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Japan in de houdgreep van de LDP: Chronologie van een conservatieve groei
‘Without belittling Japan’s many genuine successes, it is important to keep in mind the costs of these successes, and the fact that these costs were by no means borne evenly by all of
Japanese society.’
T.J. Pempel, Policy and Politics in Japan, Creative Conservatism, p. 312.
Independent but tied
1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty and Military Security Agreement
Signed with 48 non-communist nations
Gave up claims on the Koeril islands but treaty failed to define where the islands were situated
日米安全保障条約
Troops could remain in Japan US maintained grip on Japanese policy Importance of Japan in Cold War
undermined real independence Result: rage of the political left and
massive protest actions Still today the position towards the
presence of the US army is a major issue in the Socialist party
Politics after 1952
Conservatives want to change constitution as fast as possible
Elections in 1953: victory for the Socialists and defeat for Yoshida’s 自由党
Debate of Constitutional change proved more difficult than anticipated: real guard against militarism
Start of conservative rule
1954: end of Yoshida’s rule: Hatoyama ( 民主党 ) becomes prime minister: conservative who wants reverse course
Election 27-2-1955: Hatoyama fails to win majority and cannot realize wish for constitutional change
Conservative rule unifies socialists and motivates new unity of conservatives
Hatoyama Ichiro
日本社会党
Improved climate after death of Stalin ’53
Unification of left and right wing in ’55
Success in election of ’58: 166/467 seats
Hope for a real opposition but left wing becomes more radical
自由民主党
Successors of Seiyukai and Minseito were Liberals and Democrats
Financial world pressures leaders for unity out of fear for socialist rule
LDP created on November 11th 1955 Main features of this new party:
factions ( 派閥 ) remained and many bureaucrats attracted
Rational economic growth
Instauration of ‘developmental state’
Economic growth linked to Japan’s strength
Unions urged to integrate in companies, social security reduced
1955 creation of Economic Planning Agency and strength of MITI
MITI’s development
Step 1: shipbuilding and steel Step 2: car-manufacturing Step 3: high-tech industry
Mechanism of state control: Adminsitative Guidance 行政指導
Mechanism of Economic Growth: 系列
>main political discussion on duality between economic nationalism and people’s lives
Kishi’s blunt style
Prime minister in 1957Accused of war-crimesPolitical agenda:
new constitutionPromoting Japan’s independence in new security treaty (1960: 新安全保障条約 )
Massive protest forces Kishi to resign: fear for new militarism, repression and rightist terrorism
1960 protest symbol for a failure of the reform to democracy
SPJ splits into SPJ (left) and DSP (right)
安保闘争http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVP2YKywBx8&feature=related
Kishi Nobusuke
Ikeda and Sato’s consensus politics
Ikeda Hayato against confrontation Positive
double the income in ten years No constitutional reform Japan becomes second economy Olympics in 1964 ( 新幹線)
Negative Farm villages deserted Cities overcrowded Pollution Terrorism
Opposition loses power due to internal division Komeito 公明党 created as a reaction against
intransparant LDP politics
Ikeda Hayato and Sato Eisaku
Sato Eisaku
prime minister from 1964 till 1972 Agenda: emphasis on international policy
get Okinawa back Fast Economic growth Monopoly of political power by the LDP Nobel price for peace in 1974
Reverse of the coin Elections in 1969: 31,5% failed to vote Public works to maintain support to LDP: build
everywhere Pollution in Minamata
Minamatahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihFkyPv1jtU&feature=fvw
東大闘争http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YondPP9pO0s
Tanaka: the system degenerates
角福戦争 Fukuda: like Sato for Taiwan Tanaka Kakuei: for China Tanaka leaves Sato faction with 81 Creates alliance with other candidates
who receive minister positions
Conflict between Tanaka and Fukuda also today
Tanaka Kakuei
Tanaka: money and power
International Normalization of relations with China
Domestic Reform the island ( 列島改造 ) Oil-crisis but still high spending: article on
Tanaka’s money politics
>start of a never ending series of corruption scandals in LDP: same pattern of accepting money from companies to finance election campaigns
Tanaka Kakuei: Corruption Politicshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5ch39IvJBc&feature=related
Post Tanaka: no money-no power
Miki Takeo (1974-76) Miki wanted to investigate Lockheed but lost political
power Elections ’76: LDP lost majority first since ’55
Fukuda Takeo (1976-’78) Fukuda doctrine: increased role in Asia Friendship Agreement with China in ’78 More transparence in LDP: elections of president also in
regions Ohira Masayoshi
More local autonomy Loyal to Tanaka
Suzuki Zenko Kleurloze begrotingsspecialist
Nakasone’s new nationalism
Yasuhiro Nakasone (1982-1987) ‘Tanakasone’ government Close with Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher
Agenda First rang nation Compared the constitution with artificial flowers More than 1% of GDP for defence Education: new topics of ethics and traditional
culture Visits Yasukuni
strongest leader since Yoshidaclose with US: ‘unsinkable battleship’
Nakasone Yasuhiro
The agony of the postwar system
Takeshita Noboru Consumptiontax Recruit scandal Death of the emperor Election in 1989 Higher House: left majority; Lower House:
LDP majority: Kaifu Toshiki vs Doi Takako
beginning of the end of LDP hegemony
Death of Emperor Showahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8D15iezQQU
Takeshita Noboru
Summary
Money politics Factional tensions
Strength and weakness of the LDP