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Gilded Age Southern Industry
• By 1900 the South was producing a smaller % of the nation’s manufactured goods than before the war
• Plantation system was either sharecropping or serfdom
• The only thing that helped southern agriculture was the machine made cigarette
Gilded Age Southern Industry
• South faced unfairness in pricing from railroads– Treated South like a 3rd world nation from
which the North would get raw materials and send manufactured goods
• Pittsburgh Plus pricing system made it cost even more to ship Birmingham Steel
Gilded Age Southern Industry
• The South did begin to build textile mills to process their own cotton– This fed off of impoverished
Southerners who were cheap labor willing to be paid 1/2 of the wages of their northern counterparts
The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on
America• Great change occurred in America at this time:– Increased standard of living– More physical comforts– Urbanization– Leisure time (though not much if you were a
factory worker!)– Disappearance of Jeffersonian ideals– Disappearance of truly free enterprise– Time became important - work schedules
The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on
America• Women were the most affected group– White collar jobs opened up because of
inventions• Typewriter: stenographer and secretary• Telephone: operators “hello girls”
– Realities of work for women• Later marriages• Smaller families• Most worked the same long hard hours as men for
less pay for the same work
The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on
America• Ideas of the new woman: The Gibson Girl– Athletic and healthy– Refined yet feisty– Educated and fulfilled
• But not a suffragette!
The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on
AmericaClass division
• 2/3 of all workers depended on wages by 1900
• By 1900 10% of the people controlled 90% of the wealth– The nouveau riche also flaunted their wealth
which was a source of both envy and disgust to the working people
Management vs. Labor
“Tools” of Management
“Tools” of Labor
“scabs”
P. R. campaign
Pinkertons
lockout
blacklisting
yellow-dog contracts
court injunctions
open shop
boycotts
sympathy demonstrations
informational picketing
closed shops
organized strikes
“wildcat” strikes
National Labor Union
• Organized in 1866 and lasted 6 years• 600,000 members: skilled, unskilled, and
farmers• Discriminated against Chinese, Blacks, and
Women– Therefore the Colored National Labor Union
formed• Fought for the 8-hour day and arbitration of
disputes• Hurt by bad economy of 1870’s
Goals of the Knights of Labor• Eight-hour workday.
• Workers’ cooperatives.
• Worker-owned factories.
• Abolition of child and prison labor.
• Increased circulation of greenbacks.
• Equal pay for men and women.
• Safety codes in the workplace.
• Prohibition of contract foreign labor.
• Abolition of the National Bank.
The American Federation
of Labor: 1886
Samuel Gompers
An actual federation of local
unions. No worker could join
the actual AFLAFL unified
overall strategy
How the AF of L Would Help the
Workers• Catered to the skilled worker.• Represented workers in matters of national
legislation.• Maintained a national strike fund.• Evangelized the cause of unionism.• Prevented disputes among the many craft
unions.• Mediated disputes between management
and labor.• Pushed for closed shops.
Average Shirtwaist Worker’s Week
51 hours or less
4,554 5%
52-57 hours 65,033 79%58-63 hours 12,211 15%Over 63 hours 562 1%
Total employees, men and women 82,360