OBITUARY NOTICES OF DECEASED MEMBERS.

3amee Zorrain 5rnith. 1862-1 93 1.

BY the death of Professor Lorrain Smith our Society has lost one of its founders and one of its most ardent supporters. In the end of January of this year he was seized with sudden illness which was soon found t o be of serious nature, and the news of this brought sorrow to all who knew him. He recovered from the acute attack, but was never able to resume work. His death occurred somewhat suddenly on 18th April. An impressive memorial service was held in the University Hall of the University of Edinburgh and was attended by a large gathering of his colleagues and of representatives from other universities, students and other friends. An oration was delivered by his former colleague, Professor Alexander of Manchester, which has since been published in the A’dinburgh University Journal.

James Lorrain Sinith was born on 2lst August 1862 in the little Dumfriesshire village of Half Morton where his father, the Reverend Walter Smith, was Free Church minister for thirty-eight years; both father and mother came of Dumfriesshire stock. He was oiie of a family of nine of whom two daughters survive, one being a distinguished authority on lichens attached to the botanical department in the British Museum at South Kensington. There was a strong philosophic bent in the family, encouraged by the still surroundings of Half Morton fields and moorland, and the sympathetic intimacy with the quiet affairs of its people. His brother Walter became professor of philosophy at Lake Forest, Illinois, and William George was lecturer in psychology in Edinburgh. Lorrain Smith himself, whose interest in philosophy permeated a scientific life spent in cities, looked back with fond appreciation upon the fostering peace of his early days. It was fitting that to the familiar scenes which he loved his ashes should be broughl at the last.

His education was begun a t a country school and continued a t George Watson’s College in Edinburgh, that training ground of 80

many able workers. He then entered Edinburgh University and after a distinguished career graduated in arts with first-class honours in philosophy in 1884. In 1885, after he had already begun his medical course, he gained the Vans Dunlop Scholarship in logic and metaphysics and the Ferguson philosophical scholarship, the latter

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being open to graduates of all four Scottish Universities. He graduated M.B., C.M. in 1889, and M.D. in 1893, being awarded a gold medal for his thesis ‘ I Thyroidectomy and respiratory exchange-a contribution to the pathology of myxoedema.”

I knew Lorrain Smith first in the later years of his medical course when already there were signs of his interest in scientific problems and a bent towards research. He followed his inclination and shortly after qualifying in medicine he went to Oxford where he worked in Burdon Sanderson’s laboratory. Sanderson’s influence was great and lasting- an influence which he always acknowledged with gratitude. I n Oxford he became associated also with John Haldane in various investigations on the blood and respiration, to which further reference is made below. He was at Oxford till 1893 except for two intervals, one in the summer of 1890 when he was a resident physician in the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, under the late Sir James Afleck, and the other in the summer of 1891. when he worked under v. Recklinghausen at Strasburg. During 1891-2 he lectured under the university extension scheme and in 1892 acted as demonstrator in physiology.

In 1893 he was appointed John Lucas Walker student in pathology at Cambridge University and worked in Roy’s laboratory where he continued his investigations. During the tenure of the studentship he conducted research also in Bohr’s laboratory in Copenhagen in part of the winter 1893-4. He taught the summer classes in bacteriology with Kanthack in 1893 and 1894. In the latter year he resigned the studentship to take the poat of demonstrator, which he held for six months. I n this capacity he taught the class of morbid anatomy and also gave lectures to the advanced students on respiration and animal heat. He was elected to the post of lecturer on pathology in Belfast in 1894 and held this office till a chair was instituted in 1901, when he became professor. In Cambridge and in Belfast he continued investigations in his original field, but in the latter he did also valuable bacteriological work during the typhoid epidemic of 1898, dealing with water supply, sewage, etc.

