Japanese InternmentJapanese Internment

Japanese InternmentJapanese InternmentI. Why did it happen?I. Why did it happen?

A. Pearl Harbor: Fear, paranoia at perceived A. Pearl Harbor: Fear, paranoia at perceived “enemy”“enemy”

Japanese InternmentJapanese InternmentI. Why did it happen?I. Why did it happen?

A. Pearl Harbor: Fear, paranoia at perceived A. Pearl Harbor: Fear, paranoia at perceived “enemy”“enemy”

B. Threat of invasion, sabotage, espionage B. Threat of invasion, sabotage, espionage

1. Not one Japanese-American was found to 1. Not one Japanese-American was found to be a spybe a spy

Japanese InternmentJapanese InternmentI. Why did it happen?I. Why did it happen?

A. Pearl Harbor: Fear, paranoia at perceived A. Pearl Harbor: Fear, paranoia at perceived “enemy”“enemy”

B. Threat of invasion, sabotage, espionage B. Threat of invasion, sabotage, espionage

1. Not one Japanese-American was found to 1. Not one Japanese-American was found to be a spybe a spy

C. Easily singled out – Racial prejudice C. Easily singled out – Racial prejudice

1. “Looked different”— distrust of differences1. “Looked different”— distrust of differences

2. Japanese-Americans had very little political 2. Japanese-Americans had very little political or or economic influenceeconomic influence

II. InternmentII. Internment

A. Executive Order 9066A. Executive Order 9066

1. Presidential Order of forced 1. Presidential Order of forced relocation relocation to internment camps to internment camps

II. InternmentII. Internment

A. Executive Order 9066A. Executive Order 9066

1. Presidential Order of forced 1. Presidential Order of forced relocation relocation to internment camps to internment camps

B. 120,000 people internedB. 120,000 people interned

1. 1. IsseiIssei - Foreign-born Japanese - Foreign-born Japanese 1/31/3rdrd of of population population

2. 2. NiseiNisei - children of Issei (U.S. - children of Issei (U.S. citizens) citizens) 2/3rds of population 2/3rds of population

Civil Control Stations were set up Civil Control Stations were set up to assist with the transition to the to assist with the transition to the

camps camps

Waiting to be picked up for Waiting to be picked up for deportation to an Internment deportation to an Internment

CampCamp

C. Economic HardshipC. Economic Hardship

1. Could only bring a few belongings, 1. Could only bring a few belongings, only given a few days notice only given a few days notice

2. Estimated loss over $500 million2. Estimated loss over $500 million

C. Economic HardshipC. Economic Hardship

1. Could only bring a few 1. Could only bring a few belongings, belongings, only given a few only given a few days noticedays notice

2. Estimated loss over $500 million2. Estimated loss over $500 million

D. Hawaii did not intern Japanese-D. Hawaii did not intern Japanese-Americans, 37% of populationAmericans, 37% of population

1. Needed to work in military 1. Needed to work in military installations installations

III. Conditions in the CampsIII. Conditions in the Camps

A. 10 camps in U.S., most in western A. 10 camps in U.S., most in western states (2 in CA)states (2 in CA)

III. Conditions in the CampsIII. Conditions in the Camps

A. 10 camps in U.S., most in western A. 10 camps in U.S., most in western states (2 in CA)states (2 in CA)

B. Heavily guarded, barren locations, B. Heavily guarded, barren locations, no better than prison campsno better than prison camps

III. Conditions in the CampsIII. Conditions in the Camps

A. 10 camps in U.S., most in western A. 10 camps in U.S., most in western states (2 in CA)states (2 in CA)

B. Heavily guarded, barren locations, no B. Heavily guarded, barren locations, no better than prison campsbetter than prison camps

C. Set up community as best as they C. Set up community as best as they couldcould

1. Built schools, churches, printed 1. Built schools, churches, printed newspapers, set up Boy Scout newspapers, set up Boy Scout

troops,troops,

softball leagues, music lessons softball leagues, music lessons

Topaz, Utah camp football leagueTopaz, Utah camp football league

III. Conditions in the CampsIII. Conditions in the Camps

A. 10 camps in U.S., most in western A. 10 camps in U.S., most in western states (2 in CA)states (2 in CA)

B. Heavily guarded, barren locations, no B. Heavily guarded, barren locations, no better than prison campsbetter than prison camps

C. Set up community as best as they couldC. Set up community as best as they could

1. Built schools, churches, printed 1. Built schools, churches, printed newspapers, set up Boy Scout newspapers, set up Boy Scout

troops,troops,

softball leagues, music lessons softball leagues, music lessons

D. Over 120,000 Japanese internedD. Over 120,000 Japanese interned

IV. Legal Challenges – IV. Legal Challenges – US Supreme Court CasesUS Supreme Court Cases

A. Hirabayashi v. United States (1943)A. Hirabayashi v. United States (1943)

1. Upheld a curfew order that only 1. Upheld a curfew order that only affected Japanese- affected Japanese-Americans Americans

B. Korematsu v. United States (1944)B. Korematsu v. United States (1944)

2. Upheld internment saying Judicial 2. Upheld internment saying Judicial Branch Branch could not could not second‑guess the Military and second‑guess the Military and that the that the military necessity of internment military necessity of internment outweighed the individual rights of outweighed the individual rights of Korematsu Korematsu

V. LegacyV. Legacy

A. 1988: Pres. Reagan issued apology A. 1988: Pres. Reagan issued apology and and restitutionrestitution

1. Internees or descendants 1. Internees or descendants received received $20,000 over 10 $20,000 over 10 years years

2. 60,000 people received the 2. 60,000 people received the moneymoney

Government Apology - 1992Government Apology - 1992

Manzanar MemorialManzanar Memorial