JCOAL Journal Vol

JCOAL Journal Vol.30 MAY 2015

Page 1 New Year Greetings from Yoshihiko Nakagaki, Chairperson, JCOAL

2 New Year’s Address – Takafumi Kakudo, Director, Coal Division, Agency for

Natural Resources and Energy, METI

◆Special Report 3 Clean Coal Day 2014

◆Regional Information 6 Coal in Ukraine

10 Coal in Myanmar

◆Technical Report 13 “Extensive Survey on Lignite Utilization Potential in Europe and United States”

◆JCOAL Project Report

19 Commencement of Commercial Operation of Coal-fired Power Generation using

CCS at Unit 3 of Boundary Dam Power Station in Canada

20 Publication of “Guidelines for effective utilization of coal ash mixed material

(Earthquake disaster reconstruction material edition)

22 2014 National CCS Conference Participation Report

25 Report on Seminar “Countermeasures for spontaneous combustion of coal

(towards expansion of low-grade coal utilization)” held by JCOAL

27 Mining and Materials 2014 (Kumamoto)

28 Report on the 9th Japan Association of Energy and Environmental Education

(JAEEE) Conference

29 “Workshop on Energy Coal-Fired Power Generation in Southeast Asia Region”

30 GHG-12 Report

33 Seminar Attendance Report on Clean Coal Usage in Egypt

34 International Conference of Industrial Heritage

35 CEA-JCOAL Workshop FY2014 in India

New Year Greetings from Yoshihiko Nakagaki, Chairperson, JCOAL

On behalf of Japan Coal Energy Center (JCOAL), I am honored to express my gratitude for all good things to come in the year of 2015.

Throughout the old year of 2014, all my colleagues of JCOAL lead by the President have been working hard, which has made me proud

of myself as Chairperson of JCOAL that functions as a single window in Japan with a comprehensive coverage of the coal value chain. I

really appreciate their hard work in performing international and domestic activities as well as the outcomes that are well conducive not

only to Japan’s coal policy and implementation of clean coal utilization but also to the same for all other governments that are willing to

promote clean and sustainable coal utilization, introduction of CCTs (Clean Coal Technologies) and to formulate supporting policy.

Looking back on the first half of the old year, I was given an excellent opportunity to participate in the regular meetings of the Clean Coal

Working Group of the Mining Subcommittee of the Natural Resources and Fuel Committee formulated under the Advisory Committee for

Natural Resources and Energy, which produced an interim report on the proposed future coal policy.

Based on the foregoing interim report by the Clean Coal Working Group, JCOAL submitted a petition on coal policy to Ministry of

Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (METI) at the end of August 2014. We annually update the petition in the same period of the year.

Another occasion of great account in the year 2014, information of which I would like to share with you, is the Clean Coal Day

International Symposium held in Tokyo on September 8 and 9, 2014. This is, as some of our international counterparts might know, an

annual forum to discuss clean and sustainable coal utilization, where a variety of international and domestic stakeholders from both public

sector and private sector get together and discuss best available CCTs, policy barriers and possible policy instruments and measures to

address such barriers. I am more than happy that the event was held successfully with many outcomes; one of which was enhancement of

our rapport with participating government institutions and private players.

Indeed, such activities toward sustainable coal utilization in both upstream and downstream of the coal value chain have brought about

an excellent outcome; i.e. JCOAL’s membership has amounted to the total of over 110.

In the meantime, I believe that the year of 2015 will be another important year during which we will experience the most remarkable

progress ever in our joint collaboration for clean and sustainable coal utilization.

The aforementioned interim report by the Clean Coal Working Group will be incorporated into the forthcoming New Strategic Energy

Plan through the resumed discussion at the Advisory Committee, by which we expect directives about coal will be well provided. I

believe that the bottom line is 1. coal should continuously account for minimum 25% or more of the generation mix to sustain power

supply security, 2. Promote in speedy manner R&D of all relevant efficient and low-carbon technologies from CCT to CCS, which will

support both replacement and renewal of existing facilities in Japan and also bolster efforts by relevant governments to promote

introduction of such technologies to achieve sustainable power supply.

We are aware that the other event of global significance in 2015 is the 21st Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21/CMP11), where every government of this global community will be

requested to make commitments toward a new international agreement on the climate, applicable to all countries, with the aim of keeping

global warming below 2°C. Japan is not an exception. We have to be well prepared from now so that we will be able to clearly convey

our position on this one of the most important global issues.

Being the one and only organization in Japan that boasts both expertise, knowledge and global experience as well as network with

governments, international institutions and private sector players around the entire coal value chain, JCOAL is naturally obliged to

provide advice and information on behalf of the coal industry or of the relevant government institutions.

May God bless all of us for further progress!

JCOAL Journal Vol.30 1

New Year’s Address

Takafumi Kakudo – Director, Coal Division, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

(METI)

Wish you all a Happy New Year! I sincerely thank everyone from JCOAL and member companies for your enormous understanding

and cooperation towards implementation of coal and energy policy.

One of the most important problems for the Japanese government is steady implementation of energy policy, in consideration of role of

energy as a foundation that supports economic growth. The government is taking all efforts to promote responsible energy policy that

bolsters life of people of our time and also of next generation or economic growth, on the basis of "3E+S" i.e. securing sustainable energy

supply, economic efficiency, environmental impact mitigation and safety.

The Basic Energy Plan in consideration of energy situation after The Great East Japan Earthquake has been approved by Cabinet in last

April. As it used to be for decades, coal remains ranked as a fuel which is excellent in supply stability and economic efficiency and is

recognized accordingly as critical base-load power supply. In May 2014 Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy started

discussion for optimization of the policy for securing continuous and economical supply of coal, promotion of its appropriate utilization

and measures to address issues faced by the relevant industries. An interim report focusing on 3 pillars; i.e. securing economical and

stable supply of coal, promotion of environmentally-compliant coal utilization and overseas expansion of Japan's low carbon technology,

from the perspective of supply, usage and overseas promotion was released in August.

Coal has been considered as a resource that is excellent in stability and economic efficiency, and the current global trend of growing

demand for coal is expected to continue with further rise expected in demand and imports in developing countries. In addition, risk factors

such as coal suppliers stopping the production due to abnormal weather or strike etc. have been increasing and it is necessary to promote

efforts in response to such changes. It is considered that Australia and Indonesia will continue to remain as major coal producing countries,

but from the perspective of countries not producing coal, it is necessary to pursue the possibilities to diversify suppliers, such as

developing new suppliers etc., taking into consideration the changes in the coal market. Further, it is also important to positively consider

the utilization of much cheaper low-grade coal, but it has to be promoted through acceleration of technological developments and

demonstrations since low-grade coal has disadvantages such as risk of fire during transportation or poor calorie-based transportation

efficiency.

We, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry as the key government institution for energy and coal resources, have been strongly

supporting such activities concerning coal supply and development of Clean Coal Technology (CCT) that helps in clean usage of coal. As

a result, coal fired power generation in Japan has attained world's highest level and we are very happy that many high-efficiency and

low-carbon type coal fired power stations showcasing CCT exist in Japan. However, discussions on measures against global warming ask

for how to control and reduce CO2 emission from coal which is a largest source of emission in the field of energy. Concretely speaking,

technological development, demonstration and diffusion for high-efficiency and low-carbon IGCC/IGFC is an urgent global issue.

There are many coal fired power stations operating around the world; mainly in growing economies, and in response to the increasing

power demand, coal fired power stations are expected to increase or get replaced in future. There are some multi-bilateral institutions

trying to restrain public support for overseas expansion of coal fired power generation. However, Japan, who is a forerunner in this field,

has been explaining and trying to enhance the understanding of all OECD member countries giving public support as well as countries

including coal consumers in Asia requiring public support, in order to promote clean coal utilization and sharing of appropriate CCT that

supports growth of each country and region as well as emissions reduction.


Special Report

Clean Coal Day 2014

Toshiko Fujita, Japanese Center for Asia Pacific Coal Flow

JCOAL organized the Clean Coal Day International Symposium 2014 on September 8th (Mon) - 9th (Tue), 2014 at ANA Intercontinental Hotel Tokyo. 19 presentations (including 2 Featured Speeches and 3 Keynote Speeches) were conducted with 3 international organizations (IEA, GCCSI, ERIA) and total over 600 participants (including speakers) from 10 countries. The same as in the past, we could manage to organize the symposium with support from New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) and Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC); which are independent organizations conducting coal-related activities, the Global CCS Institute headquartered in Australia, Ube City, overseas embassies of 25 countries, and 6 state governments of Australia and Canada in Tokyo, in addition to Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI).

Government and corporate members from major coal producing countries such as Australia, United States, China, Indonesia and new coal producing countries like Mozambique that are expected to develop coal mines in future, as well as members from international organizations such as International Energy Agency (IEA), Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Global CCS Institute (GCCSI) took the rostrum, and the speaker of the Government of the Republic of Poland attended the symposium from the home government for the first time. Lively discussions were held on both the days by senior executive leveled speakers from the government & corporates and audience members from the government and concerned institutions such as METI, JOGMEC, NEDO etc. and JCOAL member companies such as trading companies and plant manufacturers as well as educational and research institutions, etc. inside of Japan.

Further, JCOAL announced its statement for the first time after the symposium, as follows. ● Coal is indispensable as an economical and stable energy

resource for "securing sustainable power keeping by energy best mix".

● Development and implementation of concrete measures for low carbon type coal utilization is indispensable to continue getting the benefits from superiority of coal.

● In the regions of developing countries which prefer coal use to promote future economic growth, implementation of the clean coal technology must be promoted through best method suitable for each region

situation in order to reduce CO2 emission. ● Technological and financial support from developed

countries is indispensable for developing countries to promote speedy introduction of cutting-edge technology in the case of replacing existing aging facilities or construction new facilities of coal-fired power plants.

● For realizing zero emission of coal, development and practical application of CCS is important as a required measure, and effort to proceed it with international cooperation is necessary.

● The above-mentioned content is the consensus in promoting more efficient and sustainable use of coal, which is a resource of limited reserves, and getting coexistence of global environmental conservation and energy security.

On the next day of the symposium, September 10th,

mainly overseas speakers visited Nakoso IGCC plant of Joban Joint Power Co., Ltd.

The brief contents of Greetings and main presentations

are introduced below.

1. Welcome Address by METI Takayuki Ueda, Commissioner of Agency of Natural

Resources and Energy, METI ● I would like to extend my greetings on the occasion of

"Clean Coal Day International Symposium 2014". ● I know that this is 23rd anniversary of this symposium,

and there are lively discussions every year on wide range of topics from development of coal mining to usage with clean coal technology. Today, I am very happy about the grand opening of this symposium with participation from many of you representing international organizations, governments of various countries and industrial sector.

● It has been 3.5 years since The Great East Japan Earthquake, and significant impact on Japan's economy and basic energy policy still continues because of shut down nuclear power stations and increase fuel procurement costs. Under such circumstances, in the basic energy policy that was approved by the Cabinet in


April this year, coal has been re-evaluated as a fuel for important base load power supply.

● According to IEA Outlook, coal demand and coal-fired power generation will increase by 20% and 30% respectively in the approximately next 20 years; especially, coal will continue to be a critical energy resource in emerging and developing countries, mainly in Asia.

● On the other hand, it is a fact that coal has higher CO2 emission and environmental impact as compared to other fossil fuels such as natural gas. We will continue to discuss energy mix in domestic power supply, and it is necessary to achieve the energy best mix considering characteristics of each energy source. Therefore, acceleration introduction of clean coal technology is indispensable.

● Japan has world-class clean coal technologies including the high-efficiency coal-fired power generation, and it is important to develop technology for higher efficiency and lower carbonization in coal use. Further, Japan's highly efficient technology must contribute positively to the overseas countries using coal, in order to reduce the environmental impact.

● Keynote Speeches and Panel Discussion on current important issues, which are prospect of coal market, development of clean coal technology, strengthening cooperation between coal producing countries and coal consuming countries, and future coal utilization etc., will be held at the symposium today and tomorrow. I am expecting that the symposium will be completed satisfactorily

2. Featured Speech I

Keith Burnard, Head of Energy Supply Technology Unit, IEA - Thermal power generation using coal: Challenge to be taken up now - ● Recoverable reserves of coal are more than 1 trillion tons

and have been widely buried across approximately 75 countries.

● Coal demand will continue to increase in future, but it will start decreasing from 2020 according to 2°C Scenario (2DS) condition.

● Shifting to Renewable energy and nuclear energy, and implementation of CCS and higher efficiency power generation are necessary for reducing emission.

● The cost of 110 trillion USD has been linked to fuel saving with additional cost of 41 trillion USD for CO2 reduction from 2011 to 2050.

● Coal demand in power supply will increase in all

scenarios, and it will also increase in terms of energy composition. According to 2DS, coal will be the maximum energy passing oil in 2050.

● 2DS is not making steady progress as continual use of coal for power generation does not match up to achieve the objective of 2DS. Therefore, efficiency improvement, reduction in fuel consumption and reduction in emissions on air pollution by HELE (High Efficiency Low Emission) technology is expected. The current average efficiency of coal-fired power generation in the world is less than 34%, and CO2 emission is reduced by increasing efficiency of subcritical to 38%, USC to 45%, and advanced USC to 50%, but CCS should be developed for getting significant removal of CO2.

● Improvement in the efficiency of existing plants in short period of time will good way for CO2 reduction. Further, shut down aging inefficient plants and replacing existing plants with improvement will also have significant effects. And, CCS is indispensable technology to reduce global warming, and it is important to promote CO2 reduction.

3. Keynote Speech I

Takashi Sumita, Director-General of Natural Resources and Fuel Department, Agency of Natural Resources and Energy, METI ● Japan's energy policy and coal’s position in it ‐ Coal, which share of primary energy consumption is more than 20% in Japan, has mush recoverable reserves and is the energy resource excellent in economic efficiency and sustainable supply. ‐ The coal demand has been increasing mainly in developing countries. The price has been twice as that of early 2000s, and there is a risk of price increase in the medium- and long-term future. ‐ Coal-fired power generation technologies has been as "critical base load power source" in the basic energy policy. ‐ Japan's coal-fired power generation efficiency is at the top level of the world. (It is calculated that CO2 reduction of 1.5 billion tons (= total emission in entire Japan) is possible if the technology with the efficiency is applied to coal-fired power generation in United States, China and India) ‐ Implementation of Japan's high-efficiency coal-fired power generation technologies contributes to reduction in environmental impact on global scale. Further, it is one of the important infrastructure export fields.

● Problems and policy direction on the sustainable coal supply


‐ The problem is: Reduction of the excessive dependence (more than 80%) on Australia and Indonesia, and risks on climate matters and demand supply balance etc. ‐ As for the measures and policies, we are conducting (1) Study on diversification of suppliers, stable supply from major coal producing countries, re-assessment in terms of cost, diversification to new coal producing countries and (2) Study on technological development for expanding utilization of low-grade coal.

● Problems and policy direction om the coal utilization ‐ CO2 emission by utilizing coal is approximately 430 million tons. Out of which, approximately 260 million tons is by coal-fired power generation. Japan's coal-fired power generation technologies has the highest efficiency in the world, but it emits approximately twice CO2 as that of LNG power generation. ‐ I think efforts for emission control by further improvement in efficiency and CCS etc. are required. ‐ Regarding future high-efficiency usage and low-carbonization of coal-fired power generation, it is important to promote technological development and practical application of IGCC, IGFC, and A-USC etc. which are Japan's strength in industrial field.

