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James Hermiller, MD, FACC, FSCAI The St Vincent Medical Group The St Vincent Heart Center of
Indiana Indianapolis, IN
James Hermiller, MD, FACC, FSCAI The St Vincent Medical Group The St Vincent Heart Center of
Indiana Indianapolis, IN
Drug-Eluting Stents 2013: Current Data and Future
Advances
Drug-Eluting Stents 2013: Current Data and Future
Advances
Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines La Jolla, California - Oct 3rd, 2013
BL
2Y
Disclosures
• Consulting Fees/Honoraria
• Speaker Bureau
• Abbott, BSC, Medtronic and St Jude
• Medicines Company
Affiliation/Financial Relationship Company
OutlineOutline
• Introduction
• Current Data• Advances to Date
• Future Directions• Metallic DES Bioabsorbable Polymer• Metallic DES with No Polymer• Completetly Bioabsorbable DES
• Conclusions and Summary
• Introduction
• Current Data• Advances to Date
• Future Directions• Metallic DES Bioabsorbable Polymer• Metallic DES with No Polymer• Completetly Bioabsorbable DES
• Conclusions and Summary
First Generation DES P
ES
Polyolefin derivative Paclitaxel Express2
Drug Polymer Stent
SE
S
PEVA + PBMA blendSirolimus BX Velocity
1st Gen Drug-Eluting StentsThe good, the bad, and the ugly!
1st Gen Drug-Eluting StentsThe good, the bad, and the ugly!
7 years
40 mos
BMS DES
Incompleteapposition
Late stentthrombosis
Abn Vasomotion
*P<0.001 vs. control
Sirolimus Control
* *
Delayed Healing!
Angioscopy
BMS
DESLate loss = 0
Eos
Giant cells
IVUS
Inflammation
Second Generation DESZ
ES
BioLinx copolymerZotarolimus Integrity
Drug Polymer
EE
S
VDF + HFP copolymerEverolimus
Vision
OO
OO
OO OO HOHO
OO
OO
OOOOHHOO
OOOO
NNOO
HHOO
Stent
Omega
Stent EES - PROMUS
ZES - Resolute
EES - Xience Expedition
Underlying Stent PtCr – Element (Omega)
CoCr –Integrity
CoCr – Modified Vision
Strut Thickness 0.0032” 0.0036” 0.0032”
Strut Pattern
Lengths (mm)(Diameters 2.25 to 4.0 mm)
8,12,16,20,24,28, 32, and 38 mm(38 for >2.75 mm diameter)
9,12,15,18,22,26, 30, 34 and 38 mm(34 and 38 for >3.0 mm diameter)
8,12,15,18,23,28, 33, and 38 mm(33 and 38 mm for >2.5 mm diameter)
Current Stent Attributes
Stent EES – PROMUS ELEMENT
ZES - Resolute EES – Expedition
Max Expansion (mm)
2.25 to 2.752.5 & 2.75 to 3.53.0 & 3.5 to 4.254.0 to 5.25
2.25 – 2.75 to 3.25 3.0 – 4.0 to 4.75
2.25 & 2.5 to 3.25 2.75 &3.0 to 3.75 3.5 & 4.0 to 4.75
Sidebranch Cell Size (Max Expansion)
2.25 to 4.182.5 & 2.75 to 4.73.0 & 3.5 to 5.754.0 to 7.44
2.25 to 4.0 to 9.24 mm
6 Cresst -- 2.25 to 3.0 to 3.5mm9 Crest – 3.5 & 4.0 to 4.2 mm
Polymer Drug FluorinatedCopolymer - EES
Biolinx PolymerZES
FluorinatedCopolymer - EES
In Stent Late Loss <0.2mm <0.2 mm <0.2 mm
Current Stent Attributes
0
1
2
3
4
5
Cu
mu
lativ
e in
cid
en
ce (
%)
