyler was

still president, and on March 3, he sent the offer to Texas himself.

Texas approved the offer in July, and Polk got to sign Texas into

the United States that December.

Anderson and Minerva Edwards, former Texas slaves, seen in the 1930s.

After 1836, Texas became an independent nation called the Republic of Texas.

John Tyler

The Lone Star Flag was approved in 1839 as the flag of the Republic of Texas.

Activity

A. Texas Boundary. In the Boundary Act of 1836,

the Republic of Texas described its own

boundaries. Read the description and use it to

draw the Texas boundary on the map.

C. Santa Fe Trail. The Santa Fe Trail led to the town of Santa Fe, which today is in New Mexico. In the

early 1800s, this was an important route for traders doing business in Mexico. Follow the directions to

draw the trail on the map. Label both the main route and the cutoff.

B. Not So Fast! Before Mexico won independence

from Spain, Spain had already defined the

western boundary of Texas. Do you think it was

the same as Texas described?

Follow the directions to draw the Texas border

defined by Spain in 1805:

Beginning at the mouth of the Nueces River

and running up to its junction with El Moro

Creek

From there, northeasterly to the Medina

River [later called the San Antonio River]

Up the Medina River to its source

Then in a direct line to the San Saba River

Then northwesterly to the point where the

32nd parallel north latitude intersects the

103rd meridian

Then northeasterly to the point where the

Red River intersects the 100th meridian.

Annexation of Texas (1845) Name:

HOW-TO: COMPASS DIRECTIONS

Find the compass on the map. It looks like

this:

To go “northwesterly,” turn in the direction

half-way between north and west.

To go “northeasterly,” turn in the direction

half-way between north and east.

The word “due” before a direction means

you go exactly in that direction.

KEY

N = North

W = West

S = South

E = East

HOW-TO: LATITUDES AND MERIDIANS

Lines of latitude run east-west in circles

around the globe.

Meridian lines run north-south in circles

around the globe.

Lines of latitude are also called “parallels.”

Both latitudes and meridians are measured

in degrees.

1. Start at Independence, Missouri.

2. Travel across the prairie to Fort Zarah.

3. Follow the Arkansas River to Bent’s Fort.

4. At Bent’s Fort, turn southwest and head for

Raton Pass.

5. Continue south to Las Vegas.

6. Keep going south past Las Vegas, then curve

around and head northwest to Santa Fe.

1. Follow the Mountain Route. A little past Fort

Dodge, turn southwest.

2. Go to the north tip of the Cimarron River

where the river makes a sharp bend.

3. Follow the Cimarron River southwest. But

when the river turns due west, keep going

southwest toward Las Vegas.

4. Follow the rest of the Mountain Route.

Annexation of Texas (1845) Name:

Map

Across

1. Many of these people lived in Texas before it was annexed

5. To make territory part of an existing country

6. Word that describes the Mexican government during this time

8. U.S. president who wanted the credit for annexing Texas

Down

2. This ugly debate kept Texas from being a state for many years

3. Texas used to be part of this country

4. Something Texas had a lot of that many Americans didn’t want to pay

7. U.S. president who signed Texas into the United States

3

7 6

2 1

4

8

5

D. Puzzle Time! Complete the puzzle.

Mexican Cession (1848) Name:

A ‘Wicked War’

What America got was land that would eventually become 13

different states—a million square miles, for the rock bottom price of

$15 million plus a little more. To some Americans who wanted to

annex all of Mexico, this wasn’t enough. But to many, this was a

shameful land grab that went completely against America’s ideals.

The State of Massachusetts passed a resolution calling the war “a

gigantic crime.” Ulysses S. Grant, who became a famous general

during the Civil War, called the war against Mexico “a wicked war.”

Mexicans living in the transferred region faced new American laws

that made them prove they owned their land. This was a long and

expensive process, and many lost their homes. In addition, the

rush of logging and mining destroyed the areas where Native

Americans lived. Between 1848 and 1860, the Native American

population in California fell from 150,00 to just 30,000.

We’ll Take Some of That Land, Thanks

James Polk was an American president on a mission. His goal?

Expand United States territory. Many Americans agreed with him.

They believed in the concept of “manifest destiny”—that America

was destined to grow and spread its ideals of democracy and

freedom. Many also just wanted to be able to settle in areas that

belonged to Mexico, not the United States. President Polk was

determined that the U.S. should have some of Mexico’s land.

An Angry Neighbor

Mexico got its start a lot like the United States: It fought a war for

independence against Spain, which had controlled Mexico for

centuries. Mexico won its independence in 1821. Like any nation,

Mexico did not want to lose any of its territory. So when its

northern territory of Texas fought and won its own independence

in 1836, Mexico wasn’t happy. And when the U.S. annexed Texas

as a state in 1845, it was the last straw. In Mexico’s view, the U.S.

had violated a treaty that defined the boundary between the two

nations, so Mexico broke off relations with the U.S. Even so,

President Polk thought Mexico might be interested in selling the

U.S. some additional land. He was wrong. Where There’s a Will...

If Mexico wasn’t interested in selling land, President Polk

decided to try another approach: War. In early 1846, Polk sent

American troops into an area both Mexico and the U.S. claimed

to own, all the way to the very edge of Mexico’s border. Mexico

did as he expected and sent troops to defend the area—and

when Polk learned Mexican troops fired on U.S. soldiers, he

convinced Congress to declare war on Mexico. By September

1847, American troops had captured Mexico City. All that was

left to do was negotiate what each side would get in exchange

for ending the war.

Reading

By the 1840s, American settlers were flooding west in wagon trains like this one.

Antonio López de Santa Anna ruled Mexico eleven times between 1833 and 1855.

