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James Telford • Brantford, Ontario • Grew up on the Grand River and
Great Lakes, Southern Ontario. • Brother. • Graduate Student Researcher
• Wapusk National Park, Manitoba • Peace-Athabasca Delta, Alberta • Marian Watershed, Tłıcho Lands,
NWT. • Academic Partner on Marian
Watershed Stewardship Program
Establishing a metals and hydroecologic baseline to support the Marian Watershed
Stewardship Program
James Telford MSc Candidate
Brent Wolfe - Wilfrid Laurier University Roland Hall - University of Waterloo
Sjoerd van der Wielen – Tłıcho Government, Lands Protection Department
Concerns
Metals Pollution • Pollution from mining and industry
• Mining begins in 1933 • Ray Rock mine • Giant/Con Mine • Future NICO mine?
• How do we track pollution from mines? • Atmospheric transport, through
the air. • River Transport.
Climate Change • Lower water levels
• Less Snow, Higher Temperatures
• More forest fires?
• Catchment Erosion • Forest Fires can cause
rapid erosion • Bedrock Weathering
Natural Sources of Metals
Objectives • Establish a baseline of sediment metals
concentrations from sediment cores at various locations, which can then be used for continued monitoring of surface sediment concentrations to identify potential pollution.
• Track long term changes in hydroecological
conditions to identify natural changes and those changes, which are a result of climate warming
• Give context to current observation of low water levels.
Total Metals (Water) mg/L
Aluminum (Al)
Arsenic (As)
Chromium (Cr) Iron (Fe) Lead (Pb) Mercury (Hg) Uranium
CCME FAL 100 5 1-8.9 300 33/15
Marian 1 124 0.37 0.26 116 <0.000050 <0.0000050 0.201
Marian 2 157 0.37 0.34 147 0.000088 <0.0000050 0.214
Marian 3 145 0.38 0.27 128 0.000052 <0.0000050 0.254
Marian 4 129 0.39 0.24 116 0.000054 <0.0000050 0.243
Marian 5 163 0.41 0.32 147 0.000070 <0.0000050 0.263
Marian 6 131 0.38 0.24 110 <0.000050 <0.0000050 0.262
Marian 7 160 0.42 0.38 142 0.000063 <0.0000050 0.262
Marian 8 144 0.38 0.00 117 <0.000050 <0.0000050 0.249
Marian 9 114 0.35 0.21 93 <0.000050 <0.0000050 0.262
Marian 10 96 0.42 0.23 97 <0.000050 <0.0000050 0.246
Marian 11 113 0.38 0.21 112 0.000058 <0.0000050 0.244
Marian 12 2016 -87 2016 - 0.37
2015 - 0.98 0.17 2016 - 79
<0.000050 <0.0000050 0.244 2015 - 341 2015 - 357
Marian 13 220 2016 -0.81
0.33 132 0.000117 <0.0000050 0.685 2015 – 1.14
Le Martre 1 52 0.40 0.11 52 <0.000050 <0.0000050 0.3
Le Martre 2 128 0.42 1.04 120 0.000188 <0.0000050 0.296
2 3
4 5
7
10
11
12 13
1
6
8 9
1 2
2016 Water Sampling • Water- Very low metals, except Al, likely
natural
2016 Sediment Sampling • Minor elevation in Arsenic,
Chromium, Copper, Zinc • Natural, Geogenic vs
anthropogenic?
Metals (Soil) mg/kg Aluminum Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Copper Iron Lead Manganese Mercury Uranium Zinc
ISQG/PEL 5.9/17 0.6/3.5 37.3/90 35.7/197 35/91.3 0.17/0.486 123/
315
Marian 1 23600 8.63 0.169 63.3 27.5 36700 11.4 1440 0.0347 6.23 94.0
Marian 2 35000 9.63 0.180 96.1 52.0 47600 13.6 746 0.0243 5.78 117
Marian 3 7820 3.15 0.047 18.0 6.53 13900 3.79 598 0.0068 0.743 26.1
Marian 4 19100 3.76 0.096 48.1 21.9 26900 8.60 563 0.0216 1.52 62.0
Marian 5 19500 3.65 0.097 48.0 21.0 27000 8.37 607 0.0205 1.47 63.3
Marian 6 12700 2.95 0.059 30.0 11.0 19700 5.28 571 0.0146 1.13 43.2
Marian 7 41400 12.1 0.140 121 55.7 53400 12.6 723 0.0190 3.17 127
Marian 8 13800 3.08 0.078 35.0 16.3 20400 6.31 458 0.0162 1.42 51.3
Marian 10 23700 4.54 0.145 60.3 25.7 33700 10.0 459 0.0250 2.20 88.2
Marian 11 25200 6.43 0.189 62.0 36.2 36200 13.2 784 0.0268 2.05 85.7 5.43 61.3 37.9 91.8
Marian 12 6490 2.51 0.043 15.9 6.20 10600 3.74 775 0.0081 0.930 23.2 3.73 40.9 20.2 60.6
Marian 13 13100 4.97 0.119 32.2 15.9 20600 6.62 273 0.0232 1.24 47.6 7.82 80.2 32.4 103
Le Martre 1 13400 3.66 0.051 35.8 16.3 21000 6.54 451 0.0114 1.30 44.2
Le Martre 2 28800 7.55 0.141 78.4 31.9 41100 12.1 688 0.0191 2.24 98.7
1
3 2
4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11
12 13
1 2
What is a Baseline?