● Problems and policy direction for overseas expansion at high-efficiency coal utilization technology ‐ Japan has achieved the highest level in the world on coal fired power generation technologies concerning efficiency by using t technology of USC and know-how of O&M management for keeping long term performances. Coal is an energy resource excellent in economic efficiency and supply stability. In Japan, where nuclear power station has been shut down for long term and fuel procurement cost reduction is an urgent issue, coal is considered to be the energy resource that can be effectively utilized while considering environmental impact. ‐ The global demand for coal is expected to increase and there are lots of expectations from Japan's high-efficiency coal utilization technology.

4. Keynote Speech II Julio Friedmann, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Clean

Coal and Carbon Management, Office of Fossil Energy, U.S. Department of Energy ● Fossil fuels are still abundant and it is predicted that

many countries will continue to use it in future. It is expected that the consumption of coal in many countries

will increase. ● If change in average temperature from pre-industrial

revolution era to the present is converted into sound, there is a high-pitched harsh sound after industrial revolution and it should be resolved at earliest. BAU (Business As Usual) has a problem.

● It is considered that there will be extreme increase in the cost corresponding to environment if CCT or CCS is not used, and technological development by combustion and gasification, chemical looping etc. is necessary.

● It is difficult to invest in existing plants and necessary to promote projects. It is important to show the results by carrying out many projects and performing its operations.

● In future, the international cooperation is important. Cooperation from many countries is required to promote projects with global expansion.

● DOE's portfolio related to CCS is carrying out 8 demonstration projects for commercializing with priority to promote advanced combustion and CO2 capture and storage and international cooperation.

● Clean coal technologies have to be promoted by converting CCS as a platform. It is necessary to raise funds by various means. EOR is important in short-term outlook and also gives revenue to government, but it is not possible to rely only on EOR in future.

● At present, various projects such as Quest Project in Canada, Lula Project in Brazil, White Rose in England, ESI Project in UAE, Green-Gen Project in China etc. are being implemented globally, and it is important to implement many more such projects across the world with international cooperation.


Regional Information

Coal in Ukraine Akira Shindo, Business Promotion Department

1. Introduction Ukraine has aimed at establishing energy system based on

"Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2030" enacted in 2006 and revised in 2013, but it is facing extremely severe conditions like insufficient supply of fuel coal from eastern region; which is a major coal producing area in Ukraine, and supplementing the power deficit caused by shutdown of gas-fired unit with coal-fired power generation, which has resulted from problems like unrest occurred in eastern region in February,

2014 and interruption of natural gas supply from Russia, and is required to reassess the power supply system.

As a representative of the Japanese Government, Motegi, the former Minister for Economy, Trade and Industry signed MOU to support the introduction of highly efficient coal fired power from the perspective of strengthening energy security during his visit to Ukraine in August, 2014, and Japan is actively supporting improvement in efficiency of coal fired power plant and improvement in environmental measures through diagnosis activities promoted by JCOAL. 2. Coal Resources and Production Volume

Ukraine became a constituent country of Soviet Union in 1922 and was a major coal producing country from the time of World War II until 1970s owing to Soviet Union's strong coal mine development policy. However, Ukraine got independence in 1991 due to the collapse of Soviet Union and its coal production dropped by half in comparison with the earlier production as shown in Figure 1.

Source: IEA Coal Statistics Search, Coal Information 2014

Figure 1 Coal production in Ukraine

This was due to the downturn caused by extreme drop in coal demand originated from the industrial stagnation

resulted from the post-independence economic crisis and increase in mining costs etc. associated with the transition to deep mining.

Figure 2 shows coal mining areas in Ukraine. There are 3 major areas of Donbas composed of Donetsk and Luhansk oblast, Donieper and Liviv-Volyn. Donetsk and Liviv-Volyn produce hard coal whereas Donieper produces lignite. These coal mining areas account for 95% of coal reserves in Ukraine and Donetsk accounts for 95% of anthracite in Ukraine.

Source: IEA Prospect for coal and clean coal technology in Ukraine, 2011

Figure 2 Ukraine’s major coal basins

According to BP2013 report, it has been estimated that Ukraine has 15.4Gt of anthracite and bituminous coal reserves and 18.5Gt of brown and semi-bituminous coal reserves. The coal production in 2009 was 72.5Mt, which was ranked 12th in the world. Table 1 shows recent coal production in each mining area and Figure 3 shows recent production percentage by coal type in Ukraine.

Table 1 Coal production in each mining area

Basin Coal Production Increase from 2010Donetsk 36.3 13.1 % Luhansk 27.3 9.7 % Donieper 15.4 2.0 %

Liviv-Volyn 3.0 15.0 % Source: IEA Ukraine 2012

As shown in Figure 4, more than 40% of coal mines have

been operating for more than 50 years, and only 4% of them have been renovated. Average depth of each coal bed is 700m, and approximately 20% of it has a depth of 1,000 to 1,400m. Coal bed is thin and the thickness of 85% of it that

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160百万Ton 原料炭(Coking Coal)

一般炭（Bituminous Coal)

無煙炭（Anthracite）

(Mt) Coking Coal

Bituminous Coal

Anthracite

Bituminous Coal + Anthracite


can be mined is also less than 1.2m and 35% of it is steeply inclined. As a result, these coal mines have hazardous working conditions and low productivity.

Source: IEA Coal Statistics Search, 2014

Figure 3 Coal production by coal type

Economic efficiency is extremely low as production of each coal mine (Figure 5) is less than average 800,000t which is lower than the coal production of neighboring countries. The coal also has higher ash content, which is 38% in the coal used for domestic purpose and 26% in exported coal, as well as higher sulfur content of average 2.5%, and requires thorough pre-washing before exporting, which is a major reason for higher costs and reduced export volume.


Figure 4 Coal mine by age


Figure 5 Coal mines by annual output

Restructuring (reducing subsidy, closing down unprofitable coal mines, improving production efficiency etc.) of coal industry was planned with presidential decree of coal industry restructuring of 1996 and government decisions of 2001 and 2005, but it was not successful enough. 283 coal mines present in 1991 reduced to 167 in 2005, but many coal mines are still debt-ridden and privatization program has also been suspended. There are 24 government-owned coal companies having 164 coal mines and 3 private companies having 25 coal mines, but those private

companies are responsible for 40% of Ukraine’s coal production (washed coal: 59 to 60Mt, raw coal: 80Mt).

3. Coal Utilization

Table 2 shows the recent trend of coal demand in Ukraine. The coal production volume and self-sufficiency ratio was dropped below 80% in early 2000s, but it was maintained above 90% in 2011 by recovering coal production of 40 million tons in oil equivalent from 2011. Table 2 Coal demand-supply trend (Unit: 1,000 tons of oil

equivalent) 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012

Production 41,679 34,688 33,716 40,345 40,256Import 2,199 2,628 2,973 2,753 4,734Stock Change - 2 1,562 -1,607 -2,272Transformation 43,878 37,318 38,251 41,490 42,718

Electricity Plants 13,777 13,907 19,230 21,165 22,722Final Consumption 13,615 11,970 8,372 9,402 9,604

Industry 8,807 8,366 7,189 7,928 8,310Transport - 53 27 26 12others 4,358 2,262 670 892 890Non-Energy Use - 1,290 486 556 391

Source: IEA Energy Balances of Non-OECD, 2014 As Ukraine produces large amount of anthracite, it used

to be exported to Turkey, Bulgaria and West European countries, but for coking coal roughly 10% of it is imported from Russia because it does not produce enough, and because of coal quality degradation due to depletion of coal bed; especially high sulfur content, it cannot be loaded into the coke oven without mixing with low sulfur coal. Further, Ukraine also imports very small quantity of coal from Kazakhstan. (Figure 6)

Source: IEA Ukraine Energy Policy Review, 2006

Figure 6 Projected Volume of Raw Coal production, Import and Export in Ukraine

However, Ukraine is promoting import of coal from

overseas; especially from South Africa in order to compensate shutdown of gas-fired power generation units, which has resulted from recent interruption of Natural gas supply from Russia, with coal-fired power generation units and to compensate deficit of coal supply from eastern region, which is a major coal producing area in Ukraine. It is moving ahead with a plan to accept transport vessels of capacity more than 100,000t at the Port of Constanta located in Rumania and to transport that coal to Port of Odessa in


Ukraine by small ships and then by rail since there is no port in Ukraine which can accept such large vessels. 4. Power Condition 4.1 Energy demand and supply

Figure 7 shows the generating power with fuel breakdown for the last two decades and Figure 8 shows current balance of total power generation amount in Ukraine. Previously described "Energy Strategy" mentions about the assumption that Natural gas consumption will be reduced by 2030, whereas coal and power demand will be doubled and power production will also be doubled. As it can be seen in both the figures that coal percentage is gradually increasing, but the percentage of the nuclear power generation is still high.

Source: IEA Energy Balances of Non-OECD, 2014

Figure 7 Changes in electricity generation by fuel

Source: IEA Energy Balances of Non-OECD, 2014

Figure 8 Electricity generation by fuel (2012) 4.2 Power demand and supply

The thermal power stations in Ukraine have been constructed in 1960-1970s during Soviet era and are mostly coal fired power units, but construction of new thermal power stations was greatly reduced from end of 1970s since promotion of nuclear power generation which started operation since late 1970s was given priority, but after Chernobyl nuclear accident of 1986, construction of new nuclear power generation plants was stopped and power generation was shifted to thermal power generation. However, ratio of nuclear power has increased in recent years since thermal power generation was reduced due to

steep rise in oil and gas prices imported from Russia and suspension of nuclear power station construction was also released after Ukraine's independence.

The plant installed capacity as of 2009 was approximately 52 GW, 66% of it is thermal power generation, 26% is nuclear power and 9% is hydraulic power. However, as shown in Figure 8, nuclear power account for 45-50% of operational power generation and thermal power has just 40-44%. Most of thermal power units are coal fired units, excepting Natural gas-fired units; 800MW power units of Zaporizka and Vuglegirska power station and 300MW power units of Trypliska power station, and furthermore they are old and have been already operating for more than average 45 years.

Due to economic depression after 1990, coal fired units installed before have excessive production capacity above the reduced power requirement, some units have been apparently shut down and 1/4th of total units are in unusable condition due to severe aging, wear or damaged parts; there are some plants which use these units for providing parts for repairing other units.

Previously, these coal fired power stations were operated by 4 government-managed companies (Zakhidenergo, Centrenergo, Dniproenergo, and Donbasenergo), but some power stations were managed by transferring ownership rights to new private company called Shidenergo. Further, with the government’s decision in 2011 privatization was strongly encouraged. As a result, Power and Energy Company named "DTEK" under SMC Holdings owned by Mr. Akhmetov, who has largest financial power in Ukraine, is dominating the electric power industry in Ukraine, and controls and owns more than 70% of stakes in Zakhidenergo, Dniproenergo and Shidenergo companies. Donbasenergo was sold to Energoinvest Company in privatization bidding of 2013. Consequently, Centrenergo is the only government-managed power company in Ukraine at present. 4.3 Overseas export of electricity

Ukraine is an electricity exporting country, and Burshtynska power station in the West can export electricity to neighboring countries like Hungary, Slovakia and Romania because it is exceptionally connected to power grid of EU and UCTE power grid under electric power system of Ukraine, and it has supplied 3.8TWh power in 2012. 5. Coal fired power stations in Ukraine

Figure 9 shows map indicating locations of coal fired power stations in Ukraine.

Coal80.440.5%

Nuclear90.145.4%

Natural Gas16.08.1%

Hydro10.55.3%

Other1.30.7%

Unit: TWh

Coal

Nuclear

Natural Gas

Hydro

Other


Government-owned Centrenergo owns 3 power stations and DTEK owns 3 power generation companies (each managing 3 power stations). As per the main coal mining areas in Ukraine shown in Figure 2, Donbass region producing anthracite is in the eastern region where unrest still continues at present and many power plants in that region have been forced to shut down.

6. Support to improve efficiency of coal fired power stations in Ukraine

Conditions in Ukraine were also discussed in G7 Rome Energy Ministerial Meeting held in May 2014 and as a measure to strengthen energy security, a joint statement of extending support for improvement in energy efficiency was adopted. In response to the request from coal producing Ukraine, Japan decided to cooperate for efficiency improvement of old coal fired power stations and it was confirmed in G7 summit held in June. As a concrete support, Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed between JCOAL and Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine in August 2014, which contains the activities to select typical coal fired power stations in Ukraine, dispatch team of power generation experts from Japan, conduct diagnosis and propose a concrete remediation proposal for improvement in the efficiency of those power stations and environmental measures.

Photo 1 Signing of memorandum between JCOAL and Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine

Photo 2 Signing of memorandum between JCOAL and DTEK

As previously described, government-managed Centrenergo and privately managed "DTEK" are the two major power companies in Ukraine, MOU was also signed with DTEK in October 2014 for conducting diagnosis of representative coal fired power station owned by DTEK. 7. Summary

Ukraine has many coal fired power stations, next to Poland in eastern region, and the importance of coal fired power stations using abundantly produced coal including lignite is increasing due to the unstable supply of Natural gas from Russia. The diagnosis of old coal fired power stations will be executed and concrete proposal for improving their efficiency and environmental measures will be taken forward positively.

Burshtynska

Dobrotvirska

Kryvorizka

KurakhovkaLadyzhinska

LuhanskMyronivsky

Prydniprovska

Slovianska

Starobeshivska

Trypilska

Vuhlehiska

Zaporizka

Zmiivska

Zuyiv

Lviv

Ivano‐Frankivsk

Vinnytsia

Zaporizhia

Dnipro‐petrovsk

Luhansk

Donetsk

Kharkiv.Kyyivska.

State Free Float

Zakhidenergo (4600MW) Com.

Dobrotvirska 100MWx2150MWx2 59-64

Burshtynska 185MWx4195MWx8 65-69

Ladyzhyn 300MWX6 70-71

Dniproenergo (5785MW) Com.

Kryvorizka-2 282MWx10 69-70

Prydniprovska 150MWx4285MWx3310MWX1

59-66

#11:2001

Zaporizka 300MWx4 72-73

Shidenergo (4085MW) Com.

Lugansk 175MWx2200MWx5

62-69

Zuevskaya-2 300MWx2320MWx1325MWx1

83-86

#1R:2009

Kurakov 200MWx1210MWx4225MWx2

72-75

Donbasenergo (2615MW) Com.

Slavyanak 800MWx1 .71

Strabeshev 175MWx8200MWx1215MWx1

61-67

Coal Fired Power stations in Ukraine

(Note)

100 %

State DTEK

25 %

72.9 %

State DTEK

25 %

70.9 %

State DTEK

85.8 %

14.2 %

State＊ Free Float

＊Sold to Energoinvestunder the 61% privatization bid of 2013/August.

Centrenergo (4600MW) Com.

Trypilska 300MWx4(300MWx2)(Gas Firing)

69-70(71-72)

Zmiivska 175MWx6275MWx3325MWx1

60-69

Vuglegirs 300MWx4 72-73

Power company (Total capacity) Commissioning Year

TPP name Capacity X No.

21.7 %

78.3 %


Regional Information

(Source: Department of Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration (DGSE)) Map indicating location of coal mines in Myanmar

Coal in Myanmar Toyokazu Sugawara, Resources Department

1. Introduction Democratization is advancing rapidly under President

Thein Sein, who won General Election of 2010 after over 20 years of military government in Myanmar. Further, Myanmar's economic growth and dormant potential is called as "Asia's last frontier", with a background of its geographical location bordered by China, India and Thailand and predominantly cheap and abundant labor. Under revamped political system, there are lots of expectations towards future economic growth by achieving positive financial inflow by foreign investments.

