James F. Malec, PhD, ABPP-Cn, Rp Professor & Research Director PM&R, Indiana University School of...
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James F. Malec, PhD, ABPP-Cn, Rp Professor & Research Director PM&R, Indiana University School of Medicine & Rehabilitation Hospital of Indiana Emeritus
James F. Malec, PhD, ABPP-Cn, Rp Professor & Research
Director PM&R, Indiana University School of Medicine &
Rehabilitation Hospital of Indiana Emeritus Professor of
Psychology, Mayo Clinic
Slide 2
Overview 1. What is traumatic brain injury? 2. What sorts of
injuries or events can cause TBI? 3. What behaviors should lawyers
be looking for that might be red flags for TBI? 4. What questions
should we be asking our clients to verify TBI (other than seeking
medical records)? 5. How is TBI diagnosed? Is imaging necessary or
helpful? Are there other ways to diagnose? 6. What are the symptoms
of TBI? 7. How can TBI impact cognition? 8. Can TBI be cured or
ameliorated and if so, how? What is the long term prognosis for
persons with TBI?
Slide 3
Slide 4
Definitions TBI Model System (moderate-severe): TBI is defined
as damage to brain tissue caused by an external mechanical force as
evidenced by medically documented loss of consciousness or post
traumatic amnesia (PTA) due to brain trauma or by objective
neurological findings that can be reasonably attributed to TBI on
physical examination or mental status examination. CDC: A TBI is
caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or a penetrating head
injury that disrupts the normal function of the brain. Not all
blows or jolts to the head result in a TBI.
Slide 5
TBI Severity Ranges from mild (i.e., a brief change in mental
status or consciousness) to severe (i.e., an extended period of
unconsciousness or memory loss after the injury) Concussion = mild
TBI Severity based on initial injury NOT severity of sequelae These
are associated but not perfectly
Slide 6
TBI Severity Severity based on initial injury Glasgow Coma
Scale (GCS) Duration of loss of consciousness (LOC) Duration of
post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) Time to follow commands Severity NOT
based on severity of sequelae or symptoms Severity of injury and
sequelae are associated but not perfectly
Slide 7
Glasgow Coma Scale Eye Opening Response Spontaneous; eyes open
with blinking at baseline: 4 points To verbal stimuli, command,
speech: 3 points To pain only (not applied to face): 2 points No
response: 1 point
Slide 8
Glasgow Coma Scale Motor Response Obeys commands for movement:
6 points Purposeful movement to painful stimulus: 5 points
Withdraws in response to pain: 4 points Flexion in response to pain
(decorticate posturing): 3 points Extension response in response to
pain (decerebrate posturing): 2 points No response: 1 point
Slide 9
Glasgow Coma Scale Verbal Response Oriented: 5 points Confused
conversation, but able to answer questions: 4 points Inappropriate
words: 3 points Incomprehensible speech: 2 points No response: 1
point
Slide 10
Glasgow Coma Scale GCS = sum of three components Usually worst
within first 24 hours Motor score alone is good proxy for entire
scale In current practice, often invalidated by emergency
intubation/sedation
Slide 11
Post-traumatic Amnesia (PTA) Time between injury and recovery
of continuous anterograde memory Usually signified by orientation
to person, time, place Scales used in research, eg, O-LOG,
Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) Memory loss may also
be retrograde Retrograde < anterograde
Slide 12
Post-traumatic Confusional State (Delirium) PTA or memory loss
is one component Disturbance of awareness/attention Behavior
disturbance Agitation vs. abulia Sleep cycle disturbance
Slide 13
TBI severity Mild (Concussion) GCS >13 LOC < 30 min
PTA
TBI severity Moderate GCS = 9-12 LOC = 30 min-24 hrs PTA = 24
hrs-1 wk Severe GCS < 9 LOC > 24 hrs PTA > 1 wk Systems
with finer grades exist Others differentiate only mild vs.
