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Chiasebook:http://downloadsachmienphi.com/Thamgiacngngchiassch:Fanpage:https://www.facebook.com/downloadsachfreeCngngGoogle:http://bit.ly/downloadsach
TngEsa,Kariniga,Omwai,Paran,Sauakari,WiworcngttcccbnbvngithyNewGuineakhccati,nhngchnhnchthccamtmitrngkhcnghit.
Jared Diamond v vn mnh cc x hi loingiaredMasonDiamond(10/9/1937)lnhkhoahcMvtcginitingvicctcphm:Loitinhtinhthba;Sng,vitrngvthp;Sp;Thgiichonngyhmqua,v.vTuy
theohcvcbngtinsvsinh lhc,nhngkinthccangbaotrmhunhmingnh,tkintrc,ngnng,khoc,nngvthc,yhc.ngcngkhngphilmthcgithpngkhitngchudunhiuchulc,thmchsngnhiunmnhngnitncungthegii(nhaoTanGhi-ne,aoPhucSinh).OngcungcxepvaohangngunhngnhttnghinicnhiunhhngnhtM.Tkhonguthpnin90nnay,JaredDiamondlunnungnuitmcutrlichocu
hi:Sauhn13.000nmlchs,tisaosphttrincaccgingdntrnthgiitrthnhqukhcnhaunhngynay?TheoDiamond,ccnhvits(ncphngTy)phmmtlilmvhnhnkhngngkhunmtlchscaloingi.Cth,hchchtrngvoccxhitngivnminh(tnhtlcchvit)u(Eurasia)vBcPhi,vngaytrongdngscalcau,hlichtptrungvophaTy,tchnccqucgiaphang(nibt lTrungQuc,rincNhtBnvngNam).Hnna,phnlnskhinnaychnhnvokhong3.000nmsauny,drngkhongthigianchl0,1%trongchiudi5triunmloingicmttrntrit.TheoDiamond,nhnhngtinbnhsinhvthcphnt,ditruynhc,sinhal,khochc,vngnnghcnlcchngtacthgiithchskhcbitvtrnhphttringiaccnc.Vnhngtcphmcanglnltxutbnquaccnmlmsngtvn.TrongSng, vi trng v thp: nhmnh ca cc x hi loi ngi tc phm ot gii
Pulitzernm1997vgiiPhiBetaKappavkhoahcJaredDiamondaranhngminhchnggiithchvictisaoccdntcmtslcacthxmchim,chinhphchocchimchnhngdntccmtttrccclca.Vicunschny,ngtonncuccchmngvnghinculchsnhnloi.Cuinm2004,JaredDiamondxutbncunSp:Cchxhichnthtbihocthnh
cng,vnvigctipcncacuntrc,tcldavonhngyutmitrngvccuxhigiithchlchscaxhiy.Tuynhin,trongkhicuntrctmcchlgiisthngtrcavnminhTyphngtrnphnlnthgii,thtrongtcphmny,Diamondnghinngmnguynnhnansspcamtsnnvnminh.Thgiichonngyhmqua:Chngtahccgtnhngxhitruynthng?Lcun
schminhtcxutbncaJaredDiamond,tiptcphttrincclthuytvnghincucangvvnmnhccxhiloingi.Cunschcungcpmtbctranhtrcdinymhocvqukhnhnloitntihngtriunm,mtqukhhunhbinmt,vxemxtnhngkhcbitgiaqukhvhintitrlicuhi:Chngtacthhccgtccxhitruynthngtonnmtthgiittphn.Nhnthytmvcvnhnggitrtolnmbschmangli,AlphaBookstinhnhti
bncccunSng,vitrngvthp;SptngcNhxutbnTrithcxutbnnm2007trongTschtinhhoatri thcthgiivisbotrcaQuVnhaPhanChu
http://downloadsachmienphi.com/https://www.facebook.com/downloadsachfreehttp://bit.ly/downloadsachTrinh;xutbnvgiithiuticgiVitNamcunThgiichonngyhmqua.Mongnhncsnnhnvnggpkincabnc!CngtyCphnSchAlpha
MTisaolchsthgiigingnhchnh?
cchcacunschnylcungcpmtlcsvttcmiconngitrongkhong13.000nmtrliy.Cuhikhintivitracunschnyl:tisaolchs
dinratrnmichulcmtkhc?Nunhcuhinylptckhinbnnhnvaichorngbnspphicmtlunvnphnbitchngtcth,xintha,khngphivy.Nhbnsthy,nhnglipchocuhinytuytkhngbaohmnhngskhcbitvchngtc.Cunschnytptrungtruytmnhnglgiitihuvylichuinhnqulchscngxabaonhiucngttbynhiu.Huhtnhngcunschcmcchimlilchsthgiiutptrungvolchscc
xhicchvitlcau-vBcPhi.Ccxhibnaccvngkhctrnthgii-chuPhicnSahara,chuM,ngNamhio,chuc,NewGuineavccoThiBnhDng-chcnhcsqua,chyulvnhnggxyravihgiaionrtmuntronglchs,saukhingichuukhmphrahvchinhphch.Ngaycvilcau-,huhtstrangtrongschcdnhcholchsphnphaTycau-hnlTrungQuc,n,NhtBn,ngNamxchovccxhiu-khc.Lchstrcthiimphtsinhchvitvokhong3.000nmtr.CNcngchcimquavntt,mcdnchimti99,9%tonblchsnmtriunmcaloingi.Nhngtngtrnhvlchsnhnloimdinkhostbbhpnhvythnggpba
iubtli.Trcht,vnhngnguynnhndhiu,ngycngcnhiungiquantmnccxhikhcngoiccxhiphatylcau-.Nigthni,chnhccxhikhckiamibaohmhuhtdnsthgiiviasccnhmdntc,vnhavngnngtrnthgii.Mtsxhitrongtrthnh-vixhikhcthangtrthnh-nhnglclngkinhtvchnhtrmnhmnhttrnthgii.Thhai,nhtlivinhngngicbitquantmnshnhthnhthgiihini,
lchsmchbittgiihnvonhngdinbintsaukhichvitraithkhngthmangtishiubitsuscc.Chngphivccxhitrnnhngchulckhcnhaucthsosnhvinhauchon3.000nmtr.CN,khiccxhiphatyu-btngphtminhchvitvcnglnutinbtlndnutrongcclnhvckhc.Thayvvy,vokhong3.000nmtr.CN,cnhngxhiu-vBcPhikhngchmanhnhacchvitmcnccchnhphtptrungha,ccthnhth,sdngphbincngcvvkhbngkimloi,sdngngvtthunhavnchuyn,lmsckovlccgii,lmnghnngvchnnuisnxutlngthc.huhthayttcccvngkhctrnccchulckhcthtithiimkhnghcmtcigtrongnhngthktrn;mts-nhngkhngphilttc-nhngcimivsauminysinhmtsvngcachuMbnavchuPhihSahara,nhngchtrongvngnmngnnmsau,vkhngmtcinotrongsphtsinhchucthdn.iutcnhbochotarng,sthngtrcaccxhityu-trongthgiihinibtngunttrongqukhbtthnhvncchytrn3.000nm(khinivsthngtrcaccxhiphatylcau-,timunnisthngtrcabnthnccxhiphatyu-vccxhibtngunthmracclcakhc(1)).Thba,nuvitsmchtptrungvoccxhityu-thshontonbquacuhi
lnhinnhin.Cuhiyl:tisaochnhccxhinymilnhngxhitrnnhngmnhvimimtcchbtcnxngnnhvy?trlicuhingitathngvinnnhngnguynnhn trc tipnht,nhspht sinh chngha tbn, chnghatrngthng,stmtikhoahc,cngngh,vccvitrngchigitchthngtriungiccchulckhckhihtipxcvingiu-.Nhngtisaottcccnhnthtrchoschinhphcchphtsinhu-mthi,cncclcakhcchngchphtsinhmcthphnhochontonvngmt?Ttcccnhnttrnuchlnhngnhnttrctipchkhngphiligiithchti
hu. Ti sao ch ngha t bn khng sinh si ny n tiMexico bn a, ch ngha trngthngkhngphtsinhchuPhihSahara,stmtikhoahckhngphttrinTrungQuc,cngnghtintinkhngnysinhBcMbnavvitrngkhngraichucthdn?Nutrlibngcchvinticcnhntvnhacth-chnghnnhstmtikhoahcbKhnggiobpnghtTrungHoanhnglicngiHyLphaycctruynthngDothi-Ccgiotyu-khchl-chngtavnstiptcliviccnphicligiithchtihu:tisaocctruynthngnhKhnggiokhngphttrintyu-cnocDoThi-CcgiokhngphttrinTrungHoa?Ngoira,khinivy,ngitavnlithctrngchonkhong1.400nmtr.CNncTrungHoaKhnggiottrnhcngnghtintinhnsovivngtyu-.Khngththuhiucngaycbnthnccxhityu-nuchtptrungvom
thi.Nhngcuhithvlnhngcuhilinquannskhcbitgianhngxhiviccxhikhc.Muntrlicccuhi,tacngcnphihiuttcccxhikhckiana;cvythmicthtccxhityu-vomtbicnhrnghn.Mtscgicthcmthytiangitchlchsquycvphathiccngcli,
bngcchdnhquttrangchovngtyu-mniqunhiuvccvngkhccathgii.Tistrlirng,mtsvngkhckiacathgiibaohmrtnhiuthngtin,bichngbaoqutrtnhiuxhi-vylnhngxhirtkhcnhau-trongmtkhuvcalnhhp.Vigingiuphphnnhnhng,ngiimschnyvitrnghnhnhtixemlchsthgiinhmtchnh,tronglchshinichchimphnbmt,munhiulchsthphibcdnncclpbntrong.Phi,lchsthgiinglmtchnhnhvy!Nhngbnthnvicbcdntnglpvhnhkiamiththpdn,yththch-vctmquantrnglnlaoivichngtangynay,mtkhichngtamunthuhiunhngbihccaqukhnghunhntitnglai.JaredDiamond
T
LINIUCuhicaYali
tcchngtaubit,lchsdinrartkhcnhauivitngdntcnhngphnkhcnhautrntrit.Trongvng13.000nmktcuiKBnghsaucng,mts
vngtrnthgiiphttrincthnhnhngxhicngnghipcchvit,cngcbngkimloi,mtsvngkhcchphttrincnhngxhichnnuikhngchvit,nhiuvngkhcnavnchlccxhisnbthilmdngcngcbng.Nhngsbtqunbnhlchsnyhtnhngcibngdilnthgiihini,biccxhicchvitvsdngcngcbngkimloichinhphchoctiuditccxhikhc.Tuynhngkhcbitnyvnlnhntcbnnhtcalchsthgii,songnguynnhncachngvncharrngvanggytranhci.Cuhihcbavngungccanhngkhcbittratrcmttit25nmtrc,trongmtdngnginvmangtnhcnhn.Vothng7nm1972,clntiibdcbbintrnhnoxchoNewGuineaniti
angnghincustinhacachimvitcchnhsinhvthc.TitngnghenivmtchnhtrgianitingngiaphngtnlYali,lcngnyangikinhltrongvng.HmtnhcYalivtiliicngmthng,vngtabtkpti.Chngtiibnnhautrongkhongmttingnghvnichuynsutthigian.ConngiYaliylicunvnghlc.Cpmtngngisngymhoc.ngninng
htscttinvbnthnmnh,nhngngcngtnhiucuhithuovbitchmchlngnghe.CucmocachngtibtuvichmlcngiNewGuineanocngcanhcnhtronglng:nhpnhanhchngcadintinchnhtr.PapuaNewGuinea,theocchmhinnayngitagidntccaYali, lccnl lnhthdoAustraliacaiquntheoytrcaLinHpQuc,nhngchngbaolunatsginhcclp.Yaligiithchchotivvaitrcangtrongvicgipngidnaphngchunbchovictmnhnmchnhquyn.Saumthi,Yalichuynhngcuctrchuynvbtuquayti.ngtachahiu
rakhiNewGuineavchahhcqubctrunghc,nhngkhnggcththamncnitmcang.TrchtngtamunbitvcngvicnghincuchimcatiNewGuinea(kcchuyntictrbaonhiutin).Tigii thchchongtarngcnhngnhmchimrtkhcnhaudicnNewGuineatrongvnghngtriunmqua.RingtahitittincachnhdntcngtanNewGuineabngcchnotrongmyvnnmtrliy,vngichuubinNewGuineathnhthucanhthnotrong200nmqua.Cucithoivnkhthnthin,mcdchaichngtichnglgvscngthnggia
haixhimYalivtilidin.Haithktrcy,ttcngiNewGuineahycnsngtrongThii.Nghal,hvndngnhngcngcbngtngtnhnggmchuubthaythbngcngckimloithngngnnmtrc;vhsngtrongnhngngilngkhngcqunldimtchnhquynctnhtptrung.Ngidatrngn, pt chnhquyn tp trungvmang linhnghnghavt chtmngiNewGuinealptcnhnragitr,truthp,dimvthucmenchotiquno,ruv.NewGuinea,ttcccvtphmnycgichunglhng(cargo).NhiuthcdndatrngthngthngkhinhmitngiNewGuinea,coihlnhngkbn
khai.Ngaycnhngngchdatrngkmcinht-minnm1972hvncgilngch-cngcmcsngcaohnnhiusovingiNewGuinea,thmchcaohncnhngchnhtrgiaysclicunnhYali.ThnhngYaliquayrtnhiungidatrngcngnhquaytikhi,cntithquaynhiungiNewGuinea.CngtalntiubitrrngngiNewGuineatrungbnhtnhtcngthngminhngangvingichuu.TtcnhngiuYaliucnghtikhingtahitivimtcinhnsngquc
xuynthuna:ThthtisaongidatrngccnglichranhiuhngnhvyriemsangNewGuinea,cnngidaenchngtilicthngcachnhmnhnvy?lmtcuhinginnhngchmntmimcaisng,Yalinhnraiu.
ThnhngvncmtskhcbittolngialisngcangiNewGuineatrungbnhvilisngcangichuuhayngiMtrungbnh.Giaccdntckhctrnthgiicngcnhngkhcbittngtvlisng.Nhngkhcbitlnlaotcnhngnguynnhnsuxamngitacthcholhinnhin.ThnhngcuhibngoingincaYalilikhngdtrli.Lcytikhngtrli
c.Ccsgiachuynnghipvncntranhcivinhauvlipchocuhi,huhtthmchcnkhngtcuhiranakia.TrongnhiunmktkhiYalivticcucmoktrn,tinghincuvvitvccphngdinkhccalchsloingi,lchsvngnng.Cunschny,cvitrasauhaimilmnm,lnlcnhmtrlichoYali.McdcuhicaYalichlinquannstngphnvlisnggiangiNewGuinea
vingidatrngchuu,songtacthmrngranhiucptngphnkhctrongthgiihini.Ccdntccngungcu-,nhtlccdntchinvnangsngchuuvng,cngvinhngngidicsangBcM,hinangthngtrthgiivcacivquynlc.Ccdntckhc,trongchuhtngichuPhi,dtbcchthcdnchuusongvncntthurtxavcacivquynlc.Licnhngdntckhc,chnghnnhcdnbnachuc,ngichuMbnavngiccnamchuPhi,khngcnlchnhnmnhtcamnhmbtnst,bchinhphc,trongmtstrnghpthmchcnbditchngbingichuuthcdn.Vy,tacthtlinhngcuhivsbtbnhngtrongthgiihininhsau:Ti
saocacivquynlcchcphnphinhhinnaychkhngcphnphitheocchnokhc?Chnghn,tisaokhngphingichuMbna,ngichuPhivngichucbnalnhngkitnst,chinhphchaytiuditngichuuvngichu?Tacthddngycuhinylilithmmtbc.Vonm1500,khisbnhtrng
thucacachuuchmikhiu,ccdntctrnnhnglcakhcnhaukhcnhaurtnhiuvcngnghvtchcchnhtr.Huhtchuu,chuvBcPhilnicnhngnhnchocqucvtrangbngkimloi,trongsvincangtrnngngcacngnghipha.HaidntcchuMbna,ngiAztecvngiInca,angcaitrnhngqucdngcngcbng.MtsphncachuPhihSaharacphnchiagiaccqucgiahayttrngqucnhdngcngcbngst.Huhtccdntckhc-trongcttcccdntcchucvNewGuinea,nhiuoThiBnhDng,huhtchuMvnhiuphnnhcachuPhihSahara-vnsngthnhnhngblcchnnuihaythmchnhlnhngblcsnbthilmdngcngcbng.Dnhin,nhngskhcbitvcngnghvchnhtrvokhongnm1500lnguyn
nhntrctipdnnnhngbtqunbnhcathgiihini.Ccquccvkhbngthpcthchinhphchaytiuditccblcchdngvkhbngvg.Tuynhin,lmcchnothgiittitnhtrngnhvyvothiimnm1500?Mtlnna,chngtacthddngylicuhinythmmtbc,bngcchdavo
lchsthnhvnvccdichkhoc.ChoncuikBngh,khong11.000nmtr.CN,midntctrnmilcauhycnldnsnbthilm.Milcaphttrinvimttckhcnhautrongkhongt11.000nmtr.CNnnm1500,chnhliudnnnhngbtqunbnhvcngnghvchnhtrvonm1500.TrongkhingichucbnavnhiudnchuMbnavncldnsnbthi lm,huhtngiu-,huhtngi chuMv chuPhih Saharadndnpht trinnngnghip, chnnui, nghluynkimvcctchcchnhtrphctp.Nhiuphncau-vmtkhuvccachuMcngphtminhrachvitmtcchclpvinhau.Tuynhin,chnhtiu-ccpht
minhnyxuthinsmhnbtcninokhc.Chnghn,vicsnxutitrcngcbngng,vnchmikhiuvngAndesNamMvoccthktrcnm1500,xuthinu- t trc trn4.000nm.CngnghdngcangiTasmania,khicccnhthmhimchuuphthinlnuvonm1642,cnnshnnhiusovinhiuvngcachuuSkctrchngvnnm.Vylrtcuctacthtlicuhivnhngsbtqunbnhcathgiihininh
thny:tisaosphttrincaloingidinratrnnhnglcakhcnhauvinhngtckhcnhaunvy?Nhngtcphttrinrtkhcnhauchnhlmuhnhlnnhtcalchsvlchcunschcati.Tuycunschnynichocnglvlchsvtins,songchcankhngchcgi
trhnlmmcnctmquantrngtolnvthctinvchnhtr.Lchsnhngtngtcgiaccdntckhcnhauchnhlcinhhnhthgiihinithngquaschinhphc,bnhtruynnhimvditchng.Ccxungttoranhngnhhng ludimsaunhiuthkvnchathitcng,vnangtchcctipdinmtskhuvcnhiuvnnhtcathgiingynay.Chnghn,huhtchuPhivnangphinhvtvidisnqukhthucacamnh.