On the other hand, delay in development of key infrastructure such as transportation, electricity and telecommunication due to the adverse effects of long-standing military regime is cited as a major problem. Especially, planned power shutdowns are implemented predominantly due to insufficient supply of electricity with remarkable economic growth in recent years.

The main entity of power generation in the country is hydraulic power and predominantly accounts for two-third (approximately 76%) of the total power, next is a natural gas which accounts for one-fifth (approximately 21%) and coal fired power accounts for just 3%.

Natural gas promotes export than the domestic consumption and ensures acquisition of foreign currency. Recently, coal export has been banned due to policy to prioritize domestic consumption. The only coal fired power station operating in Myanmar is Tigyit power station in Shan state and entire amount of coal is supplied from the neighboring Tigyit coal mine. 2. Characteristics of Coal in Myanmar

The coal in Myanmar belongs to Tertiary period and is mostly lignite to sub-bituminous coal. It is known that coal fields and mines have been distributed across the entire Myanmar. In fact, not many locations have made it into coal mine development. The coal mining area can be broadly divided into 6 areas (Kalewa region, Lasio region, Tigyit region, South Shan region, Minbu region and Peninsula region) as shown below. The main coal producing region is Kalewa. 3. Demand and Supply of Coal in Myanmar

The demand-supply trend within Myanmar is shown below. The coal production and mining area in Myanmar was expanded steadily (Source: Department of Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration (DGSE)) with start of production at Tigyit coal mine in 2004-05, but was on a

declining trend for some time with a peak production of 1.42 million tons in 2006-07. The amount of export increased to 800,000 tons in 2004-05 with the export to China and Thailand, but it was decreased later due to sluggish demand from both the countries. Recently, production volume has gradually recovered with the stable economic growth. Further, domestic consumption is also nearly equal to the production volume and is increasing.

(Source: No.3 Mining Enterprise (ME3)) Trend of demand and supply of coal in Myanmar (Unit: 1,000 tons)

Figure below shows the transition of coal consumption. Initially, consumption was mainly by the cement industry, and the performance has been steady with annual consumption of 100 to 200 thousand tons in spite of the impact on domestic economy. The operation started at Tigyit coal fired power station from 2004-05 has resulted in coal consumption in new power applications. Currently,


the domestic consumption has increased to account for more than half due to subsequent stable coal consumption of over 300,000 tons in power applications.

(Source: No.3 Mining Enterprise) Breakdown of coal consumption in Myanmar (Unit: 1,000 tons) 4. Myanmar's Only Coal Fired Power Station

Tigyit coal fired power station started its operation at the end of 2004 with a total rated power output of 120MW (60MW x 2). The planned annual coal consumption amount is 640,000 tons. The facility is made in China and due to the continued problems in the beginning, power could not be generated as per rated power output and annual coal consumption has also remained at 350,000 tons, which is nearly half the planned amount. According to the information obtained in this summer, it has been closed at present for renovation work in response to the environmental impact on surrounding area.

The total amount of coal is supplied from neighboring Tigyit coal mine. It originally started production in 2004 to supply coal to coal fired power stations, but annual average production volume has been low to approximately 300,000 tons due to operation rate (reduction) of power station. The mining method is open-cut mining using truck and shovel. The lignite has 4,500 kcal/kg (AD) of calorific value, more than 30% (AR) of total moisture, and about 20% (AD) of inherent moisture. The total sulfur content is 2% (AD) and it is necessary to reduce environmental load at the time of use. HGI, a measure of grindability of coal is 27, which is a very high value characterizing extreme hardness. The ash composition is 30% SiO2 and 24% CaO, which is extremely high and is in harmony with the physical characteristics of extreme hardness of the coal. 5. Plan for New Coal Fired Power Stations

At present, construction of multiple coal fired power stations has been proposed to resolve chronic problem of electricity shortage in Myanmar. Toyo-Thai Group has planned to start a coal fired power station in Thilawa Special Economic Zone (SEZ) on the outskirts (approximately 23km in south-east direction) of Yangon, which is being developed by the leading public and private sector companies from Japan. Regarding the coal to be used, Toyo-Thai Group was considering to import the coal

from Australia and Indonesia, but the plant construction location was changed to Ann-Din village, Ye town in Mon state situated further on south since the depth of water at the mouth of Thilawa river was not sufficient for docking the coal ship and local residents were highly environment-conscious. It will take some more time since it is necessary to resolve various such problems in the actual construction and maintenance of coal fired power station. 6. Introduction to Situation of Coal Mine Development

Under the subsidy program offered by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2 locations were inspected to study the status of lignite mine development in higher areas in eastern part of South Shan state with a standard height of approximately 500m. Following is the brief overview about the same. It took half a day to reach the destination by slowly driving the used four-wheel drive car on a single-lane rough road with a bed of crushed gravel.

"Open-pit mine in Narpakaw village" started the production in last December, but has stopped the production from this year's rainy season in June. Therefore, the mining area was flooded (coal mines in Myanmar generally stop the production in rainy season) with water at the time of visit. There are 4 coal seams of approximately 1.2m. The production volume by truck and shovel method was approximately 100 tons/day and the lignite was used for brick burning.

At the "Site planned for developing Mainghok coal

mine", coal seam is exposed to river bed but it was flooded with water at the time of survey. MEC, which is operated by military and has holding in this coal mine, has completed F/S and is waiting for the construction approval from the government. The sub-bituminous coal reserves are 118 million tons with 3 to 5 coal seams to be mined, approximately 30m thick coal seam, stripping ratio in the range of 4 to 9, 4,900 kcal/kg (AD) calorific value, 32 % (AR) total moisture and 1.7% (AD) sulfur content. Coal seam inclination is 5 to 10 degree. It is planned to produce maximum 1.5 million tons by open-pit mining and supply it to mine-mouth power station. The 50MW mine-mouth coal fired power station has started the foundation work and its capacity will be increased to 450MW in future. If


successful, it will be the largest coal mine and coal fired power station in the country. 7. Other Regional Factors

In response to the planned power shutdowns due to insufficient supply of electricity, power generators have been installed carelessly outside the private houses and everywhere along the public roads, and one can understand the level of public safety from such things.

After 2003, ministries and government offices have been

relocated from old capital Yangon to new capital Naypyidaw. There are very few street lights at night in Yangon even though commercial facilities and more than half the population is concentrated there. On the other hand, with national pride at stake, excess street lights have been provided regardless of almost zero traffic at night in Naypyidaw. This contrast between two cities stands out very much.

The ban on importing used cars has been removed since 2011 and especially the Japanese cars have been most popular. It has in fact reached 40% of the total goods imported from Japan. Traffic scene in Myanmar, with overflowing Japanese used cars which are right-handed (Japan has left-handed traffic) and having Japanese signs on right steering wheel as it is, develops a strange illusion while being overseas.

With the prospect for economic growth on one hand, and 135 distinct ethnic groups on the other hand, military has been put in place in Myanmar for domestic security against religious conflicts etc. The sources of domestic conflicts are still smoldering, and is the unstable factor obstructing other domestic development in addition to political and economic development. 8. Closing Remarks

In spite of knowing the status of resource exploration, especially the distribution of coal reserves, system also has not been explored exhaustively due to the long-standing military regime. Similar to the developing economy, dormant coal reserve potential has been hidden and the amount of coal resources and reserves is expected to increase exponentially with the progress of coal

exploration under stable political and economic conditions in future.


Technical Report

"Extensive Survey on Lignite Utilization Potential in Europe and United States"

Masafumi Uehara, Resources Department, Keiji Makino, JAPAC

1. Introduction FY2014 International coal utilization technology

promotion subsidy "Clean coal technology international cooperation project and promotion in response to climate changes (8) "Extensive Survey on Lignite Utilization Potential in the world" has been started from this year. The objective of this project is to survey properties of coal mines and reserves etc. in low-grade coal such as lignite producing countries like Poland, Germany, Australia, United States, Turkey, India and Indonesia etc., and to organize distribution of reserves by usage difficulty and usage related technical problems, in order to contribute towards promotion for using low-grade coal from Japan and selection of coal mines under Japanese companies. This time, we conducted a survey in Europe and United States focusing on Germany and Poland. Following is the report on present condition of lignite mines and latest technical trend concerning lignite usage.

2. Survey in Europe

We explored the lignite mines, neighboring coal fired power stations and research institutes in Poland and Germany. (1) EURACOAL EURACOAL is composed of 20 member countries. Germany is world's largest lignite producing country and EU imports largest amount of coal from Russia, which is followed by United States and Columbia. The coal fired power of EU gives highest importance to flexibility in power generation, for example maximum load at lignite fired USC in Germany is 880MW, minimum load is 520MW and load variation speed is ±32MW/min (=3.6%/min).

The power generation using natural gas is not competitive since the price of natural gas including shale gas in Europe is as high as 4 to 5 times the price in United States, and those power stations have been shut down recently or being used as stand-by facility. Further, power generation plants using lignite instead of bituminous coal are increasing in Germany because bituminous coal is expensive. As a result, bituminous coal fired power stations have been gradually closing down. In EU, old coal fired power stations are being operated with a base load, and latest large units are being operated with a load adjustment function. Old coal fired power stations are being gradually closed down, and IGCC construction plan for new constructions is being suspended one after the other

because IGCC construction cost in EU is high. (2) RWE Neurath lignite mine and neighboring power station (Germany)

RWE is the largest power company in Germany, and has become world's leading public utility company moving forward with the large-scale acquisitions of Power, Gas and Water companies in central Europe, England and United States. In Neurath, southern part of Germany, it owns lignite mine and neighboring coal fired power stations. 1) Neurath lignite coal mine

This coal mine mines the lignite and supplies it to 3 neighboring power stations. It has mining permit until 2030 and owns the mining area that can be mined until then. It is planned to rehabilitate the mined area and restore original forest after expiration of development permit. The lignite has 3 beds, and stripping ratio up to 1:10 is considered to be economical in Germany, but stripping ratio of this coal mine 1:5. Each of the 3 lignite beds is higher than 10m.

The coal has 40 to 50% moisture and 15 to 20% ash content. The coal having 13 types of properties is mined in this coal mine. The color of the lignite at the time of coal mining is brown, but it tends to become black as time passes. However, properties do not change.

The flow of lignite supply to power station is as follows. ①The rock from the upper coal bed (overburden) is removed or stripped. ②Lignite seen after the stripping is mined. If it is mixed with any wood, it is removed because it may have adverse effect on the mill. ③13 different grades of lignite are collected at one place and are blended to achieve appropriate characteristics that are required by respective boilers. ④ Blended lignite is carried to respective boiler on conveyor, but each boiler is provided with a screen to remove rocks and chips of wood. ⑤There are unmanned continuous monitoring devices on the coal supply conveyor which check if the moisture, ash content of coal matches with the grade requirement of the supplier. Conveyor speed is 30km/h and has a capacity to carry total 15,000 tons of lignite per day. 2) Neurath lignite-fired power station

There are 2 units in operation at this power station. The overview of those units is as follows. BoA2 1050MW, 585°C /600°C BoA3 1050MW, 600°C /605°C


(BoA is lignite-fired USC.) The power generation efficiency of normal lignite-fired power station in Germany is in the range of 33 to 38% (LHVnet). Both BoA2 and BoB3 have been constructed for efficiency improvement and cost reduction, and Alstom & Hitachi (Europe) are responsible for boilers, Alstom is responsible for turbine and Siemens is responsible for controls. RWE does not use steam temperature of 620°C to emphasize flexibility. The understanding is that, when temperature reaches 620°C, sudden change in load produces temperature difference at the thick part resulting in reduction of plant's life. Therefore, using temperature of 620°C is intentionally avoided. Furthermore, BoAplus has been planned. It has been planned to achieve higher power efficiency % than USC with additional feature of lignite drying besides normal USC. It was planned to construct commercial facility in the beginning of 2013, but it is expected to be implemented little early. Half of the USC boiler pressure parts at Neurath power station have been imported from Japan. Figure-1 shows status of RWE's Neurath lignite-fired power station.

Further, 1 drying equipment system has been installed and operational at neighboring Niederaussen power station as demo equipment for lignite drying.

Figure-1 RWE Neurath lignite coal mine and power station (3) PGE's Belchatow lignite coal mine and neighboring power station (Poland)

PGE (Polska Grupa Energetyczna S.A) is a government-owned electric power corporation in Poland, and it is Poland's largest power generation and power supplying company. PGE is also one of the largest electricity and heat supplying companies in Central and Eastern Europe, and supplies secure and stable power to more than 5 million homes and industrial companies with its own lignite coal mines. PGE owns Belchatow lignite coal mine and neighboring coal fired power station in central Poland. 1) Belchatow lignite coal mine This coal mine started mining in 1973 and has produced 38.5 million tons coal per year in 1980s, but currently the production has been increased to 42 million tons/year. The lignite from this coal mine has 1,935kcal/kg average

calorific value, 53% moisture content, 10% ash content and 1% sulfur content. Average stripping ratio varies with the coal mine and different locations at the same coal mine, but it is mainly (3.5 to 5):1. The lignite remaining at Belchatow coal mine is 700 million tons and reserves in new lignite mine currently under preparation is 500 million tons. It is said that presently 60% of lignite in Poland is produced at Belchatou coal mine. The machinery used here is made in Germany by Krupp and Orenstein & Koppel. Coal beds at Belchatow are lignite beds, in between which the rock salt bed exists. In other words, coal bed composition is such that lignite beds are separated by rock salt bed. Attention is paid not to get rock salt mixed with the coal because salt content is not allowed in the boiler. Prior assessment is necessary because rock salt bed is developing in Poland. Figure-2 shows status of PGE Belchatov lignite coal mine.

Figure-2 Belchatow lignite coal mine 2) Belchatow power station Overview of Belchatow power station is given below, but it is composed of existing unit having capacity of 4,460MW and new unit having capacity of 858MW. The boiler in the new unit is the largest and latest in Poland. ○ Existing unit: Started operation of first unit in 1981 ○ New unit: Started operation in 2011 ○ Fuel: Lignite, Bio-mass ○ Boiler, Turbine: 13 units ○ Total power generation: Existing unit - 4,460MW, new unit - 858MW ○ Total heat supplied: 375.6MW ○ Total power generation (2010): 27,394.2GWh ○ Total heat supplied (2010): 2,270,947GJ 3) Existing unit

There are 12 existing units each having capacity of 360MW. There was a situation when the rated power output of 360MW could not be produced due to the aging deterioration, but with modernization of equipment, each unit can now produce 360MW power. The construction of additional wet type desulfurization equipment was started in 1990s, and presently there are 13 units in total which produce 2.3 million tons gypsum annually. Most of the


gypsum is diverted for board production. 4) New unit New unit produces 838MW power, making it a lignite fired power station having highest efficiency in Poland. It was constructed 3 years back and its warranty period has expired at present. It uses light oil to start the boiler. (Normally boiler is started using heavy oil in Poland.) Boiler, turbine as well as power generator is made by Alstom, desulfurization equipment is made by RAFAKO and the rotor of power generator is made in Japan. PGE is currently constructing 900MW plant in Opole and 1000MW plant (planned to be built by Hitachi) in Kozienice. Figure-3 shows cross-sectional view of 858MW equipment.

Figure-3 Cross-sectional view of Belchatow 838MW power station

The lignite from these coal mines has been already tested. The possible operation range of Siemens gasification furnace is 4 to 25% (weight ratio) for ash and melting point of ash is 1,000 to 1,650°C. Figure-4 shows actual burner used in Schwarze Pumpe gasification furnace.