4135 3913 3793 3284 2604 1856 1041 514 208EES3784 3617 3569 3499 3404 3080 2521 2118 1734SES4214 3916 3797 3176 2905 2344 1880 1077 686PES
No. at risk
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48Months after index PCI
Sirolimus Stent 2.9%
Everolimus Stent 1.4%
Paclitaxel Stent 4.4%
ARC Definite ST @ 4 Years
EES vs. SES Hazard Ratio* = 0.41, 95% CI 0.27–0.62, P<0.0001EES vs. PES Hazard Ratio* = 0.33, 95% CI 0.23-0.48, P <0.0001
Räber L, ESC 2011
Bern-Rotterdam Cohort Study
0
1
2
3
4
5
Cum
ulat
ive
inci
denc
e (%
)
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48Months after index PCI
EES vs. SES HR* = 0.33, 95% CI 0.15 – 0.72, P=0.006EES vs. PES HR* = 0.24, 95% CI 0.13-0.47, P <0.0001
Very Late ST (1-4 yrs)
Sirolimus Stent 1.6%
Everolimus Stent 0.6%
Paclitaxel Stent 2.4%
*from Cox proportional hazards model
Bern-Rotterdam Cohort Study
Räber L, ESC 2011
SPIRIT II, III, IV and COMPARE trialsPooled database analysis (n=6,789)
Ischemic TLR
P<0.001HR: 0.60 [0.48, 0.75]
EES (n=4,247)PES (n=2,542)
4247 4143 4004 33632542 2416 2328 2018
Number at risk
XIENCETAXUS
6.6%
Isch
emic
TL
R (
%)
0
10
Time in Months
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
38912260
4.1%5 4.7%
2.3%
∆=2.4%
∆=2.5%
Kereiakes DJ et al. EuroIntervention 2011:7:74-83
SPIRIT II, III, IV and COMPARE trialsPooled database analysis (n=6,789)
Stent thrombosis (ARC definite/probable)
4247 4177 4082 34792542 2463 2408 2110
Number at risk
XIENCETAXUS
2.3%
Ste
nt
thro
mb
osi
sA
RC
def
or
pro
b (
%)
0
1
2
3
Time in Months
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
39982350
0.7%
p<0.001HR: 0.30 [0.19, 0.47]EES (n=4,247)
PES (n=2,542)
Kereiakes DJ et al. EuroIntervention 2011:7:74-83
Time after Initial Procedure (Months)
Cu
mu
lati
ve In
cid
ence
of
Eve
nts
11.2%10.7%
0%
0 6 12 18 24
20%
5%
15%
10%
Log rank P = 0.73 Resolute ZES (N = 1140)
Xience V EES (N = 1152)
Silber S, et al. Lancet. 2011;377:1241-47.
RESOLUTE All ComersTarget Lesion Failure to 2 Years (Cardiac Death, TV-MI, CD-TLR)
TWENTE (n=1,387)Target Vessel Failure at 2-Year Follow-up
Von Birgelen C. TCT 2012
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720
TV
F (
%)
30
Follow-up (days)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Xience V (n=692)
Resolute (n=695)
P = 0.67
11.6%
10.9%
TLF TLR Cardiac Death
MI TV MI Q-Wave MI
ST0
2
4
6
8
10
7.1
4.9
1.92.5
2.1
0.80.5
5.9
3.5
1.2
2.3
1.5
0.40.7
Presented by Ian T Meredith MBBS, PhD at ACC 2013
EES Pt-Cr vs EES Co-Cr3-Year Clinical Results
Incid
en
ce R
ate
(%
)
p = 0.81p = 0.21 p= 0.75 p = 0.40 p= 0.40
Xienca CoCr EES Promus PtCr EES
p = 0.27 p= 0.30
Longitudinal stent deformation: Angiographic patterns
• Longitudinal stent compression: Manifests itself as a dark band in the region of compression (also called stent “accordion”, “concertina”, “wrinkling”, etc.)