cckhuvckhc-gmhuhtTrungM,Mexico,Peru,TnCaledonia,LinXcvnhiuphncaIndonesia-cccucnilonvchintranhdukchangkhinnhngngidnbnamdnsvncnkhngchngliccchnhphvnchyunmtrongtayhuducanhngngichinhphctnikhcn.Nhiudntcbnakhc-nhngiHawaibna, ngiAustralia bn a, ngi Siberia bn a, ngi chuMbn a HoaK,Canada,Brazil,ArgentinavChile-bgimstnghimtrngvdnsdonnditchngvbnhttnningynayhchcnmtdmltthmgiasnghudunhngkxmlc.Mcdkhngckhnngtinhnhchintranhdukchdodnsqut,hvnangngycngmnhmiquynlicamnh.Ngoinhhngludicaccxungtgiaccdntctrongqukhivitnhhnh
chnhtrvkinhtngynay,cncnhngnhhngvngnng,cbitlsbinmttrongngymtngyhaicahuhttrongs6.000ngnngcathgiihini,dochngbthaythbitingAnh,tingTrungHoa,tingNgavmtstngnngkhcmsnginitngvttrongvithkgny.MivnnncathgiihiniulhqucanhngquolchskhcnhauhmchatrongcuhicaYali.TrckhitmlipchocuhicaYali,tanndngmtchtxemxtmtskin
phnibnthnvictholuncuhi.ivimtsngi,nivictracuhithicngkhinhthymnhbxcphm,vmtsldo.Mtkinphninhsau:Nuchngtathnhcngtrongviclgiilmcchnomts
nginythngtrnhngngikhc,thliuiucbinminhchobnthnvicthngtrkhng?Liucphinivylhmcitnhtrngthngtrkialkhngtrnhcvdovicutranhhngthayitnhtrngngynaylvngha?kinphninydatrnmtkhuynhhngphbinllnlngiaviclgiinguynnhnvivicbinminhchoktquhocchpnhnktqu.Sdngmtcchlgiilchsvovicgvbnthnviclgiilhaichuynhontonkhcnhau.Hiumthquthngltmcchthayihqu,chkhngphilplihockodin.Chnhvvyccnhtmlhcmicthuhiunotrngcanhngkstnhnhaykhmhip,chnhvvyccsgiachuynngnhxhihcmicthuhiuhnhviditchng,ccbcsmicthuhiuccnguynnhnbnhttngi.Ccnhkhoahckhngtmcchbinminhchohnhvistnhn,hmhip,ditchngvbnhtt.Htmcchsdnghiubitcahvchuinhnquhuchnngcichui.Thhai,liuvictrlicuhicaYalictngbaohmmtcchtipcnlchstheo
hnglychuulmtrungtm,mtsvinhdanhngiTyuvnimnhvtmquantrngcaTyuvchuMuhatrongthgiihinihaykhng?Liuci tmquan
trngchlmthintngnhtthitrongvithktrc,cnnaythlumsausnilncaNhtBnvngNamhaykhng?Trnthct,huhtcunschnyscpnccdntckhckhngphingichuu.Thayvchtptrungvonhngtngtcgiangichuuvingikhngphichuu,tacngsxtnhngtngtcgiaccdntcngoichuuvinhau-nhtlcctngtcdinratrongnibchuPhihSahara,ngNam,IndonesiavNewGuinea,giaccdntcbnacckhuvc.CnxamiltndngccdntccngungcTyu,tasthyrnghuhtccyutcbntrongnnvnminhcahcphttrinbiccdntckhcsngnhngnikhc,chsaumicdunhpnTyu.Thba,liunhngtnhvnminhvnhngcmtnhstridycavnminhc
hmchacintngsailcrngvnminhmilhayhocnsnbthilmthkhnkhvlchstrongsut13.000nmqualstinbdndntchbthnhnchngycnghnhphchnchoconngi?Thttnh,tikhngchorngccnccngnghipltthnccblcsnbthilm,hayvictblisngsnbthilmchuynsangnhncdatrncngcbngstlidinchotinb,hayiudnnvicnngcaohnhphccaconngi.ntngringcati,dotngsngcccthnhphHoaKlncclngmcNewGuinea,lkhngphiaicnghiunhnhaucigilnhngphclicavnminh.Chnghn,sovinhngngisnbthilm,cngdnccnccngnghiphachngdchvyttthn,tcrirobsthivcsngluhn,nhnglitchngshtrxhittnhbnvgianhmrng.ngctikhostnhngkhcbitaltrongccxhiloingikhngphiltndngrngmtloixhinolhayhohn,mchthuhiuiugxyratronglchs.LiucuhicaYalicthcscnmtcunschkhctrlikhng?Chngphichng
tachabitcutrli?Nuccutrlithnlg?Clcchlgiithngthngnhtuhocngmngmhocthngthngquychoskhc
bitvsinhhcgiaccdntc.Trongccthksaunm1500,khiccnhthmhimchuubtubitnnhngkhcbittolnvcngnghvtchcchnhtrgiaccdntctrnthgii,hchorngnhngkhcbitphtsinhtnhngkhcbitvkhnngniti.KhithuytDarwinxuthin,ngitadngccthutngvchnlctnhinvngungctinhanhonnlicchlgiiny.Ccdntcskhaivcngnghbhcoilduvtstinhacaloingitttinloivn.Hchorngvicnhngdntcnhvybccnhthcdntccxhicngnghiphanginhtailtiubiuchossngstcaloithchnghinht.Khingnhditruynhcxuthin,cchlgiinycnhonnlithmlnna,lnnydngthutngditruynhc.NgichuubtuccoinhvndttronggenditruynsnthngminhhnngichuPhi,cbitlsovingichucbnathlicngthngminhhn.Ngynay,mtsbphncaxhiphngTycngkhaibcbchnghaphnchng.
Thnhngnhiu(ckhilhuht!)ngiphngTy,dvitcchcnhnhaytrongtimthc,vntiptcchpnhnnhngcchlgiitheohngphnbitchngtc.Mikhinhcnchngichucbna,ngaycnhngngiM,ngichuuvngicdatrngchcthcuchorngtrongbnthnngichucccigskhai.Rrngltrnghkhcngidatrng.Nhiuhuducanhngngibnasngstquathikthcdnchuunaycmthykhm thnhtvkinh t trongxhicangicdatrng.Mtlpluncvhpdnthphtbiunhsau:Nhngngidicdatrngncxy
dngmtnhncchcvn,cngnghipha,tptrunghavchnhtrvdnchdatrncngckimloivsnxutlngthc,ttcchtrongvngmtthkthcdnhamtlcanimngichucbnasinhsngbngcchsnbthilmvkhngccngckimloitrongvngtnht40.000nm.ylhaithnghimlintipnhautrongspht trinca loingimmi trng trcsauch lmt,bin tduynht lnhngconngichimhumitrng.Cnphicbngchngnohnthnacthktlunrngnhngkhcbitgiaxhichucbnaviccxhichuuphtsinht
nhngkhcbitbnthnccdntc?Ldotaphninhngcchlgiitheohngphnbitchngtcnykhngphich
vchngthtngtmmcnbichngsai.Khngcbngchngvngchcnochothyctntinhngkhcbittrthngminhcaconngisongsongvinhngkhcbitvcngngh.Trnthct,nhtisgiithchsauy,ccdntcMithihini,xttrnmctrungbnh,clthngminhhnchkhngphikmhnccdntccngnghipha.Nghethcvnghchl,nhngChng15tasthy,ccdidndatrngnchuckhngngchngcitingthmmlunayngitavngncholxydngmtxhicvnha,cngnghiphacngviccctnhkhcnhktrn.Ngoira,ccdntcmchmignyhycnskhaivcngngh-nhngichucbnavngiNewGuinea-thngnmrtchccngnghmtkhihctraochilmiu.CcnhtmlhcnhnthccnhngnlctolnhngtmkimnhngkhcbitvIQ
gianhngngixutthntnhiuvngalkhcnhaunhnghinnaysngtrongcngmtnc.cbit,nhiunhtmlhcngiMdatrngsutnhiuthpkquarascchngminhrngngiMdaengcPhittrongditruynkmthngminhhnngiMdatrnggcu.Tuynhin,nhmingiubit,nhngngicemrasosnhvndkhcnhaurtnhiuvmitrngxhivchihchnh.Sthtnycnggykhkhngpichonhngn lcnhmkimchngcigi thitrngnhngkhcbitvtr tu lnguynnhnsuxachonhngkhcbitvcngngh.Trcht,ngayckhnngnhnthccangilnchngtachunhhngnngncamitrngxhinitasinhtrngthithu,khinchothtkhlngphnbitrchrixemnhngnhhngnoldonhngkhcbitbmsinhtronggenditruyn.Thhai,ccthnghimvkhnngnhnthc(chnghnnhthnghimIQ)cxuhngomvnhcvnvvnhachkhngphitrthngminhbmsinhdtrtulthnoichngna.DonhngtcngngngcamitrngsngthithuvtrithcthunhnciviktquthnghimIQnnnlccaccnhtmlhcchonnayvnchatharakt lunnothuytphcvsthiuhtIQbmsinhmnhiungicholhinnhinkhngphibnnhngaikhngphingidatrng.Quanimcatiivicuctranhcinyhnhthnht33nmlmvicvinhngngi
NewGuineatrongchnhxhicahvnnayvncnnguynvn.NgaytnhngngyulmvicvingiNewGuinea,hgyntngchotirnghlnhngngixttrungbnh l thngminhhn,sngtrhn,bitbiucmhnvquantmnhiuhnnnhngngivvtquanhmnhsovingiuhayngiMtrungbnh.nhngcngvicmngitacthginhmtcchhpllphnnhnhngphngdinkhcnhaucachcnngnob,chnghnnhkhnnglpbntronguvnhngcnhquankhngquen thuc,h t ra tinh tnghnnhiu sovingiphngTy.Dnhin,ngiNewGuineacxuhngthiuqukmhnnhngvicmngiphngTycrnluyntthithucnngiNewGuineathkhng.VvymnhngngiNewGuineasngtrongcclngmcxaxi,khnghchchnhcvnhnguntrongmtngiphngTy.Ngcli,ti lunlunbitmnhcvngunnthnotrongmtngiNewGuineamikhiticnghvorngrm,bititrathtvngv,kmcinhngvicngin(chnghnnhlntheomtlimntrongrngrmhocdnglu)binhngvicngiNewGuineacdylmtbcntithkhng.KhngkhnhnrahaildotisaontngcatirngngiNewGuineathngminhhn
ngiphngTy lng.Trcht,ngichuuthngngnnmnaysngtrongnhngxhicmtdnccao,vichnhphtrungng,cnhstvtan.Trongccxhi,ccbnhdchtruynnhimcthchodnctptrung(chnghnnhuma)lnguynnhntvongchnhtronglchs,trongkhivicgitngitngikhngphbincntnhtrngchintranhlngoilchkhngphilunlundinra.Huhtngichuunothotkhiccbnhtruynnhimchtngithcngthotkhiccldotvongtimtngkhcvlutruyngencamnhchoccthhsau.Ngynay,huhttremchuusinhrausngquaccccnbnhtruynnhimchtngivcthsinhconci,bt
ktrthngminhvccgenmchngmangtrongngilnhthno.Ngcli,ngiNewGuineasngtrongnhngxhimslngngiqutkhngchoccbnhtruynnhimvnchnysinhqunthngcthphttrin.Ngcli,ngiNewGuineatruynthngthngchtnhiuhndotnhtrnggithilnnhau,cccucchintranhlinmingiaccblc,tainn,vnhngkhkhntrongtmkimlngthc.TrongxhiNewGuineatruynthng,ngithngminhthngcnhiukhnngthot
khiccnguynnhntvongcaoktrnsovingikmthngminh.Tuynhin,tltvongvbnhtruynnhimccxhichuuthchngmylinquanntrthngminhmlilinquannkhngthditruynvntythucvochititthnhphnhahccacth.Chnghn,ngicnhmmuBhocOcnhiukhngthchngbnhumahnsovingicnhmmuA.Nghal,NewGuinea,schnlctnhinchoragenthngminhcllnghitnghnnhiusoviccxhivimtdnccaohnvtchcchnhtrphctphn,nimschnlctnhinivithnhphnhahccacthlmnhmhn.Ngoinguynnhnditruynny,cncmtnguynnhnthhaikhinngiNewGuinea
ckhi liharathngminhhnngiphngTy.TremchuuvMngynaydnhphnlnthigiangiitrthngbngcchxemtivi,ngheradiovxemphim.TronggianhM trungbnh,ngi tabt ti vimingyby tingngh.Ngc li, tr emNewGuineatruynthnggnnhkhngcchinogiitrthngnhvymdnhhuhtthigiantrongngylmvicgtchcc,chnghntrchuynhocchivicctrkhchayngiln.Hunhminghincuvsphttrincatrunhnmnhvaitrcaskchthchvhotngtrongthithuivivicphttrintrno,vnurrngnuthiuskchthchtrongthithuthtrnosphttrincicckhngthcuvn.iunychcchngpmtnhntphiditruynvo[shnhthnh]chcnngtrnovttringiNewGuineatrungbnh.Nghal,vkhnngtrno,ngiNewGuineaclvttrivditruynsovingi
phngTy,vchcchnhcngvttrikhnngthotkhinhngbtlitolnvphttrinmhuhttremtrongccxhicngnghiphangynayphiimttronggiaionchnglnln.HinnhinlytuytkhngchmgvsbtlicangiNewGuineavmttrtungcthtrlicuhicaYali.Cnghainhnt-ditruynvsphttrintrongthithu-lcikhngchkhin
ngiNewGuineakhcbitngiphngTymhncngkhinnhngngisnbthilmvthnhvincaccxhiskhaivcngnghkhcbitvithnhvinccxhitintinvcngnghnichung.Vyl,ciginhmangtnhphnbitchngtcthngtnhtphibltnho.Songnuththtisaongichuu,mcdhnhnhcnhngbtlivditruynv(trongthihini)cnhngbtlihinnhintrongqutrnhphttrintuithu,rtcuclivncnhiuhnghahn?TisaongiNewGuinealilnhngkskhaivcngngh,dhccimtitinltrthngminhvttri?CchlgiidatheoditruynhckhngphillipduynhtkhdchocuhicaYali.