I n 1904 he was appointed to the chair of pathology in Manchester, rendered vacant by the transference of Professor Delepine to the newly founded chair of bacteriology. It was shortly after going to Manchester that he started that important series of researches on fats and lipoids which he continued during his life. It will be of some interest that his first communication on this subject was given at the institution of our Society in his own department on 14th July 1906 (Journal, xi. 415). He was one of the small group of men who were instrumental in founding the society ; in fact, so far as I can remember, the idea of forming such an association originated with him. He was anxious that it should not only bring with it scientific benefits but that it should be a centre of friendship and mutual help, and it was a matter of the greatest satisfaction to him to see his idea more and more

OBI TUAR Y 685

fully realised as the years went on. A certain amount of coldness and even of suspicion which the new venture met in some quarters has now happily been for long a thing of the past. All who were present will remember that first meeting--the value and interest of the papers given, and not less the atmosphere of enthusiasm and cordiality. Since its foundation he was ever active in its interests; practically all his publications were given a t its meetings and we all learned much from him. What Lorrain Smith did for the society was a great work which will be held in lasting remembrance.

An important part of his work in Manchester was the equipment of the museum and the preparation of a catalogue which was published in 1906. He began the practice of mounting togelher specimens from the same case and this was developed later in Edinburgh into his I‘ case ” system of teaching pathology. I n carrying on this work his interest in pathological anatomy became much intensified. I n 1909 he was elected to the fellowship of the Royal Society, on the council of which he served during 1913-1914.

In 1912 he was appointed to the chair of pathology in Edinburgh rendered vacant by the retiral of Professor Greenfield. X e entered on his new sphere of work with zest and he completed the organisation of his scheme for teaching by the “case” method. It was a great joy to find himself associated with his old friend, James Ritchie, who was a t that time superintendent of the College of Physicians’ Laboratory and became professor of bacteriology in the following year. Their friendship was of the closest. The two men had much in common yet in certain things were complementary to one another. They worked out a scheme for the building of a Lister Institute close to thc Royal Infirmary, which was t o serve for the “scientific investigation of disease in any of its forms, and for the teaching of the principal sciences concerned, including pathology and bacteriology.” The ground was purchased and all promised well for their plan when the war arrested its progress ; to their bitter disappointment the scheme was never carried out.

Lorrain Smith in 1894 married Isabella, daughter of Ebenezer Edmond, Esq., I.C.S. There is a family of four daughters and one son, all of whom received professional training. Three daughters are graduates in arts of the University of Edinburgh and one is also a graduate in medicine. The eldest daughter along with Mr Masefield founded the Scottish Association for the speaking of verse, and another daughter is a government factory inspector in Manchester. The son, also a graduate in arts, has just been appointed Organiser of Rural Community Councils for Scotland. Our deepest sympathy goes out to Mrs Lorrain Smith and her family in their sorrow and loss.

After this general review of the main events of his life it is fitting that in this journal his scientific work should be more fully considered. I t naturally falls into two periods, one up to the time of his leaving

686 J L. SMZTIY

Belfast and the other subsequent to that. I n the first his investiga- tions centred round problems connected with respiration and the blood, while in the second the fats and lipoids formed the main subject of inquiry. His association with Haldane in research, which commenced a t an early period, extended over ten years and was a very happy and fruitful one. After Lorrain Smith went to Belfast Haldane worked with him in his laboratory in vacations from time to time and much of their work was done there. Their first papers were on the effects of breathing air vitiated by respiration (1892, 1893). In this inquiry the effects of excess of carbonic acid, oxygen deficiency and the presence of possible volatile substances in the expired air were studied by exact methods. It was shown that the symptoms produced were the result of the two first, the excess of CO, being the essential factor in the hyperpnoea and some other symptoms. On the other hand the experiments gave clear negative results as regards the existence in expired air of the volatile organic toxic compounds which were then supposed to be present. Their next publication (1894) was on work carried out in Bohr’s laboratory a t Copenhagen on red corpuscles of different oxygen capacity, such capacity being the ratio of oxygen adsorbable by haelnoglobin in relation to its iron content. Corpuscles from different layers of blood separated by the centrifuge were tested and it was concluded that differences in oxygen capacity existed in them. It became clear afterwards, however, that the results were vitiated by the unreliability of the iron determinations.

