Challenges of National Level Forest Cover Change Assessment in Myanmar

Aung Aung Myint, agagmyint@gmail.com Planning and Statistics Division, Forest Department, Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry

International Land Cover/Land Use Changes Regional Science

Team Meeting in South/Southeast Asia

January 13th - 15th, 2016, Summit Park View Hotel, Yangon, Myanmar

Presentation Outline

General Information (Country Profile)

Institutional Structure

Background Information on Forest Management

National level Forest Cover Assessment

Current collaboration on FM in FD & Conclusion

Challenges of National level FC Change Assessment

Objective of presentation

Application of RS and GIS

General Information (Country Profile)

Location

Latitudes = 9° 58 to 28° 29 North

Longitudes = 92° 10 to 101° 10 East

Area

Total land area = 676,577 km2

Length (north to south) = 2,090 km

Maximum width (west to east) = 805 km

Total number of districts = 68

Administrative Setup:

Country->State (07)->Regions (07)-

>Districts (68)->Township (318)

Temperature

25° C to 33° C (Rainy Season)

10° C to 25° C (Cold Season)

32° C to 38° C (Hot Season)

43° C (Maximum Temperature)

Climatic Information

Rainfall

Minimum rainfall = 500 mm

Maximum rainfall = 5, 000 mm

Population

51.4 million (Census, 2014)

Over 100 Ethnic groups

Distribution of Vegetation Types in Myanmar.

Source: A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs, and Climbers of

Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National

Herbarium. Volume 45: 1-590

General Information-Major Forest Types Distribution of Vegetation Types in Myanmar.

Source: A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs, and Climbers of

Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National

Herbarium. Volume 45: 1-590

Swamp Forest Tidal Forest

Tropical Evergreen Forest

Dry Forest

Indaing Forest Hill and Temperate Forest

Mixed Deciduous Forest

Beach & Dune Forest

Forest resources in Myanmar

Objective of Presentation

To introduce application of Remote Sensing in Forest Management Practices and National Forest Monitoring activities by focusing on the followings;

History, Opportunities and Current Status Challenges in RS &GIS application and forest inventory Especially Challenges of National level Forest Cover

Change Assessment

Six institutions under the MOECAF - performing their specific duties and responsibilities mainly related to forestry and environment.

Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF)

Union Minister

Deputy Minister ( Forest)

Deputy Minister (Environment)

PermanentSecretary

Office

(147)

Forest Dept.

(15429)

Dry Zone Greening

Dept. (3231)

Myanma Timber

Enterprise (46411)

Survey Dept.

(1485)

Environmental Conservation

Dept. (403)

INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE

Forest Department

Institutional Structure of Forest Department

Director (Planning and Statistics Division), Forest Department

Deputy Director (2)

(Planning & Statistics)

Assistant Director (3)

(Planning and

Statistics)

Staff Officer (8)

Forester + Staff

(15+9)

Deputy Director (1)

(Inventory and

RS&GIS)

Assistant Director (2)

(Forest Inventory and

computer)

Staff Officer (1)

(Forest

Inventory)

Forester + Staff

(1+2)

Staff Officer (3)

(Data

processing)

Staff (7)

Assistant Director (3)

(RS & GIS)

Staff Officer (5)

Forester + Staff

(2+6)

Institutional Structure of Planning and Statistics Division

District Level Forest Management Plan (64 FMUs) (1996-1997 to 2005-2006), (2006-2007 to 2015-2016)

preparing for 2016-2017 to 2025-2026 (68 FMUs)

National Forestry Master Plan (NFMP) (2001-2002 to 2030-2031)

Forestry Sector Comprehensive Development Plan (2011-2012 to 2030-2031)

National Comprehensive Development Plan (2011-2012 to 2030-2031)

Background Information on Forest Management

Forest Inventory RS & GIS Application

Spatial Data Non-spatial data (Tables of Data)

Supporting Information for SFM

Development of Data/Information

Major Developments towards SFM

• Establishment of permanent forest estate

• Biodiversity conservation

• Plantation forestry

• Community forestry

• Tree planting programs

• Rehabilitation programs

• Implementation of Timber Certification &

Legality Assurance System

• REDD+

• International cooperation

Permanent Forest Estate (PFE)

Legal classification Area (km2) %

Reserved forest (RF) 120575.01 17.82

Protected public forest

(PPF)

47157.81 6.97

167732.82 24.79

Protected area system

(PAS)

39932.23 5.61

Policy target

RF+PPF – 30% of total country's area

PAS – 10% of total country’s area

Application of RS & GIS

HISTORY OF RS & GIS in Forest Department. 1920s Using AP for assessing Ayeyarwady Delta Mangroves.

