Upload
nguyenkhanh
View
225
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
JACKSON’S KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT FOR DUALISM
➤(1) and (4) true by stipulation
➤Re (2): Mary wouldn’t know what colors look like before release ➤“blue banana trick”
➤Re (3): only way to gain new knowledge is by learning new facts
1. Mary has complete physical knowledge before her release.
2. Mary lacks phenomenal knowledge before her release.
3. If Mary has complete physical knowledge without phenomenal knowledge, then phenomenal facts are not physical facts.
4. Materialism says that phenomenal facts are physical facts.
5. Therefore, materialism is false.
REPLIES TO JACKSON
➤ Some reject “(2) Mary lacks phenomenal knowledge before her release.”
➤ Most reject “(3) If one can have complete physical knowledge without phenomenal knowledge, then phenomenal facts are not physical facts.”
➤ Objection 1: Mary gains new abilities, not new factual knowledge (“Ability Hypothesis”)
➤ Objection 2: Mary learns old facts in a new way.
Fact that water is in my glass = Fact that H2O is in my glass
Knowledge that water is in my glass ≠ knowledge that H2O is in my glass
Fact that seeing red causes r-stimulation = Fact that seeing red is like this
Knowledge that seeing red causes r-stimulation ≠ knowledge that seeing red is like this
DESCARTES’ MODAL ARGUMENT FOR DUALISM
➤Re (2): God is omnipotent, so… ➤“everything which I…
understand is capable of being created by God”
➤Re (3): Descartes says that “two things are distinct” if “they are capable of being separated.” ➤separated = one existing
without the other existing ➤Follows from “It is impossible
for a single thing to both exist and not exist.”
1. I can understand a scenario where I exist but no material objects exist.
2. Every understandable scenario is possible.
3. If it is possible for X to exist without Y existing, then X is not Y.
4. I am not a material object.
JACKSON’S MODAL ARGUMENT FOR DUALISM
➤Re (1): “No amount of physical information about another logically entails that he or she is conscious…”
➤Re (2): Consistency a common guide to possibility.
➤Re (3): A supervenes on B = (same A ⇒ same B)
1. A scenario where our physical duplicates lack consciousness is logically consistent.
2. Every logically consistent scenario is possible.
3. Materialism says that consciousness supervenes on the physical.
4. Materialism is false.
Epiphenomenalism: mental states have physical causes but no physical effects
epi (“=above / in addition to”) + phenomenon + ism