Lorrain Smith in independent work applied to related subjects the methods he had learned. I n 1894 he published the results of a research on the effects *of thyroidectomy in cats, especially in relation to temperature variations and carbonic acid excretion. H e found that the operation produces an alteration of the heat regulation system, which he described as being clue to a lesion in the compensatory mechanism for heat loss. When the temperature falls the famount of GO, excreted does not increase in the normal manner. Sensitiveness both to heat and to cold, noted in experimental animals and in myxcedema, is to be ascribed to the disturbance referredlto. Along with Pembrey (1893) he described the histological changes following upon thyroidectomy in animals.

Further conjoint work with Haldane is represented by two papers (1896-97) on the mechanism of absorption of oxygen by the lungs. This is of extensive nature and details cannot be given, but the main conclusion, drawn from a comparison of the oxygen tension of the arterial blood and of the alveolar air, was that the absorption of oxygen cannot be explained by the physical process of diffusion but involves a vital. action of the cells separating the alveolar air from the blood. Later experiments showed, however, that it is only when want of oxygen exists that this vital action occurs, and particularly on acclima- tisation to want of oxygen. Want of oxygen was produced by the

OBITUARY 687

carbon monoxide used in the experiments, and in addition the two subjects had become acclimatised through repeated exposures to carbon monoxide during the series of experiments. Lorrain Smith (1898-99) himself extended the investigation to pathological states and found that in artificially produced fever the vital action disappeared. A similar change was found when an animal was exposed to an atmosphere of high oxygen teneion, and inflammatory changes in the lungs occurred and might be followed by death. It was already known from the experiments of Paul Bert that toxic effects on the central nervous system follow when an animal breathes oxygen at more than three atmospheres' pressure. The poisonous action on the lungs was a quite new discovery, and was shown to occur when pure, or nearly pure, - oxygen is breathed at ordinary atmospheric pressure.

In another important paper by Haldane and Lorrain Smith (1900) the mass and oxygen capacity of blood in man are dealt with. They described a convenient method for estimating in man, with the help of carbon monoxide, both the mass of the blood and its total oxygen capacity. I n this paper it was clearly shown, for the first time, that the oxygen capacity of blood is proportional to its colouring power, and this fact made the new method possible. The paper deals with points of interest which are critically discussed and it is of importance also as leading to the application of their method by Lorrain Smith to the determination of the blood volume in conditions of disease (1900). The result of this was his well-known discovery of the state in chlorosis. He found that while in pernicious anaemia or anaemia from haemorrhage the ordinary estimation of haemoglobin gives a fair indication,rof the total haemoglobin in the blood, the blood volume being sometimes below and sometimes above normal, the condition in chlorosis is quite other- wise. I n this disease it was shown by him that the blood volume is greatly increased, sometimes exceeding twice the normal, and that the total amount of haemoglobin in the body is about normal; this means, of course, that the total number of erythrocytes deficient in hsemoglobin is also increased. There is thus a striking condition of plasma plethora, and the relations of this to circulatory and respiratory embarrassment, tendency to mdenia, etc. are suggestively discussed. The existence of a hitherto unsuspected abnormality of a striking kind was thus demonstrated-one whose mode of production is still unknown. Later, in association with M'Kisack (1902), he investigated the blood volume in a case of venous engorgement due to adherent pericardium, and found that in addition to percentage increase of red corpuscles and hEmoglobin, there was also a marked increase in blood volume. It may be added that the method was applied a t a later period by Haldane and Boycott t o the anemia of ankylostomiasis and to spleno- megalic polycythselnia and similar results obtained; in these also a true plethora exists. By these observations i t was shown that the old tenet with regard to comparative uniformity of blood volume, based

688 /. L. SMITH

mainly upon Cohnheim’s experimental work on normal animals, did not apply to conditions of disease. A new field of inquiry involving also a new outlook on circulatory disturbances was thus opened up. An interesting and lucid account of this subject written by him will be found as an appendix to Graham Steel’s book on diseases of the heart.