1957 Cornwell University introduced AP application to Myanmar officials and FD.

1980 First satellite imagery introduction under a FAO/UNEP project (Tropical Resources

Assessment Project; a quick appraisal of the forest cover of the whole country using

1:1,000,000 scale Landsat imagery of the 1972-1979 period).

1981-1986 Aerial photography and Mapping Section was formed by UNDP; BUR/79/011

“National Forest Survey and Inventory” included the covering the whole of Myanmar

by AP.

1989-90 The follow up project (MYA/85/003) “National Forest Management and Inventory”

provided a set of Landsat TM imagery and a country wide landuse map was produced by

visual interpretation.

The above two projects provided training for the project staff in the fields of satellite

remote sensing, cartography and printing.

1993 ICIMOD gave series of GIS training for Myanmar.

1996 The Digital Image Processing system was installed in FD with financial assistance of the

“Watershed Management for Three Critical Areas Project (MYA/93/005)” for its

landuse mapping component. (GIS Mapping in Watershed Area) ArcInfo.

1996-1999 The Information System Development Project for the Management of Tropical Forest

funded by JICA. 68% of the country was covered during 4 successive years. As the digital

processing was done back in Japan, only rudimentary knowledge had been gained by the

Myanmar counterparts. (Erdas Imaging)

FD changed its Aerial Photography and Mapping Section to Remote Sensing and GIS

section.

Landsat TM and ETM+ (30 m x 30 m resolution)

imageries were used for previous forest cover assessment

of whole country (1990, 2000, 2005).

IRS Liss 3 (23.5 m x 23.5 m resolution) are currently

used Satellite Imageries, acquired during 2010 for whole

country forest cover assessment.

High resolution satellite imageries such as – Quickbird,

IKONOS, ALOS, Rapideye, Worldview, Spot and

Aster imageries were also used for conservation priority

areas, such as, Tanintharyi Nature Reserved, Irrawady

Delta, Naypyitaw region, Wunbaik, Rakhine State and

Shan State.

Remote Sensing Data Sources in FD

Softwares and Methodology

Softwares

TNTmips (2 licenses)

ArcGIS (2 licenses)

Ecognition (1 licenses), ENVI (1

Licenses)

Methodology used in image classification

Ground truth collection (field survey, Google earth)

Visual and Digital image classification by TNTmips (formerly)

Visual image classification, automatic image segmentation by Envi

and manual interpretation in ArcGIS. (Landsat8, FAO guidance)

Accuracy assessment

Human Resources in RS and GIS

Total 32 Staff

3 Assistant Directors,

2 Staff Officers,

5 Cartographer-2 ,

3 Cartographer-4,

16 Range Officers,

1 Computer Operator,

1 Mechanics

1 Driver

Remote Sensing 7

GIS 18

Digitizing 9

Map Layout 10

Capacities

12 Range Officers were recruited

in March 2015 and trained for RS

and RS field.

2 M.Sc. Graduated staff were

Assign very recently

Spatial Data/Information in Forest Department

Data/Information Data Status Updating Scale

Contribution of

Data

Satellite Images

Landsat TM, ETM national freely

downloadable

Rapideye sub-national Single User

license (unable to

contribute)

Forest Cover Accuracy Checking 5 years interval national Yes

Land use/Land cover Accuracy Checking

not yet finished sub-national Yes

Permanent Forest Estate

Boundary (reserved forests,

protected public forests,

protected area system)

Accurate regular updating national Yes

Compartment boundary Accurate sub-national Yes

Beat boundary Accurate updating if

needed

sub-national Yes

Working Circle boundary Needed detailed

demarcation on

ground

10 years

interval

sub-national Yes

Data/Information Data Status Updating Scale

Contributio

n Data

Forest Concession

boundary (logging, forest

plantation, mining,

ecotourism ,, etc….)