Figure-4 Gasification furnace burner (displayed at front porch) 3. Survey in United States

We explored lignite coal mines, coal gasification technology, and latest technology of the power station for lignite usage in United States. (1) Condition of lignite resources in United States

According to data published by WEC in 2013, coal reserves confirmed in U.S. are 237.3 billion tons; out of which 108.5 billion tons belong to anthracite + bituminous coal, 98.6 billion tons to sub-bituminous coal and 30.1 billion tons to lignite. Lignite and sub-bituminous coal has spread over 54% of total area. Further, coal production in U.S. in 2012 was 922 million tons; out of which anthracite was 2.14 million tons, bituminous coal was 440 million tons, sub-bituminous coal was 480 million tons and lignite was 72 million tons. (See Figure-5)

Figure-5 Production of coal in 2013 by coal type

Major states in U.S. producing coal with low calorific value include Illinois, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, Mississippi and Texas. Further, sub-bituminous coal is produced at Powder River coal field in Wyoming State. Table-1 shows quality of coal by coal production area, but calorific value of coal produced in North Dakota, Mississippi and Texas states is approximately 4,000kcal/kg or lower. Ash content is low overall, but sulfur content in the coal from Texas State is relatively high.

Table-1 Quality of coal by coal production area

(2) Powder River lignite coal mine and neighboring power stations

Powder River Basin is one of the largest coal-mining areas in United States, and is dotted with huge open-pit coal mines. The coal mines were discovered in Powder River Basin primarily during oil exploration, and it is popular for oil-well drilling where many oil field wells can be seen in the neighborhood. Apart from this, natural gas and uranium is also produced in Powder River Basin. It is considered that there are 100 billion tons of proven coal reserves. At present, 400 million tons of coal is produced annually from Powder River Basin and has recoverable reserves that will

2148, 0%

440312, 48%

408050, 44%

71601, 8%

2013 Coal Production(922Mt)

Anthracite Bituminous Sub‐Bituminous lignite

Illinoi Montana Wyoming North Dakota Mississippi Texas

Moist. Content (%) 7.6 25.8 23 27.6 28.2 29.5

Volatile Matter (%) 30.5 27.7 29.7 34.1 29.4 30.3

Fixed Carbon (%) 50.5 41.5 40.6 28.8 25.6 25.2

Ash (%) 11.4 5 6.7 9.5 16.8 15

Sulfur (%) 2.6 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.9 1.2

Heat Content (kcal/kg) 5,989 4,679 4,808 4,038 3,676 3,598


last for next 250 years. Further, coal production in Powder River Basin accounts for 60% of the total coal production in United States and most of the coal produced is used for electric power generation. 50% of the coal used for power generation is from Powder River Basin. 1) Cordero Rojo coal mine

Cordero Rojo coal mine is located south of Gillette in Canberra County, Wyoming; which is situated almost at the center of Power River Basin (PRB), at a distance less than 30 minutes by car. Cordero Rojo coal mine is owned by Cloud Peak Energy Resources LLC and this company also owns Antelope mine in South and Spring Creek mine in North-East. Further, Youngs Creek Project and Crow Big Metal Project are the two new projects in progress near Spring Creek coal mine. Coal mining is done by stripping using Dragline and Truck & Shovel. Annual clean coal production is 36 million tons. Stripped soil is 122 million BCM. Coal mining work is performed 365 days a year without any holiday and daily coal production volume is 100,000 tons. Current stripping ratio is 3.3, but it was less than 1:1 at the beginning of development. Figure-6 shows coal face.

Figure-6 Coal face 2) Dry Fork Station (power station)

It is located 11km north of Gillette which is situated at the center of Powder River coal field, and is a coal fired power station near Dry Fork coal mine, which was constructed in 2011. Advanced Sub-Critical pulverized technology with a power generation capacity of 422MW has been introduced at this power station. However, power generation capacity is 385MW with present network. It is operated by Basic Electric Power Cooperative (92.9%) and Wyoming Municipal Power Agency (1.7%). It is highly praised as a modern power station that takes environment into consideration. The total construction cost of this power station is 1.35 billion USD, out of which 336 million USD has been invested for environment related facilities, and 5 million USD are spent every year on environmental measures. 95% of the sulfur content from the coal is removed and mercury is also removed. The coal is supplied from neighboring Dry Fork coal mine over belt conveyor

and 200 tons of coal is consumed every hour. The power is transmitted at 230KV to the power station at a distance of 230km. 1MW is equivalent to the power that can be supplied to 800 homes, therefore this power station supplies power to 308,000 homes.

Figure-7 General view of Dry Fork Station There are 83 operators working at this power station. Figure-7 shows general view of the power station. (3) North Dakota lignite coal mine and neighboring power stations

The coal from North Dakota coal field is mainly lignite. Lignite is used for power generation but the power station has been built adjacent to the coal mine as a mine-mouth power station. There are 4 coal mines namely Freedom mine, Beulah mine, Falkirk mine and Center mine. Antelope Valley Station has been built near Freedom mine, Coyote Station near Beulah mine, Coal Creek Station near Falkirk mine and Milton R. Young Station near Center mine. 1) Falkirk coal mine

Falkirk coal mine is a lignite mine with annual production of approximately 8 million tons and supplies the coal to neighboring Coal Creek Station. Stripping is done by Dragline and mining is done by Shovel. Raw coal is transported to stockyard at the mining site by large dump trucks of 200 tons capacity and then crushed to less than 3.5mm. The coal is transported from stockyard to power station over the belt conveyor. This coal mine is owned by North American Mining which mainly develops lignite coal mines in United States. There are 2 coal beds which are called as coal-bed A and B from the top; coal bed A is 3 to 5m thick whereas coal bed B is as thin as 1.5 to 2m. 2) Coal Creek Station

This power station has a power generation capacity of 571MW×2 = 1,142MW and is located in Underwood in North Dakota state. The total amount of coal, approximately 8 million tons per year, is supplied from neighboring Falkirk coal mine. A distinctive feature of this power station is that it is equipped with a coal drying facility as a pre-processing technology, which has improved the moisture content by almost 10%. This facility


is called as Dry Fining and grade of the coal being mined was low as this facility was not in place initially. Therefore, more such facilities were constructed in a hurry. 10% of the dried coal is also supplied to nearby coal fired power stations. Further, ethanol plant has been built inside the power station site using waste heat of the boiler. Ethanol raw ingredient is a bio-ethanol produced from grains such as wheat. Ethanol production is managed by Blue Flint Ethanol; which is different from the one managing the power station, and ethanol is transported by tank trucks to the consumption area. (4) Power System Development Facilities (PSDF)

PSDF is the research institution managed by Southern Company. Located in Wilsonville, Alabama, PSDF is engaged in research on coal gasification since 1996, but many projects on coal gasification, CCS, CO2 capturing etc. are in progress in United States through a funding introduced from Department of Energy. Among these, pilot scale study for TRIG (Transport Integrated Gasification) gasification technology has been completed and demonstration unit for Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) using TRIG technology is under construction at Kemper, Mississippi. Various studies apart from coal gasification technology such as CCS, CO2 capturing technology, Post Combustion, PreCombustion and coal pre-processing technology etc. are being conducted and many pilot facilities have been built on the site. Further, this research center is characterized by neighboring EC Gatson coal fired power station owned by Alabama Power Company and has an advantage of possibility to use real gas from the emissions of coal fired power station for development of CO2 capturing technology.

Figure-8 shows overall layout of research facilities. (5) Kemper Country Energy Project (Kemper Project)

Kemper project facilities have been built at the location which is approximately 30 minutes by car from Meridian town in Mississippi State. Kemper project is also known as Kemper County Energy Facility and is a commercial facility for IGCC coal fired power station. The construction of the power station is scheduled to be completed in 2015, but total construction cost has been increased significantly than the initial estimation of 5.5 billion USD. Gasification

technology used at Kemper power station is TRIG. The plant construction under this project is managed by

Mississippi Power. Mississippi Power is a subsidiary of Southern Company and is a major power generation company that supplies power mainly to Mississippi State. Upon completion of this project, Mississippi Power can supply power to 187,000 homes and Mississippi Power aims to expand fuel choices and reduce energy bias by significantly promoting usage of lignite in power generation. Kemper projects forms a basis for power generation industry based on future coal. All the processes are composed of 2 systems having gasification furnace (TRIG, 2Train), GT (Siemens SGT6-5000FCTs), ST (Toshiba), AGR (UOP, Selexol), and sulfuric acid production (Topsoe). The power generation capacity is 582MW, and 135,000 tons of sulfuric acid, 20,000 tons of ammonia and 3 million tons (65% captured) of CO2 per year is captured and used in EOR. Lignite (45.5% moisture content, 12% ash content and 1% sulfur content) from neighboring Liberty coal mine is used as a raw material. Figure-9 shows plant status.

Figure-9 Plant Status (6) Energy Environment Research Center of North Dakota University (EERC)

Robertson Lignite Research Laboratory established in 1951 is the origin of EERC and has started operation as an organization under Federal Government Mining Agencies. However, chemist Earl Babcock from North Dakota University was already doing research on lignite and Robertson Lignite Research Laboratory was established recognizing their results where the research itself is dated back to 1980s. It became a research institution under Department of Energy in 1977, then it was separated from Federal Agency in 1987, affiliated to North Dakota University and has made a new start as one of the institutions under North Dakota University. Presently, this is the research institution related to energy and environment such as all fossil fuels and renewable energy, CCS etc. and environmental measures. Total budget of 2013 was 196.8 million USD; out of which order contracts from the industry amounts to 35.3 million USD. Presently,


there are 235 staff members; out of which 138 are researchers and 55% are graduates from North Dakota university.

(7) Great Plain Sinfuel

This plant is located at 8km north of Beulah and west of Bismarck in North Dakota, and Dakota Gasification Company, a subsidiary of Basin Electric Power Cooperative which is a major power company in United States, has started managing this plant from 1988. This plant is the only industrial coal gasification facility in United States and produces Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG). Total construction cost of the plant is 2.1 billion USD.

This is the gasification plant which uses Lurgi's gasification process. The plant produces 170MM-ft3 of natural gas per year and many chemicals as by-products. The natural gas is transported to various users across United States by pipeline and by-products are transported by rail. Further, Antelope Valley Station owned by Basin Electric Power Cooperative has been built near this gasification plant, and share the advantage of joint usage of coal supply and water. The water is supplied from Sakakawea Lake in the north. Further, 18,000 tons of coal per day and more than 6 million tons of coal per year are supplied from the neighboring Freedom coal. The coal has 27.6% of moisture content, 9.5% ash content, 0.8% sulfur content and 4,000kcal/kg of calorific value. The characteristic of this plant is that it captures CO2 emitted in coal gasification process, transports approximately 3 million tons of CO2 every year to Weyburn in Canada located at a distance of 300km and sells it as a material for EOR. This not only resulted in measures against global warming, but also contributed to sales and because of which this plant has become profitable. Figure-10 shows general view of the plant.

Figure-10 General view of the plant (8) Closing Remarks

This time, we visited Europe, mainly Germany & Poland, and United States for Extensive Survey on Lignite Utilization Potential. The analysis and evaluation of lignite will be conducted based on the obtained information and data, but we will be very happy if this contributes towards promotion for using low-grade coal from Japan and selection of coal mines under Japanese companies.


JCOAL Activity Reports

Commencement of Commercial Operation of CCS at Unit 3, Boundary Dam Coal-fired Power Station in Canada

Michiaki Harada, Technical Development Department

On October 2, 2014, an amine-absorption-based post combustion facility was built at unit 3, Boundary Dam Power Station and a ceremony was held to celebrate its completion of test utilization of captured CO2 for EOR as well as storaging it in 3.4km-deep aquifer. This is the world's first and largest project that demonstrates CO2 Capture, Transport and Storage on a commercial basis at an existing coal-fired power station, and it also plays a role to verify an economical sustainability of zero-emission coal-fired power generation.

In the presence of the premier, the federal government and members of the provincial assembly, salutation and ribbon-cutting were took place at the ceremony. The Canadian government called attention that they would continue to contribute towards the resolution of global warming by achieving zero-emission coal-fired power generation with the initiative of Boundary Dam 3.

The zero-emission coal-fired power generation will be demonstrated through the world's first post-combustion CCS with the remodeled facility and the new CCS facility, spending approximately 1.47 billion CAD in total, out of which 240 million CAD were from the Canadian Federal Government and 1.23 billion CAD were from SaskPower. Costs for improving the power station facility and adding the CCS facility were 910 million CAD and 560 million CAD respectively, slightly exceeded an initial estimation of 1.24 billion CAD in total.

Unit 3 at Boundary Dam Power Station restarted as a new plant capturing 1 million tons of CO2 per year with a power output of 110MW. The captured CO2 is sent to oil-producing well located at a distance of 65km away by a pipeline and used for EOR while excess CO2 is stored in 3.4km-deep sandstone bed located at 2km away from the power station for Aquistore Project. In the Aquistore Project worked by PTRC (Petroleum Technology Research Center) at the University of Regina, various measurements, monitoring’s and inspections are conducted based on the past results, and experiments are carried out to check if CO2 can be scientifically and economically stored in aquifer deep under the ground. PTRC has adopted monitoring methodologies as a result of Weyburn-Midale CO2 Monitoring and Storage Project, however, Chugai Technos Corporation from Japan has been provided the position to conduct the measurements this time (with own funds) to develop its monitoring technique of CO2 leakage above the ground. Additionally, NTT Data CCS Corporation is to conduct a test on site to develop a

technique for measuring underground storage conditions of CO2 using seismic waves with funding from JOGMEC. Unit 3 at Boundary Dam Power station was quite old and once being considered to convert to a natural gas-fired plant. As a consequence with the consideration of stable procurement of lignite at low cost for its massive amount reserved in Saskatchewan province, SaskPower judged that utilizing the existing coal-fired power plant with the new CCS implementation while coping with environmental regulations was more economical than building a new natural gas-fired power station that can be affected by large fluctuations in the price. SaskPower has decided to continue to use huge amounts of lignite in the province in order for stable and reasonable power distribution and to clear the regulations requested by the government with the CCS implementation. SaskPower plans to implement additional CCS at unit 4 and 5 by 2020 if Boundary Dam Unit 3 project goes successful. SaskPower will examine more economical options for upcoming projects after Unit 4 as the construction cost etc. will be cheaper by 20 to 30%. (CO2 and SO2 absorption tower) (According to the data presented by Mike Monea, President of SaskPower)

脱硫及びCO2分離回収設備CO2 and SO2 absorption tower



Publication of "Guidelines for effective utilization of coal ash mixed material (Earthquake disaster reconstruction material edition)"

Masaki Takahashi, Technical Development Department

1. Introduction It was possible to publish "Guideline for Utilization of

Coal Ash Mixed Materials (for earthquake disaster reconstruction)" under the subsidy program offered by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry because of the valuable efforts from Professor Saito of Fukuoka University, Chairman of Guideline WG Committee and all other members of this committee. In this fiscal year, this guide will be used and spread in order to expand utilization of coal ash mixed materials. 2. Background

The coal ash production volume in Japan has been above 10 million tons in recent years, out of which 70% is generated from the coal-fired power stations. JCOAL published "Guideline for Utilization of Coal Ash Mixed Materials for Port and Harbor Construction Work" in March 2011 with an objective to expand applications of this coal ash mixed materials in civil engineering field.