His investigations in this field may be said to end about 1902 when his time came to be largely occupied with work in connection with the typhoid outbreak in Belfast. He was ,called on to investigate the outbreak and gave a report on the subject to the Belfast Corpor- ation; later (1904) a paper dealing fully with the subject wa,s published in the Journal of Hygiene. He wrote also (with J. Tennant) on the bacteria found in shell-fish, the growth of bacteria in the intestines, etc.

Shortly after Lorrain Smith went to Manchester he commenced that series of investigations on fats and lipoids which was continued during the rest of his life. The starting point was a chance observation, namely that in a section of amyloid liver stained with gentian violet the fat globules in the portion not under the cover-glass were stained with the dye. He found that this was due to hydrolysis of the neutral fat by the carbon dioxide of the air, the free fatty acid then combining with the coloured base and becoming stained. He made further tests and in a condensed paper gave the results with many dyes and many fats, the outcome being the establishment of the general principle of staining acid fats with basic aniline dyes. With one dye tested, nile blue sulphate A, he observed a double staining, some globules being red. This phenomenon also he investigated and with assistance on the chemical side from his colleague, Professor J. F. Thorpe, he was able to show that it was due to a partial change of the oxazine base to an oxazone base, the latter acting like Sudan I11 in virtue of its solu- bility in fat. The method gave thus a picture of the proportion of neutral and acid fats present. It was natural that inquiry should be extended to the staining of fats in general, and the next subject studied was the nature of Weigert’s method of staining medullated nerve fibres. The work was a t once painstaking and carried out with grasp and imagination. The outcome was the demonstration that the essential requirements for the staining of a tissue after being bichromated (that is, for forming a coloured lake with the hamatoxylin) was the presence in the tissue of substances with unsaturated molecules, alcohols or aldehydes. For each such substance a definite amount of mordanting was necessary for the result and he showed that neutral fats, as well as myelin, could be stained by the method; also, that in a section, e.g. of spinal cord, different elements were successively stained or unstained according to the period of mordanting. The method thus depends on a principle similar to that of Marchi’s method. He studied also the relation of Weigert’s method to lipoids which have a fluid crystalline phase and are thus doubly refracting, and found that they stained readily after a short period of mordanting. Further,

OBlTUAR Y 689

ready staining is frequently due to the presence of cholesterol, but only when it is in a loose combination with a fatty acid in such a relationship that fluid crystals are formed. The reaction may, however, be given by a pure substance, as was first shown by him in the case of cerebroside, which he isolated ; it also has a fluid crystalline phase. Such observations led him on to an examination of the lipoids of the central nervous system, and he obtained valuable results as to the variations in several constituents a t different ages both in the human subject and in the puppy, and also as to changes in degenerated nervous tissue. In this field of research he had the able assistance of IT. Mair as co-worker and most of the papers were written by lhem conjointly. W. Dyson also investigated the early changes of autolysis by Lorrain Smith's methods (1912-13).

His work in this field of pathology was interrupted by his going to Edinburgh and then by the war, but it was afterwards resumed. In this later period we have a series of papers by him in conjunction with Rettie (1921-8) on the mordanting of fats with aldehydes and their subsequent staining. An analysis of the conditions for such mordanting and a consideration of its relations to methods formerly used are given. An essential condition is that the aldehyde should be polymerised. One of the most striking facts established is that store fa t is not stained by this method or is stained with difficulty, whilst the granules and globules of degeneration are reaclily stained. A means was thus supplied for distinguishing the two forms of fat in the tissues. Various aldehydes were examined and were shown to vary in their efficiency, and it was found that aldol, prepared by the action of hydrochloric acid on paraldehyde, was the most siiitable reagent for the purpose. It was natural to extend the inquiry to a study of the earliest changes in the cells in degeneration, and it was demonstrated by the aldol method that the 'first recognisablc alterations in cloudy swelling and in fatty degeneration consisted in a destruction of the mitochondria with the setting free of recognisable lipins, this apparently corresponding with the previously recognised unmasking of fat.