Mtcchlgiikhc,rtphbinngiBcu,thlidavocigiltcngkchthchcakhhulnhtnch,trongkhikhhunng,m,nhitithctcngkmhmiviscsngtovnnglc.Cthlkhhuthayitheomaccvcaotranhiuthchthcadnghnsovikhhunhitivntthayitheoma.Cthlkhhulnhihingitaphigiusngtohnvcngnghcthsinhtn,bingitaphixynhm,mcm,trongkhisngvngnhitithtphilovnhhnvhontonkhngphilomcm.Hoc,cngcthongccilplunincngmtktlun:mangdiccvcaokhinngitaphidnhnhiuthigianhntrongnhnglovicphtminh.Mcdkiulgiinycthirtthnhhnh,songnukhostcnthnthcngkhng
ngvng.Nhtasthy,ccdntcBcuminmyngnnmgnyvnkhnghnggpcgctmquantrngcbnivinnvnminhu-;nginlhcmay
mnsngmtv tra lnihc th tip thunhng thnh tu(chnghnnhnngnghip,bnhxe,chvitvnghluynkim)cphttrinnhngkhuvcmphncalcau-.TnThgii,cckhuvclnhvcaothmchcnlnitrtrhncaloingi.NhngxhichuMbnaduynhttngphtminhrachvitunysinhMexicotiphanamHchtuyn;nhnggmxanhtcaTnThgiixuthingnxchotivngnhitiNamM;vxhiTnThgiimkinchungnhnnhlxhitintinnhtvnghthut,thinvnvccphngdinkhclxhiMayacvngYucatnvGuatemalanhitivothinninkusauCngnguyn.LicmtcchlgiithbachocuhicaYali;nginhvtmquantrngcacc
thunglngtthpticcvngkhhukh,nimsnxutnngnghipnngsutcaophthucvonhnghthngiuquymln,cchthngnyliihiphicchnhquyntptrung.NgitaxutcchlgiinyldocithcthinnhinrngccqucsmnhtvchvitluinhtuphtsinhccthunglngTigrisvEuphratetivngLilimPhnhiuvthunglngsngNilecaAiCp.Cchthngkimsotnchnhnhcnggnlinvicctchcchnhtrctnhtptrungtimtvikhuvckhccathgii,trongcthunglngsngntiulcan,ccthunglngHongHvDngTTrungHoa,vngtthpMayatiTrungMvvngsamcduynhiPeru.Tuynhin,nghincukhocchititchrarngcchthngtitiuphctpkhng
ilinvisphtsinhccchnhquyntptrunghamchxuthinsaumtthigiandi.Cnghal,stptrunghavchnhtrphtsinhvmtldonokhc,chsaunmichophpvicxydngcchthngtitiuphctp.Khngmtphtminhchchtnoraitrcccchnhquyntptrungkcticckhuvcnycathgiimlignlinviccthunglngsnghocvicchthngtitiuphctp.Chnghn,LilimPhnhiu,snxut lngthcv lisngthnh lngmcphtsinhvnginichkhngphiccthunglngsngtthp.ThunglngsngNilevnlmtkhuvcchmtinvvnhatrongkhong3.000nmsaukhinnsnxutlngthctheolngmcbtuhngthnhtivngicaLilimPhnhiu.CcthunglngsngTyNamHoaKrtcuccnghtrsraicanngnghiptitiuvxhiphctp,songchsaukhinhiuphtminhmccxhidavocdunhptMexico.CcthunglngsngngNamcvnchcccxhiblckhngbitlmnngsinhsng.Licmtloilgiikhclitknhngnhnttrctipchophpngichuugitcht
hocchinhphcccdntckhc-cbitlsngng,bnhtruynnhim,cngcbngthpvccsnphmchtccah.Cchlgiinhvythcngng,biccnhntrrngltngtrctipchutrchnhimvcccucchinhphccangichuu.Tuynhin,githuytnykhnghonchnh,binvncharamtcchlgiignnht(giaionu)nhndinccnguynnhntrctip.Nmigichngtaitmnhngnguynnhntihu:tisaongichuu-chkhngphingichuPhihayngichuMbna-lnhngngirtcucctrongtaysng,vitrngvthp?Tuyngitatcvitinbtrongvicnhndinnhngnguynnhntihu
trongtrnghpchuuchinhphcTnThgii,songchuPhivnlmtculn.ChuPhilchulcninginguynthytinhatrongthigiandinht,ningihinivmtgiiphucngrai,vnimcccnbnhbnanhstrtvsthongnhitgitchtccnhthmhimchuu.Nunhquthtaikhiusmhnscuthhn,thtisaosngvthpkhngphtsinhutinchuPhi,chophpngichuPhicngccvitrngcahichinhphcchuu?Vulnguynnhntisaongichucbnakhngthixahngiaionsnbthilmdngcngcbng?Cccuhinysinhtvicsosnhccxhiloingitrnphmvitonthgiitngli
cunsquantmcaccsgiavnhal.Vdnitingnhtchomtnlcnhvythi i ngy nay l cunNghin cu Lch s (Study of History) gm 12 tp ca ArnoldToynbee.Toynbeecbitquantmntnhnngngnitica23nnvnminhtintin,trong22nnvnminhcchvitv19nmlcau-.ngtquantmhnivithitinsvccxhiginn,khngcchvitcathitins.Thnhng,nhngcir
ca s bt bnh ng trong th gii hin i nm trong chnh thi tin s . V vymToynbeekhngtracuhicaYali,cngkhngnhnthyccimticoilmuhnhlnnhtcalchs.Nhngcunschkhcvlchsthgiicngcxuhngtngtltptrungvoccnnvnminhcchvitu-trongvng5.000nmtrliy;hchnhcqualoanccnnvnminhchuMbnatinColombovthmchcnqualoahnkhicpnphncnlicathgiingoitrnhngtngtcgnycabphnnyviccnnvnminhu-.KtnlccaToynbee,ccgithuytmangtnhtnghpnhngnhnqulchstrnphmvitonthgiibgiisgiacoinh,bintramtvnrrnglnangii.Ccchuyngiathucnhiungnharanhnggithittnghpctnhtoncutrong
lnhvccamnh.cbithuchlnggpcaccnhalhcmisinh,nhnchnghcvnha,nhsinhhcchuynnghincuvicthunhacytrngvvtnui,vcchcgiquantmnnhhngcabnhtruynnhimivilchs.Ccnghincunykhinngitachnmtsphncabitonkh,songchngcharatngmnhnhcacihplncnthitvnangcnthiuvngkia.VylkhngclipnomttcmingithanhnchocuhicaYali.Mtmt,
nhngcchlgiitrctipthr:mtsdntcphttrincsng,vitrngvthp,cngccnhntkhckhinhccscmnhchnhtrvkinhtsmhnccdntckhc;cnmtsdntckhcthkhngbaogiphttrincccnhntscmnhyc.Mtkhc,nhngcchlgiitihu-chnghn,tisaocngcbngngxuthinsmnhiuphncau-,munhnvchvivngTnThgii,songchngbaogixuthinchucbna-thvncnchar.Chngtahinvnthiunhngcchlgiitihunhvy,iukhinchovncn
mtkhongtrnglnvtrithc,bimuhnhrnglnnhtcalchsvnchathlgiic.Mingi,dlkphnbitchngtchaykhng,uthyrnhrnhmtiurngmidntccmthnhtrnhringtronglchs.HoaKhinnaylmtxhicnhonntheokhunmuchuu,chimnhngvngtchinhphcctngichuMbnavtchhphuducahngtriungichuPhihSaharabasangchuMlmnl.ChuuhinikhngphilmtxhinhonntheomucangichuPhienhSahara,nhngkemhngtriungichuMbnasanglmnl.Nhngktqu[catintrnhlchs]ththontonthinlch:nocphil51%chu
M,chucvchuPhibngichuuchinhphccn49%chuubngichuMbna,ngichucbnavngichuPhichinhphc.Tonbthgiihinichnhthnhvinhngktquythinlch.Vynnnhngktquihiphicnhngcchlgiivngchc,nhngcchlgiicbnhn,chkhngchlnhngtiutitnolcchyvingnnmaitnhcthngtrongvitrnnhhocaitnhcphtminhccig.Dngnhcvhplkhiginhrngmuhnhlchsphnnhnhngkhcbitbm
sinhtrongbnthnccdntc.Dnhin,ngitadychngtarngnithngiutrcmtthinhthchnglchscholm.Chngtatngcccnghincuchuynmntuynbmnhchngminhcnhngkhcbitbmsinh,songchngtacngtngccnhng liphnichorngccnghincumcphinhngkhimkhuytvk thut.Chngtathytrongisnghngngyrng,saunhiuthkbchinhphchaybunnl,mtstrongccdntctngbchinhphcnnayvncthucmtngcpdi.Ngitabochngtarngciunacngkhnglinquannnhngthiustvsinhhcmldonhngbtlivxhivbhnchvchi.Tuynhin,chngtavnphithi.Chngtavncnhnthyttcnhngkhcbitrnh
rnhvdaidngtrongthnphncaccdntc.Chngtayntrrngnhngcchlgiidatrnsinhhccvrtminhbchkiaivinhngbtbnhngcathgiitithiim1500nmCngnguynlsai,nhngkhngaichotabitulcchlgiing.Chngnotachacmtcchlgiithuytphc,chititvcmingingivimu
hnhlncalchs,chnghuhtngitacntiptcchorng,nigthni,cchlgiidatrnsinhhcmangtnhphnbitchngtcvnllgiing.dngnhlllhnghnnhttivitcunschny.Cnhnhbothngvnyucucctcgitmttcunschcamnhtrongmtcu.Vi
cunschnythcutmttly:Dintrnhlchscamidntcmtkhc,yldonhngkhcbitgiamitrngsngcaccdntc,chkhngphidonhngkhcbitvsinhhcgiabnthnccdntc.ngnhin,tngrngmitrngalvasinhhcnhhngnsphttrinx
hilmttngchngcgmi.Tuynhin,ngynay,quanimnykhngcncgiishc coi trng;ngi ta cho rngn saihocqunginha,hoc chmbim, coi lthuytquytnhlunmitrngrithli,nukhngthccnlchngthuhiunhngkhcbitquymtonculibngitacholqukhkhnvemxpx.Thnhngalnglctcngnlchs;cuhiyltcngnu,vliualcthgiithchchomuhnhlncalchshaykhng.Thiimchnmuitacmtcinhnmimivicccuhi,bicnhng
thngtinmitnhngngnhkhoahccvnhrtxangnhlchsloingi.Ccngnhkhoahcbaogmtrchtlditruynhc,sinhhcphntvasinhhcpdngvicytrngvcccydittincachng,cngccngnhcngthmsinhthihchnhvi,pdngchovtnuivccloivthoangdttincachng;sinhhcphntvccvitrngngivccvitrnglinquancath;khoatruynnhimhciviccbnhcangi;ditruynhcngi;ngnnghc;ccnghincukhoctrnmilcavcchnochnh;vccnghincuvlchscngngh,chvitvtchcchnhtr.Sadngcaccngnhnytranhiukhkhnivinhngtcginocmun
vitschnhmtrlicuhicaYali.Tcgiphicmtkinvnrnglnbaoqutttcccngnhkhoahctrn,cthtnghpnhngktquminhtclinquan.Lchsvtinscatnglcauphictnghptheocchtngt.Chchnhcaschllchs,nhngcchtipcnlcakhoahc-nhtlcacckhoahclinquannlchsnhsinhhctinhavachthc.Tcgiphihiubitquakinhnghimtrctipvmtlotnhiuxhi loingi, tccxhisnbthi lmnccnnvnminhhinitrongthiikhoahckhnggian.Nhngyucuthottrngcvihiphicmtcngtrnhcanhiutcgi.Th
nhnggiiphpnhiutcgiskhngnngaytu,bibnchtcavnlphiphttrincmtcchlgiitnghpduynht.Munvythchcthlmttcgiduynht,diutranhiukhkhnnuina.iukhngtrnhkhiltcgiduynhtsphitotmhihttchhptliutnhiungnhvsphicshngdncanhiungnghip.LailchcatigiptitipcnvimtsngnhkhoahcnhvyttrckhiYalit
cuhichotivonm1972.Mti lgiovinvnhngnnghc,chati lbcschuynvditruynbnhtrem.Nhtmgngcachannsutthiihctilunnghlnlnmnhslmbcs.Ticngtrthnhksaymquanstchimchctnmlnbytui.Doucngchlmtbcddngnnmcuiihctichuyntmcchbanulnghysangmcchnghincusinhhc.Tuynhin,sutnhngnmtrunghcvihc,tivnhcchyulngnng,lchsvvitvn.Ngaycsaukhiquytnhlybngtinsvsinhlhc,tignnhbngangkhoahcngaytrongnmuhccaohctrthnhnhngnnghc.Tkhilybngtinsvonm1961,ticngmtlctinhnhnghincukhoahc
tronghailnhvc:mtbnlsinhlhcphnt,mtbnlsinhhctinhavasinhhc.Mtthunlingoidkinchocunschnyl,sinhhcphntlmtngnhkhoahclchsvnbuctaphidngnhngphngphpkhcvinhngphngphpcaccngnhkhoahcthcnghim.Nhvymnhngkhkhntrongvicxydngmtcchtipcn
mangtnhkhoahcivilchsloingitrnnquenthucviti.Nhsngtichuutnm1958n1962,gianhngngichuumcucibchnthngghgmvlchschuuthkXX,tibtunghnghimtchnnvicnhngchuinhnquvnhnhnhthnotrongdintrnhlchs.Trong33nmgnynht,cngvicindcativitcchnhsinhhctinha
chotichitipxcgngivinhiuxhikhcnhaucaloingi.Chuynmncatiltinhacaloichim,nntitngnghincutiNamM,NamPhi,Indonesia,cvcbitlNewGuinea.Nhsngchungvingidnbnaticcvng,titrnnquenthucviccxhingihycnskhaivcngngh,tnhngngisnbthilmnccblclmnngvcucmmingnyvncnsdngcngcbng.Vvy,cimnhngngicchvitcoilnhnglisngxaltthitinsxaxmlichnhlmtphnsngngnhtcacuciti.NewGuinea,mcdchchimmtphnnhnhoicataithgii, libaohmmtphnlnlaonklcasadngnhnloi.Trongs6.000ngnngcaloingihinnay,ringNewGuineacti1.000ngnng.TrongqutrnhnghinculoichimNewGuinea,miquantmcatiivingnnglihisinh,biticnphisondanhschtnaphngcaccloichimtronggn100ngnngthucs1.000ngnngNewGuinea.Tttcccmiquantmmhnhthnhnncunschgnynhtcati,mttng
trnhkhngnngtnhkthutvstinhacaloingictaLoitinhtinhthba.Chng14cacunsch,ctaCcnhchinhphctnhc,nhmhiuhuqucasgpggiangichuuvngichuMbna.Saukhihonthnhcunsch,tinhnrarngnhngcucgpgkhcgiaccdntc,trongthihinicngnhthitins,cnglmnysinhnhngvntngt.TinhnthyvnmtivtlntrongChng14vthcchtlcuhimYalitrachotivonm1972,chciucchuynsangmtphnkhccathgii.Thlrtcuc,cnhiubnbgip,tiscgngthamnnitmcaYali,cnglnitmcachnhti.Ccchngcacunschnycchialmbnphn.PhnI,vitaTVnang
nCajamarca,gmbachng.Chng1chobncmtcinhnchpnhongvstinhavlchscaloingi,tkhichngtatchkhiloivncchykhong7triunmchoncuithikBnghcchykhong13.000nm.Chngtaslntheoduvtbnhtrngcattinloingi,tciniutinchuPhisangcclcakhc,nhmthuhiutnhtrngcathgiingaytrckhikhiuccskinmngitavngnchungcithutngsphtsinhccnnvnminh.Hararngsphttrincaloingitrnmtslcacbckhiusmhnvthigiansovicclcakhc.Chng2chunbchochngtakhostnhngtcngcamitrnglcalnlchs
trong13.000nmqua,bngcchkhostngngnnhngtcngcamitrnghioivilchstrongphmvithigianvkhuvcnhhn.KhittinngiPolynesiabnhtrngsangkhuvcThiBnhDngkhong3.200nmtrc,hgpnhnghnocmitrnghontonkhcnhau.Trongvngvingnnm,cixhiPolynesiathytsinhsinyntrncchnortkhcnhautrthnhmtlotxhiconrtkhcnhau,tccblcsnbthilmnnhngqucskhai.Sphttnnycthlmmuhnhchosphttnludihn,trnquymlnhnvtchiurhncaccxhitrnnhnglcakhcnhautcuithikBnghsaucngtrthnhnhngblcsnbthilmvquckhcnhau.Chng3giithiuchochngtanhngcucvachmgiaccdntctnhnglcakhc
nhau,bngcchthutlithngqualikcaccnhnchngngthitngmtthytainghecucngbithmnhttronglchs:tiCajamarca,thnhphtiPeru,FranciscoPizarrocngmtnhmqunchinhphcbtsnghongIncaAtahualpangaytrcmttonbqunicangta.ChngtacthnhndinchuinhnttrctipchophpPizarrobtsngAtahualpa,ccnhntnycngctcngnhvytrongnhngcucchinhphckhccangichuuiviccxhichuMbna.Ccnhntnybaogmvitrng,nga,chvit,tchcchnhtrvcngngh(cbitltubinvvkh)caTy
BanNha.Vicphntchccnhnttrctiplphndcacunschny;phnkhllmsaonhnnhnhngnguynnhnsuxadnnccnhntvdnncihuqudinratrongthctchkhngphicihuqungcli lAtahualpanMadridbtsngvuaCharlesnhtcaTyBanNha.Phn II, vi ta S pht sinh v bnh trng ca sn xut lng thc bao gm t
Chng4nChng10,cpncimticholnhmnguynnhnquantrngnhttrongsccnguynnhn tihu.Chng4 trnhbys lcbngcchnonnsnxutlngthc-nghallmralngthcbngcchtrngtrthocchnnuithayvsnbtvhi lm lng thc trong tnhin - rt cuc dnn cc nhn t trc tip chophpPizarroginhthngli.Songvicphtsinhsnxutlngthcdinrakhcnhautngvngtrnthgii.NhtasthytrongChng5,ccdntcmtsvngtrnthgiitmnhpht trinnnsnxut lng thc;mt sdn tckhc tip thucnnsnxutlngthctcctrungtmclpnitrnvothitins;mtsdntckhcnakhngtmnhphttrincngchngtipthunnsnxutlngthcvothitinsmnmithihinivnclnhngtcngisnbthilm.Chng6khostccnhntdntivicccdntcmtsvngchuyntsnbthilmsangsnxutlngthcsongccdntcnhiuvngkhcthkhng.CcChng7,8v9chothycytrngvvtnuivothitinscthunhat
cydivvthoangnhthnobiccnhnngvngichnnuiskhaivnkhnghhnhdungcvicmnhanglmsdnnktqug.Nhngkhcbitvaldnnskhcbittrongchngloicydivthhoangcththunhatngkhuvc, lgiickhnhiuvvictisaochmtvikhuvctrthnhtrungtmsnxutlngthc,tisaosnxutlngthcphtsinhcckhuvcnysmhncckhuvckhc.Tsttrungtmphtnguynny,snxutlngthcbnhtrngsangmtskhuvcnhanhhnsangnhngkhuvckhc.Mtnhntchnhtcngnvicbnhtrngnhanhhaychmkialhngtrcchnhcatnglca:trongkhilcau-hngtrcchnhlTy-ngthchuMvchuPhihngtrcchnhlBc-Nam(Chng10).Vyl,Chng3phchanhngnhnttrctipngsaucucchinhphcngichuM