On the other hand, there are growing concerns about shortage of embankment material for rehabilitation and reconstruction work at the Pacific coast in north-west region which was severely damaged by The Great East Japan Earthquake, and deposits left by tsunami, debris from earthquake disaster and various recycle materials have been considered to be used for that purpose. Therefore, JCOAL created the guidelines for widely utilizing coal ash mixed materials for rehabilitation and reconstruction work at affected areas rather than limiting its utilization for port and harbor construction work.

3. Details (1) Configuration This guide is composed of total 4 chapters and 121 pages. Chapter 1 describes relation of previously created guidelines for port and harbor construction work with these guidelines, merits of coal ash and coal ash mixed materials, and advantages of using coal ash mixed materials in earthquake disaster reconstruction work. Chapter 2 describes examples where coal ash mixed materials have been used in earthquake disaster reconstruction work and illustrates the flow for each area of application from planning to execution of utilization of coal ash mixed materials as an embankment material for currently planned flooding embankment, flooding control forest and construction work for moving to higher ground. It also describes differences in quality control and execution

management when using normal earth and sand material and in what way the coal ash mixed materials can be used in earthquake disaster reconstruction work and what are their merits in terms of structure and execution etc.

Source: "Reconstruction Plan for Fukushima Prefecture (2nd)", December 2012 Figure-1 Reconstruction Plan for Fukushima Prefecture

Chapter 3 describes production method of coal ash mixed materials used in earthquake disaster reconstruction work as explained in Chapter 2 and explains basic properties of coal ash mixed materials that are produced using actual example of each production method and actual utilization.

Chapter 4 describes the inspection method and environmental safety quality that coal ash mixed materials should ensure, on the basis of "Guidelines for actual utilization of recycled materials, for promotion of their utilization and ensuring safety" described in Year 2001 Notice from Ministry of Environment "Partial amendment to environmental standards concerning soil contamination" (No. 44 Water, Soil and Ground Environment). Further, it defines environmental safety & quality standards and testing method after determining "exposed environment that must be considered most" in accordance with the guidelines and manuals which summarize effective utilization of slugs as a basic concept. (2) Objective The objective of Chapter 1 is to motivate construction companies and design in-charge (consultants) for using coal ash mixed materials in earthquake disaster reconstruction work by promoting their advantages through separate clarification on chemical and physical properties of coal ash and coal ash mixed materials and description of


their utilization in earthquake disaster reconstruction work. The objective of Chapter 2 is to provide overview on

utilization of coal ash mixed materials to construction companies and design in-charge (consultants) and make them understand that those materials can be widely used in earthquake disaster reconstruction work, through introduction of examples and overview of utilization at actual construction work through figures and photos.

Chapter 3 provides the basic physical properties of coal ash mixed materials created using each production method and makes it easy for the design in-charge (consultants) to understand and reflect on its advantages over the usage of normal earth and soil in the design stage.

Chapter 4 introduces safety evaluation by taking into consideration the actual conditions of utilization and by referring to the standards that have been already formulated about the utilization of other by-products. The result of environmental safety and quality inspection is determined based on "Environmental safety type inspection" conducted at the time of production of coal ash mixed material and "Environmental safety acceptance inspection" conducted at the time of acceptance (at the time of execution).

4. Closing Remarks

As part of promotional activities for FY2014, training sessions were conducted in Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures, where serious shortage of embankment material is expected due to the huge amount of embankment material required for earthquake disaster restoration work in north-eastern region, and the details were explained to about 200 participants. In order to use coal ash mixed materials in earthquake disaster reconstruction work, it is important that ordering party recognizes their advantages, designer understands

their physical properties and contractor thinks that construction can be done easily.

JCOAL wants to continue with the promotional activities and actively support commercialization of users in this year as well, so that coal ash mixed materials can be extensively utilized in large quantities in earthquake disaster reconstruction work.

Fig-3 Environmental checking flow Note: It is prescribed based on whether the elution amount and contained amount tests are conducted, with consideration for the trace material release path in "Exposed environment that should get the highest consideration". Specifically, type A to E is selected in accordance with the flowchart of Figure-3 and based on applicability (or necessity of environmental safety and quality similar to Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act) of Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act and possibility of direct intake and elution route.



2014 National CCS Conference Participation Report Tomonao Saito, Research and Development Department

1. Attendance at The National CCS Conference 2014 (1st and 2nd September 2014, Sydney)

The National CCS Conference was held in Australia at Dockside, Sydney on 1st and 2nd September 2014. There were approximately 300 participants in those 2 days. 80% of the participants were from the state government, research institutions, universities and companies from Australia and the others were from research institutions and universities from USA, Norway, China, Korea and Indonesia. There were 4 participants from Japan (3 related to oxyfuel industry and 1 from RITE). Dr. Spero, Director of the Callide Oxyfuel Project, delivered a lecture on the oxyfuel industry.

At the conference, 40 lectures were delivered related to subjects such as the state of CCS demonstration projects in Australia, the state of CCS projects outside Australia (America, China, and Indonesia etc.) and supports and policies related to CCS etc. The lectures were delivered after the plenary sessions in the form of separate meetings on 2 topics, and discussions were took place in each lecture.

Statements from companies and researchers were noteworthy that for CCS commercialization, they expressed an importance of acceleration of CO2 capture technological development which consumes 80% of the CCS cost. They also said that EOR is the most economical method for CCUS and it is important to implement the policy which promotes a selection, exploration, characterization and development of future storage sites.

The followings are summaries of typical panel discussions focusing on CCS and CCUS-EOR project lectures.

Scene in the Main Hall (1) Topic: The CarbonNet Project - overview and update Lecturer: Mr. Robert Forte, Department of State

Development, Business and Innovation, Victoria ● The CarbonNet Project was started in 2012 with an objective to capture CO2 released by a lignite power station at Latrobe Valley in Victoria, industrial processes and coal-based industries, and store it in the Gippsland Basin off the southeastern coast of Victoria. ● The Australian Government has selected the CarbonNet Project as CCS Flagship Project, and the project has received a funding of AU$70 million from the Australian Government and AU$30 million from the State of Victoria. CO2 capturing is scheduled to start in 2020. At present, feasibility study (FS) for CCS commercialization is in progress. ● Regarding storage destination, Mr. Robert stated that they are studying EOR/EGR since many oil and gas fields are present off the coast. (2) Topic: South West Hub: Progressing carbon storage underground and in the community Lecturer: Mr. Dominique Van Gent, Coordinator Carbon Strategy, Department of Mines & Petroleum, Western Australia ● South West Hub Project was started in 2011 with a funding of AU$52 million from the Australian Government under CCS Flagship Program. It is an onshore CCS project. The key stages of the project include: 1. Preparation (2011-2015) 2. Enabling (2015-2017) 3. Base Case (2016) 4. Extended Case 1 and Extended Case 2 ● Currently, it is in the data collection and research phase. The areas being investigated are south of Mandurah and north of the Kemerton Industrial Estate in the Shire of Harvey. ● Target area for CO2 storage is Lesueur Sandston formation (basin located southern part of Perth). A two-dimensional (2D) seismic survey was carried out in 2011 and analysis of a sample taken at 2,945m was conducted in 2012. A three-dimensional (3D) seismic survey of the area was conducted from February 2014, allowing more detailed picture of the subsurface geology provided. ● Further scheduled stages are Processing (August 2014) → Interpretation (October 2014) → Modeling (March 2015). (3) Topic: Callide Oxyfuel Demonstration


Lecturer: Dr. Chris Spero, Manager emerging Technology & Callide Oxyfuel Project Director, CS Energy, Queensland ● Callide Oxyfuel Project is a world-leading demonstration of how carbon capture technology can be applied to an existing coal-fired power station to generate electricity with low emissions. As compared to normal air combustion process, combustion exhaust gas from Callide Oxyfuel has higher concentration of CO2 and it is easy to capture the CO2 by compressing and liquefying the gas. ● This project is a joint venture by a group of participating corporations including CS Energy, GLENCORE, Schlumberger, J-Power, IHI and Mitsui & Co., Ltd. JCOAL contributes to the project as a Supporting Collaborator. ● The Australian and Japanese Governments have invested total AU$245 million in this project. The demonstration period of the project is approximately 2 years (planned) which has started from December 2012. ● The operation results so far are: Oxygen combustion operation time (>7,500 hours, operational from June 2012), CO2 capture plant operation time (>3,700 hours, operational from December 2012). Amount of CO2 captured: 75t/day (approximately 11% of the total exhaust gas), CO2 capture rate: >85%. ● In this fiscal year, an integrated CCS process demonstration including a test for underground CO2 storage will be aimed at the coal-fired power station to achieve zero-emission power generation. ● Next stage is to introduce information and data obtained from Callide Demonstration Project into new projects such as Future Gen 2.0. (4) Topic: CCUS development in Guangdong Provinces, China Lecturer: Dr. Xi Liang, The University of Edinburgh & Secretary General UK-China (Guangdong) CCUS Centre ● Guangdong CCUS Project is a joint venture of China and UK, and it aims to start demonstration of CCUS technology in China in next 3 to 5 years. ● Scientists from both countries signed a memorandum on 27th September, 2013 in London and this memorandum is valid for 10 years for improving knowledge related to this development technology. ● UK Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre (UKCCSRC), Scottish Carbon Capture and Storage, Guangdong Low-carbon Technology and Industry Research Centre, and Clean Fossil Energy Development Institute are the partner institutions contributing to this project. ● Stages for the CCUS technology demonstration include:

Step1: Develop pilot scale testing plants, CCSR for 2×1GW unit 3 and 4 (Aim to complete by February 2014) Step2: Develop Million Ton Integrated CCUS Project - Pre-feasibility Study (Complete by May 2015) - Front End Engineering Design (Complete by May 2015) - Final Investment Decision (Before June 2017) Step3: Develop Full-scale CCUS Project at 85% to90% capture rate when a favorable policy environment is enabled ● Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is planned by storing the captured CO2 in oil fields or gas fields which are located 170km off the coast. (5) Topic: Progress in PCC and the challenges ahead Lecturer: Mr. Baden Firth, Regional Strategy Manager, Mitsubishi Australia ● He gave an overview on past results of CO2 capture technology implemented by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. There are 10 CO2 capture plants in operation and 1 is under construction. The amount of CO2 captured is 400 to 500t/d (derived from natural gas). ● A result of success on the Key Objective of CO2 capture demonstrative operation at a coal-fired power station (PCC) was announced. The amount of CO2 captured was 500t/d and purity was 99.9%. ● A plant to capture CO2 from a coal-fired power station (PCC) is under construction (shown in photo below) at NRG WA Parish Power Station in the state of Texas, United States. The amount of CO2 captured will be 4,776t/d with a capture rate of 90%. The plant will start operation in the fourth quarter of 2016. EOR is planned by transporting the captured CO2 to oil fields in the state of Texas. ● According to IEA GHG Advanced Resources International (2009), oil quantity is estimated to increase by 1,300 billion barrels if CO2-EOR is applied to oil wells across the world.

(6) Topic: Gundih CCS-Indonesia: Integrated studies for


the first pilot CCS project in Southeast Asia Lecturer: Professor Dr. Wawan Gunawan Al Kadir, Vice Rector for Research and Innovation, Institute Technology Bandung, Indonesia ● Gundih CCS Project is to capture CO2 and storage it underground which is released during production process of natural gas at Gundih gas field in Central Java Province of Indonesia. The project has started in 2012 and ran for 5 years. Participating research institutions include Institut Teknologi Bandung, Kyoto University and Institute Technology Bandung etc. The project is supported by JICA and JST etc. ● By 2020, Indonesia plans to reduce CO2 by 26% compared to that of in 2005. As a direct method for the CO2 reduction, research and development of technology for underground storage and monitoring of CO2 will be carried out with an aim to systematize CCS technology. ● From 2012, basic data for reservoir evaluation is being stored by narrowing down prospective storage sites through ongoing study of existing data, geomorphic survey, and rock data analysis. The CO2 storage is planned to be implemented in FY2015.

Gundih Area location map (from the lecture) 2. Coal innovation NSW-funded projects site Tour participation (3rd September, Newcastle) We participated in R&D Project Tour supported by Coal Innovation NSW on 3rd September. There were 20 participants and we visited following 4 facilities. (1) Delta Electricity Vales Point Power Station ● A post-combustion CO2 capture pilot plant at Delta Electricity Vales Point Power Station is the one relocated from Munmorah Power Stations and remodeled (shown in photo below). This facility is being tested using cooled ammonia water. Targets to be achieved are: ○ CO2 capture rate: above 90% ○ CO2 purity: above 98.5% ○ Removal of SO2 using ammonia wash water (cleaning

water) (2) University of Newcastle ● Overview of 4 R&D projects supported by Coal Innovation NSW was explained. 1) Development and Optimization of the Direct Carbon Fuel Cell - Scott Donne, Professor, Discipline of Chemistry, University of Newcastle 2) A Novel Chemical Looping Based Air Separation Technology for Oxy-Fuel Combustion - Behdad Moghtaderi, Head, Priority Research Centre for Energy 3) Permanent Large Scale CO2 Storage by Mineral Carbonation in NSW: Mineral Carbonation International - Erick Kennedy, Deputy Director, Priority Research Centre for Energy 4) Managing Low Emissions Coal Technology Project Risk: The Role of Public Awareness - Stephen Webb, Director, Centre for Social Research in Energy and Resources (3) CSIRO Energy Centre - Newcastle ● This is one of the leading solar power research facilities in Australia and the headquarters of National Solar Energy Centre. The centre is equipped with following specialized research laboratories and test facilities. ○ Integrated facilities for renewable energy ○ Post-combustion CO2 capture testing equipment Solar panels on the site of the centre Overview of CSIRO-owned Pilot Plants (Loy Yang Power, Delta electricity, and China Huaneng) (4) Centennial Coal Mandalong ● At Centennial Coal Company, we leaned about technology to utilize Ventilation Air Methane (VAM) released from coal mines. The technology captures VAM and heats it up to 1,000 degrees celsius in a large industrial oven. This oxidation technology converts most (99%) of the methane captured to carbon dioxide and water. It is notable that the technology requires no additional energy for maintaining the temperature inside the independent combustion chamber. VAM-RAB (Regenerative After Burner) facility 3. Comments The conference delivered lectures on the state of CCS projects across the world, CCS supports and policies etc., and it provided an opportunity to understand the latest information and issues related to CCS. The development of technology to capture CO2 (post-combustion) from coal-fired power station is being actively promoted while problems to reduce cost for CO2 capturing and energy consumption remain. Particularly, we felt that there is a growing interest in progress of CCS technology development by Japanese manufacturers including the PCC technology of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in the future.



Report on Seminar "Countermeasures for spontaneous combustion of coal (towards expansion of low-grade coal utilization)" held by JCOAL

Junichi Kakumazaki, Technical Development Department

1. Introduction The seminar "Countermeasures for spontaneous combustion

of coal (towards expansion of low-grade coal utilization)" was held on 29th September 2014. In this seminar, during the first study meeting held by Technical Development Department of JCOAL, 6 experts in the field of spontaneous combustion of coal delivered lectures on explanation of spontaneous ignition mechanism for low-grade coal, method to evaluate spontaneous combustion property of coal, spontaneous ignition simulation technology in coal yard, spontaneous ignition preventive agent, international regulations on coal transportation and measures for safe transportation, and measures against spontaneous combustion at the coal center respectively. 2. Lecture Details (1) Topic: Explanation of spontaneous ignition mechanism for low-grade coal Lecturer: Hiroyasu Fujitsuka, Post-doc Researcher, Kyoto University

Spontaneous combustion mechanism is considered to be a low-temperature oxidation mechanism. The low-temperature oxidation mechanism of coal has been studied in the past in terms of weight variation, gas generation, oxygen adsorption amount, heat generation rate and solid structure. However, comprehensive study on low-temperature oxidation mechanism covering these parameters has not been done in the past. Further, correlation between low-temperature oxidation mechanism and spontaneous ignition is not clear and there is lack of study from what stage of low-temperature oxidation mechanism the coal is ignited.