In January 1848, gold was discovered in California. $207 million in gold was taken from the ground in the next four years alone—and much more in the years after.

1846 lithograph depicting the Battle of Palo Alto, the first battle after the U.S. declared war.

C. Land Transfer. After the war, Mexico ceded (gave up) nearly a million acres of land to the U.S. The

new border between Mexico and the U.S. was described in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Follow

the description in the treaty to draw the border on the map.

Start where the Rio Grande meets the Gulf of Mexico. Then draw a line…

Mexican Cession (1848) Name:

Map Activity

A. Disputed Area. The U.S. claimed the southern

border of Texas was the Rio Grande. Mexico said

it was the Nueces River.

Draw lines in the space

between the rivers, like this:

B. Purposeful Move. In early 1846, U.S. troops

built a fort on the Rio Grande about 20 miles

inland from the Gulf of Mexico. This move

provoked Mexico to attack U.S. troops.

1. Draw a dot where the fort was.

2. Label it Fort Texas.

D. Gadsden Purchase (1853). A few years later, the U.S. realized it wanted a little more land to build

a southern cross-country route to California. Santa Anna was dealing with rebellions inside Mexico, and

he needed money to pay his army to stop them. He agreed to sell some land to the United States.

James Gadsden was sent to negotiate the deal for the U.S. Follow the description to draw the new

border. In the space between the new and original borders, write the words “Gadsden Purchase.”

Again, start where the Rio Grande meets the Gulf of Mexico. But this time, draw a line...

°

° °

E. Mexican Losses. From Mexico’s perspective, which Mexican states and territories did it lose all or part

of after these two agreements?

Mexican Cession (1848) Name:

Map

= Mexican state and territorial boundaries

= boundary claimed by Texas when it declared

independence from Mexico

Oregon Treaty (1846) Name:

The Coast-to-Coast Decade

From the earliest days, some Americans dreamed that one day the

United States would stretch across North America from the Atlantic

Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. In the 1840s, that dream finally came

true—starting with “Oregon Country.” This northwest section of the

continent was a beautiful and valuable resource, covered by forests

and laced with waterways and coastlines. There was money to be

made in fishing and shipping, harvesting timber and fur animals,

and mining for gold. It was no surprise that the United States wasn’t

the only country with a claim to the land.

War With Great Britain… Again??

Yep, it was another dispute with America’s former mother country.

Back then, Great Britain controlled the territory we know today as

Canada. Oregon Country stretched from the border between

modern-day Oregon and California all the way up into British

territory. Both Britain and America wanted this land, and they’d

been arguing over it for a while. But the 1840s was a time when

Americans got a passion for expanding. James Polk shared that

passion—and he won the 1844 presidential election promising to

add Oregon to the United States. He let the British believe America

would go to war to control all of Oregon Country.

What a Clever Guy

President Polk was bluffing. By that time, the U.S. and Britain had

already agreed that America’s northern border would run along the

49th parallel. (That’s where it is today.) The only section left

undecided was the part that ran through Oregon Country. Polk

wanted all he could get, but he knew he couldn’t get it all. What he

really hoped for was to extend the 49th parallel border all the way to

the Pacific Ocean. He pitched this idea to Great Britain, and they took

it. With the small matter of working around some very valuable

islands in the Pacific waters, the border was set. The United States

now stretched from coast to coast.

An Unsettling Pattern

By the time the deal was made in 1846, American settlers were

flooding Oregon Country. They risked their lives traveling by wagon

train on a long and dangerous route called the Oregon Trail. But

Oregon Country was already home to many Native American tribes

such as the Salish, Klamath, and Nez Perce. The U.S. tried to

convince each tribe to sign a treaty agreeing to move onto small,

restricted areas of land. Some tribes signed treaties only to have

settlers take over the very land that was reserved for the Native

Americans. The more settlers arrived, the more the conflict grew.

Tribes joined together to fight for their land, but ultimately, they

lost. Native American tribes were forced to sign treaties and move

onto small reservations to make way for settlers. The change made

it difficult or impossible to continue the traditional ways of life.

Reading

James K. Polk

The changes forced many tribes away from areas where they harvested traditional foods such as these clams. In many cases, their diet shifted quickly to low-quality foods they could buy at U.S. forts.

Oregon Treaty (1846) Name:

Map Activity

A. “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight”! James Polk used

this as a campaign slogan when he ran for

president. Follow the directions and answer the

question to figure out what it meant!

1. On the globe, lines of latitude are measured in

degrees. Find the mark for the 54o line. Label it

54o.

2. The north border of Oregon Country was at 54o

40’ (the ’ symbol means minutes). There are 60

minutes between each line of latitude, so 54o 40’

would be pretty close to the 55o line. Put a mark

where you think 54o 40’ would be.

3. Draw a line across the map at 54o 40’. Make sure

your line is curved like the 55o line. (Hint: It

should be exactly along the north border of

Oregon Country.)

4. Label your line 54o 40’.

5. Re-read the second paragraph of the reading.

Explain what you think “Fifty-Four Forty or

Fight!” meant:

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

B. Compromise.

1. Which line of latitude did the U.S. and Great

Britain finally agree would be the border?

the ______o line

1. Find the mark for that line of latitude. Label it.

2. Oops — that line of latitude runs right through

the bottom of a large island off the coast of

Oregon Country! Find that island. Label it

Vancouver Island.

3. It was agreed that Great Britain would get

Vancouver Island. Shade the

island with lines like this:

4. Draw the border between the U.S. and British

territory in Oregon Country! (Do not draw

anything across Vancouver Island.)

5. Shade all of the British territory with lines like

this:

C. The Oregon Trail. Use the diary entries to help you draw the Oregon Trail on the map.

Oregon Treaty (1846) Name:

Map