• Need something to compare contemporary data to. • There is an absence of long term records.
• What was the environment like before mining and climate change?
• Need to separate the natural variations from industrial activities.
• Mining began in 1933, therefor our baseline is pre-1933
Paleolimnology – Lake History Sediment Cores
• Establish long-term records of environmental history from the watershed.
• Sediment material comes into the lake from the land, from streams and from the air, accumulating over time.
Tondu 2012
Youngest
Oldest
Metals
Sediment Cores • Sediment cores have been collected from 8 lakes
throughout the Marian Watershed in 2015 and 2016.
Initial Sediment Core Results Nico Lake
• Located beside the NICO deposit.
• Naturally high in metals.
• Very little stream inflow.
• Higher elevation. • 2 Sediment Cores
~1498 – 2015 • ~500+ year
record
Canada Confederation
~1498
Chief Monfwi Signs Treaty 11
1867
1921
1967
2003, Signing of the Tlicho Agreement
1763 Royal Proclamation
2015
~1700
~1600
Nico Lake Metals Baselines Established, 1878-2015
• Metals concentrations are normalized to lithium to distinguishing natural sources from pollution.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
25.0 45.0 65.0
ug/g
Sediment Chromium Concentration ug/g
Cr
Pre-1933Baseline
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
0 1 2 3
Sediment Chromium Normalized to Lithium
Cr/Li
Pre-1933Baseline
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0
ug/g
Sediment Copper Concentration ug/g
Cu
Pre-1933Baseline
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
Sediment Copper Normalized to Li
Cu/Li
Pre-1933Baseline
Sediment Cores: Initial Metals Results from Nico Lake
• Major increase at 1948
corresponding to Giant Mine operation ~185km SE
• Decrease in early 60s with pollution controls.
• Potential for metals pollution runoff from the surrounding land.
• Major decline late 90s early 2000’s corresponding to end of Giant, Con mines. 1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
0 50 100 150 200
ug/g
Sediment Arsenic Concentration ug/g
As
Pre-1933Baseline112ug/g
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2 4 6
Arsenic Normalized to Lithium
As/Li
As/LiBasline
100+ Years of Monitoring Data
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
COV
Enric
hmen
t Fac
tor
Date
Temporal Trends in Normalized Arsenic to Statistical Baseline
Pre-1933 Baseline
Pollution (COV)
Lower COV
Normalized Arsenic Value
Powerful tool for continued monitoring.
Conclusion • Paleolimnological methods provide means to establish
metals concentrations baselines. • Identifies evidence of arsenic pollution during latter half of 20th
century.
Next Steps • Establish metals concentrations baselines for Shoti or
Marian Lake to compare to contemporary sediment data for use in monitoring downstream locations.
• Continue with geochemical and biological analysis to assess the influence of climate change on recent observations of lake levels.
• Incorporate results to Tłıcho Government monitoring initiatives.
Masi Cho!
1872
1882
1892
1902
1912
1922
1932
1942
1952
1962
1972
1982
1992
2002
2012
0 500 1000 1500
Year
(CRS
Mod
el)
Sediment Fe Normalized to Li and Al
Fe/Li
Pres 33 Baseline
1872
1882
1892
1902
1912
1922
1932
1942
1952
1962
1972
1982
1992
2002
2012
4 10004 20004 30004 40004
Year
(CRS
Mod
el)
ug/g
Sediment Fe Concentration ug/g
Fe
Pre 1933Baseline
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.020.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
OM
Nico C1
Nico C2
• Surface sediment from M!to M13
R² = 0.8522
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
As to Li