An important contribution by Lorrain Smith and Rettie (1927), and one of striking nature, is that on the demonstration of lymphatics by the results of autolytic change. It was found that as the result of this process, which occurs very rapidly, the fats in the masked state in the lymph become hydrolysecl and small globules of doubly refracting soaps are formed, which may be so abundant as to fill the channels and form an injection of them. Such changes were studied in various organs but were found to appear first in the lymphatics of the liver, and this is probably due to the liver lymph having a high concentration of lipins corresponding with that of proteins. The picture of the lymphatics thus obtained, especially when polarised light is used, is a remarkably clear one. I n the paper there are also suggestions as to the various possibilities of the application of the

690 J L. SMlTH

methods to problems in fat metabolism. Their last paper (1928) was on the absorption, deposition and transport of fat in the guinea-pig. I n this it was shown that in this animal the fat from the intestinal contents becomes deposited in the distal extremities of the lacteals in the form of large masses of neutral glyceride. The amount of such deposit was found to be related to the taking of food and to the amount of fat in it, and the phenomenon is to be considered as a process of storage, the fat being later dispersed according to require- ments of the body. This extra-cellular storage of fat appears to be peculiar to the guinea-pig, as in all other animals examined storage of such fat was found to occur only within cells. The work is of suggestive nature and opens up the question of the mechanism of the coalescence and dispersion of fat, the nature of which has not been determined.

Although Lorrain Smith’s investigations are mainly in the two departments which have been dealt with, they were not restricted to these and we see in him an unusual power to attack practical problems which might arise. Thus in Belfast there was his bacterio- logical work already referred to, and in Manchester he wrote a paper on Bright’s disease (1912) in which the importance of the distinction between the diffuse and patchy lesions was eniphasised. Again in Edinburgh during the war t,here is another striking example of liis many-sidedness. Along with Drennan, Rettie and Campbell (1915), he took up the question of antiseptics for war requirements and the outcome was the now well-known preparation called ‘I cusol.” This is a 0.5 per cent. solution of hypochlorous acid prepared by dissolving “eupad,” a mixture of equal parts of boracic acid and chloride of lime. The bacteriological tests and the details required for its use were worked out with thoroughness, and eusol came to have an extensive use as an efficient antiseptic possessing certain advantages. After it had been shown by animal experiments that intravenous injection was safe, its use by this method was undertaken and its effects in septicaemia and allied conditions were studied; several papers on the subject were published. From the rapid effects produced on injection in certain cases he concluded that it had a direct effect on toxins as well as on organisms. The clinical side of the work was closely supervised by himself and from this time onwards one can trace a gradual increase of his interest in clinical medicine. Another research occasioned by war conditions was that carried out by him in association with Ritchie and Dawson (1915) on the pathology of trench frost bite. This was an experimental inquiry as to the effects of cold and water on rabbits, and the resulting conditions of the tissues were examined by histological methods. The part played by lesions of the blood vessels was brought into special prominence in relation to the main phenomenon, though evidence of direct damage to the tissues also was found. The results arrived a t were correlated with clinical

OBITUARY 691

observations on the human subject and various practical means for preventing ‘(trench foot ’’ were set forth.