To understand low-temperature oxidation behavior of coal, the behavior of weight variation, gas generation, heat generation rate and functional oxygen group was found out using differential scanning calorimeter, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and thermo-gravimeter connected with gas chromatograph. Its analysis result clarified that the low-temperature oxidation is composed of 3 stages: Adsorption of oxygen into aliphatic carbon, Generation of functional oxygen group and Oxidation of coal skeleton.

Next, to find out at what stage of low-temperature oxidation behavior coal ignites, oxygen consumption at the beginning of reaction and reaction enthalpy was obtained, and rise in adiabatic temperature was evaluated quantitatively.

It became clear from its results that lower the coal grade higher is the low-temperature oxidation property and rise in temperature is sufficient for spontaneous ignition even at the

reaction below 200°C. Further, it was clarified that oxygen adsorption into aliphatic carbon and reaction generating carboxyl group contributes significantly to the spontaneous ignition. To prevent spontaneous combustion of the coal, it is important to control oxygen adsorption and reaction generating carboxyl group. (2) Topic: Method to evaluate spontaneous combustion property of fuel from recycled resources, coal etc. Lecturer: Hiroshi Koseki, Visiting Professor, Chiba Institute of Science

As a research on spontaneous combustion of coal and bio-mass fuel, heat analysis was conducted using high-sensitivity calorimeter (Product name: C80) such as micro-calorimeter (Product name: TAM) or C80 calorimeter etc., focusing on the micro heat generating phenomenon from room temperature to 60°C. It is possible to detect microscopic fermentation heat seen in fuels from recycled resources using such high-sensitivity calorimeters. Spontaneous combustion research using high-sensitivity thermal analysis equipment such as TAM has few articles and is rare worldwide. I think the range of research on spontaneous combustion of coal will be extended by combined utilization of various analysis methods. (3) Topic: Development of spontaneous ignition simulation technology in coal yard Lecturer: Pak Haeyang, Chief Officer, Corporate Planning Department, Kobe Steel Co., Ltd.

The spontaneous combustion mechanism of coal is affected by internal factors such as oxidation reaction, O/C, heat transfer, moisture content, porosity etc. and external factors such as temperature, humidity, wind speed etc. It is important to simulate spontaneous combustion behavior considering the above-mentioned factors and it may become complicated. At Kobe Steel Co., Ltd., for simple simulation using generalized software, we have focused our attention on 3 points including ventilation behavior in pile, low-temperature oxidation reaction and absorption-desorption of moisture content.

We have found out the ventilation behavior in pile by setting up laboratory-scale pile and obtaining particle size distribution and pressure loss in the pile. Low-temperature oxidation behavior is obtained by obtaining oxygen consumption of coal based on the ventilation behavior clarified above and calculating calorific value. The measured value of test pile could be properly estimated from the result of simulation combining ventilation behavior, low-temperature oxidation behavior and absorption-desorption property of moisture. (4) Topic: Spontaneous ignition preventive agent


Lecturer: Yasuhiko Maeda, Senior Manager, Kao Indonesia Chemicals

Low-grade coal can be easily oxidized and coal dust can be easily produced. At Kao, we deal with 2 types of spontaneous combustion preventive agents: Wetting Type and Coating Type. Wetting Type is specifically effective in preventing coal dust generation and Coating Type is effective in preventing spontaneous combustion.

Wetting Type includes surfactants and moisturizing ingredients, each having an effect of suppressing temperature rise by improving wettability of coal surface or preventing evaporation of moisture in the coal respectively. Particularly, generation of coal dust is controlled as the surfactants enter between the coal surface and moisture, and molecules are clumped together by action of intermolecular force. Coating Type prevents spontaneous combustion by forming polymer film on top of the coal surface and applying high wettability. Further, it is also characterized by high on-site workability since water solubility is high and water hardness cannot be selected. From the result of temperature variation study for 8 days and verification of temperature control property for 3 piles applied with Water, Wetting Type and Coating Type agent respectively, change in temperature of each pile on 8th day was 20°C, 10°C and 7°C for Water, Wetting Type and Coating Type agent respectively and it could be confirmed that the spontaneous combustion preventive agents are highly effective in controlling the temperature.

At the site in Indonesia, we have diluted spontaneous combustion preventive agents by 1 to 2% and have spread 100ppm on the coal in grinding and loading process. (5) Topic: International regulations on coal transportation and measures for safe transportation Lecturer: Susumu Oota, Director of Centre for International Cooperation, National Maritime Research Institute

It is important to consider the risks involved in transportation of low-grade coal by ship, mainly the two elements: methane release and spontaneous combustion. Ventilation is necessary to avoid explosive environment in hold of a ship resulting from methane released from coal, and there is a risk of explosion if ventilation is not sufficient. On the other hand, it is necessary to stop the ventilation to control spontaneous combustion of coal, but there is a risk of fire depending on ventilation method. Regarding the goods that involve risk of methane release as well as spontaneous combustion, a method to control the risk is difficult and fundamentally not suitable for transportation. To transport such goods, measures to provide minimum ventilation necessary for reducing methane concentration etc. can be listed, but it does not guarantee safe transportation. If both the risks are present, it is necessary to provide ventilation giving priority to explosion prevention.

For safe transportation of low-grade coal, it is necessary to develop measures through evaluation of methane generation as well as spontaneous combustion property. (6) Topic: Measures against spontaneous combustion at the coal center Lecturer: Nio Tatsuya, General Manager, Idemitsu Bulk Terminal Co., Ltd.

As a measure against the spontaneous combustion of coal, following measures are taken at the time of unloading,

stowage and storage of coal at Idemitsu Bulk Terminal: 1) Unloading: Water is sprayed if there is a concern of spontaneous combustion. 2) Stowage: Rolling compaction is done by bull-dozer for each pile with specific height. That height is different for bituminous and sub-bituminous coal. If spontaneous combustion is anticipated, water is also sprayed from top part. 3) Storage: Temperature is taken at the specific height of pile periodically. The interval of taking temperature is different for bituminous and sub-bituminous coal. If there is an actual rise in temperature beyond certain temperature, temperature is continuously monitored and if temperature continues to rise, water is injected or coal is shifted.

The temperature of actual pile tends to rise easily in case of sub-bituminous coal as compared to bituminous coal. In addition, longer the storage period of coal and higher the mountain, heat generation tends to be easier. Particularly, heat can be easily generated since pile slope makes the rolling compaction difficult and there are lots of gaps due to wide distribution of lump coal. Further, heat generation trend may be different even for the same brand due to the impact of season or moisture content at the time of acceptance, distribution of particle size and stowage conditions or rainfall, wind direction and wind speed at the time of storage etc. The above-mentioned temperature reduction measures are taken to manage spontaneous ignition of coal. 3. Closing Remarks

There were more than 100 participants in this study meeting and high interest towards spontaneous combustion of coal in recent years was shown. I felt that there is an urgent need to establish method for evaluation of spontaneous combustion of coal. The discussion on spontaneous combustion should be conducted by setting up a working group that can help in expansion of utilization of low-grade coal.

Glimpse of study meeting



Mining and Materials 2014 (Kumamoto) Takashi Nakamura, JAPAC, Shinji Tomita, Resources Department and Hirofumi Furukawa, International

Affairs Department

1. Overview 'Mining and Materials 2014 (Kumamoto)' - Joint

Meeting of Mining and Materials Processing Societies, Fall 2014 - hosted by The Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan was held from 15th to 17th September at Kurokami South campus of Kumamoto University.

In the field of coal, lecture on "Latest trends in development and utilization of energy such as coal" was delivered and total 11 lectures including keynote lecture on "Coal Policy of Japan" by Mr. Hiroshi Enomoto, Deputy Director Coal Division at Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, moderated by Ito Mayumi, Associate Professor at Hokkaido University were delivered. The lecture topics are given below. 2. Lectures (1) 'Coal Policy of Japan' by Mr. Enomoto, Deputy Director Coal Division,

METI: Lecture on the government policies for assuring stable supply of coal, promoting technological development of environmental measures, promoting infrastructure system export etc. taking into consideration the recent developments and "Basic Energy Plan" approved by the cabinet in April, in response to the increased importance of coal after the Great East Japan Earthquake.

(2) 'Industrial Trends and Problems in Coal Development and Utilization', JCOAL: Half the world's coal is produced and consumed by China, and supply-demand structure is changing globally with excess supply, in response to the stagnant global economic growth and increased environmental problems. Mining technology is moving in the direction of expansion and automation, but it is facing problems such as deep and interior mining, difficulty in technology selection, commercialization and cost competitiveness of low-grade coal with alternative fuel resources such as shale gas etc. Fund raising system is required for development of resources with sustained stability.

(3) 'Application of Punch Mining System in Open-Pit Coal Mines of South-East Asia', Kyushu University (Sasaoka), Institut Teknologi Bandung and Center of Urban Infrastructure, Environment and Resources: Expansion into underground mining is a key future challenge in Indonesia. Optimization of mining design by numerical analysis was studied by considering the possibility of expansion into the pit from retaining wall of open-pit mining.

(4) 'Current State and Problems of Dry-type Specific Gravity Separation Technique', Nagata Engineering Co., Ltd. (Nakatsukasa): The demand for dry coal preparation is increasing in the context of environment and water source problems at coal mines. We have developed dry-type specific gravity separation technique using gas-solid fluidized bed and commercialized it in the field of resource recycling in Japan. We have confirmed same performance as that of general-purpose jig by conducting separation test for the coal using system with 1tph processing capacity.

(5) 'Measurement of Thermal Ignition Limit Temperature for Deposition Capacity Related to Spontaneous Ignition Property of Low-Grade Coal', Kyushu University (Sasagi), Institut Teknologi Bandung and Liaoning Technical University: We conducted spontaneous ignition test using 1 ton coal from coal mines in Indonesia and China, and examined the thermal ignition limit temperature.

(6) 'Reformulation and Improvement in Gasification Property of Low-

Grade Coal by Hydrothermal Treatment', Kyushu University (Nonaka): We conducted a test using coal from Loy Yang Australia, changed it into high-grade coal by hydrothermal treatment and confirmed that the gasification property improves by adding small quantity of alkali catalyst.

(7) 'Numerical Simulation of Gasification and In-Situ Combustion in Coal Bed', Kyushu University (Sasagi): We conducted a numerical simulation for gas generated by in-situ combustion of coal, and analyzed combustion state and ratio of gas component in the coal bed.

(8) 'Methane Gas Development and Concentrated Utilization at Kushiro Coal Mine', Kushiro Coal mine (Matsumoto) and Osaka Gas: There is 30-40% methane gas at Kushiro coal mine and its utilization is limited due to low concentration and variation in the concentration. Therefore, we have developed gas density concentration technology.

(9) 'UCG Development Trends in the World and UCG as Local Energy Source', Muroran Institute of Technology (Itakura), G Planning Co., Ltd. and Hokkaido University: Introduction was given about the UCG demonstration in Australia, Canada and research in Japan.

(10) 'Analysis of Gas Produced in UCG Demonstration using Artificial Coal Bed and Estimation of Combustion Region', Hokkaido University (Kodama), Muroran Institute of Technology and G Planning Co., Ltd.: We conducted a test by creating artificial coal bed paved with lump coal and dust coal, and studied impact of oxygen concentration or presence of steam in the supplied gas on produced gas and also estimated the combustion region from AE power supply standardization or temperature measurement analysis.

(11) 'Study on Hydrogen Peroxide Immersion Experiment of Low-Grade Coal Related to Bio-Methane Generation Process', Horonobe Research Institute for the Subsurface Environment (H-RISE), Northern Advancement Center for Science & Technology (Aramaki): Since there is a kinetic bottleneck in the methane generation process by microorganisms, we conducted a study using hydrogen peroxide for improvement in the decomposition process from original material to material where microorganisms produced by methane generation can be used.

3. Summary

In response to the lectures, there were questions and discussions on global superiority of Japan’s high-efficiency coal-fired power generation, status of Sub-Saharan coal resources, approach for ensuring energy self-sufficiency rate and coal measures/policies at JICA and JOGMEC etc. The coal development project is also witnessing the changes in technological innovations sought by the sluggish global demand and cost reductions across the supply chain.

There is very limited latest coal information in upstream field in the academic community and JCOAL felt the importance of extensively communicating such information about coal. Next meeting, 'Mining and Materials 2015 (Matsuyama)' is scheduled to be held at Ehime University.



Report on the 9th Japan Association of Energy and Environmental Education (JAEEE) Conference

Shinji Tomita, Resources Department

Do you know that there is a learned society called “Japan Association of Energy and Environmental Education” (hereinafter referred to as “JAEEE”)? JAEEE is the society established in 2005 for exchange of people interested in energy and environmental education, study on training material, curriculum and educational method, leadership development, expansion of educational activities into schools and local community etc. In recent years, there has been a growing public concern in Japan about the global environmental issues represented by global warming and about the energy mix, particularly after the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011. This concern itself is essential for activities related to development, utilization, supply of energy and environmental conservation in Japan, and educating next-generation is extremely important for continuous implementation of such activities. Energy and environmental education relates to extremely wide ranging fields and JAEEE conducts activities to develop and improve quality & quantity of such education through cooperation with elementary, junior high & high schools, universities, research institutions, corporate groups and administrative institutions. JCOAL has been taking part in the activities of the association from the beginning as a supporting member.

JAEEE hosts a conference once a year. The 9th

conference was held from August 8 to 10 in 2014 at Toho University.

Excursion (Fuji Oil's Sodegaura refinery, LNG Plaza at Tokyo Gas Company Sodegaura Plant) was conducted on the first day and lectures were delivered on second and third day. In addition to 2 special lectures ('Reading 5th Assessment Report by IPCC that can be utilized in energy and environmental education' by Assoc. Prof. Asakura, Toho University and 'Operation Status of thermal power station after the Great East Japan Earthquake ' by Mr. Soda, Director of Engineering Department, The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan) and 1 keynote lecture ('Energy White Paper 2014' by Mr. Okuya, Director of Research and Public Relations Office, General Policy Division, Agency of Natural Resources and Energy, METI),

48 general lectures, 5 workshops and a panel discussion were conducted.

In workshops, introduction to experimental teaching material such as training booklet, paper windmill etc. was given. Such initiatives seem to be highly effective for the activities at the actual education sites.

General lectures were delivered in separate sessions on classroom practice, promotional activities, study and evaluation, curriculum and training material development.

These lectures had lot of items related to educational practices, training material to be used, education method etc. and situation at the education site was conveyed very well. However, most of the present lecture contents are related to nuclear & New/renewable energy and report on coal is almost not seen. I have been conducting several lectures on coal in some universities in Japan, but most of the students don't have knowledge about coal and it has continued to distress me as to how to develop their interest in coal. In this conference, brochures and coal samples were distributed in the exhibition area, but in future, we will actively share information about coal through JAEEE and will continue to take efforts for its good practical use at educational sites. Those who are interested in JAEEE please visit the web site (URL: http: //www.jaeee.jp/).