bna,cnChng4phchavicccnhntphttrinnhthnotnguynnhntihulnnsnxutlngthc.TrongPhnIII(Tlngthcnsng,vitrngvthp,Chng11nChng14),milinhgianguynnhntihunnguynnhntrctipsckhostmtcchchitit,btutstinhacaccvitrngctrngchodnstptrungvimtcao(Chng11).NgichuMbnavccdntcphiu-khcchtvvitrngu-nghnnhiusovichtvsnghayvkhbngthpcalcau-.Ngcli,rtthochontonkhngcloivitrnggitngicthnophcsnchccnhchinhphcchuuTnThgii.Tisaostraoivitrnggiacclcalithiucnbngnvy?y,ccktqunghincuminhtcakhoasinhhcphntslmsngtvnkhichramiquanhgiavitrngvisphttrinnnsnxutlngthctiu-nhiuhnlchuM.Mtchuinhnqukhcdntsnxutlngthcnchvit,vncllphtminh
quantrngnhttrongmyngnnmtrliy(Chng12).Chvitraitchchacgchmtvilntitronglchsloingi,tinhngkhuvcvndlciniphtsinhnnsnxutlngthcsmnht.Ttcccxhikhcccchvitchlnhtipthuhchvitcacckhuvckhc,hocdatrntngchvittcctrungtmphtnguynkiamphtminhrachvitcamnh.Dovy,ivisinhvinngnhlchsthgii,hintngchvitlcbithuchcthkhostnhngnhmnguynnhnquantrngkhc:tcngcaalchocctngvphtminhcthbnhtrngddnghaykhkhn.iugngvichvitthcngngvicngngh(Chng13).Mtvncttl:liu
cthtvicimicngnghtythucnhiunmcyvonhngthintisngchhimhoivccyutvnhacthhaykhng,nhthchthcshiubitvccmuhnhcathgii.Trnthct,chngtasthyrng,thtnghchlthay,slnglnccyut
vnhanykhngngncnmngclicngiptahiurhnccmuhnhthgiivcngngh.Nhcsnxutlngthcmnngdncthlmralngthcthngd,iunychophpccxhilmnngnghipcthnuisngccththcngchuynmnvnkhngtlmralngthcmdnhtonbthigianchovicphttrincngngh.Snxutlngthckhngchnuisngccvinthlivnhphtminhmcnchophp
nngdncthnuisngccnhchnhtr(Chng14).Ccbtcsnbthilmducvntngibnhquyn,cngvcchnhtrcahchgiihnlnhthcablcvvicthayilinminhviccblclngging.Visxuthinccqunthdncmtcao,nhcvsnxutlngthc,cngxuthinccttrng,vuachavquanli.Ccchnhphquanlinycnthitkhngchcaiqunnhngvngdncrnglnngdnmcnduytrqunithngtrc,cccontuithmhimvtchccccucchintranhchinhpht.PhnIV(Vngquanhthgiitrongnmchng,tChng15nChng19)pdng
ccbihcPhnIIvPhnIIIvotnglcavmtshnoquantrng.Chng15khostlchscabnthnchucvcahnolnNewGuineamtrckiatnggnlinvichucthnhmtlcaduynht.Trnghpchuc,quhngcaccxhiloingimmignyvnctrnhcngnghnginnht,llcaduynhtnisnxutlngthckhngphtsinhtich,lmttrnghpctnhththchchonhnglthuytvskhcbitgiaccxhiloingitrnnhnglcakhcnhau.TasthytisaongichucbnavncldnsnbthilmngayckhihuhtccdntctrnhnoNewGuineakcnchuynsangsnxutlngthc.Chng16vChng17tchhpnhngdinbintichucvNewGuineavobicnh
tonkhuvcgmcnglcavccoThiBnhDng.VicphtsinhnnsnxutlngthctiTrungHoalmnysinhmtschuynnglnvothitinstrongdnsloingihocccduvtvnha,hocchai.Mttrongccchuynng,ngaytiTrungHoa,torahintngchnhtrvvnhaTrungHoanhtabitngynay.Mtchuynngkhcdnnhqul,hunhtonbngNamnhiti,ccblcsnbthilmbnxbthaythbiccnngdnccingunsuxatNamTrungHoa.Licnmtchuynngna:sbnhtrngcangiAustronesia.H,cngtngt,ginhchccblcsnbthilmbnaPhilippinesvIndonesiavbnhtrngsangnhnghnoPolynesiaxaxinhtnhng likhngchinhphccchucvhuhtNewGuinea.ivisinhvinngnhlchsloingi,ttcccxungtktrngiaccdntcngvThiBnhDnglcckquantrng:chnglmhnhthnhnhngqucgianimtphnbadnsthgiihiniangsinhsngvniscmnhkinhtangngycngtrnntptrung,vchngcungcpnhngmuhnhcbitrrtcththuhiulchsccdntcnhngvngkhctrnthgii.Chng18quaylivnccpChng3,cucxungtgiaccdntcchu
uviccdntcchuMbna.Mtbntmtt13.000nmgnynhtcalchsTnThgiivlchsvngtyu-schotathyrrngvicchuuchinhphcchuMchlnhimcahaidintrnhlchsludivhunhhontontchbitvinhau.Nhngkhcbitgiahaidintrnhlchsmangduncanhngkhcbitgiahailcavccloicyvthcththunha,ccloivitrng,thiimnhc,hngcatrclcavccranhgiisinhthi.Cuicng,lchschuPhihSahara(Chng19)chotathynhngstngngcng
nhtngphnngkinhngcvilchsTnThgii.NhngnhntnhhnhcccucgpggiangichuuvingichuPhicngchnhlnhngnhntnhhnhcccucgpggiangichuuvingichuMbna.SongchuPhicngkhcchuMttcccyuttrn.HqulvicngichuuchinhphcchuPhikhngdnnvicngichuubnhtrngrngkhphocludichuPhihSaharangoitrmmccNam.SdchchuyndnsquymlnctmquantrngludinhtlcachnhngichuPhi - sbnhtrngcangiBantu.Ngi tachngminhcrngcucbnhtrngnynysinhbichnhnhngnguynnhnnhdinraCajamarca,ng,
trnccoThiBnhDng,chucvNewGuinea.Tikhnghcotngrngccchngnythnhcngtrongviclgiilchscatt
ccclcatrong13.000nmtrliy.Hinnhin,iulbtkhthitrongkhunkhmtcunschchodutanghrngmnhthuhiumicutrli,trongkhitrnthcttakhnghiucnhvy.GiilmcunschnycngchxcnhcmtsnhmnhntmitrngmtitinrngquacthtrlimtphnlncuhicaYali.Thanhnccnhntnghalphithyrrngcnmtphnngmchalgiic,vhiucphnngmslmtnhimvtrongtnglai.LiktmangtaTnglaicalchsloinginhmtkhoahctrnhbymtvi
mngcaciphnngm,trongcvnnhngkhcbitgianhiuphnkhcnhaucalcau-,vaitrcaccnhntvnhakhnglinquannmitrng,vvaitrcacccnhn.Trongccvnchagiiquytc,clvnlnnhtllmsaoxclplchsloinginhmtngnhkhoahcvlchs,ngngviccngnhkhoahclchscthanhnnhsinhhctinha,achthcvkhhuhc.Vicnghinculchsloingitranhngkhkhncthc,songccngnhkhoahclchscthanhncnggpphimtsththchynhvy.Vth,ccphngphpcphttrintrongmtslnhvckhccngcthtrahuchtronglnhvclchsloingi.Tuynhin,tihyvngmnhthuytphccqucgirnglchskhngphichl
mtskinkhginytiptheoskinkhgikianhckymthni.Quthtlcnhngmuhnhlntronglchs,vcuctruytmnhmlgiiccmuhnhvahuchlivahpdn.
M
PHN I. T VN A NG NCAJAMARCACHNG1.Trcvchxutpht
timxutphtthchhptsosnhnhngdintinlchstrncclcakhcnhaulkhong11.000nmtr.CN(2).Thiimnyikhitngngvilckhiu
cucsngtheolngmcmtvikhuvctrnthgii,sdidnutinnchuMmmingiunhttr,cuikPleitoxenvthikBnghsaucng,vllckhiucacimccnhachtgilKCni(RecentEra).Victhunhacytrngvvtnuibtutnhtlmtkhuvccathgiitrongvngvingnnmktthiimny.Volc,cphiccdntcsngmtslcaclithxutphthocuthrrngsoviccdntcsngcclcakhchaykhng?Nuvythclcilithxutphty,ngycngctngcngtrongvng13.000nm
qua,scungcplipchocuhicaYali.Vldo,chngnyschobncmtcinhnchpnhongvlchsloingitrnttccclca,tronghngtriunm,tkhithycachngtavitcchmtloichoti13.000nmtrc.Tngychuynsctmgntrongkhngqu20trangsch.ngnhin,tisltquacctiutitvchnhctinhnggticholccxuhngclinquannhiunhtncunschny.Nhnghhngcnsnggnginhtcachngtalbaloivnlncnsngst:kht,
tinhtinhthngvtinhtinhnh(cngilbonobo).VicbaloinychsngtichuPhi,cngvishindinrtnhiuchngchathch,chothynhnggiaionsmnhtcastinhaloingicngdinratichuPhi.Khcvilchsccloivt,lchsloingikhiutichng7triunmtrc(consctnhdaongtrongkhongt5n9triunmtrc).Vokhongthigian,mtnhmvnchuPhitchrathnhnhiunhm,trongsmtnhmtinhathnhkhtngynay,nhmthhaitinhathnhhainhmtinhtinhhini,nhmthbathtinhathnhngi.Dngkhthnhnhtchratlutrckhihaidngtinhtinhvdngngitchkhinhau.Hathchchothydngtinhadnnloingichngtatntthchyu
ngthngvokhong4triunmtrc,sauthbtutngdnvkchthcthnthvkchthctngicanovokhong2,5triunmtrc.Nhngnginguynthynythngcgi lAustralopithecusafricanus,HomohabilisvHomoerectus, hnhnhloisauhnhthnhtloitrctrongchuithttrn.McdHomoerectus,giaionvokhong1,7triunmtrc,gnvingihinichngtanhtvkchthccth,songkchthcnocahthvnchabngphnnacachngta.Cngcbngbtutrnnphbinvokhong2,5triunmtrc,nhngchlnhngmnhtcrahocghortths.ivitmquantrngvskhcbitvsinhvthc,Homoerectustuychnvnnhngvncnkmxasovingihini.Tonblchsloingi,trongkhong5n6triunmsaukhiconngixuthin
lnutincchy7triunm,vnchbhptrongphmvichuPhi.TtinutincaloingibnhtrngrangoichuPhilHomoerectus,iunycminhchngquacchathchphthincoJavathucvngngNamvthngcgimtcchquyclngiJava(XemHnh1.1.).HathchngiJavacnht-cthlnnghocnb-thngccholctuikhongmttriunm.Tuynhin,gnyliclplunrngtrnthctnctuin1,8triunm.(NinghimkhcrathcitnHomoerectuslcachnhcchathchJava,cnhathchchuPhimngivnxploilHomoerectusclcnctchotnkhc).Hinnay,bngchnghinnhinsmnhtcaloingichuuxuthinvokhongnatriunmtrc,nhngcngckinchorngcnsmhnna.Nhtnhlngitacthginhrngvicchimcchucngchophploi
ngichimcchuucngmtlc,biu-lmtkhilcaduynhtkhngbchiactbngnhnghngrotnhinngk.iuminhhachomtvnstritrlinhiulntrongcunschny.Btckhi
nocmtnhkhoahctuynbmnhphthinraXcnht-dXylhathchngicnhtchuu,bngchngxanhtvvicthunhacyngMexicohaybtccigcnhtbtcniu-thynhrngtuynbsthchthcnhngnhkhoahckhcrascbcbn,bngcchchngminhmnhtmcmtcigcnxahnna.Trnthct,tphicmtciXnothcslXcnht,trongkhitonbccXkhcccho lchnusai.Tuynhin,nhtas thy,hunhvibtcXno,minmngitalicnhngkhmphmivtuynbvmtXnoccholcnxahnna,ngthibcbmtshayttccctuynbvnhngXgilcnht.Ccnhkhocthngphimthngmythpkmicthinngthunvnhngvnny.
Hnh1.1:Sbnhtrngcaloingirakhpthgii-Niphtnguyn:cchy7triunm(chuPhi)nkhongnatriunmvtrc,hathchngikhcviccbxngHomoerectus
chnchslnhn,trnvtgccnhhn.SngichuPhivngichuucchynatriunmkhgingsngihinichngtanncxpvoloiHomosapiensthayv Homo erectus. S phn bit ny l v on, biHomoerectus tin ha thnhHomosapiens.Tuynhin,nhngngiHomosapiensxaxavncnkhcvichngtaccchititxng,snhhnnhiusovichngta,vkhcbitkhnhiusovichngtacngcchtcvhnhvi.Ccdntcdngcngcbngthihini,chnghnnhctmyicaYali,hnskhinhmitginhngcngcbngcchynatriunmlquscths.Thduynhtngkkhccbsungvogiasnvnhacaconngithi,mchngtacthkhngnhchcchn,lvicdngla.NhngngiHomosapiensxaxachngh lidisnnghthut lncngcbng
xnghaybtccigkhcngoidictcngthmnhngcngcbngthskia.Hycnchacngichuc,vldohinnhinrngtngNammunsangchucthphidngthuyn.CngchahcngibtcninotichuMbimunvythtrchtconngiphichimcvngnocalcau-gnchuMnht(tcSiberia),ngoiraclcngphicknngngthuyn.(EoBeringngynaychiactgiaSiberiavAlaskavnnng,vothilcthleobin,lclilmtculcanigiahaibntlintytheomtbinlintclnrilixungtrongsutThikBngh).Tuynhin,knngngtucngnhsinhtnvngSiberiagilnhhycnvtxangoikhnngcanhngngiHomosapiensutin.Saunatriunm,dnsloingichuPhivtylcau-btutchbitkhi
nhauvtchbitkhingingchititxng.DncchuuvTytrongkhongt130.000n40.000nm trcycidinbi sdi ctcbitnhiucgi lngiNeanderthals,ikhicxpthnhmt loiring lHomoneanderthanlensis. Tuythngbmttrongvstranhhothnhnhnhngcondthgingnhvnsngtronghangng,songthtrangiNeanderthalscnolnhnnochngtamtcht.Hcnglnhngngiutinlichngchnghnvnghithcmaitngngichtvchmscngim.ThnhngcngcbngcahvncnthssovinhngchicrutinhxocangiNewGuineav thngvnchacch tc thnhnhngdngchun,micimangmtchcnngringcthnhnthyr.
MttmnhxngchuPhicngicmninitngngvingiNeanderthalsli gn gi vi xng ca ngi hin i chng ta hn l xng ca ngi Neanderthals.Xngvngngcngiclicngthnna,nhnghnhnhchnglicngkhcvicngichuPhilnngiNeanderthals.Vlisngvothi,bngchngclugittnhtltccvtdngbngvxngconmithuthpcccdichminnamchuPhi.McdnhngngichuPhicchy100.000nmcnhiubxnggingngi hin i hn so vi ngi Neanderthals sng cng thi, nhng h cng ch lm ranhngcngcbng thsynhngiNeanderthals,ngha lvnkhngchnhdngchun.Hkhngliditchvnghthut.Xttheobngchngxngccconmimhsn,cththyknngsnbncahcnchacgcsc,chyunhmvoccloivtdgitvhontonkhngnguyhim.Hvnchascgittru,lnvccconminguyhimkhc.Thmchhcnchabitbtc:nicahngaytrnbbinnhnglikhnghcduvtxngcvlicu.HvnhngngiNeanderthalscngthivncnchatnmcconngiy.Lchsconngirtcucctcnhvokhong50.000nmtrc,vothigianmti
tnggilCNhyLnVPhaTrccachngta.NhngduvtxcnhsmnhtcacnhylccdichngPhivinhngcngcbngcchunhavnhngtrangscutincngic(nhngchuihtbngvtrngiu).Chngbaolusau,nhngpht trintngtcngxuthinvngCnngvngNamchuu,k(khong40.000nmtrc) lTyNamu,nicnlinhiucngcchtcbncnhxngcanhngngicmnhdanhlCro-Magnonhontongingngihini.Sau,nhngbircthicngicccdichkhocnhanhchngtrnnngycngthvhnvkhinkhngcnnghinggnarngytaanggpnhngngihinivcmtsinhhclnvmthnhvi.NhngbircthicangiCro-Magnonbaogmkhngchcngcbngmccngc
bngxng,cchtcthnhnhnghnhdngthchhp(chnghnthnhlicu),iumrrnglnhngngitinschnkhngbitti.Cccngccsnxutvinhiuhnhdngadngvkhcbit,hininmcchnhnlchngtangynaycthnhnbitcngnngcachngnhkimkhu,di,cngcchmkhc,v.v.Thayvnhngcngcchgmmtbphnchnghnnhnocmtay,cccngcgmnhiumnhxuthin.NhngvkhgmnhiubphnmchngtacthnhnraccdichCro-Magnonbaogmlaomc,dngcnmlao,cuicnglcungvtn,tinthncasngtrngvccvkhnhiubphnhinikhc.Ccphngtinnychophpgitthhuhiuclyanton,nhvyconngicthsnccconminguyhimnhtgicvvoi,trongkhivicphtminhradythngbnli,dyvbychophpngitabsungchimvcvothcnhngngy.Ditchnhcavqunomaychngminhrngconngicbctinlnvkhnngsinhtnnickhhulnh,cnditchtrangscvccbxngcchnctcnthnchrarngcnhngphttrinmangtnhcchmngvthmmvtmlinh.TrongsccsnphmcangiCro-Magnoncngicnnay,nitingnhtlcc
tcphmnghthut:nhngbctranhkvtronghangng,nhngbctng,vccnhccmnngynaychngtavnxemlnghthut.BtcaitngtrctiptringhimciscmnhchongngpcanhngbctranhbmngvngatobngththangLascauxminnamncPhpslptchiungayrng,vitcginhngbctranh,tmtrhtcngphihininhlbxngcah.Hinnhinrngcmtthayitolnnodinratrongnnglccattinchngta
trongkhongt100.000nmn50.000nmtrc.CNhyLnVPhaTrcnytrahaicuhilnchacligiip:nguynnhnnolmphtsinhcnhy,vvtralcacnhy.VnguynnhnphtsinhCNhyLn,tilpluntrongcunLoitinhtinhthbarnglshonthinthanhqun,dolshonthincsgiiphuhccangnnghini,mkhnngsngtocaconngiphthucrtnhiu.Nhngngikhcthlichorngvothigiancsthayitrongtchccanosongkchthcnothkhngthayi,nhvymixuthinngnnghini.
