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Japanese Morphology

Japanese Morphology

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Japanese Morphology. Japanese Lexicon. Native vocabulary Yamato kotoba/Wago 大和言葉 / 和語 Sino-Japanese Kango  漢語 Foreign 外来語 Mimetic 擬声語、擬態語. Word 単語 and Morpheme 形態素. Word  単語(たんご) Ex. 虎の子(とらのこ) Morpheme  形態素(けいたいそ) 手抜き (て+ぬき) 楽しさ (たのし+さ) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Japanese Morphology

Japanese Morphology

Page 2: Japanese Morphology

Japanese Lexicon

Native vocabulary Yamato kotoba/Wago 大和言葉 / 和語

Sino-Japanese   Kango  漢語

Foreign 外来語

Mimetic 擬声語、擬態語

Page 3: Japanese Morphology

Native SJ Mimetic Foreign

‘shine’

kagayaku -kou- kira-kira syain

‘dog’ inu -ken- wan-wan

doggu

Page 4: Japanese Morphology

Word 単語 and Morpheme 形態素

Word  単語(たんご)Ex. 虎の子(とらのこ)

Morpheme  形態素(けいたいそ)手抜き (て+ぬき)楽しさ (たのし+さ)

Free morpheme  自立形態素 (じりつけいたいそ) = 「手、抜き、楽し」

Bound morpheme  従属的形態素  (じゅうぞくてきけいたいそ) = 「さ」

Page 5: Japanese Morphology

Analyze the following units:( 1 )砂あそび、( 2 )砂、( 3 )すわりこむ、( 4 )名古屋発、( 5 )読まない、( 6 )ビー

玉、異形態 (いけいたい)

船  船足  船幽霊単純語 (たんじゅんご)

手、朝、しかし

Page 6: Japanese Morphology

Word Structure  語の構成(こうせい)

Cannot be divided into smaller meaningful units形態素単純語

Can be divided into smaller meaningful units派生語 (はせいご)複合語 (ふくごうご)活用 (かつよう)

Page 7: Japanese Morphology

Derivation  派生

change meaning or categoryBase 語基(ごき) and Affix 接辞(せ

つじ)

Ex: hada ‘skin’ + su ‘bare’ = su-hada kak ‘write’ + -(i)ta ‘want to’ = kakitai hiro ‘wide’ + -sa = width

Page 8: Japanese Morphology

Inflection

variants of the same word

Ex: tabe ‘eat’ + ru = taberu tabe + ta = tabeta ooki ‘big’ + i = ookii ooki + katta = ookikatta

Page 9: Japanese Morphology

AFFIXATION

  Prefixation  接頭辞(せっとうじ) mu ‘none’ + kansin ‘interest’ = mukansin

  Suffixation  接尾辞(せつびじ) hanasite ‘speaker’ = hanas + te

Page 10: Japanese Morphology

COMPOUNDING

Compound words 複合語(ふくごうご)Native Compounds

aki + sora = akizora ‘autumn sky’SJ Compounds

ki + soku = kisoku ‘rule’Hybrid Compounds

dai + tokoro = daidokoro ‘kitchen’ garasu + mado = garasumado ‘glass window’

Page 11: Japanese Morphology

COMPOUNDING

刺し身→さし (stab) +み( body)  本棚→ほん (book) +たな (shelf)

Head  主要部(しゅようぶ) =right elementCompare: 水汲み(みずく) with 汲み水;

 汲む means pump (v)Analyze: 映画音楽  and  音楽映画

Page 12: Japanese Morphology

Compound Verbs

Sentence level  歩き続ける

Vocabulary level  押しつける

(1) つっこむ、 (2) まよいこむ、 (3) むきあう、(4) たべはじめる、 (5) みすてる、 (6) ふりつ

もる

Page 13: Japanese Morphology

Word Formation

Affixation Compounding Reduplication Clipping Borrowing

Page 14: Japanese Morphology

Parts of Speech  品詞(ひんし)

Noun  名詞(めいし) Verb  動詞(どうし) Adjective  形容詞(けいようし) Adverb  副詞(ふくし) Postposition  助詞(じょし) Case Particle  格助詞(かくじょし) Adjectival Noun  形容動詞(けいようどう