If we consider Lorrain Smith’s research work as a whole, certain features are seen to stand out clearly. In the first place we notice its breadth. I t is of specialised or intensive nature in the chief matters dealt with, but it is far from being restricted in scope either in the subjects or in the methods used. Thus the earlier research rested mainly on the experimental methods of physiology, whilst the later was mainly chemical and histological. Personality both in choice of work and in mode of prosecution is another feature. He was never unduly influenced by the popular questions of the day but pursued his own path; a t the same time he showed power of dealing with practical problems when they arose, as appears from his work on antiseptics, bacteriological subjects, etc. I n these days of many workers when one and another adds a link to a chain of results which end in a discovery, it is somewhat difficult to know upon whom in fairness to bestow the chief credit. But i t seems to me that Lorrain Smith’s contributions are largely the outcome of his own manner of viewing the problems of disease, and in the two main groups of subjects dealt with we have contributions that are of cardinal importance and, in the real sense, original. They have essentially advnllced or modified our views and, not less, are helpful towards further advances. Many of his papers, especially those on fats, are written in a condensed form, almost too condensed, we might say. They are full of facts and suggestions and their general import is not easily gathered. They are not mere chemical or histological contributions but represent an attempt to deal with the inner working of cells. One gets from time to time glimpses of the main ideas in his mind but one cannot but regret that we have not had from him a fuller exposition of the subject as i t appeared to him. To say that all his work is marked by accuracy, ability and great command of methods is to say little. It is the outcome of an unusual mental equipment in which vision ancl the power of thought are active forces: In the later years of his life he was engaged on a book which he intended to call Growth, and which, I am told, was to be a philosophical view of biology. Few are SO qualified as he was to write on such a subject a d we trust that i t may be possible to have the work published.

I n addition to his scientific investigations and academic duties Lorrain Smith gave a considerable amount of time to public work of various kinds. I n 1901 he was appointed a member of the Iris11 University Commission, in which capacity he had along with others to deal with the solving of many difficult problems. In 1907 he became a member of a Home Ofice Departmental Committee 011

humidity a d ventilation in cotton weaving sheds, and in 1912 a member of a similar committee on humidity and ventilation in flax mills and linen factories. I n the latter year he was asked to go 8.8

692 1. L. SMITH

an expert to India on a similar inquiry but was unable to do so. He was elected representative of Manchester University on the General Medical Council in 1912 and served till his appointment to the chair in Edinburgh. I n 1927 he was chosen to serve in a similar capacity for Edinburgh University. He had a keen interest in comparative pathology and was for several years chairman of the Research Committee of the Animal Diseases Research Association of Scotland. I n these various capacities his scientific and academic qualifications were of high value, and he gave freely both time and labour to the various questions with which he had to deal. Lorrain Smith’s many services were recognised by his receiving honorary degrees from the two Universities in which he first held office-the degree of LL.D. from Queen’s University, Belfast, in 1922, and that of D.Sc. from the University of Manchester in 1930 on the occasion of the jubilee celebration of its foundation.

As the years went on his time became more and more occupied by academic affairs and administrative work. I n 1919 he was appointed dean of the medical faculty in Eclinburgh University, and the ofice was no sinecure. Its duties had been increased by his predecessor, Harvey Littlejohn, who had started the practice of interviewing the students of medicine and discussing their studies with them. This paternal function, as one might call it, formed no small part of Lorrain Smith’s duties. A t the same time, in matters of University policy and teaching and in the making of appointments he became more and more the leading force in the faculty of medicine, and in increasing degree also its affairs were left in his hands. To every question he gave time and careful thought, and whether his judgment and action were popular or the reverse, they always represented what appeared to him the right thing apart from any personal considerations. He took an intense interest in the methods of teaching. The “case ” method instituted by him on going to Edinburgh, and since then carried out with success, showed his recognition of the importance of morbid anatomy and of correlating the subject with clinical require- ments. But he desired and effected still further co-ordination and unification. To quote the words of his colleague, Sir Robert Philip, “ In collaboration with his professional colleagues, and with the authority of the Faculty, Lorrain Smith got the subjects of the third year-namely, pathology, pharmacology and therapeutics, junior medicine and junior surgery-intimately linked, so that, in place of an imperfect patchwork stitched together by the tyro himself, the varying occurrences in the course and progress of disease were unfolded to him in natural sequence. The results have been abundantly evident in the remarkable awakening of interest and in the higher quality of work in the clinical wards and a t the final examinations. This reward was a great source of gratification to Lorrain Smith up to the last.”