Conference at Toho University



"Workshop on Energy Coal-Fired Power Generation in Southeast Asia and East Asia Region"

Masafumi Uehara, Resources Department

1. Introduction "Workshop on Energy Coal-Fired Power Generation in

Southeast Asia and East Asia Region" was held jointly by ERIA (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia) and IEA (International Energy Agency) on 3rd September 2014 in Jakarta, Indonesia with support from Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Republic of Indonesia and ACE (ASEAN Centre for Energy). Here is the report. 2. Overview of Workshop

In the workshop, 3 "keynote speeches" were delivered in Session I, 4 speeches were delivered on "Coal market and supply" in Session II, 8 speeches were delivered on "Coal-fired power generation and issues & challenges in CCT" in Session III, and 1 speech was delivered on "Problems and possibilities in CCS technology" in Session IV. In the end, "Summary/Conclusion" was shared in Session V. Totally 16 lectures were delivered.

Among speeches delivered in the workshop, 1 was from Indonesia's Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2 were from ERIA, 4 were from IEA, 1 was from EGAT (Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand), 1 was from TNB (Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Electric utility company in Malaysia), 1 was from ACE, 1 was from AFOC (ASEAN Forum on Coal) and 1 each was from Japan's METI, JBIC, IHI, JGC Corporation and JCOAL.

The workshop was opened with a speech by Mr. Jarman, Director General of Electricity, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and keynote speeches were delivered by Mr. Kimura, Special Advisor, ERIA, Mr. Keith Burnard, Head of Energy Supply Technology Unit, IEA, and Mr. Christopher, Vice-President, ACE. The importance of coal as a future energy and promotion of construction of coal-fired power stations in future was stated. Then, in Session II to Session IV, speeches on coal demand projection, CCT development and CCS technology trends were delivered. In the discussion session, participants and speakers talked about the method to resolve problem of environmental load with coal-fired power and opinions on measures to reduce cost of currently expensive CCT were exchanged. Further, study results including economic index and contribution to coal summarized by ERIA and IEA was also shared among all the participants.

The workshop was attended by approximately 60 participants and had media coverage from more than 10 companies. Joint press conference was held by ERIA (Mr. Kimura, Special Advisor), IEA (Mr. Keith Burnard, Head of Energy Supply Technology Unit) and Directorate General of Electricity (Mr. Jarman, Director General), and necessity of promoting CCT for reduction in environmental load of coal-fired power station was explained. The South East and East Asia Region include ASEAN + 6 countries (Japan, Korea, Australia, China, India and New Zealand).

3. Details of the Speech Mr. Jarman, Director General of Electricity, Ministry of Energy

and Mineral Resources highlighted following points. ● It is essential to use coal to meet future electricity demand as oil

and gas supply is decreasing.

● I am sure that especially CCT will be important considering the

need for reliable supply of electricity in future.

● Coal utilization is essential for Indonesia to have stable supply

of electricity in future, and closed his speech saying "No Pain, No

Gain. Everything has its own risk". Further, Mr. Keith Burnard,

Head of Energy Supply Technology Unit stated following points.

● In spite of the technology being costly at this moment, there is a

responsibility on technology producers to continue developing

technologies that will reduce the cost of CCT. I am sure this

problem will be resolved by steady research in future.

● Besides technology, the government policies and courage of

investors are the important requirements to achieve this. Following points were stated in different speeches. ● Energy demand will increase at the rate of 2.4% during the

period from 2011 to 2035, whereas the electricity demand

associated with it will reach the annual rate of 3.6%.

● Many of the renewable energy projects will take more time to

become affordable.

● Coal is most inexpensive resource and current reserves in Asia

Pacific Region could provide supply for another 80 years.

● Using coal is the key from the perspective of energy security to

peacefully maintain the growing population for long-term.

● Further technology development and CCS promotion is

important to change the situation where 1/3rd of CO2 emission is

from coal.

● It is based on replacing existing poor-efficiency coal-fired

power plants with new high-efficiency plants.

4. Closing Remarks This workshop confirmed that coal will continue to be an

important resource and once again confirmed the policies of different countries to use environment-friendly coal while optimizing the use of CCT technology, which will be used in future JCOAL activities.



GHGT-12 Report Michiaki Harada, Technical Development Department

The 12th GHGT Conference (12th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies) was held in Austin, Texas in the USA from 5th to 9th October, 2014. This conference is hosted by IEA-GHG every 2 years and previous one was held in Kyoto. This year also the conference was attended by 1,200 to 1,300 participants and it is the largest international conference in the world on CCS.

On the first day, 5th October (Sun), registration and welcome reception were held, and as per the tradition, the participants were entertained by singers, dancers and magicians in the State of Texas through which personnel exchanges were promoted. In the conference from 6th (Mon) to 9th (Thu) October, plenary sessions were held for the first half of the mornings followed by 7 sessions taking place simultaneously. The conference closed in the afternoon of 9th with final overall panel discussions and speeches at the plenary session.

In the morning of 6th (Mon), Mr. Kelly Thambimuthu, Chair of IEA-GHG R&D Programmer, delivered a welcome address as a representative of the organizers followed by Dr. Sharon Wood, Dean of School of Engineering and Dr. Sharon Mosher, Dean of The Department of Geological Sciences at The University of Texas as representatives of the hosts. Thereafter, keynote speeches were delivered by Dr. Julio Friedmann, Deputy Assistant Secretary at U.S. DOE, Prof. David G. Victor form University of California, San Diego and Mr. Juho Lipponen, Head of CCS Unit at IEA.

Overview of some keynote speeches and lectures from plenary sessions as well as new technologies announced at the sessions and the latest CCS trends are given below.

1. Lectures from Plenary Sessions (1) A Decade of Projects, Dr. S. Julio Friedmann, Deputy Assistant Secretary, US DOE

What have we accomplished since 2004? We have approximately 10 large-scale demonstrations. The total reduction in CO2 emissions by ongoing projects is 30 million tons/year and it will be 120 million tons/year by 2020 with taking an expected CO2 amount of planned projects into consideration. The figure shows only 3% of the world's emission control target of 40Gt/y. Typical projects in North America include Port Arther, TX, 1.1Mt/y-CO2, Kemper County, MS, 2.7Mt/y-CO2, Decatur, IL, 1Mt/y-CO2, Boundary Dam, Saskatchewan, 1.1Mt/y-CO2 and W.A. Parrish, TX, 1.4Mt/y-CO2. CCUS is considered extremely important since fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas will be used continuously in the

United States, and DOE has invested 6 billion USD in CO2 reduction program. Policy drivers in the United States are President Obama’s Action Plan and Reduction Plan by EPA. IEA expects to reduce CO2 by 14% using CCS by 2050. The United States plans to reduce significant amount of CO2 emission beyond 2025 using CO2 capture and storage method. International JV, joint investments, showcase projects and data sharing etc. will be required in the years ahead. The observation data in Mauna Loa, Hawaii indicates that CO2 concentration has been increasing steadily and exceeded 400ppm. Projects which will be operational in next 10 years and expected significant reduction in CO2 emission include Quest in Canada, White Rose and Peterhead in UK, Gorgon in Australia, Lula in Brazil, Uthmaniyah in Kazakhstan, ESI in UAE and GreenGen in China.

Figure-1 Scenario of CO2 emission reduction by IEA (2) Transition of Amine Scrubbing for Commercial CO2 Capture -From Lubbock (TX) to Thompsons (TX)-, Gary T. Rochelle, Professor at the University of Texas

In 1983, the first test of 1,000t/d CO2 separation and capture was conducted using amine scrubbing method at Lubbock (TX) gas-fired power plant, and 4,800t/d test by the same method at 240MW coal-fired power station in Thompsons (TX) is recently planned. In both cases, the captured CO2 will be used in EOR. Calorific value and loss of absorbent etc. have improved since 1983, and it shows 2.3 MJ/t-CO2 at Thompsons, which was 4MJ/t-CO2 at Lubbock. Through the use of turbine extraction and waste heat recovery, efficiency has improved at Boundary Dam and Thompsons. The cost has also improved significantly and it has become little over 200kWh/t-CO2 at Thompsons while it was 300kWh/t-CO2 at Lubbock. Challenges for


future practical application include loss, oxidation, and atmospheric leakage of amine absorbent etc., but those can be resolved.

Figure-2 Change in energy consumption by amine absorption method (3) The UK’s CCS Program: Policy and Delivery, Suk Yee Lam, Department of Energy and Climate Change, UK

UK published CCS roadmap in 2012 and has budgeted £1 billion for CCS Commercialization Program and £125 million for a 4-year R&D Program. Regarding the commercialization program, investment of £100 million was awarded to 2 FEEDs, White Rose and Peterhead. White Rose is an oxyfuel and new 340MW coal-fired power plant which shows 90% CO2 capture, or 2 million tons per year, and the CO2 will be stored in saline aquifer off the coast. Peterhead is a 340MW gas-fired retro-fit plant where 85% of CO2 will be captured by post-combustion and a million tons of the CO2 will be stored per year in off-shore gas field.

Figure-3 UK's CCS commercialization plan

In the 4-year R&D Program from 2011 to 2015, £62 million have been invested in fundamental research, £28 million in development & demonstration of CCS components and next generation technologies etc., and £35 million in pilot scale projects such as Ferrybridge CCPilot

100. Cost reduction, international collaboration and

knowledge transfer will be required for the program in the future. Target to be achieved by 2030 is to deploy up to 13GW of CCS and reduce cost below £100/MWh. The UK Government is committed to support the commercialization of CCS, considering CCS as a Key Technology for realizing low-carbon society. It plans to implement the policies as per the CCS realization Roadmap. 2. Topics in Technical Session (1) Post Combustion Technology Trends 1) Amine Based Absorbent Presentations of further efficiency improvement using a solvent where MEA was mixed with Piperazine as an amine based compound were commonly seen, but significant improvement seemed difficult. As presented in the lecture by Professor Rochelle from University of Texas, the efficiency was improved significantly and energy necessary for CO2 separation and capture was improved from 4GJ/t-CO2 to 2.3GJ/t-CO2 as the result of technical development during 1980s to 2010s. The demonstrations showing further improvements were seen this year also, but further significant improvement using absorbent seems difficult. 2) Solid solvent method RITE and Kawasaki Heavy Industries have demonstrated a carbon separation and capture technology that embedded amine into a porous solid particle and handled its gathering as a bunch of small solid particles while using the amine as an absorbent. This allowed significant energy reduction at the time of CO2 desorption, and Kawasaki presented a result with a water vapor of 60°C in a bench testing using a moving bed for a scale expansion. Other demonstrations using the solid absorbent were conducted overseas as well, and in general, separation-and-capture energy consumption below 2GJ/t-CO2 seems achievable.

Figure-4 Solid solvent method by Kawasaki Heavy Industries 3) Membrane (separating film) Very few demonstrations on membrane were seen this time and no significant progresses were remarked. It seems that


it will take some time for a scale expansion. Pressure differential is a fundamental requirement for the membrane, and additional power for producing such pressure differential is necessary in the CO2 separation and capture from exhaust gas at power stations. (2) Demonstration Project Trends

In the Demonstration Projects Session, four studies were presented; a commencement of operation of Boundary Dam power station unit 3 located in Saskatchewan, Canada by Shell-Cansolv, a commercial-scale Decatur Project in the state of Illinois, U.S., Tomakomai Project in Japan and results of pre-combustion pilot test at Buggenum, Holland. Regarding Canada's Boundary Dam Project, as has been described, Shell-Cansolv technology has been applied for the CO2 separation and capture facility. There were many presentations including pilot-scale projects using amine based absorbents, however, an issue of large energy consumption at the time of CO2 desorption arose in each case. The problem cannot be significantly reduced as long as using the amine based solution albeit the amine is most commonly seen in upsizing performance.

Figure-5 SO2, CO2 Absorption and Separation Tower at Boundary Dam Power Station Unit 3 (3) Post-combustion pilot test results

The pilot tests using amine solution have been implemented across the world and many presentations on the tests were seen in the GHGT conference as follows; a 200kW pilot project by China's Tsinghua University, a 70t/d pilot project at coal-fired power station by E.ON in Germany, a post-combustion test using liquid absorbent at the power station in China by Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute, a 3-year pilot test using different absorbents by ANDRITZ in Germany and a pilot test using concentrated Piperazine by University of Texas etc. Each presentation showed the test results for its pilot plant using respective amine based solutions which gave greater efficiency, but as stated previously, drastic improvement of energy consumption with the technology to separate and capture CO2 from the exhaust gas using amine based absorbent seemed difficult.

3. Summary (1) Boundary Dam Project in Saskatchewan, Canada has finally started and a great result of its large-scale demonstration at the coal-fired power station is expected. This project as well is conducted based on EOR and large-scale CCS demonstration projects related to EOR are being actively promoted in the United States and Europe. On the other hand, projects not based on EOR where carbon is stored in the aquifer have also been planned in the United States and UK, and the trends of these projects draw attention. (2) Commercialization of the technologies to separate and capture CO2 is accelerated with the most used application of amine absorbent method, however, a further breakthrough is required since large energy consumption and high cost in the technologies have become bottlenecks for an introduction to power companies. The solid solvent method being developed by RITE and Kawasaki Heavy Industries shows that the energy consumed in carbon separation and capture is below 2GJ/t-CO2 and significant reduction in energy consumption can be expected. (3) Looking at the CCS activities across the world, it is necessary to clarify how Japan will address CO2 reduction and handle CCS. In order to be on par with the world as a technology-oriented nation, Japan is required to rapidly execute a new project that can capture, transport and store more than 1 million tons of CO2 per year, 10 times the project next to Tomakomai Project.

Figure-6 E.ON's Wilhelmshaven coal-fired power station and CO2 separation-capture pilot plant



Seminar Attendance Report on Clean Coal Usage in Egypt Toshiro Matsuda, JAPAC

On November 5, 2014 in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt (hereinafter referred to as "Egypt"), a seminar "Clean Coal Usage - Lessons Learnt from Japan" was held organized by Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) in collaboration with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Three representatives from JCOAL, Mr. Kato –Senior Executive Director, Mr. Makino - Senior Fellow, Technical Information Committee and Mr. Matsuda - Director, Head of Secretariat attended the seminar and delivered lectures. This seminar was planned and conducted by JICA Egypt Office in response to the request from the Government of Egypt.

Since 2005, electricity demand in Egypt has increased exponentially at the rate of approximately 7% per year and expects further increase while tight condition is estimated in next few years where outlook of natural gas production which accounts for major part of primary energy in the country will not be met with the demand, according to the Ministry of Petroleum. Insufficient energy/electricity is one of the serious social problems in Egypt and it causes several electrical outages every week. The government of Egypt has promoted an introduction of renewable energy such as solar light, solar heat and wind power etc. in addition to conventional energy sources of natural gas and petroleum as a countermeasure to the condition, and it plans adopting an energy mix policy with additional energy source, coal. In May 2014, the government allowed energy-intensive industries such as thermal power plants and cement plants etc. to import and utilize coal for the first time, and the industries have being affected due to decreasing supply of natural gas since then.

In consideration of no history of coal usage in the country, responding to concerns over environmental impact by to-be-construct infrastructure and systems for coal introduction is urgent.

To remove negative image of coal usage under such circumstances, JCOAL was appointed to deliver lectures on overall details of CCT to introduce world's leading Japanese technology for clean coal usage.

This seminar was held at Four Seasons Hotel in Cairo and was attended by approximately 180 participants, out of which nearly 90% were from Egypt including government-affiliated agencies (Ministry of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Petroleum, Ministry of Electricity and Energy, Ministry of International Cooperation, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Labor), private sectors (cement industry, construction industry, plant consulting, etc.), NGOs, and donors etc. Approximately 20 Japanese participants were from

Embassy of Japan in Egypt, JICA, JETRO and Japanese-affiliated trading companies in Egypt.