し) Verbal Noun  動名詞(どうめいし)

Page 15: Japanese Morphology

NOUNS  名詞

co-occur with demonstratives  指示語(しじご)

can take noun modifiers which take the particle の

can be linked using と associated with a conjugational

paradigm

Page 16: Japanese Morphology

VERBS  動詞

conjugational endings 活用(かつよう)

nozumnozomunozomanainozondenozomoonozomeba

Page 17: Japanese Morphology

ADJECTIVES  形容詞

conjugational endings  活用

fusawashifusawashiifusawashikunaifusawashikattafusawashikunakatta

Page 18: Japanese Morphology

ADVERBS  副詞

derived from adjectives

tooku, atatakaku totemo, zettai

Page 19: Japanese Morphology

POSTPOSITIONS  助詞

cannot stand independently; placed after nouns

で、へ、と、まで、から

Page 20: Japanese Morphology

CASE PARTICLES  格助詞

Nominative が Accusative を Dative に Genitive の

Page 21: Japanese Morphology

ADJECTIVAL NOUN  形容動詞

形容動詞 ‘ adjectival verb’; ‘nominal adjectives’

have characteristics both of adjectives and nouns

modify the nouns that follow themcan be modified by adverbstake the copula verb, unlike the

regular adjectives

Page 22: Japanese Morphology

形容動詞

cannot possess the grammatical functions of subject, object, etc.

can be nominalized by the derivational affix –sa

cannot take the derivational suffix –rashii that generates adjectives from nouns

loan words modifying nouns tend to belong to this category

Page 23: Japanese Morphology

VERBAL NOUN  動名詞

many come from Sino-Japanese compounds

can occur with demonstratives require the dummy verb する in

the predicate function can function as subject or object

Page 24: Japanese Morphology

Additional 品詞

形式名詞 (けいしきめいし)こと、はず、わけ、もの

連体詞 (れんたいし)あの、いわゆる、大きな

接続詞 (せつぞくし)また、そして、ところが

感動詞 (かんどうし)まあ、はい、うん

助動詞 (じょどうし)られる、ようだ、だろう、

Page 25: Japanese Morphology

Assignment

問題 1 Compare and analyze the forms 「通 ( とお ) り道 ( みち ) 」 and 「通 ( とお ) る道 ( みち ) 」 at the word level. Also, examine any change in the pronunciation of each term.

問題 2 How would you differentiate 「関西( かんさい ) の方言 ( ほうげん ) 」 and 「関西( かんさい ) 方言 ( ほうげん ) 」 ?

Page 26: Japanese Morphology

問題 3 Analyze the structure of the following words: 走 ( はし ) り方 ( かた ) 、スキー幅 ( ぼう ) 、お水 ( みず ) 取 ( と ) り、

  おむつ換 ( か ) え、毛生 ( けは ) え薬 ( くすり )

問題 4 List 5 examples of affix which changes the category of the word/meaning of the word. For each affix, provide 2 derived words.

Page 27: Japanese Morphology

問題 5 The affix 「御 ( お ) 」 has two allomorphs: ご and を . State the condition/s for the occurrence each allomorph.

問題 6 Consider the forms 遊 ( あそ ) び方 ( かた ) and 遊 ( あそ ) び用 ( よう ). Both are grammatical. However, if you combine these forms with 水 ( みず ), you will have a grammatical 水 ( みず ) 遊 ( あそ ) び用 ( よう ) but * 水 ( みず ) 遊 ( あそ ) び方 ( かた ) is ungrammatical. Find the difference in the usage of 方 ( かた ) and 用 ( よう ). What feature/s of words can you combine with these forms? Provide examples.

Page 28: Japanese Morphology

問題 7 In the clause 「水槽 ( すいそう ) 中にプランクトンがいる」 , there is a difference in meaning if you read 中 as ちゅう or じゅう . Identify the difference. If possible, provide other derived words for each reading of 中 .

問題 8 Compare and analyze the forms 「押( お ) し始 ( はじ ) める」 and 「押 ( お ) し付( つ ) ける」 .