• Longitudinal stent elongation: Appears like a fracture in the stent (pseudo-fracture)
Longitudinal elongation with
pseudo-fracture
Longitudinal compression
Longitudinal compression
Longitudinal compression
Retrospective analysis of longitudinal stent deformation in the “real world”: Study
2,936 Promus Element stents implanted in 2,839 lesions in 1,295 pts at a single center over 22 months
LSD occurred in:
1.4% (n=20) of pts (95%CI 0.9%-2.2%)
0.7% of lesions (95%CI 0.4%-1.1%)
0.7% of Promus Element stents (95%CI 0.4%-1.1%)
Multivariable predictors of LSD:
# and length of stents, ostial and bifurcation lesions
30 Day MACE in pts with LSD = 5.0% (1 NQMI)
Leibundgut G et al. CCI 2012: doi: 10.1002/ccd.24472
Promus PREMIER Everolimus-Eluting Stent
Additional connectors on proximal end Provide increased axial strength
2 connectors throughout body
Customized Platinum Chromium (PtCr) Stent Architecture
Enhanced Stent Delivery System
Shorter tip to improve
flexibility
PTFE Coating on hypotube to reduce friction
Sarno et al, Eur Heart J 2012
SCAAR Registry (94,384 pts)Adjusted Risks of Adverse Events at 2 yrs
BMS BMS
“Old DES” “Old DES”
“New DES”“New DES”
Restenosis Definite STRestenosis Definite Stent Thrombosis
Old DES = SES, PES, ZES-Endeavor; New DES = EES, ZS-Resolute
Bangalore S et al. Circulation 2012:On-line
Network Meta-analysisEndpoints: Death, MI, ST, TVR early (<1 yr) and late
77 RCTs, 57,138 pts, 117,762 pt-yrs of FU
Evidencenetwork
1124
25
8
14
1
7 2
2
7
Paclitaxel-ElutingSirolimus-Eluting
BMS
Zotarolimus-ElutingEverolimus-Eluting
Zotarolimus-Eluting-Resolute
Bangalore S et al. Circulation 2012:On-line
Network Meta-analysis: 1-year TLR77 RCTs, 57,138 pts, 117,762 pt-yrs of FU
OR [95% CrI]
0.10
OR(95% Crl)
1.00 10.00
Control TreatmentFavorsControl
FavorsTreatment
BMS (Ref) SirolimusPaclitaxel
Zotarolimus-E Zotarolimus-R
Everolimus
0.20 (0.16, 0.25)0.39 (0.31, 0.49)
0.46 (0.32, 0.65)0.29 (0.15, 0.60)
0.21 (0.14, 0.29)
Sirolimus (Ref)Paclitaxel
Zotarolimus-E Zotarolimus-R
Everolimus1.95 (1.60, 2.38)
2.30 (1.67, 3.22)1.47 (0.74, 3.04)
1.03 (0.75, 1.45)
Paclitaxel (Ref)
Zotarolimus-E Zotarolimus-R
Everolimus1.18 (0.85, 1.64)0.76 (0.38, 1.53)
0.53 (0.38, 0.73)
Everolimus (Ref)Zotarolimus-E
Zotarolimus-R 2.23 (1.45, 3.47)1.43 (0.78, 2.71)
Zotarolimus-R 0.64 (0.30, 1.37)Zotarolimus-E (ref)
EXAMINATION Trial
0 1 2 3
Xience V
Vision
Acute Subacute Late
p = 0.01
1504 pts with STEMI undergoing PCI within 48 (85% primary PCI within 12) were randomized to Xience V EES vs. Vision BMS
Stent thrombosis (Def/prob) within 1 year
2.6%
0.9%
Definite ST was reduced with Xience V from 1.9% to 0.5%, p=0.01Definite ST was reduced with Xience V from 1.9% to 0.5%, p=0.01Sabate M. ESC 2011
EES CoCr vs BMS: Lower Def. Stent ThrombosisEvidence from 5 RCT Network Meta-Analyses.
