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January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Controls of Dryland Hydrology: Insights from Major Element and Stable Isotope Geochemistry of the Rio Grande and Pecos River
Fasong Yuan, PhDFasong Yuan, PhDCleveland State University Cleveland State University
Dept. of Biological, Geological, and Dept. of Biological, Geological, and Environmental SciencesEnvironmental Sciences
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
OUTLINE
Introduction
Long-term Changes in Stream ChemistryUpper/middle Rio Grande
Lower Rio Grande
Pecos River
Spatial Variations in TDS
Oxygen-18 and Deuterium
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Introduction
Atmospheric Circulations El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
The Rio Grande BasinGeomorphic Settings
Land Use Land Cover
Water Diversions and Water Quality
Problem Statements
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Atmospheric Circulations
Normal Conditions El Niño Conditions
[source: noaa.gov]
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Atmospheric CirculationsPacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
warm phase cool phase
[Mantua et al., 1997]
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Arizona New Mexico
Texas
Mexico
Colorado
Oklahoma
PECOS RIVER
RIO GRANDE
Rio Grande Basin
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Land Use Land Cover
[Source: rivers.txstate.edu]
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Dams
Elephant B., 1916
Amistad, 1968
Falcon, 1953
Red Bluff, 1936
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Downstream Changes in Flow and TDS of the Rio Grande
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Flood in 1942
[source: US Forest Service]
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Drought in 2004
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Salt Crust near El Paso
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Salt Cedar
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Salt Crystals near Girvin
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Pecos River near Girvin in 2005
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
(1) Approach One
Long-term changes in stream chemistry
Data Used:International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC), United States and Mexico
United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR)
United States Geological Survey (USGS)
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Upper Rio Grande
El Paso
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Lower Rio Grande near Amistad
Amistad
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Lower Pecos River near Langtry, TX
Langtry
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Upper Pecos River near Pecos, NM
Pecos, NM
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Seasonal Change
Pecos, NM
Langtry
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Log-linear Relationship
Girvin
Langtry
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Summary
Long-term stream hydrology and chemistry are largely determined by large scale atmospheric circulations (such as PDO).
The mixed features identified in the lower valley are ascribed to
contrasting climatic settings
poor hydrologic connectivity
lithologic heterogeneity
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
(2) Approach Two
Downstream changes in stream flow and TDS of the Pecos River
Data Used:United States Geological Survey (USGS)
International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC), United States and Mexico
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Changes in Discharge and TDS
Pecos River
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Gibbs Model
[Gibbs, 1970]
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Model Development
[Yuan and Miyamoto, 2005]
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
YM Model
[Yuan and Miyamoto, 2005]
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Conversion Formula
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
[Yuan and Miyamoto, 2005]
YM Model Application
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Cation Changes
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Summary
YM model is capable of identifying mechanisms that control stream TDS.
The Pecos River receives most of the dissolved solids from the upper valley.
Evaporation is an important process regulating water chemistry.
Dilution dominates in the lower Pecos.
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
(3) Approach Three
Characteristics of Oxygen-18 and Deuterium in the Pecos River
Data CollectionStream Water- This Study and USGS
Precipitation- Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP)
Groundwater- Published Literatures
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
-Notation
10001R
Rδ
std
spl
(‰)
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Pecos River
: May 6-7, 2005
: March 7-8, 2005: March7-8, 2005
: July 12, 2005
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Precipitation
Flagstaff, AZ
Waco, TX
Chihuahua, MX
[original data from GNIP]
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL)
Waco
Chihuahua
Flagstaff
GW
D = 818O + 10
d = D - 818O
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
18O and d-excess
[original data from USGS]
Santa Rosa
Langtry
Red Bluff
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
d-excess
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Summary
The Pecos River contains a range of variations in 18O and D
Although relatively large variations, the averaged values of 18O and D of meteoric waters from the Gulf are relatively high.
d-excess (d= D-8 18O) appears to be a better index capable of differentiating stream waters affected by evaporative enrichments.
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Future Research
Speciation analysis (e.g., sulfur)
Stable isotope studies on sulfate (34S and 18O)
Microbial analysis
January 25, 2008January 25, 2008Department of Chemistry, CSUDepartment of Chemistry, CSU
Acknowledgement
Martinez Ignacio and Seiichi Miyamoto of Texas A&M Research Center at El Paso
Anaya Gilbert of International Boundary and Water Commission, USA and Mexico
Alyson McDonald of Texas Cooperative Extension at Fort Stockton
