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7/29/2019 January | February 2013 - International Aquafeed magazine - full edition
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Chicken viscera for fish
feed formulation
Profitable aquafeed
moisture control
The shrimp feed industry in China an overview
Spray-dried plasma from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic
salmon parrs
Volume 16 I s sue 1 2013 - J anuary | f ebruary
INCORPORAT ING
f Ish fARmING TeChNOlOGy
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An internAtionAl mAgAzine for
the AquAculture feed industryCONTENTS
AQUA
I n t e r n a t I o n a l
FEED
Volume 16 / Issue 1 / January-February 2013 / Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2012 / All rights reserved
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept
no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. Copyright 2013
Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior
permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
Cover image courtesy of Oddmund Goete
Aqua News
3 Sea-grownbarramundi
thefuturewhitesalmonofthetropics?
3 DScforInternationalAquafeedsProfRana
3 EUprojectintoFlavobacteria
4 Internationalmatchmakingacceleratesgeneticadvances
4 AgriMarineandAkvatechjoinforceswithpurchaseandlicensingagreement
5 BigDNAgetsshareofsixmillionEuroEuropeanprojecttodevelopnewfishvaccines
7 Offshoremaricultureindustrylookstohighseasopportunities
8 AquaPortugal
8 Newvideohighlightssustainableaquaculturehatch-to-harvest
Features
10 Chickenvisceraforfishfeedformulation
14 Profitableaquafeedmoisturecontrol
18 Spray-driedplasmafromporcinebloodindietsforAtlanticsalmonparrs
22 AnoverviewofshrimpfeedindustryinChina
28 BioMarineBusinessConvention-report
44 Noveladditivestoreducetheeconomicimpactofdiseaseonshrimpproduction
Regular items
5 THEAQUACULTURISTS
26 PHOTOSHOOT
50 EXPERTTOPIC-ARCTICCHAR54 INDUSTRYEVENTS
AquacultureatEuroTiercomesofage
Aquaculture2013
ISRMAXIndia
59 CLASSIFIEDADVERTS
62 THEAQUAFEEDINTERVIEW
64 INDUSTRYFACES
www.perendale.co.uk
7/29/2019 January | February 2013 - International Aquafeed magazine - full edition
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Editor
ProfessorSimonDavies
Email: [email protected]
Associate Editors
ProfessorKrishenRana
Email: [email protected]
AliceNealEmail: [email protected]
Editorial Advisory Panel
Abdel-FattahM.El-Sayed(Egypt)
ProfessorAntnioGouveia(Portugal)
ProfessorCharlesBai(Korea)
ColinMair(UK)
DrDanielMerrifield(UK)
DrDominiqueBureau(Canada)
DrElizabethSweetman(Greece)
DrKimJauncey(UK)
EricDeMuylder(Belgium) DrPedroEncarnao(Singapore)
DrMohammadRHasan(Italy)
Circulation & Events Manager
TutiTan
Email: [email protected]
Design & Page Layout
JamesTaylor
Email: [email protected]
International Marketing Team (UK Office)DarrenParris
Email: [email protected]
LeeBastin
Email: [email protected]
Latin American Office
IvnMarquetti
Email: [email protected]
PabloPorceldePeralta
Email: [email protected]
India OfficeRajKapoor
Email: [email protected]
China Office
NancyYung
Email: [email protected]
More information:
International Aquafeed
7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square
Cheltenham, GL50 3PT
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1242 267706Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk
Happy New year to all our readers! This first edition of 2013 promises a
great start to the year with our regular news feature and articles addressing
the aquafeed and nutrition sector. This is the start of my fifth year as editor
and we have seen an evolution within the industry and much innovation
and developments over this period. The meetings and
international symposia that I was fortunate to attend
have given me much inspiration and also allowed me to
directly meet with the readership as well as providing me
with a whole new generation of friends and associates
from a wide spectrum of backgrounds.
LastyearmyvisitstoLasVegas,Kentucky,BeijingandSingapore
enabledme to appreciate therapid increasein aquaculture
research globally and the growing commercial business
environment.ThesuccessfulmeetinginOctoberofBioMarine
2012 brought a number of parties together in London at
the prestigious setting of FishmongersHall andTheHouses
ofParliamenttoaddressthetopicsofgovernanceinaquacultureincludingcomplexissuesoflegislation,promotionofethicalstandardsandfishwelfareandenvironmentinaquaculture.We
mainly addressedthe need forsustainablesolutions in theproductionof fish feeds andtheir
administration based on the various aquaculture production systems around the world with
emphasisfromfarmtoconsumer.
Thisisgoingtobeacontinuousprocessandwillrequiremorerobustdataandevidenceofthe
claimsbeingmadeforproductsdestinedforthefoodchainwithtransparencyatthecoreofthe
issues.IAFwillendeavourasalwaystoprovideaplatformfordebateandtopresentmaterialthat
willbeofinteresttoallstake-holderswithvestedconcernsforproducingexcellentproductsforthe
consumerbasedonsafe,effectivenutritionforfishandshrimpthroughouttheirproductioncycle.
Inouropeningissueof 2013,thereisaparticularlyinterestingfeatureon theuseofpoultry viscera in
aquafeedformulationsfromworkundertakeninNigeria.Indeedanimalby-productsareinvaluablesources
ofproteinandthesearebeingre-evaluatedforuseinEuropealthoughquitepracticalandstandardinmanypartsoftheworld.Amorespecialityproduct;SprayDriedPlasmaforuseinsalmonisreportedtoowith
someinterestingconclusionsasanovelfeedcomponent.
Turningourattentiontoshrimpwehavetwoexcellentarticles,thefirstreviewingthestatusoftheshrimp
feedindustryinChinaandthesecond,moretechnicalreportonfeedadditiveenhancersforhealthwitha
focusondigestivefunctionalityandmodulationofthegutmicrobiota.Noveltechnologiesbasedonbacterial
communicationdisruption(QuorumSensing,QS)couldofferexcitingprospectsfordiseasecontroland
reducingpathogenicityinshrimp.
TheArcticcharisourspeciesfocusthismonthandasyouwouldexpectweincludeexamplesofproduc-
tionstrategiesfromthemorefrigidzonesofourplanet.Thismostbeautifulfishhasgreatpotentialandis
certainlyoneofmyfavourites.TheVikingscertainlymissedanopportunitywiththatone.
Ontheengineeringfront,wereportoneffectivedryingtechnologiesforfeedproductionwithcostand
efficiencyalwaysinmind.
Finally,Iendwitharathersadannouncementtothosewhomaynothaveknown.OnOctober24,2012,my
greatfriendandacademiccolleague,DrJohnE.Halver(EmeritusProfessoratTheUniversityofWashington)
passedawaypeacefullyinSeattleatthewonderfulageof90.Ihadknownhimformanyyearsandasthe
FatherofFishNutritionweallowehimsomuchforinitiatingandadvancingthisscience.Therewillbea
tributetohiminthenextissueofIAFandIwilldedicatethateditiontohismemory.
Takecare,goodprospectsfortheNewYearandenjoythereading!
Professor Simon Davies
CROESO a Blwthyn Newydd Dda
Now incorporating fish farming technologyInternationalAquafeedischanging.From2013weareaddingextrapagesandthestrapline,
incorporatingfishfarmingtechnology.
Thechangeistoreflectthegrowingnumberoftechnologieswhichinvolvefeedorsome
aspectoffishfarmmanagement.So,withtheconsentofoureditorProfessorDavies,we
willcontinuetopublish articleaboutfeedingredients,speciesandfeedtechnologies but
alsocomplimentothertechnologiesthatcontributetofishfarmingefficiencies.
RogerGilbert,Publisher
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In 2010, global production of
farmed food f ish was ~60
million tonnes.The production
fromaquaculture is almostentirely
destined forhumanconsumption.
Thetotalfarmgatevalueoffoodfish
productionfromaquacultureisesti-
matedatUS$119.4billionfor2010.
Aquaculture representsthe fastest
growingprotein-producing system
inthelastthreedecadesandalsoin
theforeseeablefuture.
It is expected that aquacul-
ture product ion will surpass 80
milliontonnesby2020,becoming
the third-largest protein industry
behindpoultryandpork,butwell
aheadofbeef.
Salmonfarmingrepresentsasig-nificantpartofthehighquality
fish market at a forecast ~1.8M
tonnes pa in 2012, and rap idly
growing. Salmonfarming has a
numberof industry giants with
many now investing in other
aquaculturesectors.
The primary motivation for
salmonfarmerstoinvestinother
aquacultureventuresis
to leverage thei r
k n o w l -
e d ge o f f is h h us ba n dr y a nd
achievesynergyinfeedprocure-
ment, in marketing and distri-
butionactivities and to achieve
speciesdiversificationinorderto
mitigatetheeffectsofthesalmon
pricefluctuationcycle.
Weget our terrestrially grown
meatproductsprimarilyfromfour
sources; chicken, beef, pork,and
lamb.Thesamewilllikelybetrue
fromfarmedfish.Withsalmonas
theclearnumberone,itisunclear
whatwillbenumbertwo.
Barramundiisagoodcandidate
havingmanyofthekeydrivers
that ma de sa lm on su cces sf ul :
lendsitselfwelltodomestication,
good growth, survival, density,FCR, omega3 fatty acidlevels,
eatingqualities, etc. Barramundi
alsoperformswellondietswith
high levels of fishmealand fish
oil substitution. Combinethese
attributeswithanidealgeography
inAustralasia (protection from
severestorms)and a growing
middleclassmarketthroughout
A s i a a p o te n ti a l r e ci p e
f or t he ne xt
salmon?
Sea-grownbarramundi the future white salmon of the tropics?
AnEU-fundedprojectinto
the control of diseases
caused byFlavobacteria
hasbeenannounced.
Theresearch,entitledControl
of Flavobacteriaceae infections
in European f ish farms, will
involve cooperation between
partners in France, F inland,
Denmark, Switzerland, Italyand
Norway.
