Japan Railaways, Hiro

Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways

Why Do We Need Screening Methods?

—We Desire Screening Methods to Easily Control the Pollution in the Ground

Hiro SakaiRailway Technical Research Institute, Japan Railways


What is going on in the geoenvironment in Japan Railways?


Have you ever been to Japan?

Sapporo

Narita

Sendai

TokyoFukuoka

Hiroshima

Osaka

Kyoto

Basically, Japan Railways run electric trains, but they still use diesel engines JR Hokkaido

JR ShikokuYamaguchi Line, JR West

JR Freight



JR East

JR Central

JR West

JR Kyushu

Japan Railways also run electric trains throughout Japan


What kinds of issue are coming out from the operation of diesel engines?

-Leaking of light oil used as fuelThe polluted soil should be cleaned-up, but scientific data are needed. Aromatic hydrocarbons might be contained

Fondly called Brown Field Problems


What brown field problems are taking place in railroad operation?

Leakage from fuel tanks pollutes railroad tracks resulting in:

-Bad smell

-Unsightly looking, visual contamination

-Risk to contaminate groundwater


Which case is much more serious?

Drips gas pumps.Drips from tanks on trains and engines.

We inspected the ground in a car depot 10 m

Arrival Track No. 1

Shunting Track

Arrival Track No. 4

Arrival Track No. 3

Engine Run-Round Track

Arrival Track No. 2

A B

E F

D

C

GL-5.5 mGL-5.5 m

GL-3.5 mGL-2.8 m

GL-5.5 m



How can we manage pollution?

5 m width for single tracks

342 car depots

Estimated 100,000,000 m2

1,000 m2 each

30,000 km active lines

Estimated 342,000 m2

What we knew are….

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Spo

t

Concentration of mireral oil extracted with hexan / mg g-1

5 - 5.5 m

1.5 - 2 m

2.5 - 3 m

2.5 - 3 m4.5 - 5.5 m

1.3 - 1.8 m

2 - 2.5 m1.5 - 2 m

5.1 - 5.5 m

5 - 5.5 m

1.5 - 2 m

2 - 2.5 m

1 - 1.5 m1.5 - 2 m

2 - 2.8 m

3 - 3.5 m1.5 - 2 m

A, remote from

F,close to

C, close to

B, remote from

D, close to

E, close to


Bioremediation works??

No idea, but hope so….

Japan Railways still thinking….

-Just burn

-Bioremediation

-Other methods



What we need right now are….

-Information on the reasons why soil polluted with petroleum should be cleaned-up. We know that it is better to take care. But scientific data are needed to convince us.

-If necessary to clean-up, how deep we should do it?

-What methods are better in the case with railroad tracks? We run over 200,000 trains a day.


What kinds of issue are coming out from the operation of electric trains?

-Heavy metal contaminationScattered by friction between contact wires, especially lead and copper, and pantographs

Emitted from the surface of brake linings, including lead, because of high-speed operation

Friction at pantographs

When giving a brake

But all frictional materials containing heavy metals were already replaced with carbon materials

Whenever operating trains, generally, there occurs….

The surface of wheel tread is shaved by brake shoes in firm contact to scatter small particles of steel on washings, parked vehicles and houses on tracks

-Heavy metal contamination


20 40 60 80

0.4

0.2

00

Distance from track center / mSte

al a

mou

nt /

mg

m-2

day-

1

Concrete containing lime and fly ashes, which enhance material strength, releases chromium ion. The chromium polluted embankments of railroad tracks in the past, but such kind of concrete is no longer in use

-Chromium originating from concrete structures


Fly Ash Cement


Cr(IV)


Highly toxic pesticides with long life like simazine are no longer used, as they have been replaced with short-life pesticides such as glyphosate and dalapon. They would become free in the ground to cause pollution. Some are also mutagenic effective

-Soil pollution by pesticides

Less weeds, but produce polluted



Furthermore, with wood sleepers,….