VaimcaCNhyLnVPhaTrc,liucphindinrachyumtkhuvcalduynht,trongmtnhmngiduynhtmsaucthbnhtrngvthaythnhngnhmngitrcccvngkhctrnthgii?Haycnhydinrasongsongnhiukhuvckhcnhau,cccdncngynaymikhuvc lhuducanhngcdnsngttrccnhy?NhngstrngcvhinihnchuPhicchykhong100.000nmccholhtrchogithuytu,theothcnhydinrachyuchuPhi.Ccnghincuphnt(cacigilDNAtith)banucngcdindchtheolichuPhilcinguncaconngihini,durngnghacaccphthinphntvncnngng.Mtkhc,snhngngisngtiTrungHoavIndonesiahngtrmngnnmtrccmtsnhnhnchnghcvt lcholmangnhngcimchungvingiTrungHoavngichucbnangynay.Nungvy,phtkinnysgirngcsphttrinsongsongvcnhiucinicangihininhiukhuvc,chkhngphichcmtVnangduynht.Cuhinnayvnchacligiipcuicng.Bngchngvmtciniccbcaconngihini,theosaulvicconngibnh
trngvthaythnhngloingikhcmtvngkhc,cvlmnhmnhtchuu.Cchykhong40.000nm,ngiCro-Magnonxuthinchuu,vibxnghini,vkhuvitvccntvnhatintinkhc.TrongvngvingnnmkhngcnmtngiNeanderthalsnona,dchnhngiNeanderthalstinhanhlnhngcdnduynhtchuutrongsuthngtrmngnnm.ChuiskingimnhmrngngiCro-Magnonhini,bngcchno,dngcngnghvttricamnh,cngviknngngnngcabno,gybnh,gitchthocxuauingiNeanderthals,lirtthockhngmtbngchngnovshphuytgiangiNeanderthalsvngiCro-Magnon.CNhyLnVPhaTrctrnghpvismrngavcsinhsngcaconngiln
utinmkhoahcchngminhcktkhittinchngtachimclcau-.SmrngbaogmvicxmchimchucvNewGuineamhicnnivinhauthnhmtlcaduynht.Nhiuditchphngxchngminhshindincaconngichuc/NewGuineatrongkhongt40.000n30.000nmtrc(cngvimtstuynbtmcchngcchnsonghycngytranhci).Trongmtkhongthigianngncalndidnnguynthy,conngibnhtrngratonblcavthchnghivimitrngadngcan,tnhngkhurngmanhitivnhngngnnicaoNewGuineachotinhngvngniakhhnvchmngnammtcachuc.TrongsutccThikBngh,ncidngbgiamtrongbngnhiunnimcnc
bintrntonthgiithphnmcncbinhintinhngmychcmt.Ktqul,nhngnimnaylccbincngiachuvccoSumatra,Borneo,JavavBalicaIndonesiathngyxaltcn.(CceobinnngnikhcnheoBeringvbinManchecngvy).BbinngNamthinmcchvtrngynaynhn1.100kmvphang.Tuynhin,ccotrungtmIndonesiagiaBalivchucthvnnmgiavbchiactbicceobinsu.nchuc/NewGuineatniachuvothithvnphivtquatnhttmeobin,eorngnhtcbngangtnht80km.Huhtcceonychiactcchnovinhaukhintonykhngththyokia,nhngbnthnchucthngayctccoIndonesiagnnhtnhTimorvTanimbarvncthnhnthyc.Vynn,vicchimcchuc/NewGuineartquantrng,chnihiphictubinvcungcpbngchngsmnhtvvicdngtubintronglchs.Minkhong30.000nmsau(13.000nmtrcy)micbngchngmnhmvvictubincdngmtnikhctrnthgii,ylaTrungHi.Banu,ccnhkhocchorngckhnngvicchimcchuc/NewGuineachldo
mtnhmngilmcmtcchtnhckhihbcunrabintrongkhiangnhctrnbgnmthnocaIndonesia.githuytccoannht,ngitamtnhngnginhcutinchlmtphnduynhtangmangthaimtbtrai.Songnhngngitinlthuytdidntnhcnyngcnhintrcnhngkhmphgnyrngcnhng
hnokhcnmvphangNewGuineacngbchimcchngbaolusaubnthnNewGuinea,vokhong35.000nmtrc.lccoNewBritainvNewIrelandtrongqunoBismarckvoBukaqunoSolomon.Bukanmkhuttmnhnthnognnhtvphangvchcthncbngcchvtquamtkhongcchchng160kmbngngbin.Nhvy,ngichucvNewGuineahnckhnngduhnhbngngbinmtcchcchnhncchnonhnthyc,vhsdngphngtinngbinkhthngxuynnncnghaytnhcncccchnoxakhngnhnthyc.Vicnhcchuc/NewGuineahngnlinvimtskinlnutinkhcngoi
vicconngilnutinsdngthuynvtbinvsdiclnutincaloingitkhinhc lcau-:y lsditvong lnu tincacc loi th lnbi tayconngi.NgynaychngtacoichuPhichnhllcacaccloihunhln.Lcau-ngynay cng cnhiu loi hunh ln (tuy khngdi dophongphnhngbngSerengeti cachuPhi),nh tgic,voivhchu,nai sng tm,guvs tchuu(ringstthminthiHy-Lavncn).Chuc/NewGuineangynaykhngcloihunhnolntngngnhvy,trnthct lkhngcloinolnhnconthctinngxpx50kg.Nhngchuc/NewGuineatrckiatngcnhngloihunhlnadngcaringmnh,trongcthctikhngl,nhngconthctigingnhtgicgildiprotodontvckchthcbngconb,vmtloibocti.Ngyxavngnycncmtloichimkhngbitbaygingnhiunnggn200kg,cngvimtsloibstcclntrongcmtloithnlnnngmttn,mtloitrnkhnglvnhngloicsusngtrncn.Ttcccloithkhnglchuc/NewGuineaubinmtsaukhiconngi
xuthin.Tuyngitavncntranhcivthiimchnhxcchngditvong,nhngmtsdichkhocticcninihngvnnm,virtnhiudutchxngngi,ckhaiqutcnthn,khnghbaogmduvtnocaccloivtkhnglvo35.000nmtrcmngynaytuytdit.Vvy,ccloivtkhnglhnbditvongchngbaolusaukhiconngitchnnchuc.Sbinmtgnnhngthicanhiuloithlnnhvyhinnhinlmnysinhcu
hi:Ciggyrachuyn?Cthcmtcutrlihinnhin,ylchngbgitschhocbtiuditmtcchgintipbinhngngiutinn.Hynhrngccloithchuc/NewGuineatinhahngtriunmmkhnghcmtnhngtaythsncaloingi.TabitrngccloichimvthqunoGalpagosvBcCc,vncngtinhamkhnghcmtconngivchominthihinivnchahbitnconngi,nngynayvnchinkhkhngchuni.Lrachngbtuytditnuccnhbovmitrngkhngnhanhchngpdngccbinphpbov.Trncchnomicphthingnyniccbinphpbovkhngcthcthinhanhchng,tnhtrngditchngthtsxyra:loidodooMauritiushunhtrthnhbiutngcastuytdit.Ngynaytacngbitrng,trnbtchnoidngnocconnginhcktthitinsnnaymccnhkhoahcnghincuk,vicnnhccaconngiudnnnhngcnditchngmnnnhnlchimmoaNewZealand,loivncokhnglMadagascarvloingnglnkhngbitbayHawaii.Cngnhngihinilignldodovhicuvnkhnghbitsngigitchng,ngitinshncnglignlmoavvncokhnglkhnghbitsngirigitchng.VvycmtgithuytvvicccconthkhnglcachucvNewGuineaditchng,
ylchnggpcngmtsphnnhnhauvokhong40.000nmtrc.Ngcli,huhtccloithlncachuPhivu-vncnsngstnngynaybichngcngtinhabncnhnginguynthysuthngtrmngnhaythmchhngtriunm.Nhvychngckhithgibitsngitrongkhiknngsnbnbanucnthscattinchngtaccitinrtchmchp.Ccloidodo,moavclcccloithkhnglcachuc/NewGuineathtkhngmaykhichngtngtphiimt-mkhnghcchunbtrcvmttinha-vinhngconngihiniviknngsnbt
phttriny.Tuynhin,cigithuytgitsch(3)nhngitagikhngphilkhnggpkinphn
i trong trnghpchuc/NewGuinea.Nhngngiphphn thuytnynhnmnhrngchonnaychahcditchxngnocaccloithkhnglchuc/NewGuineamangbngchngrrngrngchngbconngigithaythmchrngchngtngsngbncnhconngi.Nhngngibovgithuytgitschtrli:Nunhvicgitschccloidinrartnhanhvlicchyrtlu,chnghnchtrongvngvingnnmnhnglicchyn40.000nm,thcngkhmmongtmcditchkhocchngminhchovic.Nhngngichtrchplibngmtphngithuyt:rngclccloithkhnglkiakhngbgitmbchtvmtthayikhhu,chnghnnhhnhnnghimtrngtrnlcachucvnkhhntrinmin.Cuctranhcivncntipdin.Ringti,tikhngthhiutisaoccloithkhnglchucsngstquakhngbit
baonhiulnhnhntrongsuthngtriunmlchschuc,thringmtcilicngnhauchtgnnhcngmtlc(tnhtlsovichngthigianhngtriunm)tnhcngvothiimnhngconngiutinxuthin.NhngloikhngltuytchngkhngchvngtrungtmchuckhhnmcvngtyNewGuineavvngngnamcvnmanhtrtnc.Chngcngtuytchngmimitrng,khngcngoil,tvngsamcchotirngmalnhvrngmanhiti.Vvy,ticmthykhnnglnnhtlccloithkhnglbconngitiudit,cmtcchtrctip(gitlmthcn)lngintip(doconngidnglavlmthayimitrng).Songdgithuytgitschhaygithuytkhhutralng,victtcccloithlnchuc/NewGuineabinmt,nhchngtasthy,cnhnghuqunngnivilchsloingitvsau.Nhngsditchngloibttcccloithhoanglnmlraconngicththunha,khinngichucvNewGuineabnakhnghclymtconvtnuinocaringmnh.Vyl,vicconngichimcvnhcchuc/NewGuineachdinravokhong
thigianCNhyLnVPhaTrc.Mtcucdidnlncaconngidinrakhnglusaulnnhngvnglnhnhtcalcau-.TuyngiNeanderthalssngvoccthikBnghvthchnghivicilnh,hvnkhngilnphaBcxaquminbccvKiev.iukhngl,bingiNeanderthalsrrnglkhngckim,khngbitmayquno,khngcnhcamvkhngcnhngcngnghkhccnthitcthsngcnnhngvngkhhulnhnht.NhngngihinivmtgiiphumccccngnghthbnhtrngnSiberiavokhong20.000nmtrc(mtsngiaranhngthi im sm hn nhiu, tuy nhin iu ny cn tranh ci). S bnh trng ny hn lnguynnhnchostuytchngcaloivoimamtlngdyvtgicclngcalcau-.Vivicnhcchuc/NewGuinea,conngigiychimcbatrongsnmlc
acthsinhsngc.(Trongcunschny,tixemu-lmtlcaduynht,ngthikhngkChuNamccbilcanyminthk19conngimitchnnvchabaogicconngisinhsngttc).Vylchcnlihailca,BcMvNamM.Chcchnlhailcacconnginhcsaucng,vldohinnhinlncchuMtCuThgiithhocphidngthuyn(mbngchngvscmtcathuynthngaycIndonesiamin40.000nmtrcymic,chuuthcngmunhnnhiu)vtbin,hocphichimlnhSiberia(mmin20.000nmtrcvnchacngi)thmicthbngquaditBering.Tuynhin,conngidicsangchuMlnutincthvokhinotrongkhongt
14.000n35.000nmtrcthvncnchar.DitchhinnhinxanhtcaconngichuMlticcdichAlaskacninikhong12.000nmtr.CN,theosaulmtlotdichHoaKphanambingiiCanadavMexicovoccthkngaytrc11.000nmtr.CN.CcdichMexicocgildichClovis,ttheotncadichtiubiugnthtrnClovis,bangNewMexico,ninhngmilaolnbngctrngcanctmthyln
utin.nnayngitabitnhngtrmdichClovis,phkhp48bangniaHoaKkodintnMexico.BngchnghinnhinvshindincaconngichngbaolusaucngxuthinAmazoniavPatagonia.CcskinnygirngccdichClovischngminhchovicconngilnutindicsangchuM,saunhanhchngnhnln,bnhtrngrngraychailca.ThottinngitacthlylmlrngcchuducangiCloviscthnc
PatagonianmcchbingiiHoaK-Canadanhng13.000kmtrongvngchatimtngnnm.Tuynhin,nuchiakhongcchychomtngnnmthngi tinsnamtintrungbnh13kmmtnm,chlchuynvtivingisnbthilmbickhichtrongmtngytmthcnhcngicngnyqungngri.ChngtathottincngcthngcnhinrngcdnchuMthitrnnngc
nhanhnmcphinghnchuyndicmivphanamntnPatagonia.Song,stngdnscngchngcglnutaxtknhngconscth.NuchuMrtcuclnictrcanhngngisnbthilmvimtdnstrungbnhkhongdimtngitrnmtdmvung(khong1,6km2,ND)(mtconscaosovinhngngisnbthilmhini),thtonbdintchchuMscdnskhong10triungisnbthilm.Nhngthmchnunhngnginnhcutinchckhong100ngivdnscahchtngvitc1,1%mtnmthhuducahstngng10triungitrongvngmtngnnm.Mtlnna,tctngdns1,1%mtnmchngcglkh:thihiningitaquanstctctngdnsti3,4%/nmkhingitadicsangccvngthoang,chnghnnhkhinhngthythnilontrncontuHMSBountyvccbvngiTahiticahdicsangoPitcairn.SphongphdichcangisnbnClovistrongvithkutinsaukhihxuthin
chuMcnggingnhsphongphdichcchngminhvmtkhocsaukhittinngiMaoriphthinraNewZealandgnynht.Mtsphongphdichkhccngcchngminhchovicnhngngihinivmtkhocdicsangchuuvothikxaxahnnhiu,cngnhvicchimlnhchuc/NewGuinea.Nghal,btccigvhintngClovisvvvichbnhtrngkhpchuMutngngvicckhmphmkhoahcchngminhcvvicconnginnhcticcvngthoangkhctronglchs.VicbngnccdichClovistrongccthkngaytrc11.000nmtr.CN,chkhngphi
ccthktrc16.000hay21.000nmtr.CN,cthcnghag?HynhlirngSiberiavndbaogicnglnh,vcmtdibngthngtrctridinhmtranhgiikhngthvtquasutcchiungangcaCanadatronghuhtthiiPleitoxen.Tathyrngcngnghcnthitchngchivicilnhcckiakhnghxuthinminkhinhngngihinivmtgiiphuxmchimchuuvokhong40.000nmtrc,vrngconngimin20.000nmsaumidicsangSiberia.Cuicng,nhngngiSiberiautinsangAlaskahocbngngbinquaeoBering(mnngynayvnchrng80km)hocbngcchibvonhngthibnghkhieoBeringlmtditlin.DitBering,trongnhnglnhinhucchqungmcnglicngnhngngnnm,hnrngnhngngnkm,baophtonlnhnguyn(4)bngphng,ninhngngithchnghivikhhucthddngbngquac.Ditnygnybngpncvlitrthnheobinkhimcncbindng lnvokhong14.000nm tr.CN.DnhngngiSiberiautinyibhaychothuynnAlaska,bngchngchcchncsmnhtvshindincaloingiAlaskacninikhong12.000nmtr.CN.Chngbaolusau,mthnhlangkhngcbngtheohngBc-Nammratrong
mngbnglnCanada,chophpnhngngiAlaskautinbngquaxungvngngbngLn(GreatPlains)xungquanhkhuvcthnhphEdmontonhinnaycaCanada.VicnynhduchmhtchocirocnlncuicnggiaAlaskavPatagoniaivingihini.NhngngiEdmontontinphonghnthyvngngbngLnccmannothsn.thnlhanc,ngymtngln,vdndnbnhtrngvphaNam
chimlnhtonbTybncu.MtkhacnhkhccahintngClovispngmongicachngtavshindin
utincaconngiphanammngbnglnCanada.Cngnhchuc/NewGuinea,thottinchuMcngcyryccloithln.Khong15.000nmtrc,minTychuMtrngrtgingngbngSerengeticachuPhingynay,vihngnvoivngabstvbosnui,licncnhngloicdnhlcvconlitkhngl.Cngnhchuc/NewGuinea,tichuMhuhtccloithlnubtuytchng.Trongkhinhngstuytchngcldinratichucthn30.000nmtrc,thtichuMstuytchngchdinratrongkhong17.000n12.000nmtrliy.iviccloithlnchuMtuytchngmxngvncnvsvcninicbitchnhxc,ngitacthxcnhrngstuytchngdinravokhong11.000nmtr.CN.Clhaistuytchng c xc nh nin i chnh xc nht l ca con li t Shasta v loi d niHarringtonvngHangLn(GrandCanyon),chaiubinmttrongvngmt,haithkvokhong11.000nmtr.CN.Dctnhctrnghphaykhng,ninilngnht-trongphmvidungsaithnghim-vithiimnhngngisnbnClovistchnnkhuvcGrandCanyon.VicphthinnhiubxngvoimamtmgiaxngsnccmmigioClovischo
thyrngkhngphingunhinmccnininykhpnhau.NhngnhsnbndicvphaNambngqua chuM, khi gp cc loi th lnvn trc chahnhn thy conngi,cthnhnthyrngthchuMqudgitvtuytditchng.CmtthuytngclichorngccloithlnchuMtuytchngkhngphidobgitmldokhhuthayivocuithikBnghcuicngvncngxyravokhong11.000nmtr.CN(iuchkhinccnhcsinhhchinicngbirihnkhihccnglgii).Vphnmnh,ticnggpcngmtmcmunhvyvilthuytchorngccloith
lnchuMditchngvsthayikhhunhtnggpvilthuyttngtvchuc/NewGuinea.Cc loi th lncachuMsngstn tncui22 thikBnghtrc.TisaohuhtchnglichnngthikBnghth23ditchngnglotkhicmtnhngconngicginhlvhikia?Tisaochngbinmtmimitrng,khngchnhngmi trngthuhpmcccmi trngmrngrtnhiuvocuiThikBnghsaucng?DovytingrngchnhccthsnClovislmvic,nhngcuctranhcivnchachiktthc.DlthuytnocchngminhlngthhuhtccloithhoangdlnlracthcngichuMbnathunhacngvvymbxas.Mtcuhinacngchacligiip,ylliucthtccthsnClovislnhngngi
chuMutinkhng.Cngnhbtckhinoaituynbtmcciglxanht,ngitathngxuyntuynbphthincchuMdichcanhngngicnxahnngiClovis.Hngnm,mtvituynbnhvyquthccvthuytphcvhpdnkhilcucara.Nhngrilikhngtrnhkhinysinhnhngkhkhntrongcchdindch.Liucthtcccngcctmthyccdichldoconngilmrakhng,haychngchlnhnghnhdngtnhin?Liuccniniccbonphngxcngitatuynbkialngchkhngbloibbimttrongrtnhiukhkhncthxyrakhixcnhninibngccbonphngx?Nuninilngthliuchngcthcsgnlinvinhngsnphmcaconngichkhngphichlmtccthan15.000tui[tnhc]nmcnhmtcngcbngmkthcchclmrakhong9.000nmtrc?minhhanhngvn,tahyxtvdinhnhsauyvmttuynbtmthydi
chtinClovismngitahaytrchdn.TimthangBraziltnlPedraFuradaccnhkhoctmthynhngbctranhhangngm,khngnghinggna,ldoconngilmra.Trongnhngngdichnmtvch,hcngtmthymtshnmhnhdngchothyckhnngchnglnhngcngcths.Ngoirahcnbtgpcimhcholnhngbpltrongcthantvininikhong35.000nmtrc.CcbivitvPedraFuradaccho in trnttpchkhoahcthgiiyuytnvrtknchn lNature.