Theaimoftheprojectisto
identifythevariationfoundin
Flavobacteria and characteri-
sation of thevarious types.At
present infections are normally
tr ea te d with an ti bi ot ic s but
it hoped that theprojectwill
helpdevelop alternative treat-
ments."Knowledge generatedin this
project will provide the basis
for selection of vaccine candi-
datesanddevelopmentofdiag-
nostic assays and vaccines.This
willmakedetectionandcontrol
possible e.g. through investiga-
tion of environmental samples
and ident if ication of appar-
ently healthycarrier fish," says
Hanne Nilsen, researcher at
th e Norw egian Ve te r ina r yInstitute.
Strains of Flavobacteria affect
bothfreshandsaltwaterspecies
andcausenumerablelosseson
fishfarmsworldwide.
A lt ho ug h s a lm on c a n b e
infected, in recentyears it is
rainbowtroutwhichhassuffered
mostfromFlavobacteriarelated
illnesses.In2008,Flavobacterium
psychrophilumwas responsible
forlarge losseson Norwegian
rainbow trout farms. F. psy-
chrophilum is very infectious
and causesa systemic infection
inrainbowtroutwithhighasso-
ciated mortalities. Fortunately,
thedisease hasonly reappeared
sporadically inrecent tearsbut
it stillconstitutes a realthreat
to Norwegia n ra inb ow tro ut
farming.
Numerouscountriesusingthe
sametestingmethods tochar-
acterise thebacteriawill allow
greatercomparisonofdata."Thisis a huge advantage.We
nowhaveadatabasewithover
1000strainsofF.psychrophilum
from allover theworld. Each
individualstrainof bacteriahas
been profiled using so-called
MLST (multi-locus sequence
ty pi ng ) a te ch ni qu e wh ic h
revealsdifferencesinthegenetic
code. Inthis way wecan form
a globalpictureof the disease
causedbyeachbacterialvariant.
We can then ident ify whi ch
sequence typesare most path-
ogenic, which have thegreatest
abil ity to spread, and which
strains arecurrentlyemerging,"
saysNilsen.
EUprojectintoFlavobacteria
Prof Rana, associate
editor of International
Aquafeed, has been
awardedaDoctorofScience
(DSc) inAquaculture inrec-
ognitionfor his contribution
to aquaculture research and
development.
Prof Rana was recently
awardedthehighestuniversity
accoladefromthe University
ofStellenbosch, SouthAfrica
forhis contributiontoaquac-
ultureresearch anddevelop-
ment following apeerreviewsubmission of his research
by two eminent UK scien-
tists making himone ofonly
twoknownacademicsinthe
worldtoholdaDScforwork
inaquaculture. Hehaspresented
several key note lectures and
chairedinternationalconferencesandengaged with FAO inover
adozenExpertConsultationsas
specialistresourcepersonininter-
nationalforums
Prof Rana who was at the
InstituteofAquaculture,University
ofStirlingfor25years,wastheonly
academicstaffattheuniversityto
holdaDScdegreeinAquaculture.
Hewasalso awardedthe Stirling
Provostsawardinrecognitionfor
his outstanding achievement inthe field ofacademicresearch in
2006andwaselectedfellowofthe
LinnaeanSociety, Londonforhis
contributiontoconservation.
Prof Ranas needs-dr iven
research focus, resulting in over
150publicationsandpresentations,
hasearned himinternationalrec-ognitioninhisfieldsofstudy,trans-
latingscience into: policies, stra-
tegic frameworks, master plans
andenvironmentalassessmentsfor
nationalgovernments;design,tech-
nicalauditsandevaluationforgov-
ernmentandprivateoperationsfor
hatcheriesand on-growing aquac-
ultureprogrammesandfacilities;as
wellascontributinggloballytothe
trainingofover500postgraduates
inaquaculture.Prof Rana, can be contacted
through our office and at krish-
[email protected] and also at
[email protected], kjr3@
sun.ac.za
DScforInternationalAquafeedsProfRana
Juy-Fbuy 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 3
Aqua News
Professor Krishen Rana,
Associate editor of
International Aquafeed
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Ag r i M a r in e H o l d in g s
Inc. and Akvatech AShave brokered a deal
to ad va nce th e ad op ti on of
AgriMarines closed containment
fishrearingtechnologyinNorway
andinothercountries.
T h e a g re em en t i nc lu de s a
securedloanfromAkvatechtothe
companys subsidiary AgriMarine
Industries Inc. for CAD $2.5
mi ll ion and thepurchase of
AgriMarinesintellectualproperty
rights and know-how within
certainnorthernEuropeancoun-
tries,including Norwayfor CAD
$1.5million.
Thedealalsoencompassesthe
saleoftwo24mtanksforadem-onstrationprojectinNorwayand
thedevelopmentandpatentpro-
tectionofa30mtankdesignwith
capacity of 5,500cubic meters.
ThisisthefirstsaleAgriMarines
tec hn ol og y an d es ta bl is he s
the com pany as a sup pli er of
closed containment technology.
The demonstration project is
expectedtobejointlyfinanced
by a consortium of industry
playersandsalmonfarmers,as
wellas InnovationNorway,the
Norwegian Governments inno-
vationanddevelopmentarm.
T h i s a g r e e me n t w it h
Akvatech not only val idatesourIPandsignalstheimme-
diatesaleoftwoAgriMarine
ta nks for us e in Norway, and
italsosetsthestageforfuture
t a nk s a l e s a nd ex p a n s i o n
thro ugho ut Euro pe, says Sean
Wilton, Pres iden t and CEO of
AgriMarine.
We are confident that the
tr an sa ct io n wi ll al so bo ls te r
furthersupportandinterestfrom
salmon producing companies in
otherterritoriessuchasSoutheast
AsiaandAustralia.
Wilton adds,Webelieve that
wehavetheanswertosustain-
ablesalmon farming with sub-stantial operationaladvantages
in terms of reduced mortal i-
ties , improved feed conver sion,
andmitigation of sealice infes-
tations.
Aq u a c ul t u r e c o m p an y
Landcatchissteppingup
itssearchfor the perfect
fish bylinking pedigree breeding
programmes in Scotland and
Chile.
Information on hundreds of
tho usa nds of sal mon in bot h
countriesisnowbeingfedinto
a state-of-the-art database which
canmakequickerandmoreexact
decisions on pairing individual
fish.
The process is accelerating
genetic advances by producing
morerobust offspringthat grow
fasterandarelesssusceptibleto
disease.
Dr Alan Tinch, director of
genetics at Landcatch, UK says,We now have the abil ity to
useinformationin allthreepro-
grammestomakemoreaccurate
decisions ontheselectionof fish.
Thatssomethingunique.
DrTinchsaysthedatabaseeffec-
tivelyactsasalargeandcomplex
datingagency. He says,Weare
collecting informationabout the
salmon wehave on ourfarms
aroundtheworldandusingitto
matchthebestfemalewiththebestmale.
In this way the next genera-
tionof fish isbetter ina number
of respects thanbefore faster
growing, more disease resistant,
withimproved fat content and
bettereatingquality.
Wecannotmovetheindividual
fish, but wecan workout which
dowellinScotlandandChileand
thenbreedfromthebestineach
country to meet theneeds of
eachcustomer.
Therearepresentlyover800,000
salmonrecordedin thedatabase
with more than 100,000records
addedeveryyear.Eachhasitsown
identificationnumberwhichallows
expertstotraceitsfamilyhistory
fromparents, grandparents and
great-grandparents.
Every fish can haveover100
tra its reco rded, such as its fat
contentorresistancetocertain
disease, meaning scientists can
look at mil l ions of pieces of
informationin matchingindivid-
uals.
The familyhistories,combined
withallthegeneticinformationwe
haveonthedatabase,allowsustomakepredictionsabout which of
thefisharegoingtogiveusagood
performance,saidDrTinch.
The systemgives us aneven
greaterlevelofaccuracyindeci-
sionswemakeastheinformation
atour disposal ismorerobust,
moreaccurateandthereismore
ofitcollectedoverdifferentenvi-
ronments.
Itallowsustoquicklyandeasily
accessalltheinformationwehave
on individualanimals andtheir
families and when we crunch
the numbers we know which is
thebest malefor theindustry in
Scotland, or the bestfemale for
Chile. We can also customise
matches for individual compa-
nies.
Its no longer aboutcrossing
togetherthebig,goodlookingfish.
We look at all the information
using advanced genetic models
anddecidewhicharethebest
males and the best
females.
Landcatchispart
of the global
H e n d r i x
Genetics
m u l t i -
s p e c i e s
f o od p r od u c-
tionorganisationwhose
mission is to help the
worldmeet itsfood needs
throughinnovativeandsustainablegenetictechniques.
Usingnewgenomictoolsoffers
thepotentialforthecompanyto
accelerate therate ofimprove-
mentwithin theirbreedingpro-
grammesandallowsselectionfor
important characteristics,such as
resistancetodisease.
Thedatabasetoanalysegenetic
and genomic information was
originallyestablishedbyLandcatch
in2006inacollaborativeproject
w it h E GE NE S ( Ed in bu r gh
Genetic Evaluation Services),
part ofScotlands Rural College
(SRUC).
Overthe past fiveyears the
database hasbeendeveloped by
specialistsinLandcatch,DrDerrick
GuyandAndrewRobertson,in
col laborat ion with database
expertsatEGENES.Aswellas
providing conventional genetic
analysis the
new database
isdesignedtoimple-
mentnewgenomicmethods
suchasmarkerassistedselection
forInfectious PancreaticNecrosis
virus(IPN)resistance.
Landcatchidentifiedmarkersfor
IPN resistance in collaboration
with RoslinInstituteand Stirling
Institute ofAquaculture. Further
work by this group, includingUniversityofGlasgow,isextending
this work to sea lice resista nce
using a cutting-edge genomic
selectiontooltheSNPChip
aglassslideusedtoanalysevar-
iations in DNA sequences, or
SingleNucleotidePolymorphisms
(SNPs), which actas biological
markersandhelpscientistslocate
arangeofgenesassociatedwith
disease.
T he d at ab as e w il l m ea n
improvedqualityproductsandan
accelerationofgenetictechniques
infarmedfishwhichtheindustry
and commentators, includingthe
former UN Secretary General
KofiAnnan, believeis necessary
to addressworld foodshor tages
causedbyclimatechange.