Lectures from JCOAL lasted for approximately 2.5 hours in total, including opening address which followed by a speech on “Coal in Japan’s Energy Policy” by Mr. Kato - Senior Executive Director, speech on “Status of World Coal Utilization and Clean Coal Technology (CCT)” by Mr. Makino - Senior Fellow, Technical Information Committee, and speech on “Introduction of the World’s Most Excellent Coal-fired Power Plant” by Mr. Matsuda – Director, Head of Secretariat.

Being as a county planning future coal utilization, Egypt showed great deal of interest in environmental challenge by Japan’s CCT as seen many cameras and microphones of local media surrounding us during welcome addresses from organizers (Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency: Mr. Ahmed Aboul EL Seoud Ahmed, Chief Executive Officer, JICA: Mr. Matsunaga, Chief Representative of Egypt Office) and opening address by JCOAL. Further, participants were listening to the speeches with keen interest and were asking questions in the seminar as well as presenting compliments and questions at the break time after the seminar.

Representatives from Egypt delivered lectures on “Energy Policy and Coal into Energy Mix”, “Current Situation of Electricity and Future Usage of Coal”, “Cement Industry in Egypt”, etc. I would be very happy if this seminar offered an opportunity to appeal the clean coal usage to people having negative image about coal utilization due to its impact on the environment.



International Conference of Industrial Heritage Masafumi Uehara, Resources Department

1. Introduction The International Conference of Industrial Heritage was

held at the hotel in Tokyo from July 14-15, 2014. This conference was hosted by Cabinet Secretariat, World Heritage Inscription Promotion Council's "Consortium for Promotion of Modern Industrial Heritage in Kyushu and Yamaguchi" and National Congress of Industrial Heritage. The topic was new method for conservation of industrial heritage. The professionals from all over the world who are experienced in conservation of industrial heritage were invited and discussions on activities for serial conservation, public-private partnership for working industrial facilities and response to abandoned sites etc. were conducted. The conference ended successfully where approximately 500 participants attended the opening ceremony and sessions, and more than 1,400 participants were at the reception. The organizers Cabinet Secretariat and World Heritage Inscription Promotion Council's "Consortium for Promotion of Modern Industrial Heritage in Kyushu and Yamaguchi" aims to inscribe "Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Kyushu-Yamaguchi Related Areas" on World Heritage List. 2. Overview of Conference

First, the conference had 2 Keynote Addresses, one on the topic "Iron and Steel Heritage Conservation in United States" by Dr. Patrick Martin (Department of Social Sciences, Michigan Technological University, United States), and other on the topic "The Industrial Heritage: Intrinsic Value and Authenticity" by Sir Neil Cossons (Chairman, Kyushu Yamaguchi Expert Advisory Committee, United Kingdom) followed by the 8 sessions given below. Session 1: Industrial Heritage of Iron and Steel Industry Session 2: Industrial Heritage of Ship Building Session 3: Coal Industry Heritage: Community Memory and Sustainable Tourism Session 4: Management of Serial Sites Session 5: Challenges in Conservation of Active Industrial Heritage Site Session 6: How to Conserve Abandoned Site of Gunkanjima Session 7: How to Conserve Mining Industrial Heritage Session 8: Digital Documentation, 3D and 4K Display and Record Conservation

JCOAL attended the Session 6 on "How to Conserve Abandoned Site of Gunkanjima" and delivered a speech on the topic "Conservation of the remains of the production facilities in Hashima Coal Mine". Hashima is also called as Gunkanjima and is an island where Hashima coal mine is located, but conservation of coal mining facilities and high-rise apartments is endangered due to its severe aging and deterioration. The current state of such structures and its

countermeasures were discussed and in addition, speeches on "Status of Gunkanjima's structures immediately after and before the abandonment" by Tokyo Denki University, "Points required for management and conservation of Hashima coal mine heritage asset from the perspective of conservation of world heritages under recommendation" by Cabinet Secretariat, "Protection measures and conservation management of Hashima coal mine as "Historic Site" according to the Act on Protection of Cultural Properties" by Agency for Culture Affairs, "Conservation technology (RC structures) required by industrial heritage of ruined island exposed to the ocean" by The University of Tokyo were delivered and there was a discussion on technical and legal issues for conservation of Gunkanjima. The coal was found on Hashima in 1810, first shaft was excavated in 1886 and it went under the management of Mitsubishi Corporation in 1890. In addition to Hashima, Mitsubishi also accelerated the development of coal at Takashima and Nakanoshima located in between Hashima and Takashima, and with the Meiji Restoration, modern coal mine development was promoted by introducing advanced western mining technology at Hashima coal mine. According to coal mine history of Takashima, 2 boilers producing steam and 3 sump pumps operating on that steam were installed first and the drainage water problem disrupting the coal mining was fixed. Then, DC generator manufactured by GE, United States was installed in 1900 and use of lights inside and outside the pit was started. The endless belt was installed for underground transportation in 1904, sewage water pump was electrified in 1910, and electric hoist became operational in 1911. Electric fans were installed for ventilation replacing natural ventilation, which enabled circulation of fresh air even in deep mines. Pillar mining method is used for mining coal at Hashima coal mine. This mining method is fundamentally similar to the current method of room and pillar mining, but the coal bed is mined in square-block shape and pillars of coal are retained. Then, the mining method is changed to long wall mining where pillars of coal are not retained. 3. Closing Remarks

From this conference, world heritage inscription of "Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Kyushu-Yamaguchi Related Areas" being presently exercised is expected to get boosted. Further, "Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Kyushu-Yamaguchi Related Areas" consists of series of industrial heritage sites (including active industrial facilities) that has witnessed the path to rapid industrialization in the field of heavy industry (ship building, iron and steel manufacturing, and coal industry) in Japan from end of Edo period to Meiji period from late 19th century to early 20th century in the chronological order.



CEA-JCOAL Workshop FY2014 in India Tatsuhito Nakano, Business Promotion Department

1. Opening JCOAL has held workshops for the purpose of business

activity report and the sharing of Japan of related technologies and knowledge under this project along with the CEA four times. 2. Outline of “CEA-JCOAL Workshop FY2014-Toward sustainable, stable and low-carbon supply of electricity-”

<Opening Session>

Mr. Osamu Tsukamoto welcomed with pleasure the guests to

the Workshop. Mr. Tsukamoto explained that the significance of cooperation has been recognized through various public channels between the two countries.

Mr. Ghanshyam gave a brief background to the current situation on the demand and supply of electricity in India. India experienced last year a peak shortage of 6000-7000 MW. India has set an ambitious target of providing 24 *7 uninterrupted and quality electricity to all consumers in the next few years.

Mr. K. N. Garg took great pleasure in welcoming the JCOAL and Indian and Japanese companies in the power sector and other stakeholders to the Workshop. He said power infrastructure is indeed a vital component to achieve higher economic growth. He further remarked that electricity demand has always outstripped supply. There are various challenges to new Greenfield power projects like availability of land, coal, water etc.

Opening Session

<Session 1: India Power Sector and CEA-JCOAL Cooperation>

This report made by Mr. Bhai Lal of CEA captured the

current energy scenario like the all India installed generating capacity, power and energy demand and shortages, peak demand and shortages during 2013-14, supply side efficiency improvement objectives of the R&M and LE programs of the MOP.

This presentation made by Mr. K Marukami of JCOAL provided a detailed profile of the activities of the JCOAL globally and the various achievements made till date. It provided an update and progress under the CEA-JCOAL project in India. CCT transfer program introduced during this year will further contribute to the progress of the JCOAL-CEA cooperation.

Mr. P K Mondol , GM (R&M) NTPC made the explanation which described in detail the rationale behind adopting R&M programs at NTPC, various drivers of R&M strategy, potential for R&M in India and Best Practice case studies of NTPC units. NTPC has successfully turned around Badarpur, Tanda, Unchahar and Talcher TPS and brought about visible changes in their operational efficiencies.

Agenda Name Organization

Welcome Address

Mr. Osamu Tsukamoto, President

JCOAL

Keynote Address

Mr. Ghanshyam Prasad, Director

MOP

Opening Address

Mr. K. N. Garg, Member (Thermal)

CEA

Agenda Organization Updates on India Power Sector and R&M initiatives

CEA

JCOAL activities in India Power Sector JCOAL Performance Optimization & Life Extension of Ageing Power Plants -NTPC PRACTICE

NTPC

Findings from CCT transfer program in Japan

Representatives of program participants

Wrapping up CEA


The presentations were made by two participants each of the two batches of training courses organized by JCOAL in Japan. The third course will take place from 2 December to 10 December 2014. Course 1: R&M held from 23 September to 1 October 2014 and Course 2: USC1 from 28 October to 5th November 2014. The participants expressed their appreciation to JCOAL for organizing a successful study tour which helped in getting a firsthand experience. Mr. Mamchand, Chief Engineer CEA moderated the session and summarized the important aspects of all the presentations made during the session.

Mr. Bhai Lal’ s speech

<Session 2: Updates on available and reliable CCTs for power plants in India>

This report was made by Mr. N G Mehta Superintending Engineer, GSECL Corporate Office, Vadodara. He discussed the various minor R&M activities completed during 11th FYP and also the proposed activities during the 12th FYP.

This presentation was made by Mr. Akira Sakuma, Chief Specialist, Toshiba. He gave a brief introduction to Toshiba’s activities in Indian project and various Toshiba’s R&M capability and experience. This explanation was made by Mr. Terumitsu Umezaki. Idemitsu is creating the further demand of coal optimization, and making the most effective use of coal resources.

This presentation was made by Mr. Kawamata, MHPS. MHPS is a leading company in individual AQCS technologies (SCR, ESP, FGD and GGH). MHPS has developed and patented a new unique High Efficiency Dust Removal System named HES, achieving extremely low dust emission adopting

Low-Low Temperature ESP in combination with Non-Leakage Type Gas Gas Heater (GGH).

Mr. Yoshifumi Mitsunaga, Kyushu-EPCO introduced some soft components and activities like life cycle maintenance concepts for sustainable power plant operation and disseminate information on utilities BOP equipment and systems etc.

Mr. N.G. Mehta’s speech

<Session 3: Technologies, Knowledge and Experiences of sustainable plant operations and opportunities>

This presentation was made by Mr. Atsushi Koga, Mitsui & Co. India. He said that three major challenges to develop the power projects in India are Contract Framework of Power Purchase Agreement, Fuel Supply Agreement, Land Lease Agreement and Credit Issue of off-taker (DISCOM) etc.

Mr. Shin Oya, Chief Representative New Delhi, JBIC said JBIC financing requires fulfillment of ONLY TWO criteria: a) Involvement and Partnership of Japanese Company and b) Clear Bankability of the proposed project.

Mr. Naoto Furukawa, Representative, JICA New Delhi spoke of the projects financed by JICA on EE and Power sector. He gave an overview of the JICA assistance to Indian projects and ODA loan to India’s power projects. The conditions and terms for JICA financing are quite attractive.

This presentation was made by Mr. Rakesh Mishra of Steag Energy Services India Pvt Ltd. The presentation provided an

interesting and a comprehensive comparative analysis of issues and challenges at three stages of project: project development, project implementation and post implementation and operation.

Agenda Organization Opportunities and challenges of IPP Mitsui & Co.

India Available financing options JBIC Available financing options JICA

Issues and concerns-power projects comparison of greenfield and R&M projects

STEAG

Opportunities and challenges of IPP Mitsui & Co. India

Wrapping up CEA

Agenda Organization Strategy on efficiency improvement for competitive power plant in Gujarat

GSECL

Latest Turbine design Toshiba Coal Utilization Technology, Combustion Optimization of Coal Blending

Idemitsu Kosan

Total Air quality Control System (TQCS) for power plant

MHPS

O＆M Practices and Effective Solutions for BOP Systems

Kyushu Electric Power

Wrapping up JCOAL


Mr. Atsushi Koga’s speech

3. Workshop of significance and achievements

Initially, Japanese side has made presentation as a technical

introduction about the remodeling of existing from Japan to India in this workshop, but in the middle, the presentation from CEA and NTPC was also joined. In addition, the interesting topic such as coal preparation has been introduced each time by CEA and JCOAL. Thanks to that, it seems to be established as one of the year events in India power sector now.

Indian power policies are four as follows. 1) Increase of new capacity 2) Improvement and modernization of the existing capacity 3) Increase of renewable energy 4) Improvement of consumer’s management 1) and 2) which we can be concerned have many challenges. The challenges of India power sector and positioning in this workshop contents are described as follows.

Firstly, fuel problem. Production of domestic coal does not catch up to increase of the power generation capacity, so shortage of supply quantity and increase of imported coal are progressing. Drop of quality of supply coal itself is also remarkable, especially calorific value. For this reason, India is interested in Japanese coal quality assessment technology, combustion simulation technology and coal handling technology with a lot of mixed and imported coal. JCOAL starts a co-firing survey of Indian coal / overseas coal and spoke on the related technologies in this workshop.

Secondly, the main unit of the existing coal-fired power generation, 210MW and 500MW class is progressing aging, but the implementation of the R & M plan has been delayed. These aging facilities has been delivered by BHEL, the country's heavy electric maker, but BHEL itself is beyond the capabilities and it is insufficient to grasp the degradation situation of old equipment, so the implementation is far below the plan. The Government of India, including the overseas manufacturers, are asked to participate in the R & M market. In order to take advantage of the excellent experience of facilities update of Japanese companies, we introduced especially remodeling technology of highly effective state-of-the-art turbine from the turbine manufacturer.

Thirdly, air quality problem. In urban area such as Delhi, the atmospheric environment is significantly worse, but in the current environmental standards, the emission regulations of

coal-fired power is restricted to particulate matter, so the desulfurization and denitration equipment hardly been installed. However, since sooner or later, the environmental issues is more serious, early technology introduction is effective especially relation to new equipment, so we asked to introduce a comprehensive environmental technologies from the boiler manufacturer.

Fourthly, since the mainstream of technologies of generating equipment in India becomes supercritical and ultra-supercritical, there is increasing interest in the operation management and conservation (O & M) technologies. JCOAL has invited the technical key person of the power sector to Japan since last year and implemented the tours in actual USC plant and technical exchanges. There is a high interest in their O & M. In this regard, we introduced O & M technologies that Japanese power companies are actually doing.

Finally, new emergence of power operators. In the power industry to expand at an annual rate of growth of 6%, the emergence of new operators from the private sector are also expected. However, there are many factors, such as complex power rate system, land expropriation, water supply and the complex determinants of fuel supply, that can be regarded as substantially barriers to entry to foreigners. With respect to this matter, in addition, with respect to a project finance, we gave a lecture and lively discussion in the final session.

In this way, so that we can have a fruitful discussion for Japan and India, this workshop has been held by examining the theme. Through the network, which is formed by the workshop up to this year, it has led to concrete results such as Japanese company had received an order of modification of the electrostatic precipitator, State Power Corporation and turbine manufacturers had studied the specific remodeling projects, and specific inquiry of coal quality evaluation system was coming.

JCOAL becomes a good partner for India, and is expanding the activities to be conscious of the benefit of our country. This workshop is as important as the follow-up activities for the realization of equipment diagnosis and CCT technology exchange activities. We will make efforts to address the challenges to match the present situation in the future.


Disclaimer

This is the English translation of the original Japanese version of the quarterly “JCOAL Journal”.

While every care has been taken by the experienced team engaged in the translation work, some of

the words, sentences or paragraphs contained in any of the articles may not exactly reflect the

original meaning due to inherent differences in the two languages.

MAY 2015

Documents

JCOAL Journal Vol