Need to be verified

(point data and limited

polygon data)

not yet finished sub-national Yes

Community Forestry

Agroforestry

Inaccurate (point data

and limited polygon

data) not yet finished sub-national

Adminstrative boundary

(Country, States and

Regions, Districts,

Townships) Need to be verified

updating if

needed national Yes

Road Network Need to be verified

updating if

needed sub-national Yes

River/Stream Network Need to be verified

updating if

needed sub-national Yes

City/Town/Village Need to be verified

updating if

needed national

Soil types Myanmar Agriculture Atlas 2000

DEM (30 m resolution)

Global Datasets

Watershed boundary

rainfall

Forest fire hot spot NASA Datasets

Spatial Data/Information in Forest Department, cont.

Maps for Forest Management (68 Districts)

Maps of Administrative Boundary

Maps of Forest Beats

Maps of Plantation−FD/Private

Forest Cover Maps

Location Maps of Permanent Forest Estate

Maps of Working Circles and Felling Series

Topographic Maps etc…..

Forest Cover Assessment

- National level

- Sub-national level

- Local level

Land use/cover Assessment

- Sub-national level

Monitoring by using RS & GIS

Total number of Landsat scenes = 53

Coverage area of 1 scene = 185 x 185 km

Spatial resolution = 30 x 30 m

National Level Forest Cover Assessment

Periods FRA Reports

1975

1989 1990

1997 2000

1998

2005 2005

2006.2007.2008 2010

2010 IRS Liss III 2015

Landsat Paths and Rows

Definitions of Forest (Kyoto Protocol)

2-5

m

0.05-1 ha

10-30% Forest Definition: (annex to decision

16/CMP.1 of Kyoto Protocol)

Minimum forest area: 0.05 – 1 ha

Minimum tree height: 2 – 5 m

Minimum crown cover: 10 – 30 %

Degradation (from IPCC):

Direct, human-induced, long-term loss

[persisting for X years or more] or at least

Y% of forest carbon stocks since time T

[not qualifying as deforestation]

Deforestation:

Direct, human-induced conversion

of forested land to non-forested

land

Definitions of Forest

Forest Definition: (FAO)

Minimum forest area: 0.5 ha

Minimum tree height: 5 m

Minimum crown cover: 10 – 40 %

Degradation (from IPCC):

Direct, human-induced, long-term loss

[persisting for X years or more] or at least

Y% of forest carbon stocks since time T

[not qualifying as deforestation]

5 m

0.5 ha

10-40%

Deforestation:

Direct, human-induced conversion

of forested land to non-forested

land

Forest Cover Status in Myanmar (2010)

Classes Area

(,000 ha)

% of total country

area

Closed forest 13445 19.87

Open forest 18329 27.09

Total forest 31773 46.96

Other Wooded land 20113 29.73

Others 13869 20.50

Water body 1903 02.81

Total 67658 100

Forest Cover of Myanmar derived from

2005-2007 Landsat Images (FRA 2010)

Mangrove Forest 1.47%

Tropical Evergreen Forest 17.22%

Mixed Deciduous Forest 38.26%

Dry Forest 9.80%

Deciduous Indaing (Dipterocarp)

Forest 4.16%

Hill and Temperate Evergreen Forest

26.88%

Scrub land 2.21%

Status of Major Forest Types(FRA 2010)

Mangrove Forest, 1.12% Tropical Evergreen

Forest, 17.30%

Mixed Deciduous Forest, 38.20%

Dry Forest, 10.00%

Deciduous Indaing Dipterocarp,

4.26%

Hill and Temperate Evergreen,

26.92%

Scrub Land, 2.20%

Status of Major Forest Types (FRA 2015)

Total number of IRS scenes = 79

Coverage area of 1 scene = 140 x 140 km

Spatial resolution = 23.5 x 23.5 m

2010 IRS LISS-III Images

Classes Area

(,000 ha)

% of total country

area

Closed forest 15305.71 22.62

Open forest 15166.82 22.42

Total forest 30472.53 45.04

Other Wooded land 14524.48 21.47

Others 20759.37 30.68

Waterbody 1903.00 02.81

Total 67659.38 100.00

Forest cover of Myanmar Derived from 2010 IRS Liss3 Images for FRA 2015

Forest Cover Status in Myanmar

This is the source data for FRA2015

Forest Cover Status in Myanmar (2015)