Creosote oil is used as a preservative for sleepers, which is soaking down into the ground thereunder. Within a radius of 1 m, soil is contaminated. We started using contaminant-free plastic or concrete sleepers for higher durability.

-Soil pollution under tracks by preservatives for wood sleepers

1mLooking Brown Fields

Questions?Any questions are absolutely welcome, but you can touch base with me even after the meeting….

Contact Hiro at:[email protected]



Why are screening methods needed for investigation of pollution in the ground?


Japan wants to create a new approach to find benefits in ISO/TC 190 (Soil quality)!

If no one used, no meaning to standardize

Some standards are too scientific

No one needs to hesitate to prepare practical standards ScientificHIRO

Easy-Going Men

Come on to the practical side!


For your easy understanding, come to remember 9.11….

A special WG was instituted on explosives in TC 147 after 9.11

Shortly, to make money. This is because a big market just came out after the tragedySuch kind of standard will bring money by selling instruments under the analytical technique designated therebyBy putting standards in practical use, TC 147 became more active, as a result

North Korea would attack Japan!


For instance, ….To simply check the concentrations of pollutantsIf you want to drink water in a glass,….

pH Test Paper

Enjoy the water!

Go to a pH meter

Go to a pH meter

Screening Full

pH Meter


What are screening methods?To track hot spots in an investigation site

Detectors

Hot Spot


Thus,….We Need

Save-Money-Standards!-Actual money-back is not necessarily needed

-But indirect benefits are needed, at least-Relatively poor performance is still okay

Saving cost and time

Applicable on-site

Simple operationEasy-going-standardsare definitely preferable

Even in this case, what is indispensable is…

Validation Date-To show the same or approximately the same values as those given by the methods currently standardized

-As you know, if taking something, lose something. This is true.

-Higher performance, including lower DLs and higher accuracies, are not necessary. Even if any, not so expected



What are Save-Money-Methods?There are still a lot of choices for the

Save-Money Methods

No screening methods have been standardized to prepare basic information for planning full investigation

Land to be inspected

Actually polluted

Full inspection at regular-intervals

Screening method to find hot spots

A screening method is one of the choices

Pollutants


With screening methods,….

Time can be saved

Cost would be reduced

Easier operation expected

Still benefit!

Easy to find hot spots:

Full investigation areas can be reducedEasy to plan full investigation around hot spots


Current state and what are expected with us….Methods of ISO are rooted in a good scientific basis:

Resulted in reliable data to be used in regulations and assessment

But simplified and fast methods are also required:

For the first indicative investigation and to find hot spots

Standardization is needed:

To improve the quality of screening investigation in the standardization approach to check soil contamination

Not allowed with screening methods,….Not needed to replace the currently existing methodsScreening methods have purposes different from those of the existing methods

There are so many methods for screening. How do users properly choose one?

Provide information helpful in planning full investigation

Some guidelines and standards are neededTo avoid misuse and make the purpose clear to the users



Specific methods to be proposed as screening methods

Basically, they should be used in pre-inspection for contaminated-land

-Energy-Dispersive XRF for heavy metals

-IR/TA for petroleum

-UV / VIS spectrophotometry for explosives

-Biological methods using enzymes to detect heavy metals


What we want to stress are….

Describe the limit of screening methods to avoid their misuse or misunderstanding of data

Screening methods work only in specific conditions

Understand and stress that the result is also specified to the manner of its use

The results from screening methods naturally have limits

Each screening method with different capacities and performanceSuggest how to choose screening methods with filed conditions to reasonably plan screening inspections and appropriately use the data therefrom to give proper reports


How many counties and experts join us? Don’t be behind!

Voting resultsItems Current

stage Voting “Yes” Registered

1 Guidance CD 14 11 147 countries

2 XRF WD 19 16 1611 countries

SC 3/WG 10 --- --- --- ---33

21 countries and orgs.

Questions?Any questions are absolutely welcome.

Hiro is also at:[email protected]

Our goal there!