More InforMatIon:
www.landcatch.co.uk
AgriMarineandAkvatech
joinforces
withpurchaseandlicensingagreement
4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | Juy-Fbuy 2013
Aqua News
Internationalmatchmakingacceleratesgeneticadvances
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BigDNAgetsshareofsixmillionEuroEuropean
projecttodevelopnewfishvaccines
S
cottish life sciences firm Big DNA,
located at the Rosl in B ioCentre,
Edinburgh,ispartofaEuropeanwide
consortiumthathasbeenawardedEuropean
Unionfundingunderthe6millionTargetfish
project.Thismajorprojectisaimedatdevel-
opingnew aquaculturevaccines, of which
BigDNAs proprietary phage M13 based
chimericvaccinetechnology,willbepart.
TheFramework7TargetfishProject,which
lastsforfiveyears,includes30collaborators,
bothindustrial andacademic, across 10 EU
countries,andaimstodevelopaffordableand
effectivevaccinesagainstarangeofeconom-
icallyimportantfishdiseases,includingthose
affectingsalmon,troutandseabass,amongstothers.
Scotland is particularly wellrepresented
in theprojectwhich involvesfour Scottish-
basedcommercial companies and research
institutes.
DrJohnMarch,CEOofBigDNAcom-
mented,We aredelighted tobe part of
thissignificantEuropeaninitiative,whichrec-
ognisesthepotentialofourchimericM13
phage-basedvaccine technologyfor usein
applicationssuchasaquaculture.Thisfurther
expandsthe utilityof ourplatform tech-nology in addition to ourcore interestin
developinghumanhealthcareproducts.
RhonaAlison,seniordirectoroflifesciences,
Scottish Enterprise, says, "Thisnews is very
excitingfor bothScottish Life Sciencesand
BigDNA.ThelevelofScottishparticipationas
awholeinthisEuropeanprogrammeunder-
linesthestrengthoftheaquaculturesector
hereandbuildsonScotland'sincreasingrep-
utationasaleadinginternationalhuboflife
sciencesexpertise."
Big DNA has developed f ish vaccines
which areable to be administered throughimmersingthefishintanksof watercon-
tainingthevaccines,thuseliminatingtheneed
foruse of needles which candamage the
fish.
More InforMatIon:
Website: www.bigdna.co.uk
Aqua News
ScotlandScottishfishproducer,LochDuart
istoreceivea4millioncashinjec-
tion from Scottish Investment Bank
andCapicornInvestmentGroup.The
companywill upgrade equipmentandinfrastructurewiththehopeof
increasingexportsales.
http://bit.ly/10Opn8l
USAR e se a rc h a t C a li fo r n ia S t at e
University,Fresnointothebiology
oftilapia,willgeta$349,000boost
tha nks to a U.S. Dep ar tme nt of
Agriculturegrant.LarryRiley,assistant
professor of biology,is researching
the hormona l control of appe titeandgrowthduringstress intilapia.
http://bit.ly/TiJe9T
PakistanA three-year project examining
the pro spect of int rod uci ng the
catfish (Pangasius pangasius) into
Pakistan has received a Rs3.954
mill ion research grant from the
Higher Education Commission.The
researchwillbeleadbyDrNoor
Khan,The University ofVeterinary
and Animal Sc iences AssistantProfessor Department ofFisheries
andAquaculture,Pakistan.Underthe
projectartificialfeedwillbeformu-
latedand preparedfor variousage
groupsandevaluatedforitseffect
on the growth, nutrient profile and
breeding potentialof this species.
http://bit.ly/UTmOh6
New ZealandResearch to domest icate the
New ZealandGreenshell musselisnow marketable thanks toa new
NZ $26 million agreement.The
MinistryforPrimaryIndustriesand
SPATnzhave signed a seven year
innovation contract to selectively
breedmusselspatattheCawthron
Aquaculture Parknorth ofNelson,
u s in g r e se a rc h e s ta b li s he d b y
Cawthrons MBIE-funded Cultured
Shellfish Programme.Its fantasticthatresearchinto productenhance-
mentfor Greenshell mussels will
nowbeabletobeusedtobenefit
the New Zealand mussel industry
and helpit take off internationally,
CawthronChiefExecutiveProfessor
CharlesEasonsays.Itspossiblythe
mostexcitingthing to happen in
the mussel industr y for decades
itwill propel itforward. http://bit.
ly/UTpsU5
CanadaCanyougrowAtlantichalibutto
market size onshore?PaulMerlin,
president of Canaqua Seafoods,
Canada,certainlythinksit'spossible.
Merl in has secured a $496,584
loan from the At lantic Canada
Opportunitiesfor his project.The
money comes on topof Merlin's
initial$2.9 million investmentand a
$1.2-millionfederal grant in 2010.
Thesitehaseight,15-metrerecircu-
lationtanksandisexpectedtoopeninMarch.http://bit.ly/UZu7li
JamaicaJa ma ic an fi sh er ie s ar e se t to
benefitfromgrantfundingandtech-
nical support totaling$36 million
Jamaicandollars.Themoneyispar t
ofafouryear$302millionproject,
w hi ch w i ll s u pp o r t t he o pe r a-
tions of fish sanctuaries in Jamaica,
Grenada,StLucia,Dominica,andSt
Vincent and the Grenadines.TheCaribbeanClimateChangeCentre
willspearheadtheprojectsimple-
mentationacrosstheregion.http://
bit.ly/VaYpre
Aregularlookinsidetheaquacultureindustry
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This month we take a closer look at cash injections and grantsawarded to aquaculture project worldwide. You can find out moreabout these stories, and others, by visiting the blog
www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com
FEATURESEveryissueofInternationalAquafeed
isavailabletoviewonlineinour
Archivesection.Bothfullonlineedi-
tionsandindividualfeaturescanbe
viewed,anditiscompletelyfree.
www.aquafeed.co.uk/archive.php
7/29/2019 January | February 2013 - International Aquafeed magazine - full edition
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view
AQUACULTURE
by Dominique P Bureau, member
of the IAF Editorial Panel
Increasing the emphasison quality assurancefor raw materialsused in aquaculturefeed production
Thehighpriceandrelativevolatilityinthesupplyofsomefeedstuffsare
forcingaquaculturefeedmanufacturerstoplaywithanincreasinglydiverseportfolioofeconomicalrawmaterials.Largermanufacturersoftenneedtosourcetherequiredhighvolumesofcertainrawmaterialsfrommultiplesuppliers.Smallmanufacturersduetotheirlesserneedsmaybeabletosourcefromsinglesuppliersbut,atthesametime,maybeevenmoreatthemercyofcapriciousnessof
themarkets.Tomaintaintheircompetitiveness,formulatorsmustformulatefeedstolowerornarroweressentialnutrientspecificationstominimizecostsbuttheymustensurethatthefeedscansustainhighgrowth,feedefficiency,health,andproductqualityoftheanimalsatthefarm.Theproductionofhighlynutritiousandcosteffectivefeedswithanincreasinglywidearrayoffeedingredientsobtainedfrom
differentsuppliersisclearlynotaneasytask.Thisiscertainlykeepingsomefeedformulatorsawakeatnight.
Sourcingofrawmaterialsfromdifferentcountries,
manufacturersorbrokersarguablyresultsingreaterprobabilityforsignificantvariationsinthequalityoftherawmaterialspurchased.Thehighpriceofcertainfeedstuffs(forexamplefishmeal)mayalsoincite(unscrupulous)supplierstoadoptdeceptivepractices,suchasproductadulteration(forexample
blendinglessexpensiverawmaterialswithmoreexpensiverawmaterials).SomerecentexperiencesIhadinthefieldandaswellasrecentdiscussionwithexpertsindicatedthatvariabilityinthenutritivequalityandadulterationoffeedstuffsarenotathingofthepast.Inthisverycomplexcontext,qualityassurance(QA)playsanextremelyimportantrole.
QAusuallyinvolvesthe
definitionsofspecificationsforthepurchasingoftherawmaterialsandfortheinspectionandanalysisoftheserawmaterialsastheyarereceivedatthefeedmill.Most,ifnotall,aquaculturefeedmanufacturershaveadoptedsomesortofQAprocessandinvestverysignificantfinancialandstaffresourcesinthis.ThemainemphasisofQAsystemsinplaceisonchemicalcomposition,mainlyonproximateanalysis(crudeprotein,crudelipids,crudefibre,etc.),oftherawmaterials.Relativelylittleemphasisisplacedondirectmeasurementsofindividualnutrientorcontaminantlevelsduetotheoftenprohibitivecostofthistypeofanalysis.NearInfraredReflectanceSpectroscopy(NIRS)iswidelyusedbymostaquaculturefeedmanufacturersaround
theworldtoobtainrapidandgenerallyaccurateestimationoftheproximateandindividualnutrientlevelsofbatchesofrawmaterials.
Relativelylittleemphasisisplacedonassessmentofthenutritivevalueofdifferentbatchesofrawmaterials.Thereissomeexperimentalevidencethatsignificantvariabilityexistsinthedigestibilityandbio-availabilityoftheindividualnutrientsofdifferentbatches
commonaquaculturefeedingredients.Fishmeals,feathermeals,meatandbonemealsandDDGSoftencometomindasingredientsthatcanvaryquitesignificantlyinterms
ofdigestibilityandnutritionalquality.However,variabilityindigestibilityandnutritivevalueisnotonlylimitedtotheseingredients.
Ifinditunfortunatethatsofewresearcheffortsareinvestedbyaquaculturenutritionresearchersontheseissuesthataresoimportanttotheaquaculturefeedindustry.
BetterresearchandmoredatawouldreallyhelpguideQAeffortsofaquaculturefeedmanufacturers.Forexample,NIRSishighlydependentontheavailabilityofhighqualityrawdataonthecompositionandnutritivevalue(forexampleaminoaciddigestibility)ofdifferentrawmaterialssothatreliablecalibrationoftheinstrumentscanbedone.Thisisoneareawhereacademicresearch
groupscouldplayaveryimportantroleandyetarevirtuallyabsent.