NhngkhngmthnnonichnvchhinnhinlcngcdoconngilmranhccmilaoClovisvcngcCro-Magnon.Nuchngtrmngnhntmtvchcaorixungtrongvnghngvnnmthnhiuhntrongsbctxvvrakhichmncctngbndi,trongmtshnrtcucstrngnhnhngcngcthsdoconngigho.TyuvvinikhctiAmazonia,giikhocxcnhniniccsctcsdngtrongccbchahangng,nhngviclikhngctinhnhPedraFurada.Xungquanhthngxuynxyrannchyrngtonnthan,thannythngcgivccdngncqutvohangng.Khngcbngchngnoniktnhngvinthanctui35.000nmvinhngbctranhhangngkhngthnghingPedraFurada.Mcdnhngngikhaiqututinvntintngvoquanimcamnh,miymtnhmnhkhoc-vnkhngthamgiakhaiqutnhngcimvicctuynbvphthintinClovis-nthmdichny,songkhitrvhvntrachabthuytphc.DichBcMmhinnayccoildichtinCloviscbngchngmnhmnhtlhang
Meadowcroft Pennsylvania, cung cp nin i ccbon phng x lin quan ti ngikhong16.000nmtrc.TiMeadowcroftkhngnhkhocnophnhnrngxuthinnhiucngcchtccaconnginhiutngckhaiqutcnthn.Nhngniniccbonphngxxanhtkhngcnghalm,biccloicytrngvvtnuignlinvinhngdichnylilccloivnsngPennsylvaniatrongthiignykhikhhunha,chkhngphiccloithucthiibnghcchy16.000nmnhngitavnngh.Vvyngitabucphingrngccmuthancninitnhnglpconnginhcxanhtbaogm than sau thiClovis lnvi ccbonxahn.Di chc cho l tinClovisnngknhtNamMldichMonteVerdeminnamChile,cninitnht15.000nmtrc.Dichnyhinnaycvcngthuytphccnhiunhkhoc,songngitavnphithntrngbinhiulnbtngbrithtvngnhthri.NuquthtcnhngngitinClovischuMthtisaovicchngminhhctnti
likhkhnnnhvy?CcnhkhockhaiquthngtrmdichtiMmttcucninit2.000n11.000nmtr.CN,trongchngtdichClovistimintyBcM,cchangdyAppalachevccdichvenbinCalifornia.Dicclpkhocnishindincaconngilkhngthnghing,tinhiudichtrongchnhccdich,ngitakhaiqutthmnhiulpsuhn,xahn,vtmthynhiuditchhinnhincaccloith,nhngbngchngvconngithkhngtmthyna.BngchngvnhngngitinClovistichuMthtyut,tringcvibngchngmnhmchuu,nihngtrmdichminhchngchoshindincaconngitxahnnhiutrckhiccthsnClovisxuthintichuMkhong11.000nmtr.CN.Cnhnghnhnnalbngchngtichuc/NewGuinea,nichcgiilmlmtphnmisnhkhocsovisnhkhocchringtiM,nhngmtdmnhkhocliphthinctrnmttrmdichtinCloviskhngthchicirirctrntonlcany.Nhng con ngi c xa chc chn l khng bay bng trc thng t Alaska n
MeadowcroftvMonteVerde,ltquattccccnhquangiaccni.NhngngibinhchothuyttinClovisgirng,tronghngngnhaythmchhngvnnm,nhngngitinClovis ch cmt dn s thphoc khnhn thyc vmt kho c, v nhngnguynnhnchabitvchatngctinlbtcninokhctrnthgii.Tithyxutny li cnkm thuytphchngpbi sovixut rngvnMonteVerdevMeadowcroftrtcucriscngcdingiilicngnhnhiudichtinCloviskhcmngitatngtuynb.Tithcmthy,nunhquthtcngitinClovisnhcchuM,thnngynaychngtacththyduvthinnhinnhiunichkhngphicinhausutnhvy.Tuynhin,ccnhkhocvnangbtngkinvnhngvnny.Dcchdingiinolngina,hquchoshiubitcachngtavtinschuM
gnyvnlmt.Hoc,chuMcnginnhcutinvokhong11.000nmtr.CNvnhanhchngyngi.Hoc,vicnhcutindinrasmhn(huhtcc
githuytvnginhctinClovischorngvicdinravokhong15.000hay20.000nmtr.CN, c th30.000nmtrc,mtsnghimtcchorngcnsmhnna); songnhngnginhctinClovisvncntivslng,tliduvthoctcnhhngchominkhong11.000nmtr.CN.Dutrnghpnoinath,trongnmlcamconngicthctrc,BcMvNamMlcclcacgiaiontinsloingingnnginht.VivicconngichimlnhchuM,huhtcckhuvccthctrccacclc
avolca,kccchiotIndonesianvngngNewGuineaucngi.Vicnhccchnocnlicathgiiminthihinimichontt:ccoaTrungHinhCrete,Cyprus(5),Corsica(6)vSardiniacnhct8.500n4.000nm tr.CN, cc o Carib bt u c nh c vo khong 4.000 nm tr.CN, cc oPolynesiavMicronesiatkhong1.200n1.000nmtr.CN,Madagascarkhongnm300CNn800,vIcelandvokhongthkthIX.NgichuMbna,cllttincangiInuit,bnhtrngkhpvngBcCcvokhong2.000nmtr.CN.Nhvy,nhngkhuvcduynhtcnlichacngi,chiccnhthmhimchuutchnntrongvng700nmsau,lnhnghnoxaxinhtcaiTyDngvnDng(nhqunoAzoresvSeychelles)cngviNamcc.Viccclcacconnginnhcvonhngthiimkhcnhauliucngha
givilchstvsau?Nuc,nghaylg?Ginhrngcmtcmythigianckhnngaccnhkhocingcthigianchuduvngquanhthgiivothiim11.000nmtr.CN.Xttnhhnhthgiivothi,liuccnhkhoccthtinonxemccxhiloingitrnnhnglcakhcnhausphttrinsng,vitrngvthptheonhngtrnhtnovttinontnhtrngcathgiingynayhaykhng?Ccnhkhochnsxtnnhnglithkhdcaniclithxutpht.Nulith
xutphtlngkthchuPhihnclithlnlao:nginguynthyhinhunhmtloiringbitsmhncclcakhctnht5triunm.Ngoira,nunglngihininysinhchuPhikhong100.000nmtrcrimibnhtrngracclcakhc,iuhntrittiubtklithnotchlycccnikhctithiimvmang lichochuPhimt li thxutphtmi.Hnna,sadnggencangichuPhilcaonht:mtkhiconngiadnghnthhhplitschoranhiuphtminhadnghn.Songnhkhoccachngtacthliphntnh:thcrathcilithxutphtnyc
nghagchomcchcacunschny?Chngtakhngchiucindcucchyua[giaccchulc]theonghaen.Nubolithxutphtnghalqungthigiancnthitconngichimctonbmtlcasaukhimtsngitinphongutintchnlnlca,thqungthigiannytngingn:khngqu1.000nmconngibnhtrngratonbTnThgii.Cnnulithxutphthmkhongthigiancnthitthchnghivimitrngaphngthticngnhnrngmtsmitrngctnhccoanquthtlihiphimtthigianthchnghi.Chnghn,ngitaphimtti9.000nmmichimlnhcBcCcsaukhichimctonbphncnlicachuM.Songngitahnkhaiphvthchnghivihuhtcckhuvcmtcchnhanhchng,mtkhikhnngphtminhcaconngihiniphttrin.Chnghn,saukhittinngiMaorincNewZealand,hnhnhhchmtchaymtthkphthinratonbccnguncungcpngk,chthmvithknatnditconmoacuicngnhngvngahnhhimtrnht thgii,vch thmvi thk tchrathnhmtlotnhiuxhikhcnhau,tnhngngisnbthilmvngduynhichonccnngdnbitpdngnhngcchlutrlngthcmi.VvynhkhoccachngtahnsnhnsangchuMvktlunrngngichuPhi,
tuyrrnglnhngngiclithxutpht,hnbnhngngichuMutinhtcngtrongvngnhiulmlmtngnnm.Sau,dochuMrnghn(sovichuPhithrnghnn50%)vmitrngadnghnnhiunnngichuMbnacc
lithsovingichuPhi.Nhkhocsauhnsnhnsangu-vlplunnhsau:u-llcalnnhtth
gii.NcngisinhsngtluhnttccclcakhcngoitrchuPhi.McdchuPhicngitsmhnu-mttriunmnhngiukhngngkbinginguynthylcvncntnhtrnghtscskhai.NhkhoccachngtacthnhnvosnrcavngtynamchuuvoHukccchyt20.000n12.000nmvittccctcphmnghthutvcngcphctplngdanhmthiliuu-clithxutphtngaytlcchng,tnhtltrongphmviu-.Cuicng,nhkhocsquaysangchuc/NewGuineavtrchtslurngyl
mtkhuvcnh(lcanhnht),phnlnbaophtonsamcchckhnngnuisngmtstngi,nmvtrclp,vcngisinhsngmunhnsovichuPhivu-.Ttcnhngiuhnskhinnhkhoctinonchuc/NewGuineasphttrinchm.NhnghynhrngngichucvngiNewGuinealnhngngickthuthng
hismnhttrnthgii.HtoranhngbctranhhangngrrnglmunnhtthcngxanhngiCro-Magnonchuu.JonathanKingdonvTimFlannerylurngvicdicsangchuc/NewGuineatccovngthmlcachuihiconngiphi thch nghi c vi nhngmi trngmim h gp trn cc hn omin trungIndonesia-mtmcungnhngngbbincungcpngunhisn,rnsanhvcycphongphnhttrnthgii.KhinhngnginhcnyvtcceobinchiactmihnoIndonesiavihnokcnvphang,hlithchnghitu,chimlnhtonbhnokcnrilitiptcdicsanghnoktip.lmtthikhongkimcasbngndnsloingimnnaychactinl.Clnhngchuknnhc,thchnghiribngndnsnylcitoiukinchoCNhyLnVPhaTrcmsaulan truyn tr li v pha ty n u- v chu Phi. Nu gi thuyt ny l ng th chuc/NewGuineacmtlithxutphtmnhmsauhntipdinhuthcysphttrincaloingitimimtthigiandisauCNhyLnVPhaTrc.Vy,mtnhquanstcangcthigianv11.000nmtr.CNkhngthtinon
xemccxhiloingitrnchulcnosphttrinnhanhnht,songlicthbinlunrngbtclcanocngcthlniphttrinnhanhnht.Dnhin,ngynaykhimivicri,tabitu-llcaphttrinnhanhnht.Song,nhngnguynnhnthtngsausphttrinnhanhhncaccxhiu-haralihontonkhngphilccnguynnhnmnhkhoctngtngcachngtavonm11.000tr.CNcthhnhdung.Phncnlicaschnybaohmcuctmkimhukhmphnhngnguynnhntht.
TCHNG2.Thnghimtnhinvlchs
rnqunoChatham,cchNewZealand500dm(khong800km,ND)vphang,dntcMorioritngsngnhiuthktrongclpnhngriligpktcctnkhcvo
thngMihainm1835.Vongy19thngMimtnm,mtcontuch500ngiMaorimangtheosngng,gygcvrublnquno,sauvongy5thngMihailithmmttunach400ngiMaorin.NhngnhmngiMaoribtuikhpcclngmccangiMoriori,tuynbrngtnayngiMoriorilnlcah,aiphnilhgit.GinhngiMoriorilctinhnhmtcuckhngchinquymthhncthnhbingiMaoribingiMorioringgpi.Tuynhin,ngiMoriorictruynthnggiiquyt cccuc tranhchpbngcchhabnh.Timtcuchpcngng,hquytnhkhngnhlingiMaorimxuthabnh,hunghvphnchiatinguyn.NhngngiMoriorichakparaxutthngiMaoritncngiquym.Ch
trong my ngy sau h git hng trm ngi Moriori, em nhiu xc cht ca ngiMorioriranunngrintht,btttcnhngngikhclmnlvchvinmsautygitchthuhtsngi.MtngiMoriorisngstkli:NgiMaoribtugitchngtinhgitcu...Chngtischtkhip,trntrongbtrongbi,nptronghdit,btcutrnhkth.Nhngvch;htmravgithtchngti,khngphnbitnngnb,gitrlnb.MtngichinhphcMaorigiithch:Chngtinmquynshutheophongtccachngti,chngtibthtngi.Khngaithotc.Mtvingibchy,nhngkchngtigit,nhngngikhcchngticnggit-thsao?ltheophongtccachngtim.HuqutnkhccasngnygiangiMoriorivingiMaori lracthd
dngtinonc.NgiMoriorilmtnhmngisnbthilmnhsngclp,chccngnghvccvkhthsnht,hontonkhngckinhnghimchintranh,lithiungilnhohaytchcmnh.NhngngiMaorixmlc(toBcNewZealand)ntmt vngngdn c gmnhngngi lmnng thng xuyndnhvonhng cucchintranhkhclit,ccngnghvvkhtintinhn,hotngdiquynmtnhmlnhomnh.Dnhin,khihainhmnyrtcuccngtipxcvinhauthchnhngiMaoritnstngiMoriorichkhngphilngcli.BikchcangiMoriorigingnhnhiutnbikchkhcdinracthgiihini
lnthgiicxa,khinhngdntcngngivctrangbttiuvinhngdntctngivtrangbkm.Tuynhin,cucxungtgiangiMaorivngiMoriorisoisngchochngtamtcchngbunrngchainhmnytchratmtngunchungtrcchaymtngnnm.ChaiuldnPolynesia.NgiMaorihinilhuducaccnngdnPolynesiatngdicsangNewZealandvokhongnm1000.Chngbaolusau,mtnhmngiMaorinyn ltmnh lidicsangqunoChathamv trthnhngiMoriori.Trongccthksaukhihainhmtchnhaura,htinhatheohaihngtringcnhau,ngiMaorioBcphttrincngnghvtchcchnhtrphctphn,ngiMoriorithtphctphn.NgiMorioritrlisngbngsnbthilm,cnngiMaorioBcchuynsanglmnngnghiptrithn.Nhngltrnhtinhatringcnhaunyquytnhhqukhihainhmnyrtcuc
iunhau.Nutacthhiunhngnguynnhndntisphttrinkhcbitnhaucahainhmxhihiony,y l tacmtmuhnh thuhiucuhi lnhn lnhnghngphttrinkhcnhautrncclcakhcnhau.LchsMoriorivMaorilmtthnghimnhanhtrnquymnhnhmkimchngxem
mitrngcnhhngthnolnxhiloingi.Trckhiccmtcunschkhocunhngtcngcamitrngtrnquymthtln-chnghnnhtcnglnccxhi loingi trongvng13.000nmtr liy -hnbncncsmbo - tcc thnghimnhhn-rngnhngtcng l thcsquantrng.Nubn lnhkhoahc
phng thnghimchuynnghincuchut,bnhns tinhnhmt thnghimnhvybngcchlymtnchut,chiaschutttinnyrathnhnhiuchungmichungcmtmitrngkhcnhau,nkhichutsinhsicnhiuthhthbnquaylixemiugxyra.Dnhin,nhngthnghimcchchnykhngththchiniviccxhiloingi.Thayvo,nhkhoahcphitmnhngthnghimtnhinmmtiugtngtcngxyraviconngitrongqukh.MtthnghimnhvydinratrongqutrnhconngidicsangPolynesia.Rirc
khpThiBnhDngbnngoiNewGuineavMelanesialhngngnhnokhcnhaurtnhiuvdintch,mcclp,cao,khhu,tnhnngsn,tinguynachtvtinguynsinhhc(Hnh2.1).Tronghuhtlchsloingi,cchnonynmngoitmvicakthuthnghi.Vokhong1.200nmtr.CNmtnhmngilmnng,nhcvibintqunoBismarckvphaBcNewGuineacuicngcngticmtviotrongsny.Trongvithksau,huducahnhchunhbtcrotnocthsngcThiBnhDng.Qutrnhnyhunhhonttvonm500,vibahnocuicngcngcnginhctsaunm1000.Nhvy,chtrongmtkhongthigiankhngdi,nhngmitrnghiohtsca
dngcchimlnhbinhngnginhcmttcuphtnguyntcngmtnhmngithyt.ThytttcnhngngiPolynesiangynayuccngmtnnvnha,ngnngvcngnghnhnhau,cngmtscytrngvvtnuinhnhau.T,lchsPolynesialmtthnghimtnhinchophptanghincusthchnghicaconngimkhngvngphinhngkhkhnthnggpkhintannlngkhinghincunhnglnsngdidnkhcnhauhngthuhiusthchnghicaconngiccnikhctrnthgii.Trongphmvithnghimctrungny,sphncangiMoriorilmtthnghimnh
hn.MtchothyccmitrngkhcnhauqunoChathamvNewZealandnhonnnnnhngngiMoriorivMaorikhcnhaunthnolvickhngkh.TuynhngngigcgcMaoriutindicsangChathamcthvnlmnghnng,songvcccytrngnhitiMaorikhngthmckhhulnhcavngChathamchonnnhngnginhcnychngccchnokhcngoitrlisngbngsnbthilm.Bilngisnbthilmnnhkhngsnxutralngthcthngdtiphnphihaydtr,hkhngthnuinnhngththcng,quni,quanlivttrngchuynlmviccamnhmkhngsnbt.Conmicahlhicu,sc,chimbinlmtvc,nhngloicthbtbngtayhaybnggyvkhngcnphiccngnghtinhxo.Ngoira,Chathamgmnhnghnotnginhvcchxanhau,chcthnuisngmtnhmngisnbthilmvinhnkhukhngquhaingn.Khngcnhnonokhcnnhc,ngiMoriorinhphiliqunoChathamvhccchsnghathunvinhau.Hlmciubngcchtbchintranh,vhgimthiunhngxungttimtngdodnsqungbngcchthinmtsbtrai.Ktqu lngiMoriori trthnhmtnhmnginhkhngachintranh,ccngnghvvkhths,khngcngilnhohocccutchcmnh.