Projected Forest cover Data for FRA 2015 derived from 2010 IRS Liss3 Images

Classes Area (,000 ha) % of total

country area

Closed forest 14,585.00 21.56

Open forest 14,456.00 21.36

Total forest 29,041.00 42.92%

Other Wooded land 15,080.00 22.29

Others 21,634.00 31.98

Waterbody 1,903.00 02.81

Total 67,658.00 100.00

Forest Cover Status in Myanmar (2015)

Classes Area (,000 ha) % of total

country area

Closed forest 14,585.00 22.18

Open forest 14,456.00 21.98

Total forest 29,041.00 44.16%

Other Wooded land 15,080.00 22.93

Others 21,634.00 32.90

Total 65,755.00 100.00%

Projected Forest cover Data for FRA 2015 Without inland water area, FC cover %

This data can be seen in FRA2015 Desk reference book.

57.97%

51.54% 49.25%

46.96%

42.92%

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

% o

f to

tal l

and

are

a

Year

Forest Cover Trend as per respective Year

Closed forest

Open forest

Total Forest

Source: Forest Department, Myanmar (FRA 2015)

Forest Cover Class Area

(,000 ha)

% of total

country

area

Closed forest (NL) 1508.06 02.23

Closed forest (Mix) 3386.64 05.01

Closed forest (BL) 14844.42 21.94

Open forest (NL) 735.25 01.09

Open forest (Mix) 3686.05 05.45

Open forest (BL) 10911.90 16.13

Total forest 35072.32 51.84%

Other Wooded land 13927.16 20.58

Others 16664.75 24.63

Waterbody 1995.16 02.95

Total 67659.39 100.00

Forest cover of Myanmar 2005 for GMS+ Proj.

Forest Cover Class

Area

(,000 ha)

% of total

country

area

Closed forest (NL) 1366.88 02.02

Closed forest (Mix) 3018.04 04.46

Closed forest (BL) 11711.88 17.31

Open forest (NL) 879.67 01.30

Open forest (Mix) 3261.51 04.82

Open forest (BL) 9910.22 14.65

Total forest 30148.19 44.56%

Other Wooded land 15558.06 22.99

Others 19769.06 29.22

Waterbody 2184.07 03.23

Total 67659.39 100.00

Forest cover of Myanmar 2010 for GMS+ Proj.

Harmonizing Land use, Land Cover and Forest Cover Categories

No Land use categories IPCC FRA APFnet

1 Broadleaved forest closed

Forest land

Closed forest

Broadleaf closed

2 Needleaf closed Needleaf closed

3 Mixed forest closed Mixed forest closed

4 Evergreen forest closed Broadleaf closed

5 Mangrove Wetland (mangrove forest)

6 Broadleaved forest open

Open forest

Broadleaf open

7 Needleaf open Needleaf open

8 Degraded Forest Mixed forest open

9 Evergreen forest open Broadleaf open

10 Bamboo Bamboo

11 Forest open Dry forest

12 Scrubland

Other wooded land

Scrub

13 Fallow Taungya/Active Taungya Shifting cultivation

14 Forest Plantation Broadleaf

15 Grassland / Grazing Land Grassland Grass

16 Crop land floating

Cropland

Others

Crop land floating

17 Paddy/Commercial Agriculture/Tree

Crops/Permanent dryland ag.

Crop land (agri)

18 Alluvial land Alluvial land

19 Unclassified

Otherlands

Cloud/cloud shadows

20 Snow Snow

21 Permanent Bare Land/Sandbars Sand

22 Fish Pond Urban & built-up

23 Shrimp Pond Urban & built-up

24 Salt pan Urban & built-up

25 Settlements/Buildings/ Settlement

Urban & built-up

26 Roads Road

27 Swamp / Wetland Wetlands

Wetland (fresh water swamp) forest

28 Water - Rivers/Water - Lakes Water Water

(2005) (2010)

Forest Cover & Carbon Mapping in the GMS and Malaysia Project, Forest Cover Changes between 2005 and 2010 together with CAF

under APFNet Program

Forest Cover Change

map between 2005 and

2010 period.