JapanRailways

Hope you have interest in screening methods….Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways


Application of screening methods to soil samples, including waste

Their goal must be the same. But there are different ways between reference and screening methods.

ScientificPractical


Allowable limits of heavy metal concentrations in soil in Japan

Pb, 150ppm

Hg, 15ppm

As, 150ppm

CN-, 50ppm

Se, 150ppm

B, 4,000ppm

F-, 4,000ppm

Cd, 150ppm

Cr (IV), 250ppm

PbCd

Hg

Se

Cr F-

As


Heavy metals are found at every workshop and car depot at an inspection….

Takatori Workshop in Kobe

Relocated to the suburbs in 2000

A lot of kinds of heavy metals were found.

5M USD were paid for the remediation.

Asahigawa Engine Depot in Hokkaido

Heavy metals were found, especially mercury, where batteries were maintained.


We are not sure how long, wide or deep our railroad tracks are polluted….

-Length in service, 30,000 km

-Average width for single tracks, 5 m150,000,000 m2, estimated

-Car depot, 342

-Average area, 1,000 m2

342,000 m2, estimated


Japan Railway’s Proposal for screening methods is….

XRF for heavy metals in soilTo check if the concentrations of heavy metals are over the allowable limits or not

To track hot spots with heavy metals at a site

Determination limit, ppm

Cd, 5.5Cr, 36Pb, 8Other heavy metals, around 10 ppm

Reproducibility,

Cd, 1.38Cr, 0.24Pb, 0.22


Major dimensions

3 g

Time, 5 min

Weight, 8 kg or less

In Japan, a hood is required to protect X-ray.

Sample, 3 gIf necessary, soil samples can be dried in five minutes.


What are the advantages with XRF….

Spot 1 2 3

Limit

Pb Cd

Hg

Not needed to extract heavy metals into waterIt is not easy to quantitatively prepare water samples.

Can detect several kinds of heavy metals at a timeIt will help to track hot spots at a site.

To check if the concentrations of heavy metals are over allowable limits or not

The DLs are around 1 ppm.


To make sure of the areas to be taken care of…. —Heavy MetalsWhat are the benefits:

Field investigation will drastically be simplified on site at a lower cost in a short time at a timeCd, Cr, Se, Pb, and As can be detected easily at 10 ppm up to 200 ppm at a time.

Pb Cd

Hg


There are two types of XRF detector

BatteryPower

Sample Cell

X-ray Filter

Preamplifier

Amplifier & Analyzer

X-ray Tube

X-ray Protected StructureSample Cell Room Soil Sample

Display

Computer

Software for calibration

Solid State Detector

X-Ray shielded

There are two types of XRF detector


X-Ray not shielded

PbCd

HgSe

CrF-

As


Analytical performance of X-ray shielded type XRF

BatteryPower

Sample Cell

X-ray Filter

Preamplifier

Amplifier & Analyzer

X-ray Tube

X-ray Protected Structure

Sample Cell Room

Soil Sample

Display

Computer

Software for calibration

Solid State Detector

Element Detection limit, ppmCd 4.0Pb 4.2Se 1.1Hg 5.0As 2.8Cr 14


Practical soil screening data by XRF


For petroleum….

IR

For petroleum….


TA

Relative Turbidity for Typical Hydrocarbons

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Hydrocarbon Concentration (ppm)

Rel

ativ

e Tu

rbid

ity

DialaDieselMotor OilJet A

All Final Field Data

y = 1.6897x + 194.65R2 = 0.9716

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

0 5000 10000 15000 20000Lab (mg/kg)

Dex

sil (

mg/

kg)


For heavy metals by immunoassay….

*

*


For heavy metals by biological methods….

Direct Contact Tests• Soild Phase Microtox

– Direct contact?

• Sediment test– Ostracodtoxkit

• Respiratory activity• Seed germination & Root elongation

– Phytotoxkit

• Worm avoidance


What ISO/TC 190/SC 3/SG 10 wants to do with you are….

