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Decentralization & Devolution
May 1995 Decentralization Promotion Law （地方分権推進法）July 1999 Comprehensive Decentralization Law （地方分権一括
法）July 2004 The Council for Decentralization Reform established
（地方分権改革推進会議）Objectives:
Establishing equal and cooperative relationship between central and local governments
Enhancing local governance
Rebuilding public finance of central and local governments (by active merger of local municipalities)
Delivering better public services by partnerships
Social justice
2149 Local municipalities (2005.3)
Merger of local municipalities
Central Government
New Regional Governments ?
47 Prefectures
3229 Local municipalities (1999.4)
671Cities
739Cities
1990 Towns 1317 Towns568
Villages339
Villages
47 Prefectures to be demolished ?
small Central Government ?
Current government system- centralised power structure
Future system ?- decentralised power structure?
National Development Plan
The 1st (1962) The 2nd (1969) The 3rd (1977) The 4th (1987) The 5th (1998)
Background
1. Rapid economic growth2. Urban concentration and income differentiation
3. To double the nation’s income
1. Economic growth2. Concentration of business and population in big cities3. IT, Globalisation, Technological Innovation
1. Stable economic growth
2. Dispersion of business and population3. Limited natural and energy resources
1. Over-concentration of business and population in Tokyo2. Industrial structural change in regions
3. Globalisation
1. Global era – sustainable environment, competitiveness and networks in Asia
2. Depopulation and ageing
Information society
Aim
s
Even Development
＜地域間の均衡ある発展＞ Better welfare and rich environment＜豊かな環境の創造＞
Cultural promotion
＜人間居住の総合的環境の整備＞ Multi-centered and interconnected＜多極分散型国土の構築＞
Multi-axis and self-reliance＜多軸型国土構造形成の基礎づくり＞
Objectives
1. Controlling the scale of urban cities
2. Using natural resources effectively
3. Distributing capital, labour and technologies to regions evenly
1. Synthesising human and nature and environmental conservation
2. Providing basic infrastructures across the country for further economic development
3. Strengthening locality in land use
4. Promoting secure and culture-centered environment
1. Comprehensive approaches to living environments
2. Nature conservation and efficient land use
3. Adapting the structuring change in economy
1. Revitalisation of regions by combination of settlement and immigration
2. Creating global city functions
3. Safety and quality living environments
1. Promoting local autonomy and locality of which people are proud
2. Security and safety living environments
3. Enjoying and sustaining rich nature
4. Building lively socio-economic environments
5. Global networks
Means
Development zones＜拠点開発構想＞
Big key projects in regions (motor ways and Shinkansen networks) ＜大規模プロジェクト構想＞
Comprehensive living environment＜定住構想＞
Networking＜交流ネットワーク構想＞
Participation and Partnership ＜参加と連携＞
The 5th National Development Plan (1999March)
Background• Ageing society• Economic maturity• Diversifying the sense of
values and lifestyles• Focus on ‘quality’ and
‘maturity’ in every aspect of the socioeconomic
Grand Design for the 21st Century
Promotion of Regional Independence and Creation of Beautiful National Land
People’s values
• Quality than quantity• Freedom to choose and self-
responsibility• Considering natural environment as
a part of life• Equal opportunities: to lift the
barriers of gender-based roles and responsibilities
Spatial Planning: the 5th National Development Plan
●
North-Eastern
→(part of Pacific Rim)
Pacific belt
(China, Korea and Rossia)↑Japan Sea Coastal
↓ New Pacific Ocean Coastal(South East Asia)
Western
◎
○
○○
○
• From unipolar, uniaxial national land structure (Pacific belt) to multi-axial national land structure
The Spatial Strategy
Basic objectives1. Create regions that are independent and that residents ca
n take pride in2. Make Japan a safe and comfortable place to live3. Enjoy and nourish sound nature‘s blessing4. Build a vigorous economic society5. Make the nation open to the world
Strategies1. Build nature-rich residential areas2. Renovate metropolitan areas3. Form regional cooperation corridors4. Form international spheres of interaction on a large scale
"Japan's 21st Century Vision"By Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy (2005)
• Machizukuri is a process in which a range of stakeholders collaborate to improve the quality of life by using and enhancing local resources.
Source: AIJ (ed) Machizukuri Text Book (1)
Machizukuri: community development
Community
Local municipality
Machizukuri body(NPO)
Machizukuri support by research
institute
10 principles1. Social wellbeing （公共の福祉の原則）2. Locality （地域性の原則）3. Bottom-up approaches （ボトムアップの原則）4. Sense of place （場所の文脈の原則）5. Partnerships （多主体による協働の原則）6. Sustainability （持続可能性、地域内循環の原則）7. Concurrent planning （相互編集の原則）8. Strengthening individual creativity （個の啓発と早発性の原則）9. Creating bio-region （環境共生の原則）10. Think global & act local （グローカルの原則）
Source: AIJ (ed) Machizukuri Text Book (1)
Machizukuri: community development
●
Machizukuri bodies
Since the 1998 “Law to Promote Specified Nonprofit Activities” was established, 25,000 NPO bodies were registered
Odawara-city
A. 114km2 P. 199,000 (2005)
Policy Research Institute of Odawara (since 2000)
●
Hayakawa-town
A. 370km2 P. 1,592 (2003)
Japan Upper River Culture Institute (since 1996)
●
●
Kinosaki-town
A. 31km2 P. 4,169 (2003)Oguni-town
A. 137km2 P. 8,735 (2003)
Manabi-ya-no-Sato (since 1996)