Otherrapidbutmoredirectwaysofassessingthenutritivevalueofdifferentbatchesofrawmaterialsarealsorequired.Pepsindigestibilityisprobablyoneofthemostwidelyusedteststoestimatedigestibilityofprotein.However,thereissomecontroversyastotheproperconcentrationofpepsin
tobeusedandtheapplicabilityofthistypeofteststodifferentaquaticanimalspeciesanddifferentrawmaterials.Thereisverylimitedpublishedexperimental(animal)studiesexaminingthereliabilityofpepsindigestibilityassaysanddefiningtheirlimitations.Otherinvitrotests,suchaspH-statproteindigestionassayshavebeendevelopedbuttheyalsosufferfromalackofstandardisationand
lackofvalidation.Rightnow,effortsarereallydisparateanddifferentgroupsareproposingverydifferentapproaches.Thereshouldbesystematicandconcertedeffortsonthistopic.
Turningawayrawmaterialshipmentsisnotalwaysfeasibleinthecurrentclimate.Itisperhapsmoreimportantforfeedmanufacturerstolearnhowtobetteridentifyanddeterminetheconsequenceofvariabilityincompositionandlearnhowtosafelyandappropriatelyuserawmaterialsthatdifferfromtheestablishedspecifications.Thisisanotherimportantroleinwhich
academicresearchlaboratoriescouldplayarole.
Iamsometimefeelingthattoomuchrelianceonlaboratoryteststoassessqualityofrawmaterialsmayresultinacertainlostoftouchwithreality.ItismyexperiencethatfrontlineQApersonnelandgeneralfeedproductionstaffsarenotalwayshighlyaware
ofhowdifferentrawmaterialsshouldlook,smellandfeellike.Theseareprimaryindicatorsthatsomethingmaynotberightwiththequalityofrawmaterialreceived.Clearly,moretrainingoffrontlinestaffisneeded.
Finally,howunfortunateisthefactthatthetechniquescommonlyusedbyfeedmanufacturersforQAarenotcurrentlytaughtinmostacademicinstitutions?IwonderhowmanyaquaculturenutritionistshavebeenproperlytrainedintheuseofNIRSequipmentorhavereceivedbasictraininginfeedmicroscopy?Howcanweexpecttoprogressasanindustryifthenewblooddoesnothavetheproperacademicbackgroundandtraining?
AmIsofarinleftfield?Anyfeedback?Letmeknowbyemail:[email protected]
AQUACULTUREUPDATES
The final report from the
B i o M a r i n e B u s i n e s s
Conventionis nowavailable
online.The report includes
theproceedings fromthe five
thinktanks.Invaluabletothose
whowerethere,interestingfor
thosewhoweren't.Download
the repor t and view photosfromtheconventionatwww.
biomarine.org.
BrazilsIndustrialTechnology
CoreFoundationofCearhas
launchedasystemtoconvert
fishwasteintooilforbiodiesel
f e e ds t o c k . T h e B i o p ei x e
Machineconverts 50 percent
of fish viscera intofats which
willbechangedintobiodiesel.
Theequipment willbe used
to dispose of waste made by
Niletilapiagrownintanksinthereservoirs of theStateof
Cear.
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9/68
The offshore aquaculture
industry has requested
thatUnitedNationsFAO
conduct anassessment ofthe
accessand operational frame-
worksfor openocean maricul-
ture in the High Seas, and make
recommendations asto how to
betterencourage work towards
maricultureinwatersbeyondany
onenations EEZs.A statement
to this effectwas drafted atThe
OffshoreMaricultureConference,held in Izmir,Turkey,over three
daysfrom October 17-19, 2012
and theTurkish government
offered toformally conveythe
requesttoFAO.
The statement adopted at the
conclusionoftheconferencedrew
fromanumberofprecedingdecla-
rationsincludingthe2010Global
Conference onAquaculture, the
PhuketConsensusof2010,andthe
ColomboDeclarationof2011,allofwhich have emphasisedthe critical
rolefor aquaculturein feedingthe
world, stimulating economicdevel-
opment, providing employment
and reducing existing negative
impactsonthemarineenvironment.
Most recently, the Bremerhaven
Declaration of 2012 spoke spe-
cificallyof theneed forincreased
research, development, investment
and policy frameworks foropen
oceanaquaculture.
Deeper, and further offshoreThereisgrowinginterestfrom
theprivatesectorinexploringthe
potentialforaquacultureinwaters
that are increasingly deeper,and
further offshore saysconference
chairman, NeilAnthony Sims, of
KampachiFarms,LLC.Giventhat
manynationssuchasthosein
the Medi ter ranean sti ll only
exert national authority asfar as
12 miles offshore, then there isa loomingquestion about what
happens in theAreas Beyond
National Jurisdiction (ABNJ).We
needtostarttoaddressthisin
anticipation of , and in order
to enc oura ge the se dev elo p-
ments.
Theconference heard keynote
presentations from Alessandro
Lovatelli,FAOAquaculture Officer;
Paul Holthus ofWorld Ocean
Council;andHaraldRosenthalwho
had Chaired the Bremerhaven
Conference. Each spoke of the
opportunityandtheimperativefor
aquacultures rightsandresponsibil-
itiesto bebetter defined inABNJ.
MrHolthus described howmanyinternationalconventionsandagree-
ments regardingABNJare either
alreadyestablished,orareunderdis-
cussion, without anyreal consider-
ationofthepotentialforaquacul-
ture,andwithminimalconsultation
withindustry.
The conference was officially
opened byDr Durali Kocak, the
Director-General of Fisheries
andAquacultureattheTurkish
Ministry of Food,Agricultureand Livestock, whodescribed
howtheTurkish government
had prioritised aquaculture
development.Theindustry in
Turkeyis expandingat a phe-
nomenalrate,asitindeedmust,
tomeet the growingdemand,
but care is being taken to
ensure that such growth is
withintheseasecologicallimits,
hesaid.
O t he r p r e se n ta t io n s
exploreda rangeof planningandmanagementtoolsthatare
beingsetuparoundtheworld
to better integrate aquacul-
tureintocoastalplanning initi-
atives. Newspecies develop-
ment, provisionof seed (fish
fingerlings or bivalve spat)
and feed developments for
offshoremariculturewerealso
reviewed.
Michael Ebeling, of the
Wegner Institute inGermany,and Dr Amir Neori of the
IsraeliOceanographicInstitute
(togetherwithGamzeTuranof
EgeUniversity)spokeon the
potential to co-locate aquac-
ultureand offshoreenergyprojects
suchaswindfarms,andtheprospects
andneedformacroalgaeculturein
offshorelocations.
Ontheseconddayofthecon-
ference, a number of presen-
tati ons highlig hted engi neerin g
improvementstooffshorenetpen
systems, including dramatic video
footageofsharkstryinginvainto
breakthroughDyneemasPred-X,
andAKVAs Econet / Kikkonet,
along with datademonstratingtheantifoulingpropertiesof brass
alloymeshes
Thedayalsoincludedreviewsof
newdevelopmentsin single-point
mooringsystemsforself-submerging
surfacepensandforshrimpculture
inAquapods,tensionlegcagesand
testingofmorerobustsurfacepens
andunanchoreddriftercages.New
advancesin net pens and service
vessels for exposed Norwegian
salmonfarm sites werepresented
byFinnWillumsenofAquaCulture
EngineeringAS,andMatsHeideof
SINTEFFisheriesand Aquaculture,
respectively.
On the final day, conference
attendeesweregiveafirst-handlook
attheboomingTurkish aquaculture
industry, astheywerehostedona
touroffishprocessingfacilities;aboat
trip outtoexposedfarmsitesforseabass, seabream andtuna; anda
walk-throughofmarinefishhatchery
facilitiesintheIzmirarea.
Thedatesandvenueforthe2014
Offshore Mariculture Conference
willbereleasedshortly.
More InforMatIon:
www.offshoremariculture.com
Offshore mariculture industry
looks to high seas opportunities
Juy-Fbuy 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
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10/68
Newvideohighlightssustainable
aquaculturehatch-to-harvest
Anewvideoproducedby
the US Soybean Expor t
Council(USSEC) takes
an in-depth look at Pac i fico
Aquacultures operationat Isla
Todos Santos, Baja, Mexico,
which raisesnative white bass
andhybrid striped bass, among
otherspecies.Thevideocanbe
viewed at: www.soyaqua.org/
video
The mini-documentary follows
the par tnership involved in the
entire hatch-to-harvest process,includingafingerlingtransferfrom
thehatcheryatHubbsSeaWorld
Research Institute, stocking at
the Paci fico site for grow -out,
harvesting, processing at Santa
Monica Seafoods, andend con-
sumptionat theSushi School of
LosAngeles.
U SS EC h as f un de d f ee d
research at Hubbs and Pacifico
Aquacultureto reduce reliance
onfishmeal and fish oil. Soy-
based feeds have proven suc-
cessfulat increasing the sustain-abilityandaffordabilityofaqua-
feeds.
Webelievethisvideowillgive
people a close-uplookat the
fish farmers,hatcher y biologists,
andothersupplystreampartic-
ipants who arecommitted to
makingaquacultureasustainable
resource, said Michael Cremer,
International Program Director
ofUSSEC.
With global aquaculturepro-
jected to supply 60 percent of
all seafoodconsumed by 2020,C re me r s ay s, we n ee d t o
educatethepublicbyshowcasing
more operations like Pacifico
that are producing high quali ty
seafood in an environmentally
soundmanner.
ShrimpfarmsthreatenmangrovesaccordingtoaUNreport.
Mangroveforestsoffernaturalprotectiontocoastlines,providehabitatsofsealifeandhelpslowclimatechange.However,since
the1980s,afifthofmangroveshavebeendestroyeddue, in
part,tothespreadofshrimpandfishfarms
A$16millionorganicshrimpfarmpromisestobring'green'
jobstoFellsmere,Florida.It'shopedthatthejumboshrimpcan
helprejuvenateanddiversifyacitrus-basedeconomyoften
plagued bycanker, citrus'greening'and weatherextremes.