Join us!

Japan, XRF, IR/TA for petroleum

Finland, XRF

The Netherlands, inspection probes

UK, immunoassay

Germany, CG

Korea, detection for explosives

Poland, guidelines

Czech Rep., NIRSFAO, looking for simple methods to determine heavy metals on site


Some comments already offered by the members….”In-laboratory methods should also be included with on-site methods,” Czech Republic“Screening methods needed to save money,” FAO“Not easy to prepare guidance papers,” Germany“Large difference in date between on-site and laboratory methods,” Germany“Reduce the volume of standards,“ Germany“Call an intermediate meeting in Korea,” Korea“Guidelines needed,” The Netherlands“Guidelines first,” UK


Hiro’s requests to all the members in SC 3/WG 10 (Screening methods)

Bear in mind “HIRO is still easy-going all the time. HIRO wants to make everything simple!”

Prepare your each document in two A4-sized pages

Your PowerPoint files should be with maximum 5 VISUAL slides

Give Hiro any your questions, reactions, opinion, and requests by call or through e-mail at any time

Dress casually in SC 3/WG 10 meetings to make yourself easy, if you do not mind

Hope all the items be standardized in SC 3/WG 10 within six pages

Enjoy standardization work with HIRO in SC 3/WG 10!

Thick documents and long presentations bore you!


Welcome to ISO/TC 190/SC 3/WG 10 (Screening methods)!

What is the most important is to enjoy the SC 3/WG 10 meeting with one another!

Everything should be negotiable in the WG to make everyone happy.

Your quick and positive response will make our work easy.


I Want to Stress Once Again!

ISO/TC 190/SC 3/WG 10 wants to bring us definitely including you ACTUAL BENEFIT. NO MORE PAPER EXCHANGE WITHOUT FRUIT!No intention, no result

No result, no practical use

No practical use, no benefit!

Do with us taking actual and effective manners




How are screening methods standardized in ISO and CEN?

We .&



Scope….

ISO/CD 12404:This international standard provides guidance on the selection and application of screening methods for assessing soil quality. Information is given on what constitutes an appropriate screening method and the conditions under which they can be used.

$$ $$

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CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:The aim of this document is to set up criteria as to when the different kind of screening methods may be applied for (to ?) the analysis of a certain parameter in waste and which steps are required to prove their suitability.


Definition Screening methods

ISO/CD 12404:A method which is used (often on-site) to quickly obtain data on soil.

CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:A method to quickly obtain data on sample characteristics

We .?


Definition Laboratory reference methods

ISO/CD 12404:Laboratory-based method which is performed in accordance with national or international standards and is not necessarily comparable with screening methods

CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:Reference method: Analytical method with known performance that is stipulated by law and is commonly standardized

We .!

We .!!


Definition On-site verification

ISO/CD 12404:No definition

CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:Third level of inspection according to the Landfill Directive and the Landfill Decision to ensure that the waste accepted at a landfill is the same as (that) described in the accompanying documents and that it is in accordance with the basic characterization and/or compliance testing

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Definition Screening

ISO/CD 12404:No definition but explaining that “screening methods can be used to set priorities for a site investigation or facilitate the design of a sampling plan.”

CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:A method to quickly obtain data on sample characteristics

GuidelineGuideline

GuidelineGuideline

Still ideal??

Practical!

Standard


Definition PrincipleISO/CD 12404:-Selection of a screening method for sampling and pre-treatment-Performance characteristics for screening methodsValidation (primary validation)Verification or daily performance tests (secondary validation)Quality control and quality management-Application and applicability of a selected screening methodScreening method requirementsQuality assuranceScreening method application

CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:It defines the whole process from the selection of the screening method, the applicability and fir-for-purpose testing, the fulfilling of the acceptance criteria, the quality control of the applied method to the documentation of measurement results.


Thank you for listening!Hope my paper work for you and bring us all success in managing pollution taking place to our respective countries.




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Japan Railaways, Hiro