ARC Definite Stent Thrombosis:EES CoCr vs. BMS
Favors EES CoCr
Late ST Rates (30 Days - 1 Year)After DAPT Interruption
Su
bse
qu
ent
Lat
e S
T (
AR
C D
ef/P
rob
) (%
)
No Interruption Interruption After 30 Days*
13/3500 0/292
Interruption After 180 Days*
2/435
Interruption After 90 Days*
1/3782/1272 0/157 0/147 0/120
Overall
Standard Risk
Hermiller, JB, PCR 2010 – In Press JACC Int 2011
Timing of First DAPT Interruption and Stent Thrombosis Through 12 Months
EES Co-Cr Demonstrates 0% Stent Thrombosis Rate After DAPT Interruption from 3 to 12 Months1
1 in every 6 patients who receive stents may interrupt or discontinue DAPT within 12 months
post-PCI
60/8,996 11/700 18/8,996 0/919
-1%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
0.68%
1.64%
0.21%0.00%
Su
bse
qu
en
t S
ten
t T
hro
mb
osi
s A
RC
De
f/P
rob
(%
) Never Interrupted3
DAPT Interrupted
0-3 Months 3-12 Months
N=11,156
Combined XIENCE USA, SPIRIT V, XIENCE India. SPIRIT women
Palmerini, T. Stent Thrombosis and DAPT Interruption in XIENCE V Real-World Patients. PCR 2012
DES ProgressDES ProgressEvolution of Drug-Eluting Stents:
Better than Man’sEvolution of Drug-Eluting Stents:
Better than Man’s
TCFA Development in Neointimal Hyperplasia is More Common with DES than BMS, and can Rupture
Causing Stent Thrombosis and Occlusion
Nakazawa G et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:1314–22
Late Incomplete Apposition in SIRTAX
p<0.001
Cook et al Eur Heart J 2012
Late ISA at 8 month IVUS was seen in 39/221 lesions (18%) treated with SES or PES, and was more common with SES
Number at risk
XIENCE V 2458 2390 2364 2323 2281 2238 2212 2187 2162 2132 2116 2095 2074
TAXUS 1229 1166 1138 1119 1095 1069 1060 1049 1029 1019 1008 994 979
Ta
rge
t le
sio
n f
ailu
re (
%)
Months
XIENCE V (n=2,458)
TAXUS Express (n=1,229)
p=0.02
HR [95%CI] = 0.78 [0.63,
0.97]
6.7%
4.0%
p=0.001
HR [95%CI] = 0.61 [0.46, 0.81]
Δ 2.7%
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
11.7%
9.2%
Δ 2.5%
p=0.004
HR [95%CI] = 0.71 [0.56, 0.90]
SPIRIT IV: Target Lesion Failure @3 years
TLF = cardiac death, target vessel MI, or ischemic-driven TLR
Stone GW et al. JACC 2011 (abstract)
~2.6%/yr event rate after year 1
OutlineOutline
• Introduction
• Current Data• Advances to Date
• Future Directions• Metallic DES Bioabsorbable Polymer• Metallic DES with No Polymer• Completetly Bioabsorbable DES
• Conclusions and Summary
• Introduction
• Current Data• Advances to Date
• Future Directions• Metallic DES Bioabsorbable Polymer• Metallic DES with No Polymer• Completetly Bioabsorbable DES
• Conclusions and Summary
Persistent LimitationsPersistent Limitations
• Uncovered stent struts with or without late malapposition (thrombosis)
• Chronic inflammation due to late foreign body reactions and polymer hypersensitivity
• Strut fracture
• Lack of vasomotion
• Neoatherosclerosis
Biolimus-A9 Eluting Stent
• Biolimus is a semi-synthetic sirolimus analogue with 10x higher lipophilicity and similar potency as sirolimus.
• Biolimus is immersed at a concentration of 15.6 g/mm into a biodegradable polymer, polylactic acid, and applied solely to the abluminal stent surface by a fully automated process.
• Biolimus is co-released with polylactic acid and completely desolves into carbon dioxide and water after a 6-9 months period.
• The stainless steel stent platform has a strut thickness of 120 m with a quadrature link design.
LEADERS: Definate Stent Thrombosis
Serruys P, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 2013;6:777–89
Landmark Analyses at 0-1 and 1-5 years
RR (95%CI); p value
0-1 yr: 0.99 (0.51-1.95); p= 0.98
1-5 yrs: (0.20-0.68); p=0.003
%
Drug-Eluting Technology Progression
Conformal Biostable Polymer Abluminal Bioabsorbable Polymer
Polymer + DrugPlatinum
ChromiumPlatinumChromium
Polymer + Drug
Current DES SYNERGY DES
Vessel Wall Polymer + Drug
BMS on luminal side
PLGA bioabsorbablepolymer + everolimus on abluminal side of stent
Coating weight on 16 mm stent ~200 µg (vs ~675 µg for Xience / Promus)
Everolimus elutes over ~3 months (similar to Xience / Promus)
PLG absorbs by ~4 months, leaving
behind a BMS
AbluminalThin strut
(0.0029”) PtCr stent
Selectively micro-structured surface holds drug in abluminal surface
structures
BioFreedom Stent (Biosensors)Hypothesis: Polymer-free drug
release via porous-eluting stents may reduce late events
caused by polymer stent coatings.