IfgrantscomethroughandthemethodsFloridaOrganic
Aquaculturetests prove effective, shrimpcould beonthe
marketbythemiddleofnextyear.Companyexecutivessay
thefarmwillcreateanestimated60jobsonthefarmandan
additional512jobsfromassociatedeconomicactivity.
AnaquaculturezoneinVietnamistobeturnedintoaport.ThePeople'sCommitteeofcentralsouthernPhuYenProvince
planstoturna1,460-hazoneintheVungRoareaofDongHoa
Districtintoaseaport.About460householdsandbusinessmen
currentlyraiselobstersandotherfishinthearea.
AQUACULTUREUPDATES
1969TheyearbrothersOveand
SivertGrntvedtopenedtheworldsfirstsalmonfarminHitra
1.200FishfarmswerelicensedtofarmsalmonandtroutinNorway
in1995
22,700NumberofjobssupportedbyNorwegian
aquaculturein2009
343,000tonnesNorwaysalmonexportsin2000
41StrainsofNorwegiansalmonproducedtoday40OfthesestrainsareNorwegian.Oneis
Swedish.
NOK30millionThetotalof
theNorwegianSeafoodFederationsenvironmentalfunddedicated
toremovingescapedfishfrom
watercourses
90,000squarekilometresSeawithinNorwaysseabaseline;
thesamesizeasthetotalagricultural
areaofItaly
250%TheincreaseinNorwegianseafoodexports
between1986and1991
40%Decreaseinaquaculturesitesbetween2000and2010
Source: Norwegian Seafood Federation,
Norwegian Seafood Council
NumberCrunching Norway
AquaPortugal
Following the adoption
o f t he U N s L aw -o f-
the-Seawithitsexclusive
economicfishingzones, today
Portugal catches less halfit
didpriortotheadoptionof
thelawdownfrom 500,000
tonnes per year to 200,000-
250,000tonnes/year-inits
ownwaters.
Fish, andcodfishin particular,
aretraditionalinthePortuguese
diet,saysManuelPintodeAbreu,
Secretaryof State ofthe Sea,
Portugal, whowas in London
recently for the BioMarine
BusinessConvention2012.
Withmorethan60kgoffish
beingconsumed per head of
population peryear, Portugalisthethirdlargestconsumeroffish
globallyandyetisstrugglingto
supplyitsownneedsfrom
itsfishingactivities.
Whatcan we doabout
thi s? Is not a rhe tor-
icalquestionbutoneMr
PintodeAbreuiskeento
answer.
MyMinistryisplanning
anew legal frameworkto
encourage investment in
fish farming developments
in Portugal; to set up a
newresearchinstitutewithotherstomoveonresearch
andinnovationforwardand
to develop fish farming
techniques for species
naturaltoourwaters,such
astheCovena.
Heisalsoreducingthe
timeperiodprojectstaketo
receiveapprovalandissim-
plifyingthelicensingprocess:
insteadof multiple licences farmers
willneedjustoneinfuture.
Weneedtoworktoattractinves-
torsto Portugal and Imconfident
theywillcomeifwedothesethings
correctly.Butweneedtomoveasfast
aspossibleandinkeepingwithEU
regulations.Ihopewewillhaveeve-
rythinginplaceforthissummer.
Portugalmaynolongerbethe
ocean fishing andmaritime nation
ofEuropeitusetobe,howeverit
iskeentoclaimthetitleofaquacul-turecountryofEurope,MrPintode
Abreuadds.
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | Juy-Fbuy 2013
Aqua News Watch the interview onyour smart phone
Simply download theAurasma light app, and thensubscribe to our channel athttp://auras.ma/s/1shRr
Point your phone at theimage below andwatch it come tolife with the fullinterview
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Upcoming
Eventsfor2
013
Making Sense of Science
February 21 - 25, 2013
Nashville, Tennessee
USA
For all info contact us on
The international triennial
conference & exposition ofWorld Aquaculture Society
August 9 - 12, 2013
Trondheim, Norway
Organised by European Aquaculture
Society
For all info contact us on
www.easonline.org
Asia Pacic AquacultureDecember 10-13th,
2013Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Aquaculture Europe
World Aquaculture
For all info contact us on
7/29/2019 January | February 2013 - International Aquafeed magazine - full edition
12/68
Fish as a source of animal protein
has played an important role in
the nutritional budgeting of many
nations.Fishproductionisbecoming
averyimportantsourceofvaluableprotein
food.Fishmealisthemajorproteinsourcein
aquaculturefeeds.
However, the supply of fishmeal is not
growingworldwideandthepriceisoftenhigh,
sothereplacementoffishmeal withcheaperprotein sources is needed. Chicken viscera
areamongsuchproteinsourcesreplacingfish-
meal.Visceraarethelargeorgansinsidethe
body: such as theheart, lungs and stomach.
Research findings has revealed that certain
chickenvisceralorganssuchasheartcontain
over80 percent protein of excellentquality
whiletraditionalfishmealnormallycontain60
80percenthighqualityprotein.
FishmealFishmealisthemostimportantcomponent
in fish feed formulation. It is a commercial
product made from fish and the bonesand
offalfromprocessedfish.Itisabrownpow-
der or cake obtained by drying the fish or
fishtrimmings, often after cooking,and then
grindingit.Ifitisafattyfishitisalsopressed
toextractmostofthefishoil.
F ishmeal is a nutrient-rich and high
protein supplement feed ingredient that
stores well, and is usedprimarily in diets
fordomesticanimalsandsometimesasa
high-qualityorganicfertilizer.Fishmealand
fishoilreplacementhasbeenthefocusofvery significant research efforts and hun-
dreds of scientific papers in recent years.
Despite years of research, f ishmeal and
fishoilremainveryimportant,quasiessen-
tial , compone nts of successful comm erci al
feedsformostfishandcrustaceanspecies.
This generally has animpact onthefeed
andproductioncostsformanyaquaculture
products.
Over the past five decades, dozens of
differentproteinandlipidsourceshavebeen
evaluated in hundreds of practical feeding
trials.Many ofthese trialsfocused onreplac-
ing fishmeal, fish oil or other high quality
proteinandlipidsourcesbyputativelymore
cost-effectiveproteinandlipidsources.Whatis often overlooked in many trials is that
fishmealandfishoilarecomplexingredients
that are known to vary greatly in chemical
composition.
Therawmaterialsourcesandtypes,sea-
sons, and processing equipment and condi-
tions used in the manufacturing of these
ingredients all have great impacts on the
chemical composition and nutritive value of
these ingredients. Incorporating 20 percent
fishmealinthedietorreplacing50percent
ofthe fish meal orfishoil ofthe dietmay
meanverydifferentthingsdependingonthetype and chemical composition of the fish
meal and fish oil used inthe studyand the
fishmealandfishoillevelsinthecontroldiet
for such a reason, the composition of the
ingredientstobeusedforreplacingfishmeal
mustbedetermined.
Protein and aminoacids utilisation
Proteinistheprincipalconstituentofthe
tissuesandorgansof fishbodyandtherefore
anessentialnutrientforbothmaintenanceandgrowthinfish.Therequirementforproteins
infishisthereforeveryobvioussinceprotein
constitutesmorethan45-47percentofthe
tissuesdrymatter.Acontinualsupplyof pro-
teinisneededthroughoutlifeformaintenance
andgrowth.Catfish,likeotheranimals,actually
donothavea proteinrequirement,butthey
requireasourceofnon-specificnitrogenand
indispensableaminoacids.
Usually, the most economical source of
these elements is a mixture of proteins in
feedstuffs.Ingestedproteinsarehydrolyzedto
releaseaminoacidsthatmaybeusedforsyn-
thesisoftissueproteinorifinexcess,usedfor
energy.Useofproteinforenergyisexpensive,
thuscatfishfeedshouldbebalancedtoassurethatadequatelevels of non-specificnitrogen,
aminoacidsandnon-proteinenergyaresup-
pliedinproperproportion.
It i s more precise to formulate f ish
feed based on amino acid requirements.
Nutritionally,aminoacidsmaybeclassifiedas either indispensable (essential) or dis-
pensable(non-essentials).Anindispensable
amino acid is one that the animal cannot
synthesizeinquantities.Sufficientforbody
needs, thus they must be supplied in the
Chicken viscera for fishfeed formulationby M.G Imam, Bau Chi State University, Nigeria
Table 1: Amino Acids Requirements o Catfsh
mino acidsequirement(% of dietary
protien)
rginine 4.3
Histidine 1.5Isoeucine 2.6
lysine 5.1
leucine 3.5
Methionine+cystine 2.3
Phenyaanine+tyrosine 5.0
hreonine 2.0
ryptophan 0.5
Vaine 3.0
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | Juy-Fbuy 2013
FEATURE
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13/68
diet.A dispensable aminoacidis one that
canbesynthesizedbytheanimalinquanti-
ties suffic ient for maximal growth. Most
simple - stomach animals, including catfish
require the same 10 indispensable amino
acids.
Justification for chicken visceraas a replacement for fishmeal
Fishmealisthemostimportantcompo-
nentinfishfeedmaking.Fishmealcontains
60-80percentproteinofexcellentquality,
whichishighlypalatabletofish.Sincefish-
meal is a good source of essential amino
acids,itisoftenusedtosupplementfeeds
containing plant proteins. Fishmeal is also
rich inenergy, minerals andessentialfatty
acids.Itisusedatlevelsupto50percentin
catfishfryfeeds,upto12percentincatfish
fingerling feeds and from 0-8 percent in
grow-outfishfeeds.
Fishmealremainsthemajordietarypro-
tein sour ce in fish feed but esca lati ng
cost, uncertainty unavailability and lesser
quantity has necessitatedthe use of other
proteinsourcestoreducefeedcostwithout
compromising growth. Therefore, efforts
have long been directed to find alternate
protein sources ofgoodquality whichare
lessexpensiveandreadilyavailableassub-
stitutesforfishmealcomponentinpractical
diets.
A chief and readi ly available source
of high quality animal protein is chicken
viscera which are considered as a waste
in the poultry industry. In the poultry
processing industry, viscera accounts for
n ea rl y 3 0 p er ce nt o f t he b yp ro du ct s.
Fishmealisamajorproteinsourceinaqua-
feed especially for carnivorous species.