Hnh2.1:CcoPolynesia.(Ccvng/octntrongngocnthkhngphilPolynesia).Ngc li,phnphabc(mhn)caNewZealand,nhmo lnnhtPolynesia, th
thchhpvinghnngcangiPolynesia.NhngngiMaorinoliNewZealandth
sinhsinyndnchonkhittidnshn100.000ngi.Hphttrinthnhnhngnhmdncngcthngxuynnhnhauclitviccnhmlngging.Vichlngthcthngdcthtrngvdtrc,hcthnuinccththcng,ttrngvbinhlnhlmvicbnthigian.Hcncvphttrincnhiucngcthuhochmamng,chinuvlmnghthut.Hdnglnnhngcngtrnhtltinhvivnhiuphoisngsng.Nhvy,ccxhiMoriorivMaoriphttrintcngmtxhittinnhngtheohai
hngrtkhcnhau.Haixhiphtsinhtkhngcnbitnstnticanhauvkhnghtipxclivinhautrongsutnhiuthk,cthti500nm.Cuicng,mtcontusnhicucacghthmqunoChathamtrnngnNewZealandmangvNewZealand thng tinvnhnghnoni binh, cmanno l c; aoh ln chtnhnglnlln;liclmqudukaraka...Dncrtng,nhnghkhngbitnhnhau,khngcvkh.Tinylquxui900ngiMaoridongthuynnqunoChatham.Hqunychothyrmitrngcthnhhngthnonnnkinht,cngngh,tchcchnhtrvknngchinucaconngitrongmtthigianngn.Nhtinhctrn,sngMaori-Moriorilmtthnghimnhbntrongmtth
nghimctrung.TacthhccgtccdnPolynesiavnhhngcamitrnglnxhiloingi?NhngkhcbitnogiaccxhikhcnhautrnnhngoPolynesiakhcnhaucnphicchngtalgiinninchn?Polynesia,vtngth,baogmmt lotiukinmitrngadnghnnhiusovi
NewZealandvqunoChathammcdChathamlmt thicc(ccngin)ca tchcxhiPolynesia.Vloihnhphngthctnti,ngiPolynesiabaogmtdnsnbthilmqunoChatham,nhngngitrngtrtchuynchtrngtry,chonnhngnngdnsnxutlngthcthmcanhsngmttrongnhngqunthdncdycnhtsovibtcxhiloinginokhc.NhngngisnxutlngthcPolynesianuithmcanhln,chhocg.Htchclclnglaongxydngcchthngtitiu lnphcvnngnghipvxynhngh lnnuic.CskinhtcaccxhiPolynesiabaogmnhnghgianhtnhiutcpttc,nhngmtsocngccnhnghiththcngbnchuynnghipchatruynconni.Vtchcxhi,ccxhiPolynesiabaogmtnhngxhilngxtngibnhngchonmtsxhithucloinhiungcpnhttrnthgii,vinhiudngdichatruynconnitheothbc,cngcpttrngvlpthngdn,aigiaicpnothchlyvlychngtronggiaicp.Vtchcchnhtr,ccoPolynesiabaogmtccvngbchiactthnhnhngnvlnghocblcclpchotinhngqucskhaitrirngtrnnhiuo,cqunithngtrcixmchimcchnokhcvtinhnhchintranhchinhpht.Cuicng,vvnhavtth,Polynesiabaogmtnhngxhichbitsnxutdngccnhnchonccxhixydngcnhngcngtrnhkvbng.Lmsaolgiicsadngnnhngny?GpphnvonhngkhcbitgiaccxhiPolynesialtnhtsutpbintmi
trnggiacchnoPolynesia:khhuo,loihnhacht,tinguynbin,dintch,ctxahnh,mcclp.TahyxtchuinhntnytrckhixthuqucthcachngiviccxhiPolynesia.KhhuPolynesiathayitkhhunhitihaycnnhitimptrnhuhtcco
nmgnxcho,chonkhhunhahuhtccoNewZealand,vkhhucnNamcclnhtrnqunoChathamvphnphanamcaoNamthucNewZealand.oLncaHawaii,mcdnmngaytrongvnghchtuyn,cnhngngnnicaocmitrngsngchoccloivngni,thnhthongcncctuytri.Lngmathayitcaonht thgii (ti Fjorland thucNewZealandvm lyAlakai trnoKauai thucHawaii)chonchbngmtphnminhvynhngokhnmckhlngtrngtrtgc.Loihnhachtcaccobaogmosanh,ovini,onila,mnhlca,
vhnhpgiaccloitrn.mtcc,vshnonh,nhccoqunoTuamotu,lnhngosanhphng,thp,chcaohnmcncbinchtt.NhngosanhkhcnhHendersonvRennellthlicnnglncaohnmcncbinrtxathnhnhngovini.Chailoiosanhnyukhnhciviconngibichnggmtonvichkhngc loinokhc,chc lptccmngvkhngcncngtthngxuyn.ccilp,hnoPolynesialnnht,NewZealand,lmtvngtc,adngvacht,mtmnhcalcaGondwana,cnhiutinguynkhongsntrongcst,than,vngvngcbchcthkhaithcthngmi.HuhtccoPolynesialnkhclnhngnilatrilnkhimtbin,chabaogilmtphnlcavcthbaogmhockhngbaogmnhngkhuvcvi.TuythiusphongphvachtcaNewZealand,cconilaidngtnhtcngkhhnccosanh(theoquanimPolynesia)chchngcnhiuloinilaadngtrongcnhngloirtthchhplmcngc.Bnthncconilacngrtkhcnhau.Mtsnhcaohnnncmatrnnivvy
cconyc thi titphnbit r rt, c lpt suvdngchy thngxuyn. ltrnghp cco Society, Samoa,Marquesas vc bitHawaii, qunoPolynesia cnhngngnnicaonht.Trongscchnothphn,Tongav(mcthphn)oPhcSinhcngclptmumvctronilarixungnhnglithiunhngdngchylnnhHawaii.Vtinguynbin,huhtccoPolynesiaucncnngvngmbaoquanh,
nhiuo livyquanhnhngmph.Nhngmi trngnyypc tm,sc.Tuynhin,bbinlmcaoPhcSinh,PitcairnvqunoMarquesas,cngnhybindcvxungquanhkhngcrnsanhkhinchocconycungcpthisnhnnhiu.Dintchcnglmtbinthinnhinkhc.T100hanhAnuta,hnoPolynesianh
nhtcngithngtr,choti103.000dmvung(7)catiulcaNewZealand.ahnhcthsinhsngccamtso,cbitlMarquesas,bnhngdynichiactthnhccthunglngdc,trongkhinhngokhcnhTongavPhcSinhlicahnhhimpmkhnggytrngigchovicilivgiaotip.Bintmitrngcuicngcnxtlmcclp.oPhcSinhvqunoChatham
nhbvxaccokhcnnikhicconngitchntiri,ccxhihnhthnhtphttrinmtcchhontoncchbitviphncnlicathgii.NewZealand,HawaiivMarquesascngrtxa,nhngtnhtthHawaiivMarquesasrrngcvisgiaotipviccqunokhcsaukhicngitchnnutin,vcbaubaogmnhiuo gn nhau nhng ngi sng trn cc o khc nhau ca cngmt qun o c ththngxuyngiaotipvinhau.HuhtccoPolynesiakhcutnhiucgiaotipviccokhc.cbit,qunoTonganmgnccqunoFiji,SamoavWallischophpngitailithngxuyngiaccqunonyvrtcucchophpngiTongatinhnhchinhphcFiji.SaukhiltquanhngmitrngkhcnhaucaPolynesia,gitahyxemccbint
nhhngthnonccxhiPolynesia.Phngtinsinhtnlmtkhacnhthunlichngtakhostutin,binltmnhnnhhngncckhacnhkhc.PhngtinsinhtncangiPolynesiabaogmnhiukthpkhcnhaugianhc,
hilmqudi,bttmcuasc,snccloichimsngtrnmttvchimbinanggiaophi,vsnxut lng thc.HuhtccoPolynesiabanu lni sinhsngcanhngloichimlnkhngbitbaytngtinhatronghoncnhkhnghbbtcloinosnntht,mvdnhiungibitnhtlloimoaNewZealandvngngkhngbitbaycaHawaii.Tuyccloichimnytnglngunlngthcquantrngchonhngnginnhcutin,nhtltrnoNamcaNewZealand,songhuhtchngbaolusauu tuyt chng trn tt c cco v chngqud sn. Chimbin giaophi cngnhanhchngstgimvslngnhngvnlngunthcphmquantrngtrnmtvio.TinguynbinlquantrngtrnhuhtcconhngoPhcSinh,PitcairnvMarquesas
thlikhngquantrnglmbidnccconysngbnglngthctsnxutlchnh.NgiPolynesiaxaxamangtheobaloivtthunha(ln,gvch)nnhngni
nhcmivkhngthunhathmbtcloivtnokhcPolynesia.Nhiuovngittcbaloi,songnhngoPolynesiaclphnthkhngcngimttrongbaloiyhaycnnhiuhnvy,hocvgiascchtrnxungkhngsngcncuicuchnhtrnhditrnbinhocvgiascmtkhichtthkhngthagiasctngoivothaythc.Chnghn,NewZealandbclpnnrtcucchcnmiloich;oPhcSinhvTikopiachcnlimig.Vkhngthtipcnccrnsanhhaynhngvngncnnggiuhisncnnhngloichimsngtrncnthnhanhchngtuytchng,dnoPhcSinhnhchuynsangxychunggthmcanhnuigiacm.Tuynhin,baloivtthunhagiilmcngchndmngybaba.Snxut
lngthccangiPolynesiaphthucchyuvocytrng,nhngccvcnNamccthkhngthtrngtrtcbittcccloicytrngPolynesiaulcyvngnhiti,cthunhanikhcrimicdidnmangnPolynesia.VvynhngnginhcChathamvvngphanamgilnhcaoNamNewZealandbucphitbdisntrngtrtcattinthngngnnmtrclitrthnhdnsnbthilm.DnctrnccoPolynesiacnlithclmnngnghipdatrnccloicytrngt
kh(nhtlkhoais,khoaim,khoailang),cytrngtinc(chyukhoais)vcytrngcthn(nhqusa-k(8),chuivda).Nngsutvtmquantrngtngicaccloicytrngnythayingktonysangokhctytheomitrng.MtdnccangilthpnhttrnoHenderson,Rennellvccosanhdotcnvtncngt.MtcngthpNewZealandckhhunhabiniyqulnhsovimtsloi cy trng Polynesia. Ngi Polynesia trn cc o ny vmt s o khc lm nngnghiptheolikhngthmcanhmlducanh,trnglmry.Nhngokhcctmumnhnglikhngcaocnhngdngchylnthng
xuyn,docngkhngthcknhmng.Cdncconylmnngnghipthmcanhtrntkhnncnphiutnhiusclcpnn,phbi,xoayvngcy,gimthiuhocloitrhnnhngthikbhatvchmscccnin.NngnghiptkhtrnncbitcnngsutcaooPhcSinh,oAnutabtvoTongaphng,thp,ningiPolynesiadnhhuhtdintchttrnglngthc.NgnhnngnghipcnngsutcaonhtPolynesialtrngkhoaiscccnhngc
titiu.Trongscchnonhitingdnnht,lachnnybloitriviTongadoonyccaothpnnthiusngngi.NngnghiptitiuttinhcaoccocctyHawaiigmKauai,OahuvMolokaivnrngvmtckhngchnhngdngchy ln thngxuynmcdnsngc thxydngcccng trnh.NhngngilaodchHawaiixydngcchthngtitiutinhvichocccnhngkhoaischonngsutn24tnmthcta,nngsutcytrngcaonhttrntonPolynesia.Nngsut ny n ltmnh li cho php thm canh nui ln. Hawaii cng l ni duy nht Polynesiasdng laongquymlnchonghthysn,xynhngaoc lnnuicmngvci.Dohquvicphngtinsinhtnclinquannbintmitrng,nnmtdnc
(obngnvsungitrndmvungtcthtrngtrt)thayikhnhiutrntonPolynesia.MtthpnhtlnhngngisnbthilmqunoChatham(ch5ngitrnmtdmvung)voNamcaNewZealandcngnhnhngngilmnngtrnphncnlicaNewZealand(28ngitrnmtdmvung).Ngcli,nhiuhnocnnnngnghipthmcanhtmtdnsti210-250ngitrnmtdmvung,Hawaiilnti300.Cccaonhtl1.100ngitrnmtdmvunghnotcaoAnutanicdnbinhunhtonbhnothnhtthmcanhnngnghipchonnchvnvnmthctamlnchtti160ngi,trthnhmttrongnhngqunthdnccmtcaonhtthgii.MtdnccaAnutavtcmtcaHLanhinnayvthmchngangngaviBangladesh.
Quymdnsltchscamtdnc(sngitrndmvung)vdintch(dmvung).Dintchykhngphildintchmthnomldintchcamtnvchnhtr,vncthlnhnhocnhhnmthno.Mtmt,nhnghnognnhaucthckthpthnhmtnvchnhtrduynht.Mtkhc,nhnghnoduynhtviahnhctxcchiathnhnhiunvchnhtrclp.Vvy,dintchmtnvchnhtrthayikhngchtheodintchmthnomctheomcchiactvtchbitcahno.Vinhnghnonhtchbitmkhngcnhngrocnlnivisgiaotiptrong
nibothtonbolmtnvchnhtrduynht,nhtrongtrnghpAnutavivnvn160ngi.Nhiuolnhnchngbaogithngnhtcvmtchnhtr,hocvdncbaogmnhiublckhcnhau,miblcchgmvichcngisnbthilm(nhqunoChathamvphanamoNamcaNewZealand)hocgmnhngngilmnngsngrirccchxanhau(phncnlicaNewZealand)hocnhngnngdnctrvimtcaosongvngahnhlmchmgytrngichovicthngnhtvchnhtr.Chnghn,dncnhngthunglngsndckcnnhauMarquesaschgiaotipvinhauchyubngngbin;mi thung lng lmt thc thchnhtrc lpgmdmngncdn,vhuhtccolncaqunoMarquesavnchiactthnhnhiuthcthnhvy.ahnhccoTonga,Samoa,SocietyvccoHawaiithlichophpthngnhtchnh
trtrongnibcco,choranhngnvchnhtrgm10.000ngihaynhiuhn(trn30.000iviccolncaHawaii).KhongcchgiaccocaqunoTongacngnhkhongcchgiaTongaviccqunolngginglgnrtcucngitacththitlpmtqucaobaogm40.000ngi.Vyl,ccnvchnhtrPolynesiathayivquymtdmchcnginbnvnngi.Dnscamtnvchnhtrtngtcvimtdnscnhhngncngnghv
tchckinht,xhivchnhtrcangiPolynesia.Nichung,dnscngngvmtcngcaothcngnghvtchccngphctpvchuynbit,vnhngnguynnhnmchngtasxtchititccchngsau.Ningngn,khimtdnccaothchmtphndn chng tr thnh nng dn, nhng h c huy ng dnh ht cng sc lm nngnghip thmcanh,nhc lng thc thngdngnui sngnhngngikhngsnxut.Nhngngikhngtrctipsnxutmchuynhuyngnngdnlccttrng,tngl,quanlivbinhlnh.Ccnvchnhtrlnnhtcthtphplclnglaonglnxydngcchthngtitiuvaoc,nhngvicnylicnggiptngcngsnxutlngthc.NhngdinbinnycbitthyrtiTonga,SamoavoSociety,ttcumum,mtdnscaovdintchtngirngtheochuncaPolynesia.NhngxuhngnyttinhcaotrnqunoHawaiibaogmnhnghnoPolynesiarngnhtvngnhiti,nimtdnscaovdintchtrngnnccttrngcthhuyngnhnglclnglaongrtlnkhicn.NhngbinikhcnhautrongccxhiPolynesiagnlinviskhcnhauvmt
dnsvquymdnslnhsau:Nnkinhtnginnhtlnnkinhttrnnhngocmtdnsthp(nhsnbthilmtrnoChatham),quymdnsthp(ccosanhnh)haycmtthplnquymdnsthp.ccxhinymigianhtlmlynhnggmnhcn;tchockhngcschuynmnhatrongkinht.Schuynmnhatnglnccolnhn,dncnghn,tnhcaoSamoa,ccoSociety,cbit l Tonga v Hawaii. Hai hn o va nhc sau cng ny c nhng th thuyn bnchuynnghipchatruynconnitrongcnhngthngxung,hoatiu,thxy,thbnchimvthxmmnh.Tnhphctpxhicngthayitheocchtngt.Lina,qunoChathamvcc
osanhcnhngxhinginnht,bnhngnht.TuycconyvnduytrtruynthngnguynthycangiPolynesialcttrng,songccttrngcahtchockhnghcnhngduhiuphnbitthyr,sngtrongnhngtplugingnhcathngdn,vcngttrngtrthaysnbtlngthcchochnhmnhnhmingi.Sphnbit
xhivquynlccattrngtnglnccocmtcaovnvchnhtrln,cbitlTongavSociety.TnhphctpxhicnglitnhcaoqunoHawaii,ninhngngilhudu
cattrngcchiathnhtmdngditheothbc.Thnhvinccdngdittrngnykhngkthnvithngdnmchkthnvinhau,ikhithmchvicanhchemrut, anh ch em cngmhoc cng cha. Thngdnphi ci rpmnh trcmt cc ttrngquyncaochctrng.Mithnhvincadngdittrng,quanlivmtsththcngcminlmcngvicsnxutlngthc.Ccuchnhtrcngtheongxuhng.TrnqunoChathamvccosanh,t
trngchngcnhiuquynra lnh, ccquytnhutc thngqua tho lunchung,vquynshutainmtrongtaycngngvitcchtonthchkhngphitrongtayttrng.Nhngnvchnhtrlnhn,mtdnscaohnthtptrungnhiuquynlchnvotayttrng.TnhphctpvchnhtrlcaonhtTongavHawaiiniquynlccattrngchatruynconnicnggnnhcavuachabtcninokhctrnthgii,taildottrngcaiqunchkhngphithngdn.Dngccquanlicbnhimlmtrunggian,ttrngtinhnhtrngthulngthccathngdnvtrngdnghlmviccccngtrnhxydng.Hnhthccccngtrnhnykhcnhautyo:cchthngtitiuvaocHawaii,cctrungtmnhymavlhiMarquesas,mttrngTonga,niHawaii,oSocietyvoPhcSinh.VothiimngichuutchnnPolynesiathkXVIII,ttrngquchaynh
ncTongatrthnhmtquclinquno.VbnthnqunoTongakhsanstnhauvgmmtsocahnhkhngchiact,nnmioucthngnhtdiquynmtttrngduynht;sauccttrngchatruynconnitrnhnolnnhtcaTonga(Tongatapu)thngnhttonbquno,cuicnghchinhphccnhngokhcbnngoiqunomhnxanhtcchnhng500dm(800km,ND).HthngxuynbunbnngdiviFijivSamoa,thitlpnhngimnhccangiTongaFijivbtutncng,xmchimtngphncaFiji.Vicchinhphcvcaiqunciquchioskhainythchincnhnhnghmigmccchicxunglnmichicchacti150ngi.CngnhTonga,Hawaiitrthnhmtthcthchnhtrbaogmvihnongdn,
songlmtthcthchnhtrchgigntrongmtqunoduynhtbivtrcckcchbitcan.TithiimngichuuphthinraHawaiivonm1778,sthngnhtchnhtrdinratrongtnghnoHawaiivmanhnhacvishpnhtchnhtrgianhiuhno.Bno rngnht -oLn (Hawaii theonghahp),Maui,OahuvKauai-vnclp,nmquynkimsot(hocdngmnhkhetranhnhauquynkimsot)cconhhn(Lanai,Molokai,KahoolawevNiihau).Saukhingichuun,VuaKamehamehaNhtcaoLnnhanhchngtinhnhhpnhtccolnbngcchmuasngvtuthuyncangichuuxmchimvchinhphcutinlMaui,sauOahu.RiKamehamehachunbxm lnghnoHawaii cui cngcnc lp lKauai,nhngcuicngttrngonytcmtgiiphpvinhvuathngquamphn,nycucthngnhtqunohontt.LoibintcnligiaccxhiPolynesiamchngtacnxtlcccngcvnhng
phngdinkhccavnhavtth.Vicminicnhngloinguynliuthkhcnhauctcngrrtnnnvnhavtth.mtthiccloHenderson,mtrnsanhnilntrnmtbinvkhngcloinokhcngoivi.Cdntrnochcnbitchtcranhngchicrulivmbngvtrai.thiccilplngiMaoritrntiulcaNewZealand,ctrongtaymtlotnhiuloinguynliuthvtrnncbitngchcchhsdngngcbch.GiahaithicclcconilaidngcaPolynesia,vnthiugranit,lavccloilcakhcnhngtnhtcngcnila,ngiPolynesia ch tcny thnhnhng chic rucmihaynhbngdngphtquangtlmrung.