I n regard to Lorrain Smith’s personality I had best quote what

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I have already written. “No one could come into contact with Lorrain Smith without being impressed by his personality. His intellectual powers were of unusual order and this was apparent in the discussion of any subject. His knowledge of philosophy affected his manner of viewing the problems of biology, and one could not fail to learn and get new points of view from him on any subject discussed. His interest in philosophy never waned, and formed the basis of many friendships, but in literature also and especially in poetry he was widely read and had a fine critical perception. His mental powers had a counterpart in his largeness of heart. His was a character of unusual sincerity and simplicity. He could take enjoyment from the small as well as from the big things of life and he brought to his contemplation of them a full sense of humour. Ey both temperament and training he had the philosophic outlook and a rare power of estimating the real value of things. He was kindly, thoughtful of others and helpful, and his generous nature was shown in what he expected from others as much as in what he gave. He worked earnestly and resolutely for any cause which appealed to him and in such work his personal interests seemed to be forgotten. I n fact I may say that I have known no one less self-centred than he or further detached from personal ambition. His qualities were seen in his dealings with his students and colleagues alike, while the feeling he inspired in his friends was nothing less than devotion.” R. M.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

Respirat ion, Immoglobin, Mood volumne, carbon monoxide, etc.

The physiological effects of air vitiated by respiration (with J. S. Haldane), Journ. Physiol., I=, vol. xi., Proc. p. xi.; this Journal, 1892, vol. i., p. 168; 1898, vol. i., p. 318.

On red corpuscles of different oxygen capacities (with J. S. Haldane), Journ. Phyaiol, 1894, vol. xvi., p. 468.

The oxygen tension of arterial blood (with J. S. Haldane), Jours. Physiol., 1896,

The absorption of oxygen by the lungs (with J. M. Haldane), Journ. PiLysiol., 1897, vol. xxi., Proc. p. xvi. ; 1897, vol. xxii., p. 231.

The influence of pathological conditions on active absorption of oxygen by the lungs, Journ. Physiol., 1898, vol. xxii., p. 307, and Proc. p. xxix.

The mass and oxygen capacity of the blood in man (with J. S. Haldano), Journ. Physiol., 1900, vol. xxv., p. 331 and Proc. p. v.

The volume and oxygen capacity of the blood in ansemia, Trans. Path. Soc. Lond., 19o0, vol. li., p. 311 ; Journ. Phvsiol., vol. xxv., Proc. p. vi.

A case of cyanosis and plethora in association with adherent pericardium (with H. L. McKisack), Trans. Path. SOC. Lo&., IWZ, vol. liii., p. 136.

The volume of the blood in relation to heart disuase ; in a. Steell, 2’ezt-book on diseases of the heart, 1906, p. 361.

The pathological effects due to increase of oxygen tension in the air breathed, Journ. Yhysiol., 1899, vol. xxiv., p. 19; Brit. Med. Jourrz., 1808, vol. ii., p. 610.

vol. xx., p. 497.

JOURN. OF PATH.-VOL. XXXIV. 2 z

694 1. L. SMITH

Poisonous action of coal gas and carburettor water gas, Rep. Depart. Cttee. on

The pathology of gas poisoning illustrated by five recent cases, Brit. Med. Jourm.,

An experiment on the effect of inhalation of ethylene (with P. Hoskins), Journ.

Water Gas, 1899.

1898, vol. i., p. 780.

Hygiene, 1601, vol. i., p. 123.

Thyroid and heat regulation. The histological changes following upon thyroidectomy in animals (with M. S.