Increasing demand, unstable supplies and
highpricesoffishmealwiththeexpansion
of aquaculture have made it necessary
to search for alte rnat ive protein sour ces.
Moreover,priceoffishmealisoftenhigh.
It is necessary to replace f ishmeal with
cheaperproteinsources.
Plantproteinsourcessuchasdefatted
Juy-Fbuy 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
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soybean meal and corn gluten meal are
good candidates as fishmeal substitutes.
However,those ingredientscontain anti-
nutrit ive substances such as phytic acid
and also lack essential nutrients such as
tau rin e. For suc h rea son s, tha t iswhy the
useofanimalproteinsourcesisnecessary
andthecheapestandmostreliableanimal
proteinsourcethatis readilyavailablein
most countries of the world is chicken
viscera.
ConclusionOne of the greatest challenges incon-
temporary aquaculture especially in rela-
tion to fish nutrit ion is finding a desirable
replacementforfishmeal.Researchersfrom
all over the world have been conducting
researches in order to find replacement
for fish meal from both animal and plant
sources.
However, there are certain disadvan-
tages that are associated with the replace-mentsfromplantsourcesrangingfromlow
nutritious value to lack of essential amino
acids.Ontheotherhand,ananimalsource
gives better results. Research on chicken
viscera has revealed fascinatingresults and
scientistsfromallovertheworldaredoing
morework.Mycurrentresearchfocuseson
proximate analysis of chicken viscera as a
potential replacement for fishmeal in pan-
gasiusculture. It is hoped that the ending
resultswillrevealmorecluesthatwilljustify
chicken visceraas a potential replacementforfishmeal.
References
ThanhHungLe.SubagjaJ,SlembrouckJ.&
LegendreM.(1998)Studyonmassmortalityof
Pangasiushypophthalmusduringlarvalrearingand
itscontrolandprevention.Abstract27,National
WorkshoponAquaculture,September2930,
1998,BacNinh,Vietnam.
S.N.Jamdar,M.H.KishoreAndP.Harikumar
(2005)InfluenceOfIonizingRadiationOnProtein
DegradationByEndogenousProteasesInPoultry
Viscera.NAARRIAnnualConference(NAC2005),
HeldAtMumbai,IssueNo.273October2006.
SubagjaJ.,SlembrouckJ.,HungL.T.&Legendre
M.(1999)LarvalrearingofanAsianPangasius
hypophthalmus(SiluroideiPangasiidae):analysis
ofprecociousmortalityandpropositionof
appropriatetreatments.AquaticLivingResources
12,3744.
FergusonH.W.(1989)SystemicPathologyofFish.
ATextandAtlasofComparativeTissueResponses
inDiseasesofTeleosts.IowaStateUniversityPress,
Ames,Iowa,USA.
BabatopeA.F.(2009).Appliednutritiontechnology
infishandlivestockseries(2)PublishedbyB.A.
Falayi(Ph.D).NationalInstituteforFreshwater
FisheriesResearch(N.I.F.F.R)P.M.B.6006,New
Bussa,NigerStateNigeria63-108pp.
BabatopeA.F.(2009).FeedFormulation
ManufactureandQualityAppraisalforFish
andLivestockSeries(4).NationalInstitutefor
FreshwaterFisheriesResearch(N.I.F.F.R).PMB
6006NewBussa,NigerStateNigeria.1-6Ipp.
BabatopeA.F.(2009).Tropicalfeedstuff
compositiontablesandsomebiologicalcatalogues
infishandlivestockproductionseries(3).Publishedby-B.A.Falayi(Ph.D).NationalInstitute
forFreshwaterFisheriesResearch(N.I.F.F.R).PMB
6006NewBussa,NigerState,Nigeria.5-16pp.
ShibaShankarGiri,SangramKetanSahooand
SatyendraNathMohanty(2010)Replacementof
By-CatchFishmealwithDriedChickenVisceraMeal
inExtrudedFeeds:EffectOnGrowth,Nutrient
UtilisationandCarcassCompositionofCatfish
ClariasBatrachus(Linn.)fingerlings.Aquaculture
InternationalVolume18,Number4(2010),539-544,
DOI:10.1007/S10499-009-9265-3.
PreedaPhumee,RoshadaHashim,Mohammed
AliyuPaiko&AlexanderChongShu-Chien(2009)Effectsofdietaryproteinandlipidcontent
ongrowthperformanceandbiologicalindices
ofiridescentShark(Pangasiushypophthalmus,
Sauvage1878)fry.Aquacultureresearch2009.40,
456-463.
Balogun,A.M.,Adebayo,O.T.,Madu,C.T.,andEyo,
A.A.,Falayi,B.A.,(2003).Leachingoffeednutrients,
economiclossestofishfarming.JournalofAquatic
Science,18(2):119-123.
Li,M.H.andE.H.Robinson,(1996).Phosphorus
availability(digestibility)ofcommonfeedstuffs
tochannelcatfishasmeasuredbyweightgainandbonemineralization,JournaloftheWorld
AquacultureSociety,27:297-302.
Crumlish,M.&Dung,T.T.2006.Strategiesto
reduceriskandlivelihoodimpactassociatedwith
outbreaksofBacillaryNecrosisofPangasiusspp.
(BNP)farmedintheMekongDelta,VietNam.
DFIDAquacultureandFishGeneticsResearch
Programme,FinalTechnicalReport(R8093).DFID,
London,England.186pages.
Abbas,I.I.andUkoje,1.A.(2009).Ruralwater
utilizationfactorsaffectingaquacultureinOwolocal
governmentareaofOndoState,Nigeria,Journalof
GeographyandRegionalPlanning2(8)190-197.
Pauly,DanielandWatson,Reg(2009)"Spatial
DynamicsofMarineFisheries"In:SimonA.Levin
(ed.)ThePrincetonGuidetoEcology.Pages
501509.
GoodwinA.E.,RoyJ.S.,GrizzteJ.M.&GoldsbyM.T.
(1994)BacillusMycoides-abacterialpathogenof
channelcatfish.DiseasesofAquaticOrganisms18,
173179.
DominiqueP.Bureau(2012)Deconstructingthe
FishMealandFishOilReplacementStoryin
Aquaculture:FocusingonNutrientRequirements,
CharacterizationofFeedIngredientsandPragmaticApproaches,theAlltech28thInternational
SymposiumMay20-23,2012,Lexington,Kentucky.
ShuichiSatoh(2012)ReplacingfishmealAn
imperativethataquaculturemustsuccessfully
address,theAlltech28thInternationalSymposium
May20-23,2012,Lexington,Kentucky.
M.GImamandB.SAudu(2012)Proximateanalysis
ofchickenviscerawasteasapotentialreplacement
forfishmealinfishfeedformulation.(Unpublished).
HenkenAM.,LucasH,TijseenPATandMichiels
MAM1986Acomparisonbetweenmethods
usedtodeterminetheenergycontentoffeed,fishandfaecalsamples.Aquaculture58:195-201
AKumar,ABhatnagarandSKGarg(2009)Growth
performance,carcasscompositionanddigestive
enzymeactivityofpearlspot,Etroplussuratensis
(Bloch)rearedininlandsalinegroundwaterponds
providingsubstrateorfeed.LivestockResearchfor
RuralDevelopment21(10)2009.
Thisarticlewasoriginallypublishedon
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | Juy-Fbuy 2013
FEATURE
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Making Sense
of ScienceKnowledge managementto support technological
development and innovation
Organised by the European
Aquaculture Society in cooperation
with the Nor Fishing Foundation
Trondheim, Norway August 9-12, 2013just before Aqua Nor 2013
EAS Premium Sponsors
www.easonline.org
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Aquafeed producers are losing
about $4 to $10 per ton of
product produced in terms of
lost production, higher energy
consumption and lowered product quality.
Theselossescanberecoveredbysubstitut-
ingamoreeffectivemoisture(MC)sensing
and control technology for currently used
traditionalMCsensingandcontrol.
The control problemTwo main problems prevent traditional
MC sensing and control technology from
being effective. Firstly, the lack of timely
and accurateMC data upon whichto base
control action (poor MC sensing).Secondly,
theinabilitytocorrectlyadjustforevaporative
loadchangesenteringwiththefeed.
Figure1showsatypicalnormalMCdis-
tribution curve produced bytraditionalMC
sensingandcontroltechnology.Thecurveisrelativelywideasaresultoftheeffectof
high MCstandard deviation. Itis obvious
that the wider the MC varia tion the lower
the target mean MC must be to prevent
production of wet product. Consequently,
use of currently available control technol-
ogyforcesmanufacturerstooverdrytheir
products which causes significant costs in
terms of lower production, higher energy
usage,andpoorerquality.Figure1illustrates
the effect of poor MC sensing and contro l
onMCvariation.
The control solutionLosses caused by poor MC sensing
and control may be recovered if the MC
variation (standard deviation) is reduced
suchthatthemeanMCcanbemaximized
without exceeding the upper specification
limit(USL).Fortunately,asolutionforpoor
MC sensing and control was supplied by
the derivation of a MCsensing and control
model from first principles. The Delta T
model:
MC=K1(T)pK2/S
q
relates the product MC exiting a dryerto the temperature drop (T) of hot air
aftercontactwith the wet product and the
productionrateorevaporativeload(S).The
model solved the two main problems with
MCsensingandcontrolbyproducing.Firstly,
a rugged, reliable inside-the-dryer moisture
sensor; and secondly, a new and powerful
controlalgorithmthatpreciselyadjuststheset
pointforevaporativeloadchanges.
A new type of MC sensor
Figure 2 describes how the DeltaT MCsensor continuously measures the MC of
aquafeed inside the harsh environment of a
dryerwhileitisbeingdriedwithabeltdryer.
AsillustratedbyFigure2,patentedDeltaT
technologyinventedanewtypeMCsensorthat
canbeinstalledinside-the-dryerwhichreduces
the dead time (time to detect a disturbance
enteringwiththefeed)byatleast30percent.