Potential advantages
• Avoid long term late adverse effects that might be attributable
to the polymer
• Improved surface integrity since there is no polymer to be
sheared or pealed away from the stent struts
• Possible shorter need of dual antiplatelet therapy
Biolimus A9 - lipophilic
Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffolds (BVS)
Igaki-Tamai PLLA
Magnesium (eluting paclitaxel)Biotronik Dreams
PLLA (w/PDLLA coat eluting everolimus)
Abbott Absorb
Reva ReSolveIodinated tyrosine-derivative (eluting
sirolimus)
Elixir DESolvePPLLA (eluting
myolimus)
What is the Minimum Duration of Radial Scaffolding?
After DES Placement, Scaffolding of the Vessel is Only a Transient Need
Serruys PW, et al., Circulation 1988; 77: 361.
n = 342 patients (n = 93 at 30-day F/U; n = 79 at 60-day F/U; n = 82 at 90-day F/U; n = 88 at 120-day F/U)
The lumen appears to stabilize approximately three months after PTCA.
p < 0.00001
p < 0.00001
Quantitative angiographic study in 342 consecutive patients at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months
Dudek D. ABSORB Cohort B 2-year data, ACC 2012.
Similar Rates of MACE Compared to Historical XIENCE Data
ABSORB Extend Clinical Results - MACE
Intent to Treat (ITT) Analysis; Interim Snapshot
Post-stenting 6-month 24-month
Complete strut apposition
Late acquired incomplete stent apposition with
tissue bridges between fractured struts
Corrugated endolumen
Smooth endoluminal lining
Struts largely disappeared although remnant just visible
(arrow)
Absorb Trial (BVS cohort A): OCT Results
Serruys PW et al. Lancet 2009;373:897-910.
6 m
on
ths
60
mon
ths
The Final Golden tube
Sealing and shielding of plaques as a result of scaffold implantation : can the scaffold cap the plaque? … and Late lumen enlargement
Presented by PW Serruys at TCT2012, accessed at www.tctmd.com
ABSORB Cohort BTemporal Lumen Dimensional Changes
ABSORBCohort B
Serial Analysis*
Lumen Area 6.53 mm2
6.36 mm2 6.85 mm2
n = 33 n = 33 n = 33
ScaffoldArea
1.7%
LumenArea
7,2%
Post-PCI 6 Months 2 Years
Very late lumen enlargement noted from 6 months to 2 years
*Serruys, PW., TCT 2011
ABSORB Vasomotor Function Testing
in
Vess
el D
iam
eter
(mm
)
Methergine
Acetylcholine
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
(n=15)
6 Months1
(n=6) (n=19)
12 Months2
(n=13) (n=9)
24 Months3
(n=7)
Vaso
dila
tion
Vaso
cons
tric
tion
ABSORB Cohort B1 ABSORB Cohort B2 ABSORB Cohort A
(pre
-dru
g in
fusi
on to
pos
t-dr
ug in
fusi
on)
1. Adapted from Serruys, PW. ACC 2011 2. Adapted from Serruys, PW. ACC 2011 3. Adapted from Serruys, PW, et al. Lancet 2009; 373: 897-910.
OutlineOutline
• Introduction
• Current Data• Advances to Date
• Future Directions• Metallic DES Bioabsorbable Polymer• Metallic DES with No Polymer• Completetly Bioabsorbable DES
• Conclusions and Summary
• Introduction
• Current Data• Advances to Date
• Future Directions• Metallic DES Bioabsorbable Polymer• Metallic DES with No Polymer• Completetly Bioabsorbable DES
• Conclusions and Summary
Conclusions: Current and future directions in stenting
• Current DES have appreciably improved safety and efficacy profiles in ACS and stable CAD compared to first generation devices
• By utilizing small amounts of a bioabsorbable polymer, polymer-free systems, or fully bioresorbable scaffolds, future generation DES will likely further reduce stent thrombosis and improve late outcomes