Myxccdema and the thyroid gland, 1888 (M.D. thesis), Cambridge Med. Mag.,

On some effects of thyroidectomy in animals, Journ. Physiol., 18~4, vol. xvi., p. 378. Fever in mice (with F. F. Wesbrook), Rep. Brit, Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1896, p. 974.

Pembrey), Journ. Physiol., 1898, vol. xv., Proc. p. xxix.

vol. ii., p. 124.

Bacteriology. Note on a new method of preparing culture media, Brit. rlfed. Journ., 1884,

vol. i., p, 11’77. A form of experimentally produced immunity (with E. Trevithick), Rep. Brit.

Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1894, p. 808. Pathogenic bacteria with special reference to the typhoid bacillus, Be2fast Nut.

Hist. Xoc. Rep. and Proc., 1898, p. 64. Reports to Belfast Corporation on epidemic of typhoid fever in Belfast (1898),

on the bacteriology of experimental contact beds for sewage (1901), on bacteria found in shellfish from Belfast Lough (ISOZ), on typhoid fever in Belfast (1908).

A study of the typhoid epidemic in Belfast in 1898 (with J. Tennant), Brit. Med. Journ., 1899, vol. i., p. 193.

The conditions affecting the occurrence of typhoid fever in Belfast, Journ. Hygime, 1904, vol. iv., p. 407.

Bacteriology of enteric fever, and paratyphoid fever : in Allbutt and Rolleston’s System of Medicine, ed. 2, 1905, vol. i., pp. 1082, 1157.

On the growth of bacteria in the intestine (with J. Tennant), Brit. Med. Journ., 1902, vol. ii., p. 1941.

Origin of disease in bacterial growth in the intestine, Xed. Chron., 1808, vol. xliii., p. 216.

Focal infection in relation to disease, Trans. Med.-Chir. SOC. Edin., IS%, vol. xxxvii., p. 185 ; &fed. j’yess., 1023, vol. cxvi., pp. 69, 93.

L~~OidS. The staining of fat with basic anilin dyes, this Journal, 1907, vol. xi., p. 415 ;

Simultaneous staining of neutral fat and fatty acid by oxazine dyes (nile blue),

The staining of fat by nile blue sulphate, this Jmwnal, 1010, vol. xv., p. 53. The crystals found in fatty cells (with C. P. White), this Journal, 1907, vol. xii.,

The application of Weigert’s myelin method to the staining of fat (with W. Mair),

The principles underlying Weigert’s method of staining rnedullated nerve (with

Further observations on the bichromate hsemntoxylin method of staining lipoids

Med. Chron., 1906, vol. xliv., p. 277, and 1907, vol. xlv., p. 283.

this Journal, 1~07, vol. xii., p. 1.

p. 126 ; Med. Chron., 1907, vol. xlv., p. 286.

this Journal, 1~07, vol. xii., p. 134.

W. Mair and J. F. Thorpe), this Journal, 1908, vol. xiii., p. 14.

(with W. Mair), this Journal, lS10, vol. xv., p. 179.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 695

Fats and lipoids in relation to methods of staining (with W. Mair), Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., 1011, vol. xxv., p. 247.

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896 1. L SMITH

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vol. ii., p. 884.

vol. ix., p. 391.

p. 55 ; Brit. Med. Journ., 1020, vol. ii., p. 17.

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1892-1931.

MCCALLUM was born in Glasgow and entered the University in the 1913 to 1914 session. I n common with so very many members of that ill-fated year he joined the army a t the outbreak of war and served throughout as a combatant o%cer on the western front, being wounded on several occasiona. I n 1916 he was awarded the military cross for conspicuous service on the Somme. Resuming his medical studies in the autumn of 1919 he speedily attained a prominent position among his fellows. He served first as secretary and then as president of the Students’ Representative Council, and was president in 1923 to 1924 of the Medico-Chirurgical Society. His academic career was one of unusual brilliance, and culminated in the award of the Brunton memorial prize which marks the most distinguished graduate of the year. Three years after qualification McCallum gave up general