Japan as a knowledge economy- Assessment and lessons -

At JJ/WBGSP Conference in Jakarta

Tsutomu ShibataSenior Adviser, World Bank Institutetshibata@worldbank.org

June 4 2008

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Why focus on knowledge Economy now?•A “knowledge revolution”! Speed-up in creation and dissemination of knowledge.

•More opportunities for leapfrogging, but also raising risks that all countries may fall behind unless they take advantage of the new era.

•Many definitions of the “Knowledge Economy” focus only on IT and high technology sectors

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Education

InnovationInformation

Infrastructure

The Four Pillars of the Knowledge Economy

Interconnected

Interdependent

Economic and Institutional

Regime

WBI Knowledge for Development

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Outline

Japan, Moving Toward a More Advanced Knowledge Economy

Volume 1: Assessment and Lessons Volume 2: Advanced Knowledge Creating

Companies (Hitotsubashi ICS)

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Volume I : 4 Pillars Chapter 1: Introduction (Shibata ,WB ) Chapter 2: Japan’s Development and Growth Process (Prof.

Miyajima, Waseda) Chapter 3 : The Competitiveness of Japanese Industries and Firms

(Prof. Takeuchi, Hitotsubashi) Chapter 4 : Elements of a New Economic and Institutional Regime

for an Advanced Knowledge Economy (Mr. Hayakawa, WB) Chapter 5 : Information Infrastructure (Mr. Nezu, Fujitsu Soken ) Chapter 6: The IT Revolution’s Implications for the Japanese Econo

my (Prof. Motohashi, Univ of Tokyo) Chapter 7: Education, Training, and Human Resources: Meeting Ski

ll Requirements (Prof. Yonezawa, Univ ER, NIRAD, and Ms. Kosugi, the Japan I L P T)

Chapter 8: National Innovation System: Reforms to Promote Science-Based Industries (Prof. Odagiri, Hitotsubashi)

Chapter 9: : Lessons and Implications (Shibata WB )

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Volume II (Industries &Firms)

Chapter 1. The New Dynamism of the Knowledge-Creating Company (Prof. Takeuchi)

Chapter 2. Knowledge Creation in the Convenience Store Industry:Seven-Eleven Japan (Prof. Ikujiro Nonaka)

Chapter 3. Learning and the Self-Renewing, Network Organization:Toyota and Lexus Dealers (Prof. Emi Oson

o) Chapter 4. Strategic Management of Knowledge-Based

Competence: Sharp Corporation (Prof. Ichijo)

Chapter 5. Invisible Dimensions of Differentiation: Japanese Electronics Companies (Prof. Kusunoki)

Chapter 6. Inter-Organizational Knowledge Creation at Shimano (Prof. Takeuchi)

Chapter 7. Creating the Dynamics of Hard-to-Imitate Innovation (Prof. Takeuchi)

Why Japan?

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Why Japan now?

1. The tremendous speed and resilience Japanese industries had shown in catching up with the industrial world and overcoming the oil and Yen shocks.

2. Japan still has many strong leaders in some industries due to the advanced manufacturing process despite the overall decline of its competitiveness.

3. Imbalance between these strong industries/companies and weak industries.

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Japan’s Competitiveness

IMD Ranking1989 11993 12002 302006 172007 24Is this right evaluation?

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Japan’s Competitiveness

Ranking profit ratio* ROE 1989 1 6.1% 8.5%1993 1 2.7% 1.7% 2006 17 6.8% 9.5%

*Operational profit ratio for 691 to 838 manufacturing firms

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Knowledge Assessment methodology (KAM) Score Card: Japan and U.S.

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年

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Japan’s National Innovation System

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Technology Imported* Final products => ‘reverse engineering’ Components => at first imported for

knockdown, then substituted by domestic production

Licensing

*Model for Japan/Korea/Taiwan (VS FDI model : Singapore/Thai/Malaysia)

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The Role of Government Education: (the school system + willingness to l

earn) Infrastructure: including commercial code, pat

ent, and other legal systems. Research: national research institutes, and univ

ersities Protection against foreign competitors (NO FDI) Subsidies and tax concession Gov fund in R&D—not large (20% -2000, US 2

8%)

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The Business System in the past Friendly shareholders and internally-promoted

managers. Pursuit of long-run goals.

Long-term employment with internal training and rotation.

Long-term assembler-supplier relationship Sharing of information, joint R&D.

Flexibility in rearranging workshops and the nurture of workers’ broad skills. Easier introduction of new technologies.