Vccloivtdngchtc,dnqunoChathamchngcnglmngoinhngchicdicuivgycmtaygithicu,chimvtmhm.Cdnhuhtccokhcthtorartnhiuvtdngkhcnhau,gmlicu,ru,trangscvnhiuvtkhcna.Trnccosanh,cngnhChatham,ccvtdngnynh,tngingin,ailmrathcangiy,cnkintrcthchngcghnlnhngtpluns.Cchnolnvngdnthcnhngththcngchuynnghiplmranhiuthvtphmgyuythdnhringchottrng,chnghnnhngochongkhngtaybnglngchimdnhchoccttrngHawaiiclmthngngncilngchim.NhngsnphmlnnhtcaPolynesialcccngtrnhsbngtrnmtso-
nhngbctnglngdanhtrnoPhcSinh,mccttrngTonga,ccntlqunoMarquesas,ccniHawaiivccoSociety.NnkintrchonhtrngnycaPolynesiarrngltinhatheocngmthngnhcckimtthpcaAiCp,LngH,MexicovPeru.Hinnhin,cccngtrnhcaPolynesiakhngcquymbngcckimtthpkia,nhngiuchphnnhthctlccpharangAiCpcthhuyngnhnlctmtdnsnghnnhiusovittrngcabtchnoPolynesiano.Song,dcvyina,cdnoPhcSinhvnxycnhngbctngnngti30tn,chngphilvicdivivnvn7.000conngikhngctrongtayngunlcnokhcngoicbpcachnhmnh.Nhvy,ccxhioPolynesiakhcnhaurtnhiutnhchuynmnhatrongkinht,
phctpxhi,tchcchnhtrvsnphmvtth,nhngiunyclinquannnhngkhcbitvquymvmtdns,rinltmnhdnslilinquanndintch,ctx,clpcatngo,cngnhchisinhtnvchiphttrinnnsnxutlngthctrntngo.TtcnhngkhcbitgiaccxhiPolynesiaphttrin-chtrongmtthigiantngingnvtimtphnkhimtncabmtTrit-nhnhngbin thi linquannmi trng trn cngmt xhi t tinduynht. CcchngloikhcbitvnhanytrongphmviPolynesia,vbncht,cngchnhlccchngloiphtsinhbtcninokhctrnthgii.Dnhin,dybinthitrntonthgiillnhnnhiusovitrongphmviPolynesia.
Vocngthigiankhicdncclcachbaogmnhngngivndavocngc,NamMcngsinhranhngxhichuyndngkimloiqu,cnngiu-vngichuPhithtintidngst.NhngsphttrinkhngthxyracPolynesiabikhngmtoPolynesianotrNewZealandcqungkimloingk.Tiu-hnhthnhnhngquchnhoitkhichacaidicnPolynesia;NamMvTrungMthphttrinthnhqucmunhn,trongkhiPolynesiachsinhrachaiqucskhaitrongcmt(Hawaii)chhnhthnhsaukhingichuun.u-vTrungMphttrinchvitcaringmnh,cntiPolynesiathchvitkhngnysinh,clchngoitroPhcSinhsongngaycthchvitbncaonycngchraisaukhidnotipxcvingichuulnutin.Vynghal,Polynesiachotathymtltctnh-chkhngphitonbbctranh-v
tnhadngcaxhiloingi.iunyuchngcgl,biPolynesiachlmtltctnhcatnhadngalcathgii.Ngoira,biPolynesiachcnginnhcrtmuntronglchsloingi,nnngaycnhngxhiPolynesiacnhtcngchcvnvn3.200nmphttrin,tringcvitnht13.000nmiviccxhingayclcacngimunnht(chuM).GinhccthmvingnnmnathchchnTongavHawaiitticpnhngqucphttriny,nhlnnhauginhquynkimsotThiBnhDng,tsngtorachvitdngcaiqunccquc,trongkhingiMaoriNewZealandhncthbsungcngcbngngvstvodanhmcccvtphmbngngcbchvnhngchtliukhccamnh.Ningngn,Polynesiachotamtvdythuytphcvsadnglinquannmi
trngcaccxhiloingiangtrongqutrnhtintrin.Nhngtacngchhccrngchuyncthxyrabivnxyrari,Polynesia.Liuiucxyratrncclcakhckhng?Nuc,thnhngkhcbitmitrngnolnguynnhnchotnha
dngtrncclca,vnhnghqucachnglg?
NCHNG3.CucngCajamarca
hngshonidnslnnhttrongthicnilvicngichuudicsangTnThgii,vktqucanlhuhtccnhmngichuMbna(ngiAnh-ing
chuM)bchinhphc,suygimdnshocbinmthonton.Nhtigii thchChng1,TnThgii cnginnh cu tinvokhong11.000nm tr.CNhoctrctheongAlaska,eoBeringvSiberia.CcxhiphctplmnghnngdndnnysinhchuMxadnxungphaNamdctheoconngxmnhp,phttrintrongscchlyhontonviccxhiphctpangnysinhCuThgii.SaukhiconngitchudicsangchuMlnutin,nhngtipxcduynhtcthchngminhcgiaTnThgiivchuchdinragianhngngisnbthilmsnghaibnbeoBering, cng vi mt chuyn du hnh xuyn i dng mang khoai ty t Nam M nPolynesiamtacthlunra.VnhngtipxcgiaccdntccaTnThgiivichuu,nhngtipxcsmduy
nht l cangiNaUykhih chimcGreenlandvi s lng rtnh tnm986nkhongnm1.500.SongnhngcucvingthmcangiNaUykhngctcngthyrnonccxhichuMbna.Thayvo,vnhngmcchthcdng,cucnggiaccxhitintincaCuThgiiviccxhiTnThgiidinratngtvonm1492khiChristopherColumbusphthinraccoCaribnicngngichuMbnasinhsng.KhonhkhckchtnhnhttrongquanhgiangichuuvngichuMbnat
vsau lcucgpgutingiahongAtahualpacaqucIncavinhchinhphcFranciscoPizarrongiTyBanNhatrnthnhphcaonguynCajamarcaPeruvongy16thngMihainm1532.AtahualpalvchattuyticanhnclnnhtvtintinnhtTnThgii,trongkhiPizarrolidinchohongCharlesVcaqucLaMThnthnh(cncgilVuaCharlesnhtcaTyBanNha),chatcanhnchngmnhnhtchuu.Pizarro,dnumttonqunhpgm168binhsTyBanNha,angtrnmtvngtxal,hontonchngbitgvcdnbna,hontonkhngthlinlcvinhngngiTyBanNhagnnht(cch1.600kmphaBcPanama)vquxannikhlngckpthitipvin.Atahualpaanggiaquccachnhmnhvihngtriuthndn,vyquanhstnchloqungm80.000chinbinhvacakhckhihonsaumtcucchinvinhngngiAnh-ingkhc.ThnhngPizarrobtsngAtahualpatrongvngviphtsaukhihainginhnthynhaulnutin.Pizarrotiptcgiamgitnhntrongtmthng,imtkhontinchuclnnhttronglchsilylihatrtdochonhvua.Saukhinhnctinchuc-mtsvngchtymtcnphngdi22b(gn7m),rng17b(hn5m)vcaotrn8b(khong2,5m),PizarronutlihavhnhquytAtahualpa.SkinbtsngAtahualpacnghaquytnhvivicngichuuchinhphctonb
qucInca.McdvkhuvitcaTyBanNhahncngcthbomchongiTyBanNhasmmungcngthng,songvicbtsngnhvuakhinchocucchinhphcdinranhanhchnghnvhtscddng.AtahualpacngiIncasngbinhthnmttrivcuyquyntuytivithndn,htuntheomnhlnhcanhvuangayckhingiangbgiamcm.MythngtrckhinhvuachtlPizarrocnhngnhmthmhimnnhngvngkhccaquc IncamkhngaidmcncngnhcnginPanamaxintipvin.nkhigiaotranhgiangiTyBanNhavingiIncartcuccngxyrasaukhiAtahualpabhnhquytthlclngcangiTyBanNhangshnnhiu.Nhvy,skinbtgiAtahualpangchvichngtachnnhduthiim
quytnhtrongcucnglnnhttronglchshini.Nhngskinnycnngchtheonghakhiquthn,biccnhntdnnvicPizarrobtgiAtahualpa,vthccht,cngchnhlccnhntquytnhktcccanhiungtngtgianhngk
thcdnvi ccdn tcbnabt cu trong th gii hini.Do, vicbt giAtahualpachotamtcasrngnhnvolchsthgii.Nhnggdin rangyhm tiCajamarcacnhiungibitnbicnhiu
ngiTyBanNhatrctipthamgiaghili.cchtcmnhnvnhngskin,tahycngsnglithiimybngcchandtvonhautrchontngthutcanhngngitainghemtthy-suchinhucaPizarrotrongchaingianhemcanglHernandovPedro.Skhnngoan,tnhcantrng,klutquni,lngcccungtnty,nhngchuynhi
hnhyphimnguy,vnhngtrnchincangiTyBanNha-nhngbticaHongbtkhchinbicaqucLaMthnthnh,cVuavChathinnhincachngta-smangnimvuichongingoanovnikinhhongchonhngphngvo.Vldony,vvinhquangcaChaTri,vphngscGiohongcachngta,thnthtvuisngcvitbntngtrnhnygilnHongthng,saochomingibitnnhngglinquanangdinrachnny.BntngthutnylvvinhquangcaChaTribihchinhphccvmangvchoTnNgngKitthnthnhcachngtacmannolnhngkngoionhsdndtthinglingcaNgi.lvvinhquangcaHongchngtabinhquynnngvivhngphccaNgimnhngskinnhvydinradithicaitrcachnhNgi.Vicnysmanglinimvuichonhngngingoanornghchinthngnhngcucgiaotranhthkia,khmphvchinhphccnhngvngtthkia,mangvchocVuavchochnhmnhnhngbcvngchubuthkia,gieorcnikhipsnngnynhngqunngoiovkhintonnhnloiphiemlngbiphc.Bicbaogi,duthixahayngynay,mtsngitinththngcs
ngnth,vtquangnyxs,bngquangnybinkhi,ruiquangnyqungng,tcnhngktchlnlaonthhuchinhphccitachatngthyvchatngbit?NhngngiTyBanNhacachngta,tuychlst,chalcnocqu200hay300ngicngmtlc,ikhichcvnvn100ngihaycnthnna,ngaytrongthiichngtachinhphcnhiulnhthhnbtcthinottrcnnayhocnhiuhnlnhthmttcccnghongngoanovngoiotngshu.Githnschvitvnhnggxyratrongcucchinhpht,vskhngvitnhiutrnhdngdi.ThngcPizarromuncthngtintnhbotmtsngiAnh-ingCajamarcan,
thlngiralnhtratnchng.ChngthnhnrngngheniAtahualpaangiThngchCajamarca.Th lThngchh lnhtinqun.KhincngthnhCajamarca,chngtithytricaAtahualpacchchngmt l(9),nichnni.TricangiAnh-ing trngnhmtthnhphthtp.Hcnhiulunnittcchngticngnranhn.Chotilcchngtichahthymtcignhvyvngngn.NkhinttcngiTyBanNhachngtikinhsvbiri.Nhngchngtikhngthlmnhangshihocquay lngrt lui,binungiAnh-ingnhn thydchmtmymayyuuinochngtithngaycnhngngiAnh-ingmchngtimangtheolmngihngdncngcthsgitchngti.Vthchngtictratitnhphnchn,vsaukhicnthnquan st thnh ph cng nhng chic lu, chng ti i xung thung lng vo thnhCajamarca.Chng tibnvinhauhi luxemcnphi lmg.Ttcchng tiuyshibi
chngtitngiqumlithmnhpqusuvomtvngtnichngtikhnghyvnggctipvin.TtcchngtingpThngchbnxemshnhngrasaovongyhmsau.mhmychngmyaitrongchngtichpmt,chngticngmmiqungtrngCajamarca,nhnnhngnglangoitricaqunAnh-ing.Nhncnhtngymkhips.Huhtccnglautrnsni,gnnhaunnitrngnhbutrichichtnhngsao.mhmkhnghcsphnbitgiakquynuyvingihnmnhaygiabinhlnhchntvks.Ttculmnghavcanhgc,vkhlmlmtrong tay.HernandoPizarro, em trai(10) caThng ch, d on s binh s Anh-ing vo
khong40.000ngi,nhngylngnidikhchlchngti,chthtracnhn80.000ngiAnh-ing.SnghmsaumtipscaAtahualpan,Thngchlinboy:Vbochacangi
hynkhinovbngcchnotyngimun,vdnginbngcchnoinatacngschonnginhngibnvngianhem.Tamongnginsmbitartmungpngi.Ngiskhngbhigcngkhngphichulixcphmnou.ThngchchomqunquanhqungtrngCajamarca,chiakbinhthnhhainhm,mt
nhmngigiaochoemtraiHernandoPizarrochhuy,nhmkiangigiaochoHernandodeSoto.Cngvyngichiabbinhra,bnthnnginmmtnhm,nhmkiangigiaochoemtrailJuanPizarro.ngthingiralnhchoPedrodeCandiaemhai,balnhbbinhmangknlnmtphoinhtrongqungtrng,chttivimtthalc.KhittcngiAnh-ingcAtahualpaicngbcvoqungtrng,ThngchsrahiuchoCandiavngicangta,sauhsbtunsng,knsvangln,nghetingkn,kbinhstrnratkhonhsnrngnihangnnpsnsngxungtrn.n traAtahualpabt u ra lnh chongi camnh xp thnghng ri tin li gn.
ChngmychcchngtithytonbngbngtrnngpngiAnh-ing,chcchclidnginhngngiAnh-ingkhcnavnangritrimtintingsauh.Hckonhttpnyntpkhcmitichiu.Nhngtputintinstgntrichngti m nhng ton khc vn tip tc t tri ca ngi Anh-ing ta ra. i ng trcAtahualpal2.000ngiAnh-ingvaivadpng,theosauhlccchinbinh,mtnaiubctrncnhngbntringta,nakiathbnphingta.iulmtphniAnh-ingmcqunonhiumugingnhb