No 2005 _ 2010 Change

Data Hectare Km2 Area Acre

1 Forest to Forest 26758749 267587.5 66120868.86

2 Forest to Others 8228604 82286.04 20332879.30

3 Others to Forest 4623992 46239.92 11425885.27

4 Others to Others 28048037 280480.4 69306700.64

Total 67659382 676593.8 167186334.08

Deforestation Rate within and Outside of PFE between 2005 and 2010 period

derived original source data.

Land Categories Forest to Non (Ha)

Deforestation Rate

PFE (RF+PPF+PAS) 491565.73 0.73 %

Outside PFE 1154415.38 1.68 %

Total 1645981.11 2.43 %

It is obvious that deforestation rate of outside PFE is more than twice inside PFE.

Deforestation Condition within and Outside of PFE between 2005 and 2010

period as per FRA2015 Deforestation rate data.

Land Categories Forest to Non (Ha)

Deforestation Rate

PFE (RF+PPF+PAS) 163239.92 0.51 %

Outside PFE 383360.08 1.21 %

Total 546600.00 1.72 %

It is obvious that deforestation rate of outside PFE is more than twice inside PFE. That is why deforestation rate inside PFE is less than 1/3 of total rate.

Region&State Forest - Forest Forest- Non Non - Forest Non - Non Total (ha)

Kachin State 5846984.64 650347.49 417743.57 1577496.49 8492572.19

Kayah State 569271.96 190098.10 145064.48 212358.00 1116792.54

Kayin State 1213876.65 333010.74 193363.81 1168004.14 2908255.34

Chin State 2724207.32 402465.28 192310.80 121520.56 3440503.95

Sagaing Region 3766278.98 538990.52 652243.89 4024372.29 8981885.68

Taninthryi 2339771.40 377333.43 483368.11 3634693.72 6835166.66

Bago 1093168.77 200078.30 160546.12 2261283.16 3715076.36

Magwe 828597.20 529233.51 193205.86 2743499.96 4294536.53

Mandalay 1080746.55 433061.51 281173.68 1865542.46 3660524.20

Mon 278301.32 176575.47 90275.16 599257.35 1144409.29

Rakhine 1969119.44 571103.39 150752.31 1057370.88 3748346.03

Yangon 35684.94 42522.41 11041.95 897692.41 986941.71

Shan 4613225.62 3373057.57 1592145.25 5360099.74 14938528.17

Ayeyarwady 399514.24 410725.80 60757.44 2524846.34 3395843.81

Total 26758749.03 8228603.52 4623992.42 28048037.49 67659382.47

Deforestation as per Regions and States between 2005 and 2010 period

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

Tho

usa

nd

he

ctar

e

Regions and States

Deforestation amount between 2005 to 2010 period

Forest- Non

Deforestation as per Regions and States between 2005 and 2010 period

According to the above figure, Highest deforestation in Shan State, second highest is Kachin State and the lowest is Yangon Division.

Forest Carbon Storage

Mapping in Myanmar

(300 m spatial

resolution) derived

from MODIS data.

Biomass Estimation and Carbon Stock (Country Level)

In Second Phase GMS+ project LiDAR

imageries will be used for Carbon Mapping.

Some sample GPS photos of field verification

Gwa Chaung PPF (Bamboo)

Thandwe District, Gwa T.S.

Mangroves, Pathein District, Ngaputaw T.s.

2014-15 Rapideye Images

On going activities, Image Interpretation for 2015-2016

2014-15 Landsat8 Images

1st order classification

2nd order classification

Finished in 11th Jan 2016

Three Districts already Finished

Classes Area

(,000 ha)

% of total country

area

Closed forest 11644.63 17.21

Open forest 19331.91 28.57

Total forest 30976.54 45.78

Other Wooded land 19374.19 28.63

Others 15579.09 23.03

Waterbody 1729.56 02.56

Total 67659.38 100.00

Forest cover of Myanmar Derived from Landsat8 of Nov, 2014 to March, 2015

Forest cover of Myanmar 2015

Real-Time Classified Data

Landsat OLI8 Images (Acquired between 2014,November and 2015,March)

Preprocessing (ENVI)

Radiometric calibration

Atmospheric correction

(FLAASH module)