Sincedeadtimeisdirectlyproportionaltothe
product standard deviation,useof this inside-
the-dryersensorreducesthestandarddeviation
atleast30percentbelowthatachievedbyuseofcurrentlyusedMCsensingmethods.Itshould
benotedthatuseofrawDeltaTdatawillnot
workit must be processed by the model
beforeuse.Figure3illustratestheadvantageof
reducingdeadtimeforaquafeeddrying.
Threepossiblelocationsareshownforinstall-
ingtheMCsensor.Deadtimeforeachinstallation
point isthetimeit takesforthe individual MC
methodtodetectachangeinevaporativeload
entering with the feed. The lowest dead time
is14minutesfortheDeltaTsensorinsidethe
dryer;thenextlowestdeadtimeis20minutesforaMCmeterlocatedatthedryerexit;thelongest
Profitable aquafeed
moisture controlby John Robinson, President, Drying Technology Inc, USA
Figure 1: Typical MC
distribution curve
produced by poor MC
sensing and control
Figure 2: Delta T inside-the-dryer MC sensor
Figure 3: Delta T reduces dead time on belt dryer
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | Juy-Fbuy 2013
FEATURE
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17/68Juy-Fbuy 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
FEATURE
Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish FeedExtruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed
AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg,
Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100, [email protected] www.akahl.de
Pleasev
isitusat
:
V.I.V.AS
IA
StandH1
04D032
7/29/2019 January | February 2013 - International Aquafeed magazine - full edition
18/68
deadtimeis30 min-
utes for MC samples
takendownstream of
the dryer and ana-
lyzedby a laboratoryinstrument.
For the a bo ve
conditions,theDelta
Taccomplishesdead
time reductions of
30 percent and 53
percent below that
for the mois ture
meter method and
the laboratory MC
sample method
respect ively. The
standard deviationreductions would
also be reduced 30
percentand53per-
centrespectively.
A new MCcontrolalgorithm
As a result of
its theoretical basis,
theDeltaTtechnol-
ogy providesa newcontrol algorithm
that enables precise
calculationoftheset
point necessary to
maintain the target
MCinspiteoffrequentchangesinevapora-
tive load entering the dryer with the feed.
Proprietarymethodsareusedinadaptingthe
modeltothedryerandproduct.
Application of Delta T toaquafeed manufacture
Theabove-mentioned reduction instandard
deviationenablesthetargetMCtobeincreased
by0.5percenttoasmuchas1.25percentwith-
outfearofproducingwetproductwhichmight
moldintransitorstorage.Figure4showssche-
matically how reducing the standard deviation
enablesthemeanMCtobeincreasedbyshifting
theDeltaTcurverightwarduntiltheupper+3
standarddeviationpoints(USL) ofbothcurves
coincide.ThedifferenceinmeanMCsrepresents
theeconomicgainfromusingDeltaTtechnology.
Results and conclusionsFrom10to25lbsofadditionalwatercanbe
safelysoldwiththeproductpertonofproduct
producedwithoutexceedingtheupperspecifica-
tionlimitusingthisnewtechnology.Thereturnto
theaquafeedmanufactureris$4to$10perton
ofproductforawholesaleproductpriceof$800
per ton. Inaddition, energy savings ofapproxi-
matelyfourtosevenpercentpossible.TheDelta
ThasbeensuccessfullyappliedintheUSforMC
sensingandcontrolofmanyproducts,includingaquafeedusingaBeltomaticconveyordryer.
More InforMatIon:
Website: www.moisturecontrols.com
Figure 4: Delta T MC control allows mean MC
to be maximized without exceeding USL
Figure 5:
Outside
view of
Delta T MC
system
Current
Delta T
MC
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | Juy-Fbuy 2013
FEATURE
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Since the late 1970s,Atlantic salmon
aquaculture has grown into a global
industrythat annually producesover
1.4milliontonnesofsalmonwithan
estimatedvalueofUS$7,812millionaccording
to2012FAOstatistics.Thegrowthofsalmon
aquaculturehasbeenaccompaniedbyacon-tinuousimprovementinfeedformulationand
technologytomaximizegrowthandsurvivalof
salmonatdifferentstagesofdevelopment.The
searchfornewandalternativefeedingredients
andformulationscontinuesinordertoensure
sustainabilityofthisindustry.
A major challenge for the aquaculture
feed production industry is to identify and
validate stable, predictable and high qual-
ity sources of alternative proteins for the
manufactureof aqua feeds. In this context,
any satisfactory alternative feed ingredientmust be able to supply comparable nutri-
tional value at a competitive cost. Global
recognitionthatterrestrialanimalby-product
meals, especially non-ruminant blood meals
and blood products, represent the largest
andlargely untapped safe source of animal
protein available within the international
aquafeedindustry.
Despite the fact that blood meal and
bloodproductshavebeenshowntobecost-
effectivenutrientsourcesforfarmedfishand
shrimp,itwasestimatedthatlessthanfiveper-centof totalglobalmanufacturedaquafeeds
(21milliontonnesin2005)containedblood
meal (25% average dietary inclusion level).
Bloodmealismainlyusedasacost-effective
sourceofhighlydigestibleanimalprotein,asa
fishmealreplacer, and asa
pelletcolouringagent.
On a nutritional basis,
bloodmealswiththehigh-
est digestibility are gener-
allythosewhichhavebeen
spray dried. Spray-driedproteins are subjected to
lessheatdamageanddena-
turingofthe proteinduring
the drying process com-
pared to traditional ren-
deredorring-driedproteins.
Aquaculture feed manu-
facturers that use blood
meal and blood products
in their feeds are mainly
concentrated in Asia and
North andSouth America,
whereas European feedproducers are using non-
ruminant blood products
mainly in marine fish feed
because it is now legally
accepted by EU regulation
(Tacon,2005).
Spray dried-plasmaas a feed ingredient
Spray-dried blood, red
blood cells (haemoglobin)
and plasma proteins havelongbeenrecognizedashigh
quality feed ingredients for
swine, cattle and poultry.
Spray-driedplasma(SDP) is
a feed ingredientcomposed
Spray-dried plasmafrom porcine blood in diets for
Atlantic salmon parrs
Figure 1: Final size distribution in body weight
(BW) of Atlantic salmon fed diets containing
graded levels of spray dried plasma (SDD)
by Enric Gisbert PhD, Research Scientist, IRTA-San Carlos de la Rpita,Spain and Javier Polo PhD, APC Europe SA, Granollers, Spain
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | Juy-Fbuy 2013
FEATURE
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ofa diversemixtureof functionalproteinsand
other biologically important components.SDP
has an excellent amino acid profile with high
(99%)digestibilityofaminoacids(Bureauetal.,
1999)andithasbeennotedinmultiplepublica-
tionsthatitimprovesanimalgrowth,feedintake
andfeed efficiency.In addition, SDPhas been
recommendedforinclusioninanimaldietsasa
source of immunological supportdue to their
high levels of globulin proteins (Campbell et
al.,2010).Althoughbloodproductshavemany
goodqualities, thereis scarceliteratureon the
effects of dietary SDP inclusion in fish feeds
(JohnsonandSummerfelt,2000).
Effects of SDP on Atlanticsalmon smolts
Inarecentstudy,weevaluatedtheinclu-
sion of SDP derived from porcine blood
(AP820P;APCEurope,SA)asafeedingredi-
entin commercial feeds for Atlantic salmon
(Salmo salar) parr and its effect on growth
performance,feedutilization,organisationandfunctionality of the digestive system and
haematological parameters. SDP was incor-
poratedintodietsatincreasinglevels(0,3,6
and9%)andwaspreparedbydispersingitin
oliveoilandthensprayingitoncommercial
salmon feed (Skretting T2 Select, Skretting).
Diets were named SDP0, SDP3, SDP6 or
SDP9consideringtheinclusionlevelsof SDP
inexperimentalfeeds.
Thequantityofoilneededtodissolvethe
highestlevel(9%)ofSDPwasalsousedfor
incorporating lowerlevels ofSDP inall the
experimental feeds. This strategy assured
that diets were isolipidic (31%), although
they did not have similar levels of dietary
proteins(rangedfrom43.3%inSDP0dietto
50.1%inSDP9diet).Thisvariationinprotein
content of diets did not invalidate the pos-
sible results of this study, since the dietary
proteinlevelstestedwerehigherthanthose
generallyrecommendedforthisspeciesatthis
developmentalstage(Bendiksenetal.,2003).
Different studies have reported that dietary
protein levels higher than 39-40percent do
notaffectgrowthperformanceinthisspecies
atthetesteddietarylipidlevel.
Evaluating SDP effectDiets were tested in triplicate in Atlantic
salmonparr(45.45.76g)foraperiodof
86days(0gsalinity/l,12.5C,12hL:12hD),
thenfish weresmoltifiedand kept inmarinewater(35gsalinity/l,16C,18hL:6hD)for
twoweeksinaIRTAMARrecirculationunit.
Fishwerefedfourtimesperday(0830,1200,
1600and2000h)withautomaticfeedersset
atthefeedratioof0.9%ofstockedbiomass.
The feed ratio was periodically adjusted by
means of intermediate samplings for weight
andgrowthperformance.
The effect of SDP in salmon was evalu-
atedbybiological,histologicalandbiochemical
parameters, such as growth, survival, feed
conversionratio(FCR),proteinefficiencyratio
(PER), organisation of the intestinal mucosa,
proximate body composition, haematocrit,
serumproteinprofileandbloodcellcount.In
addition, smoltification success was assessed
byevaluatingfishsurvival,aswellas,thehisto-
logicalorganisationofgillfilamentsandplasma
osmolalityandelectrolytecomposition.
Weight and sizeAttheendof the trial, the meanweight
of salmon fed different diets was similar
(92.8-98.5 g) regardless of the SDP level
incorporatedonthefeed.However,thesize
distribution of individual body weight was
significantly affected by the diet. Size het-
erogeneityisacommonfeatureinsalmonid
farming that affects the overall performance
oftherearingprocess.
The results of the hierarchical size effect
aretheestablishmentofagroupofdominantfish that do not allow smaller (subordinate)
ones to feed normally. Therefore, under
conditions promoting hierarchy formation,
thelargest fishat thebeginningare expected
togetthe largestshareofthefeed,growthe
fastestandhavethehighestweightattheend
oftheproductionprocess.