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Changing Business Environment

Weakening of stable shareholders Occurrence of hostile M&As Occurrence of bankruptcy and worker

dismissal Loss of production skills, caused by the

overseas shift of production

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Changing Economic Situations End of catch-up Strict enforcement of intellectual property rights

by foreign companies => Difficulty in acquiring overseas technologies

IT Revolution/Globalization Declining rate of new business establishment

5.8% (1975-78) to 3.1% (1999-2001)Now, lower than the exit rate (4.5%)

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Need to Advance Science-Based Industries

Development is pursued with innovations based on sciences Industrializing the outcome of scientific

researchApplying sciences to solve bottlenecks in

R&D and production

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Important Features of Science-Based Industries

Science linkages (Increasing citation of scientific papers in US patents)

Diversity and change in the Boundary of the Firm (cannot perform R&D alone)University-industry collaborations Inter-firm alliances

Intellectual Property Rights (returns for inventors )

Widespread use of the technology across industries

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University-Industry (UI) Collaboration Encouragement of UI joint research

No. increased (national universities): 1139 in 1990 => 4029 in 2000 Tax concessions granted to company R&D for UI Universities facilities for UI joint research / startups’ rent Encouragement of university spin-offs

New startups: 11 in 1995 to 600 in 2005 (much less than in US)

Patent fees are reduced for university inventions Technology licensing offices (TLOs) were established to

promote patenting and licensing 42 TLOs as of July 2006

Deregulation on professors’ assuming company directorship 280 professors (of national universities) allowed to become

directors or auditors of companies (as of 9/2003)

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National University Corporation Law

In 2004, all national universities became semi-independent organizations.

Financially, still dependent on the government. More freedom in decision-making More incentive for UI collaborations

University can own patents Possibilities of hiring specialists for patenting, licensing,

spinning off, etc. More incentive for collecting private funds for research.

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Intellectual Property Reform Basic Law on IP, 2002 IP Policy Headquarters in the Cabinet Promotion of use of patent

Only 27% of patents are currently used Stronger enforcement of patents

Plan to establish a special court for patent litigation

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Promotion of Startups

The Law for Facilitating the Creation of New Business, 1999 Subsidies and guarantees for SMEs to start new

businesses and to develop and commercialize new technologies.

Tax advantages (‘the Angel Tax’) Reduction of minimum capital for a new stock

company: 1 million yen => 1 yen Stock options as a compensation scheme

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Increasing High-Tech Startups

Increase in biotechnology startups 60 in 1998 => 387 in 2003

Increase in IPOs About 100 such IPOs in 2003 in three markets

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Issues of new firms --Recruitment

Two main barriers Financing (Many VC were established) Recruitment of staff

Difficulty in recruitment is deep-rooted because of the Japanese employment system Many talents are in big firms Long-term worker-company attachment Still, a number of conspicuous cases have started to

appear

Japan’s Education System

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Overview of Japan’s Education System

90% completion of K12 since mid 1970s.

70% of secondary education graduates go to higher education.

Strong in engineering and technology education/research.

Extraordinary low drop-out rate of univ’

Negligence of academic achievement

Establishment of professional school system (law, business) as new trials.

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Traditional career development in LT employment Universities had critic

al influences on the initial entrance to labor market.

Personnel divisions control career path

Different labor markets for large enterprises and for SMEs.

Stress on ‘trainability’ (general skill) at recruitment, and on company specific skills, tacit skills, OJT, Seniority, etc.

Strong knowledge/skill infrastructure based on the national language.

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Changing environment (1)

Deterioration of knowledge infrastructure supported by entrance exam system. Over supply of HE

since 1990—end of exam hells.

Reduction of school curriculum aiming for fostering creativity.

Restructuring of Japanese industry Outward FDI of manuf

acturing Higher end products a

nd Designs still remain in Japan, but uncertain in the long run.

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Changing environment (2)

Changes in East Asia. Chinese growth. Stronger market power

of English speaking countries in the knowledge industries including education.

Increasing reliance on service sector in industrialized countries.

Changed preference of young workers. Lost trust in the

sustainability of big companies.

Increasing : Job changes in the

initial career stage Popularity of foreign

affiliated enterprises outsourcing and

freelancers

CONCLUSION

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Economic Regime-Related Lessons and Implications

Better supervision of the financial sector and more accurate disclosure of NPLs would have helped.

Corporate governance matters. Shareholders, rating agencies, and bond/equity analysts become more important.

More transparency and less cross-shareholding would have facilitated counter-measures, including changing managers accountable for bad performance.

Reduction of public works in rural areas and of agricultural subsidies for more balanced and flexible budgets.

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Labor-Related Lessons and Recommendations

Higher mobility and flexibility in the labor market based on more lifetime learning and re-entry, especially for women.

Increase of value-added per worker through innovation is crucial for an aging and decreasing population.

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IT-Related Lessons and Implications

IT investment must be accompanied by proper changes in organization and work practice.

Speed, selection, concentration, and collaboration are core for IT strategy.

To achieve speed, firms must concentrate on core competencies.

Firms with complementary core competencies can profit from collaborating to achieve innovation quicker than doing everything in-house.

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Human-Resource-Related Lessons and Implications

Literacy and general education were key factors in the early development of Japan.

Capacity development can be enhanced by company-provided training and voluntary initiatives by workers.

Globalization and the IT revolution require continuous adjustment in the business skills and educational/training systems.

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Innovation-Related Lessons and Recommendations

R&D funding by the gov’ needs to be prioritized and well-coordinated among ministries. The US National Institutes of Health can be a model.

Closer collaboration between universities and industries is needed in patent licensing and joint research.

Creation of a support system for entrepreneurs, consultants, accountants, and lawyers familiar with advanced technology and IPR should be encouraged.