Reprojection-46

Band Selection (654)mostly

Image Mosaicing for each district Editing(manually)

(ArcGIS for Desktop)

2015 National Forest Cover Map

ROI(region of interest) of each

Category

Ground Truth Checking(not

yet)

Google Earth

Imag

e C

lass

ific

atio

n

(EN

VI)

Supervised Classification

(Maximum Likelihood)

Majority Minority Analysis (3*3)

Two outputs form ENVI 1.Export Classification Image 2.Export Classification Vectors(used for further processes e.g EDITING)

1. Closed Forest 2. Open Forest 3. OtherwoodedLand 4. Grassland 5. Cropland 6. Otherlands 7. Settlement 8. Wetlands 9. Water

FAO and IPCC

Guideline

Methodological Flow Chart of Image Classification

Referencing

Image Classification (Vector)

Accuracy Checking(On going with

Google Earth)

FRA & IPCC LAND USE

Closed forest

Broadleaved forest closed

Needleaf closed

Mixed forest closed

Evergreen forest closed

Mangrove

Open forest

Broadleaved forest open

Needleaf open

Degraded Forest

Evergreen forest open

Bamboo

Forest open

Other wooded land

Scrubland

Fallow Taungya/Active Taungya

Forest Plantation

Grassland Grassland / Grazing Land

Cropland

Crop land floating

Paddy/Commercial Agriculture/Tree Crops/Permanent dryland ag.

Alluvial land

Otherlands

Unclassified

Snow

Permanent Bare Land/Sandbars

Fish Pond

Shrimp Pond

Salt pan

Settlement Settlements/Buildings/

Roads

Wetlands Swamp / Wetland

Water Water - Rivers/Water - Lakes

Challenges of National level FC Change Assessment

It is difficult to get cloud free imageries for the whole country especially more difficult to get historical data (i.e. earlier than 2013) (Landsat, 53 scenes & IRS Liss3 79 scenes are needed to cover the country).

Every respective data should be real-time and accurate as much as possible.

Due to the variety of forest types and forest disturbance levels, as well as the variable images acquisition conditions, it is unlikely deforestation and forest degradation monitoring can be conducted throughout the country using a single automated approach with currently available remote sensing data.(Stibig et al., 2014)

The application of automated methods to large area

assessments remains a major challenge and included a

strong visual interpretation component.(Stibig et al.)

Forest Definition should be standardized, land cover

categories should be harmonized due to different

definitions and categories can lead to different results,

e.g., IPCC, FAO and so forth.

To improve capacity building within forest department for wide area forest assessment is also challenge. Because it is important for countries to maintain their forest monitoring system and update their inventories on a regular basis.

Challenges of National level FC Change Assessment, cont.

This will improve accuracy and reliability of data and information on forest resources and will provide the country with the necessary input to refine policies and decision and to further improve forest management.

Transparent information should be provided to justify adjustments.

Country with lower capacities in the past had the tendency to overestimate the net area of forest loss and that use of low quality data and expert judgments resulted in biases in forest loss estimation in large area assessment.(Romijn, E., 2015)

Challenges of National level FC Change Assessment, cont.

The engagement in REDD+ capacity development

initiatives had a positive impact on country forest

monitoring capacity.

This clearly shows the importance of capacity building

programs and the need for further capacity

development.

Collaboration with other organizations can develop

capacities, methodologies.

Working together is cost effective, reduce time span

and success.

Challenges of National level FC Change Assessment, cont.

Application of Technical capacity (Hard ware, software etc..)

Weakness in Institutional systems (RS and GIS facilities only in

FD HQ, no facilities in District Forest Office)

Limited Funding for ground truthing

Limited Human resources (needed to improve capacity)

Data Sources (i.e. Satellite Images for Regular assessment , no

Lidar images etc.)

Still need to develop updated forest type level maps

Some current challenges to develop NFMS in FD

Current collaboration on Forest Monitoring in FD & Conclusion

UN-REDD

National Land Inventory

Regional Biomass Mapping

Researches (Institutes and Universities)

Line Departments

Forest Department

With NGOs and various international organization (EUIMG, USAID, SDC, ICIMOD, AAS, KFS, JICA, AIT, etc……..

FAO UNDP UNEP

ITTO

Thank you very much for your kind attention!