Under the present experimental condi-
tions,salmon fedSDP6 hadthe mosthomo-
Juy-Fbuy 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
FEATURE
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Pro-Bind Plus a nutritional, gelatin
based pellet binder, especially for
pelleted (shrimp) feed.
Hydrolyzed feather protein a fish meal alter-
native, especially for carnivorous fish species.
Muco-Pro high contents of natural proteins,
amino acids and peptides.
Gelko a spraydried attractant and binder.
Blood meal and Hemoglobin Powder high protein content
and good digestibility, for better feed conversion.
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geneous distribution in body weight among
the tested diets. Thus, fish fed SDP6 had a
higher proportion of fish within the mode
of the population (81-120 g), and a lower
proportionoffishbelongingtosmaller(40-80
g)orlarger(121-170g)sizeclassesincom-
parisontothecontrolgroup.Thesametrend
wasobservedwhendatawereexpressedin
standardlengthorusingtheFultonscondition
factor.Thesefindingsareofpracticalimpor-
tance since the improved size distribution
mightreducethetasksofsizeselectiondur-
ingprocessing, andalso diminishhierarchical
dominancesituationsthatultimatelymaximize
the harvested biomass and reduce the cost
associatedwithgrowingfishtoharvestsize.
Survival and FCRAllfishfromdifferentexperimentalgroups
were able to successfully osmoregulate and
keeptheir hydromineral equilibrium of their
body fluids after smoltification, as data on
plasma osmolality and electrolyte contentindicated.Althoughtherewerenodifferences
in survival among salmon feddifferent diets,
parrfeddietscontainingSDPshowedaslight,
butnotsignificant,highersurvivalaftersmol-
tificationin comparisonto thecontrol group
(SDP0),whichmaybeduetothehigherpro-
portionofsmall-sizedparrintheSDP0group.
TheenhancednutritionsuppliedbySDPin
dietsalsoimprovedFCRandPER;salmonoids
fedSDP3andSDP6dietshadthelowestFCR
and highest PER values, respectively. These
results indicated that the nitrogen contentfrom these diets was much more efficiently
usedbyfish.Growthperformanceandproxi-
mate biochemical composition of fish were
similar among dietary groups, although fish
fed SDP3 and SDP6 consumedless feed in
comparisontothecontroldiet.Thereduction
in feed consumption and high PER coupled
with the high digestibility of SDP may also
resultinlessnitrogenwasteintheeffluentsof
aquaculturefacilities,whichisconsideredakey
elementforthelong-termsustainabilityofthe
aquacultureindustry.
Digestion and intestinal mucosaFunctionality of the digestive system was
notaffectedbydiets,asfishhadsimilaractiv-
ity levels of pancreatic and intestinal diges-
tive enzymes. However, fish fed SDP9 had
increasednumberofgobletcellsintheintes-
tinalmucosa,butheightof intestinalvilli was
not modified in thisgroup. Themajor func-
tion of intestinal goblet cells and their main
secretoryproducts, mucins, is theformation
ofmucuslayerswhichserveasthefrontline
fortheinnatehostdefensemechanism.Thesemucus layers playkey roles in theestablish-
mentofthecommensalintestinalmicrobiota
andprotectionfromcolonisationandinvasion
by the pathogenic microbiota. Thus, the
reportedhigherabundanceofgobletcellsin
theintestinalmucosaoffishfedtheSDP9
dietmaybelinkedtotheabilityofSDP
to support the immune-competence of
the fish. This hypothesis needs further
researchinordertobevalidated,although
previous studies on other fish species
seemtosupportthisidea.
The nutrition provides by SDP has
beenreportedtoimproveimmunecom-
petenceinshrimp(RussellandCampbell,
2008),eel(JensenandNielsen,2003)and
introutchallengedbyYersiniaruckeri,that
inadditionoftheconsistentresultsinter-
restrialanimals,indicatetheimproveper-
formanceoftheseanimalsunderstressed
farmingconditions.
ConclusionsSDP is an excellent ingredient for
Atlanticsalmonparrandsmoltdietssince
itisahighlydigestibleproteinsourcethat
improved feed and protein efficiency
ratiosandpromotedamorehomogene-ous distribution of body weight in the
tested population. TheSDP9 dietresult-
edin anincrease ingobletcell number
intheintestinalmucosa,whichsupports
the idea that SDP may provide support
to the innate host defense mechanism
of the gut. Based upon the FCR and
PER results of this study, the optimal
dietaryinclusionlevelofSDPindietsfor
Atlanticsalmonparrwascalculatedtobe
4.1 percent. Research is being currently
conducted on the use of SDP in dietsfor marine fish species,in particular for
gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), and
thepreliminary results are really encour-
agingandwithinthesamelinetothose
obtainedinAtlanticsalmon.
References
APCInc(2003).EvaluationofBIOFEND
(spray-driedplasma)ongrowthand
survivalofrainbowtrout( Oncorhynchus
mykiss)challengedwithYersiniaruckeri.
DiscoveriesTechBriefs,Volume6,2
pages.Februar y2003,APCInc.,Iowa,IA
50010,USA(www.americanprotein.com/
products/biofend/images/Discoveries621803.
pdf).
Bendiksen,E.A.,O.K.Berg,M.Jobling,A.M
ArnesenandK.Masoval.2003.Digestibility,
growthandnutrientutilisationofAtlanticsalmon
parr(Salmo salarL.)inrelationtotemperature,
feedfatcontentandoilsource.Aquaculture224:
283-299.
Bureau,D.P.,A.M.Harris,andC.Y.Cho.1999.
Apparentdigestibilityofrenderedanimalprotein
ingredientsforrainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss).Aquaculture180:345-358.
Campbell,J.M.,J.Polo,L.E.RussellandJ.D.Crenshaw.
2010.Reviewofspray-driedplasma'simpacton
intestinalbarrierfunction.LivestockScience133:
239-241.
Jensen,S.andM.Nielsen.(2003).EffectofAPC
plasmaadditivesoneelsbeingintroducedto
redheaddisease.Posterpaperpresentedat
AquacultureEurope2003,8-12August2003,
Trondheim.
Johnson,J.A.and R.C.Summerfel t.2000.Spray-
driedbloodcellsasapartialreplacementfor
fishmealindietsforrainbowtroutOncorhynchus
mykiss.J.WorldAquac.Soc.31:96-104.
Russell,L.andJ.M.Campbell.(2000).Trialsshow
promiseforspray-driedplasmaproteininshrimp
feeds.TheGlobalAquacultureAdvocate,3(6):42-43.
Tacon,A.G.J.2005.TheCurrentandPotentialuse
ofBloodproductsandBloodmealinAquafeeds.
ReportPreparedForEuropeanAnimalProtein
Association,53.
Figure 2: Broken analysis of food
conversion (FCR) and protein efficiency
rates (PER) from Atlantic salmon fed
different diets containing graded levels
of spray-dried plasma (SDP). The value
within the inner rectangle indicates
the estimated level of SDP inclusion in
diets considering the results of the used
methodology.
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | Juy-Fbuy 2013
FEATURE
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23/68Juy-Fbuy 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 21
FEATURE
REGISTER NOWfor FREE entrance and
high quality conferencesat www.viv.net
VIVAsia2013March 13-15, 2013 | BITEC Bangkok, Thailand
The worlds most promising meeting point
to boost your business from Feed to Meat.
Special themes
Natural Protein Nutrition for Optimal Growth
For more information about using AP 820P spray dried animal plasma or
AP 301P spray dried hemoglobin in your aquaculture diets, contact APC.
!V 3AN *ULIN s 'RANOLLERS s 3PAIN0HONE NUMBER s &AX NUMBER
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W
ith more than 50 years of
culture history in China,
shrimpisimportantseafood
the country. Nowadays, the
Chineseshrimpindustryhascaughttheworldseyes,foritslargestproductionandexport,as
wellasthepotentialChinesedomesticmarket
withapopulationofmorethan1.34billion.
The main species cultured in China are
Penaeus vannamei, P. chinensis, P. monodon,
P. japonicus, P. merguinsis andP. penicillatus,of
which more than 70 percent comprised the
whitelegshrimp,P. vannamei.
The modern shrimp farming industry in
Chinahasahistoryofonlyaboutthreedecades
butithasgonethroughanextraordinaryexperi-ence which can be roughly divided into four
stages: beginning (1978-1984), rapid increase
(1985-1992),recession(1993-1997)andrecov-
eryanddevelopment(1998-present)
Therewereonly1,300haofshrimpponds
inChina in1978, howeverthe area ofponds
reached 300,000 ha in 2011. Total shrimp
output increased by more than 6,900 times,
from450MTin1978to3,110,000MTin2011,
andtheaverageyield increased from 350 kg/
hato7,000kg/ha.Thedevelopmentofshrimp
farmingalsopromotesrelatedbusinesses,such
as broodstock,breeding, feed nutrition,animalhealth,processing,transportationandmarketing.
The shrimp feed industry has been devel-
oping with the shrimp farming and boosts
thedevelopment of thetotal Chinese shrimp
industryconversely.
Ingredients and shrimp feedTheprimaryfeednutritioncompaniesmade
Chineseshrimpfeedwithahighnutritionlevel.
In order to producefeed withmore than 40
percentprotein,alotofgoodanimalingredients
havetobeused.Therearemanyrawingredi-entscanbeusedinfishfeed,suchascarpand
tilapia, butusuallyonly fishmeal,soybeanmeal,
peanutmeal,wheatflour,shrimpshellpowder,
squidpaste,someotherrawmaterialsandaddi-
tivesarepopularin the shrimpfeed.Although
the ratio of fishmeal isdecreasingyearlyas its
increasingprice,itstillholdsmorethan30per-
cent.Chinaistheworld'slargestuserofsoybean
mealandfishmealandreliesheavilyimports;the
highpricesofthesetwoingredientsin2012eatintoChinesefeedmanufacturersprofit.
Almost every feed producer hasits quality
controllab,nomatterhowbigorsmall,tocheck
andcontroltheingredientsandfeedquality,as
theingredientsareexpensivetheproducerneed
to buy them with reasonable price according
t