moderate/severe
Slide 15
ABI: Acquired brain injury Brain damage from other causes, eg,
anoxia, cerebrovascular event, electrocution, poisoning or
metabolic imbalance Not congenital or developmental Not progressive
(eg, dementia, MS, Huntingtons, Parkinsons) Stroke With vs. without
hemiplegia
Slide 16
Slide 17
Causes of TBI Any injury to the brain resulting from an
external force Most common: car accidents, falls, fights, blast
injuries Penetrating or nonpenetating Usually results from a blow
to the head May result from acceleration- deceleration or blast
injury without direct head trauma
Slide 18
Slide 19
Most Common TBI/ABI Sequelae Impaired attention or memory
Limited behavioral or emotional control Impulsivity vs. lack of
initiation Above may also result from many other causes including
personality, psychiatric disorder, sleep disorder, other medical
illness TBI/ABI requires documentation of an event that abruptly
disrupted consciousness and resulted in identifiable brain damage
or sequelae attributable to brain damage
Slide 20
Slide 21
OSU-TBI-ID Systematic method for discovering a history of
significant TBI as suggested by: Hospitalization, ER visits, car
accident, falls, fights, blast injuries Loss or alteration of
consciousness Multiple injuries Only for TBI Form, information and
training at: http://www.ohiovalley.org/tbi-id-method/
Slide 22
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Mayo Criteria: Moderate-Severe (DEFINITE) One or more of the
following criteria apply: 1. Death due to this TBI 2. Loss of
consciousness of 30 minutes or more 3. Post-traumatic anterograde
amnesia of 24 hours or more 4. Worst Glasgow Coma Scale full score
in first 24 hours (unless invalidataed upon review, e.g.,
attributable to intoxication, sedation, systemic shock) 5. One or
more of the following present: intracerebral, subdural, or epidural
hematoma, cerebral contusion, hemorrhagic contusion, penetrating
TBI (dura penetrated), subarachnoid hemorrhage, brain stem
injury
Slide 25
Mayo Criteria: Mild (PROBABLE) Not moderate-severe and one or
more of the following criteria apply: 1. Loss of consciousness of
momentary to less than 30minutes 2. Post-traumatic anterograde
amnesia of momentary to less than 24 hours 3. Depressed, basilar or
linear skull fracture (dura intact)
Slide 26
Mayo Criteria: Symptomatic (POSSIBLE) Not moderate-severe or
mild and one or more of the following symptoms are present: Blurred
vision Confusion (mental state changes) Dazed Dizziness Focal
neurologic symptoms Headache Nausea
Slide 27
Imaging Intracranial damage attributable to trauma is clear
evidence of TBI Although subdural hematoma will be challenged MRI
more sensitive than CT TBI can also be present with normal
neuroimaging
Slide 28
Diagnosis with normal imaging History of injury and sequelae
are critical Medical diagnosis by brain injury specialist, ie,
neurosurgeon, neurologist, neuropsychiatrist, physiatrist
(PM&R) Not all in these specialties are brain injury experts
Neuropsychology evaluation and testing consistent with TBI/ABI
Neuropsychologists = clinical psychologists May diagnose within
DSM
Slide 29
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Symptoms of Mild TBI Symptoms of Mild TBI [from Rivermead
Postconcussion Symptoms Questionnaire] Headaches Dizziness Nausea
and/or Vomiting Noise Sensitivity, easily upset by loud noise Sleep
Disturbance Fatigue, tiring more easily Being Irritable, easily
angered Feeling Depressed or Tearful Feeling Frustrated or
Impatient Forgetfulness, poor memory Poor Concentration Taking
Longer to Think Blurred Vision Light Sensitivity, Easily upset by
bright light Double Vision Restlessness
Slide 31
Symptoms of Moderate-Severe TBI Similar to mild but more severe
More often include impairments of higher order abilities Reasoning
and judgment Planning Self-awareness No symptoms are specific to
TBI or ABI
Slide 32
Slide 33
Effects on Cognition Neurotransmitter disruption Often
transient in mild TBI Structural damage Neural damage to brain
areas that are critical for specific types of cognition Frontal
lobes: reasoning, judgment, self-regulation Left hemisphere:
language Right hemisphere: spatial abilities Temporal lobe,
hippocampus: memory Diffuse axonal injury: disconnection syndromes,
impaired attention
Slide 34
Slide 35
Only Cure is Prevention And prevention of secondary
complications/ injuries
Slide 36
Rehab Works Inpatient Outpatient/ Community-based Medical and
behavioral interventions Ideally: early, focused, lifelong
follow-along